医学考研试题

相较于大家比较关心的政治英语等题目，小编早早发出来了之外，接下来的试题小编也会慢慢整理到给大家，让2020的考生有所准备，能够利用好历年的题目！今天是冬至，虽然都广东这种满27度起送的天气算得上是夏至了，但是还是别忘了吃汤圆（北方是吃饺子对吧(*^▽^*)）管综的朋友可以继续玩了，但是对于有其他专业的考研同学来说，还是务必要记住，考完一科丢一科，千万不要相信任何机构草草做出来的所谓的参考答案而影响自己的考试发挥，包括小编的！管综初数部分下面小编把题目公布出来，今年的试题相对去年来说灵活度和难度有所增加，计算量也较去年偏大一些。重点考查了学生们的逻辑能力和知识的运用能力。初数特殊符号不好阅读，所以小编放截图了！三、逻辑推理：第26～30小题，每小题2分。下列每题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。26．新常态下，消费需求发生深刻变化，消费拉开档次，个性化、多样化消费渐成主流。在相当一部分消费者那里，对产品质量的追求，压倒了对价格的考虑。供给侧结构性改革，说到底是满足需求。低质量的产能必然会过剩，而顺应市场需求不断更新换代的产能不会过剩。根据以上信息，可以推出以下哪项？A．顺应市场需求不断更新换代的产能不是低质量的产能。B．低质量的产能不能满足个性化需求。C．新常态下必须进行供给侧结构性改革。D．只有不断更新换代的产品才能满足个性化、多样化消费的需求。E．只有优质高价的产品才能满足需求。【参考答案】A27．据碳十四检测，卡皮瓦拉山岩画的创作时间最早追溯到3万年前，在文字尚未出现的时代，岩画是人类沟通交流传递信息，记录日常生活的主要方式，于是今天的我们可以在这些岩画中看到：一位母亲将孩子举起嬉戏，一家人在仰望并试图碰触头上的星空……动物是岩画的另一个主角，比如巨型犰狳、马鹿、螃蟹等。在许多画面中，人们手持长矛，追逐着前方的猎物，由此可以推断，此时的人类已经居于食物链的顶端。以下哪项如果为真，最能支持上述推断？A．能够使用工具使人类可以猎杀其他动物，而不是相反。B．对星空的敬畏是人类脱离动物，产生宗教的动因之一。C．岩画中出现的动物一般是当时人类捕猎的对象。D．3万年前人类需要避免自己被虎豹等大型食肉动物猎杀。E．有了岩画，人类可以将生活经验保留下来，供后代学习，这被极大地提高了人类的生存能力。【参考答案】A28．李诗、王悦、杜舒、刘默是唐诗宋词的爱好者，在唐朝诗人李白、杜甫、王维、刘禹锡中4人各喜欢其中一位，且每人喜爱的唐诗作者不与自己同姓，关于他们4人，已知：（1）如果爱好王维的诗，那么也爱好辛弃疾的词；（2）如果爱好刘禹锡的诗，那么也爱好岳飞的词；（3）如果爱好杜甫的诗，那么也爱好苏轼的词。如果李诗不爱好苏轼和辛弃疾的词，则可以得出以下哪项？A．王悦爱好苏轼的词。B．刘默爱好苏轼的词。C．杜舒爱好岳飞的词。D．杜舒爱好辛弃疾的词。E．李诗爱好岳飞的词。【参考答案】E29．人们一直在争论猫与狗谁更聪明。最近，有些科学家不仅研究了动物脑容量的大小，还研究其大脑皮层神经细胞的数量，发现猫平常似乎总摆出一副智力占优的神态，但猫的大脑皮层神经细胞的数量只有普通金毛犬的一半。由此，他们得出结论:狗比猫更聪明。以下哪项最可能是上述科学家得出结论的假设？A．狗可能继承了狼结群捕猎的特点，为了互相配合，它们需要做出一些复杂行为。B．狗善于与人类合作，可以充当导盲犬、陪护犬、搜救犬、警犬等，就对人类的贡献而言，狗能做的似乎比猫多。C．动物大脑皮层神经细胞的数量与动物的聪明程度呈正相关。D．棕熊的脑容量是金毛犬的3倍，但其脑神经细胞的数量却少于金毛犬，与猫很接近，而棕熊的脑容量却是猫的10倍。E．猫的脑神经细胞数量比狗少，是因为猫不像狗那样“爱交际”。【参考答案】C30～31题基于以下题干某单位拟派遣3名德才兼备的干部到西部地区进行精准扶贫。报名者踊跃，经过考察，最终确定了陈甲、傅乙、赵丙、邓丁、刘戊、张己6名候选人。根据工作需要，派遣还需满足以下条件：（1）若派遣陈甲，则派遣邓丁但不派遣张己；（2）若傅乙、赵丙至少派遣1人，则不派遣刘戊。30．以下哪项的派遣人选和上述条件不矛盾？A．赵丙、邓丁、刘戊。B．陈甲、傅乙、赵丙。C．傅乙、邓丁、刘戊。D．邓丁、刘戊、张己。E．陈甲、赵丙、刘戊。【参考答案】D31．如果陈甲、刘戊至少派遣1人，则可以得出以下哪项？A．派遣刘戊。B．派遣邓丁。C．派遣赵丙。D．派遣傅乙。E．派遣陈甲。【参考答案】B32．近年来，手机电脑的使用，导致工作与生活界限日益模糊，人们的平均睡眠时间一直在减少，熬夜已成为现代人生活的常态。科学研究表明，熬夜有损身体健康，睡眠不足不仅仅是多打几个哈欠那么简单。有科学家据此建议，人们应该遵守作息规律。以下哪项如果为真，最能支持上述科学家所作的建议？A．缺乏睡眠会降低体内脂肪，调节瘦素激素的水平，同时增加饥饿激素，容易导致暴饮暴食，体重增加。B．熬夜会让人的反应变慢，认知退步，思维能力下降，还会引发情绪失控，影响与他人的交流。C．所有的生命形式，都需要休息与睡眠。在人类进化过程中，睡眠这个让人短暂失去自我意识，变得极其脆弱的过程并未被大自然淘汰。D．睡眠是身体的自然美容师，与那些睡眠充足的人相比，睡眠不足的人看上去面容憔悴，缺乏魅力。E．长期睡眠不足会导致高血压、糖尿病、肥胖症、抑郁症等多种疾病，严重时更会造成意外伤害或死亡。【参考答案】E33．有一论证（相关语句用序号表示）如下：①今天，我们仍然要提倡勤俭节约。②节约可以增加社会保障资源。③我国尚有不少地区的人民生活贫困，亟需更多社会保障资源，但也有一些人浪费严重。④节约可以减少资源消耗。⑤因为被浪费的任何粮食或者物品都是消耗一定的资源得来的。如果用“甲→乙”表示甲支持（或证明）乙，则以下哪项对上述论证基本结构的表示最为准确？【参考答案】D34．研究人员用脑电图技术研究了母亲给婴儿唱童谣时两人的大脑活动发现：当母亲与婴儿对视时，双方脑电波趋于同步，此时婴儿也会发出更多的声音尝试与母亲交流。他们据此认为母亲与婴儿对视有助于婴儿的学习与交流。以下哪项如果为真，最能支持上述研究人员的观点？A．在两个成年人交流时，如果把他们的脑电波同步，交流就会更顺畅。B．当父母与孩子互动时，双方的情绪与心率可能也会同步。C．当部分学生对某学科感兴趣时，他们的脑电波会趋于同步，学习效果也会随之提升。D．当母亲与婴儿对视时，他们都在发出信号表明自己可以且愿意与对方交流。E．脑电波同步可优化双方对话状态，使交流更加默契，增进彼此了解。【参考答案】E35．本保险柜密码都是由4个阿拉伯数字和4个英文字母组成。已知：（1）若4个英文字母不连续排列，则密码组合中的数字之和大于15。（2）若4个英文字母连续排列，则密码组合中的数字之和等于15。（3）密码组合中的数字之和或者等于18，或者小于15。根据上述信息以下哪项是可能的密码组合？A．1adbe356。B．37ab26dc。C．2acgf716。D．58bcde32。E．18ac42de。【参考答案】B36.有一个6x6的方阵，它所包含的每个小方格中可填入一个汉字。已有部分汉字填入。现要求该方阵中的每行均含有礼、乐、射、御、书、数6个汉字，不能重复，不能遗漏。根据上述要求，以下哪项是方阵底行5个空格从左至右应填入的汉字？A．数、礼、乐、射、御。B．乐、数、御、射、礼。C．数、礼、乐、御、射。D．乐、礼、射、数、御。E．数、御、乐、射、礼。【参考答案】A37．某市青年节设立了流行、民谣、摇滚、民族、电音、说唱、爵士这7类的奖项评选。在入围名单中，已知：（1）至少有6类入围；（2）流行、民谣、摇滚中至多有2类入围；（3）如果摇滚和民族类都入围，则电音和说唱中至少有1类没有入围。根据上述信息，可以得出以下哪项？A．流行类没有入围。B．民谣类没有入围。C．摇滚类没有入围。D．爵士类没有入围。E．电音类没有入围。【参考答案】C38.某大学有位女教师默默资助一偏远山区的贫困家庭长达15年。记者多方打听，发现做好事的都是该大学传媒学院甲、乙、丙、丁、戊5位老师中的一位。在接受采访时，5位老师都很谦虚，他们对记者这么说的：甲：这件事是乙做的；乙：我没有做，是丙做了这件事；丙：我没有做这件事；丁：我也没有做这件事，是甲做的；戊：如果甲没有做，则丁也不会做。记者后来得知，上述5位老师，只有1人说的话符合真实情况。根据上述信息，可以得出做这件好事的人是：A．甲。B．乙。C．丙。D．丁。E．戊。【参考答案】D39.作为一名环保爱好者，赵博士提倡低碳生活，积极宣传节能减排。但我不赞同他的做法，因为，作为一名大学老师，他这样做，占用了大量科研时间，到现在连副教授都没评上。他的观点怎么能令人信服呢？以下哪项论证中的错误和上述最为相似？A．张某提出要同工同酬，主张在质量相同的情况下，不分年龄、级别，一律按件计酬，他这样说话不就是因为她年轻、级别低吗？其实，她是在为自己谋利益。B．公司的绩效奖励制度是为了充分调动广大员工的积极性，它对所有员工都是公平的。如果有人对此有不同意见，则说明他反对公平。C．最近听说你对单位的管理制度提了不少意见，这真是令人难以置信！单位领导对你差吗？这么做分明是和单位领导过不去。D．单位任命李某担任信息科科长，听说你对此有意见。大家都没有提意见，只有你一个人有意见，看来你是有问题的。E．有一种观点认为，只有直接看到的事物才能确信其存在。但是没有人可以看到质子、电子。而这些都被科学证明是客观存在的。所以该观点是错误的。【参考答案】A40．下面6张卡片，一面印的是汉字（动物或者花卉），一面印的是数字（奇数或偶数）。对于上述6张卡片，如果要验证“每张至少有一面印的是偶数或者花卉”，至少需要翻看几张卡片？A．2。B．3。C．4。D．5。E．6。【参考答案】B41．某地人才市场招聘保洁、物业、网管、销售等4种岗位的从业者，有甲、乙、丙、丁4位年轻人前来应聘。事后所知，每人只选择一种岗位应聘，且每种岗位都有其中一人应聘。另外，还知道：（1）如果丁应聘网管，那么甲应聘物业；（2）如果乙不应聘保洁，那么甲应聘保洁且丙应聘销售；（3）如果乙应聘保洁，那么丙应聘销售，丁也应聘保洁。根据以上陈述，可以得出以下哪项？A．甲应聘物业岗位。B．丁应聘销售岗位。C．丙应聘保洁岗位。D．甲应聘网管岗位。E．乙应聘网管岗位。【参考答案】E42．旅游是一种独特的文化体验。游客可以跟团游，也可以自由行。自由行游客虽避免了跟团游的集体束缚，但也放弃了人工导游的全程讲解，而近年来他们了解旅游景点的文化需求却有增无减。为适应这一市场需求，基于手机平台的多款智能导游APP被开发出来。它们可定位用户位置，自动提供景点讲解、游览问答等功能。有专家就此提出，未来智能导游必然会取代人工导游，传统的导游职业行将消亡。以下哪项如果为真，最能质疑上述专家的论断？A．目前发展较好的智能导游APP用户量在百万级左右，这与当前中国旅游人数总量相比还只是一个很小的比例，市场还没有培养出用户的普遍消费习惯。B．旅行中才会使用的智能导游APP，如何保持用户黏性、未来又如何取得商业价值等都是待解问题。C．好的人工导游可以根据游客需求进行不同类型的讲解，不仅关注景点，还可表达观点，个性化很强，这是智能导游APP难以企及的。D．国内景区配备的人工导游需要收费，大部分导游讲解的内容都是事先背好的标准化内容。但是，即便人工导游没有特色，其退出市场也需要一定的时间。E．至少有95%的国外景点所配备的导游讲解器没有中文语音，中国出境游客因为语言和文化上的差异，对智能导游APP的需求比较强烈。【参考答案】C43．甲：上周去医院，给我看病的医生竟然还在抽烟。乙：所有抽烟的医生都不关心自己的健康，而不关心自己健康的人也不会关心他人的健康。甲：是的，不关心他人健康的医生没有医德。我今后再也不会让没有医德的医生给我看病了。根据上述信息，以下除了哪项，其余各项均可得出？A．乙认为上周给甲看病的医生不会关心乙的健康。B．甲认为他不会再找抽烟的医生看病。C．甲认为上周给他看病的医生不会关心甲的健康。D．甲认为上周给他看病的医生不会关心医生自己的健康。E．乙认为上周给甲看病的医生没有医德。【参考答案】E44．得道者多助，失道者寡助。寡助之至，亲戚畔之；多助之至，天下顺之。以天下之所顺，攻亲戚之所畔，故君子有不战，战必胜矣。以下哪项是上述论证所隐含的前提？A．得道者必胜失道者。B．失道者必定得不到帮助。C．君子是得道者。D．失道者亲戚畔之。E．得道者多，则天下太平。【参考答案】C45．如今，孩子写作业不仅仅是他们自己的事，大多数中小学生的家长都要面临陪孩子写作业的任务，包括给孩子听写、检查作业、签字等。根据一项针对3000余名家长进行的调查显示，84%的家长每天都会陪孩子写作业，而67%的受访家长会因陪孩子写作业而烦恼。有专家对此指出，家长陪孩子写作业，相当于充当学校老师的助理，让家庭成为课堂的延伸，会对孩子的成长产生不利影响。以下哪项如果为真，最能支持上述论证？A．大多数家长在孩子教育上并不是行家，他们或者早已遗忘了自己曾经学过的知识，或者根本不知道如何将自己拥有的知识传授给孩子。B．家长陪孩子写作业，会使得孩子在学习中缺乏独立性和主动性，整天处于老师和家长的双重压力下，既难生发学习兴趣，又难养成独立人格。C．家长是最好的老师，家长辅导孩子获得各种知识本来就是家庭教育的应有之义，对于中低年级的孩子，学习过程中的父母陪伴尤为重要。D．家长通常有自己的本职工作，有的晚上要加班，有的即使晚上回家也需要研究工作，操持家务，一般难有精力认真完成学校老师布置的“家长作业”。E．家长辅导孩子，不应围绕老师布置的作业，而应着重激发孩子的学习兴趣，培养孩子良好的学习习惯，让孩子在成长中感到新奇、快乐。【参考答案】B46．我国天山是垂直地带性的典范。已知天山的植被形态分布具有如下特点：（1）从低到高有荒漠、森林带、冰雪带等；（2）只有经过山地草原，荒漠才能演变成森林带；（3）如果不经过森林带，山地草原就不会过渡到山地草甸；（4）山地草甸的海拔不比山地草甸草原的低，也不比高寒草甸高。根据以上信息，关于天山植被形态，按照由低到高排列，以下哪项是不可能的？A．荒漠、山地草原、山地草甸草原、森林带、山地草甸、高寒草甸、冰雪带。B．荒漠、山地草原、山地草甸草原、高寒草甸、森林带、山地草甸、冰雪带。C．荒漠、山地草甸草原、山地草原、森林带、山地草甸、高寒草甸、冰雪带。D．荒漠、山地草原、山地草甸草原、森林带、山地草甸、冰雪带、高寒草甸。E．荒漠、山地草原、森林带、山地草甸草原、山地草甸、高寒草甸、冰雪带。【参考答案】B47．某大学读书会开展“一月一书”活动。读书会成员甲、乙、丙、丁、戊5人在《论语》《史记》《唐诗三百首》《奥德赛》《资本论》中各选一种阅读，互不重复。已知：（1）甲爱读历史，会在《史记》和《奥德赛》中挑一本；（2）乙和丁只爱读中国古代经典，但现在都没有读诗的心情；（3）如果乙选《论语》，则戊选《史记》。事实上，各人都选了自己喜爱的书目。根据上述信息，可以得出以下哪项？A．乙选《奥德赛》。B．戊选《资本论》。C．丙选《唐诗三百首》。D．甲选《史记》。E．丁选《论语》。【参考答案】E48．如果一个人只为自己劳动，他也许能够成为著名学者、大哲人、卓越诗人，然而他永远不能成为完美无暇的伟大人物。如果我们选择了最能为人类福利而劳动的职业，那么，重担就不能把我们压倒,因为这是为大家而献身；那时我们所感到的就不是可怜的、有限的、自私的乐趣,我们的幸福将属于千百万人，我们的事业将默默地、但是永恒发挥作用地存在下去，而面对我们的骨灰，高尚的人们将洒下热泪。根据以上陈述,可以得出以下哪项？A．如果我们只为自己劳动，我们的事业就不会默默地、但是永恒发挥作用地存在下去。B．如果我们为大家而献身，我们的幸福将属于千百万人，面对我们的骨灰，高尚的人们将洒下热泪。C．如果我们没有选择最能为人类福利而劳动的职业,我们所感到的就是可怜的、有限的、自私的乐趣。D．如果一个人只为自己劳动，不是为大家而献身，那么重担就能将他压倒。E．如果选择了最能为人类福利而劳动的职业,我们就不但能够成为著名学者、大哲人、卓越诗人,而且还能够成为完美无瑕的伟大人物。【参考答案】B49～50基于以下题干：某食堂采购4类(各种蔬菜名称的后一个字相同，即为一类)共12种蔬菜：芹菜、菠菜、韭菜、青椒、红椒、黄椒、黄瓜、冬瓜、丝瓜、扁豆、毛豆、豇豆，并根据若干条件将其分成3组，准备在早、中、晚三餐中分别使用。已知条件如下：（1）同一类别的蔬菜不在一组；（2）芹菜不能在黄椒那一组，冬瓜不能在扁豆那一组；（3）毛豆必须与红椒或韭菜同一组；（4）黄椒必须与豇豆同一组。49．根据以上信息，可以得出以下哪项？A．冬瓜与青椒不在同一组。B．丝瓜与韭菜不在同一组。C．芹菜与毛豆不在同一组。D．芹菜与豇豆不在同一组。E．菠菜与扁豆不在同一组。【参考答案】D50．如果韭菜、青椒与黄瓜在同一组，则可以得出以下哪项？A．菠菜、冬瓜与豇豆在同一组。B．韭菜、黄瓜与毛豆在同一组。C．芹菜、红椒与丝瓜在同一组。D．菠菜、黄椒与豇豆在同一组。E．芹菜、红椒与扁豆在同一组。【参考答案】D51．《淮南子·齐俗训》中有曰：“今屠牛而烹其肉，或以为酸，或以为甘，煎熬燎炙，齐味万方，其本一牛之体。”其中的“熬”便是熬牛制汤的意思。这是考证牛肉汤做法的最早文献资料，某民俗专家由此推测，牛肉汤的起源不会晚于春秋战国时期。以下哪项如果为真，最能支持上述推测？A．《淮南子》的作者中有来自齐国故地的人。B．早在春秋战国时期，我国已经开始使用耕牛。C．《淮南子·齐俗训》记述的是春秋张国时期齐国的风俗习惯。D．《淮南子·齐俗训》完成与西汉时期。E．春秋战国时期我国已经有熬汤的鼎器。【参考答案】C52．某研究机构以约2万名65岁以上的老人为对象，调查了笑的频率与健康的关系。结果显示，在不苟言笑的老人中，认为自身现在的健康状态“不怎么好”和“不好”的比例分别是几乎每天都笑的老人的1．5倍和1．8倍。爱笑的老人对自我健康状态的评价往往较高。他们由此认为，爱笑的老人更健康。以下哪项如果为真，最能质疑上述调查者的观点？A．病痛的折磨使得部分老人对自我健康状态的评价不高。B．良好的家庭氛围使得老年人生活更乐观，身体更健康。C．身体健康的老年人中，女性爱笑的比例比男性高10个百分点。D．老年人的自我健康评价往往和他们实际的健康状况之间存在一定的差距。E．乐观的老年人比悲观的老年人更长寿。【参考答案】D53．阔叶树的降尘优势明显，吸附PM2.5的效果最好。一棵阔叶树一年的平均滞尘量达3.16公斤。针叶树叶面积小，吸附PM2.5功能较弱。全年平均下来，阔叶林的吸尘效果要比针叶林强不少，阔叶林也比灌木和草的吸尘效果好得多。以北京常见的针叶树国槐为例，成片的国槐吸尘效果比同等面积的普通草地约高30%。有些人据此认为，为了降尘，北京应大力推广阔叶林，并尽量减少针叶林面积。以下哪项如果为真，最能削弱上述有关人员的观点？A．植树造林既要治理PM2.5，也要治理其他污染物，需要合理布局。B．阔叶林与针叶林比例失调，不仅极易暴发病虫害、火灾等，还会影响林木的生长和健康。C．建造通风走廊，能把城市和郊区的森林连接起来，让清新的空气吹入，降低城区的PM2.5。D．阔叶树冬天落叶在寒冷的冬季，其养护成本远高于针叶树。E．针叶树冬天虽然不落叶，但基本处于“休眠”状态，生物活性差。【参考答案】B54～55题基于以下题干：某园艺公司打算在如下形状的花圃中栽种玫瑰、兰花、菊花三个品种的花卉，该花圃的形状如下所示:拟栽种的玫瑰有紫、红、白3种颜色，兰花有红、白、黄3种颜色，菊花有白、黄、蓝三种颜色，栽种需满足如下要求：（1）每个六边形格子中仅栽种一个品种、一个颜色的花；（2）每个品种只栽种两种颜色的花；（3）相邻格子的花，其品种与颜色均不相同。54．若格子5中是红色的花，则以下哪项是不可能的？A．格子2中是紫色的玫瑰。B．格子1中是白色的兰花。C．格子1中是白色的菊花。D．格子4中是白色的兰花。E．格子6中是蓝色的菊花。【参考答案】C55．若格子5中是红色的玫瑰，且格子3中是黄色的花，则可以得出以下哪项？A．格子1中是紫色的玫瑰。B．格子4中是白色的菊花。C．格子2中是白色的菊花。D．格子4中是白色的兰花。【参考答案】D四、写作：第56～57小题，共65分。其中论证有效性分析30分，论说文35分。56．论证有效性分析：分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏润，选择若干要点，写一篇600字左右的文章，对论证的有效性进行分析和评论。（论证有效性分析的一般要点是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分等等）有人认为选择越多快乐，其理由：．。常言道：“知足常乐。”一个人．．造成的。主要逻辑谬误：（1）事物是无穷的推不出选择是无穷的。因为世界万物确实是多样的，但是选择却是需要对象的，在没确定选择对象是什么的情况下无法得知其是无穷的。（2）“选择越多越快乐”并不意味着只有无穷的选择才能使人感到最快乐，因为使人感到快乐也有其他的途径，没了无穷的选择也能快乐。何况快乐的程度还需界定清楚，在没比较的情况下难以得出最快乐。（3）非黑即白。不会感到快乐推不出就只会感到痛苦。快乐和痛苦不是仅有的两种情感形式，可能仅是平常的心态。（4）做选择时不一定先对各个选项进行分析再决策。当有一定目标时，纵使有很多其余选择可能也无需一一分析，直接做出选择。（5）付出精力多未必带来烦恼。很可能在分析选项时排除掉不可行的方案，或许不仅不会烦还可能会提高自己的成就感。（6）选择越多失误的概率不一定会越高，失误的概率增加不仅是看选择量的多少，还需要看错误选项是否难以区分。（7）飞机晚点而后悔没坐高铁的原因归结于可选交通工．具多有些牵强，真正的原因很可能是对自己的选择错误而后悔，与交通工具多少无关。（8）选择没有绝对的对错不一定就有优劣之分，很可能存在同好同坏的平行选项。（9）懊悔的概率大不代表就越苦。概率是一种可能性，但痛苦是一个确定结果，由一个不知道是否会发生的概率如何能确定人是否苦呢？（10）懊悔股票未赚到更多钱而痛苦的原因归结于可选购的股票多也很牵强。真正原因很可能是对自己决策错误而懊悔苦57．论说文：根据下述材料，写一篇700字左右的论说文，题目自拟。知识的真理性只有经过检验才能得到证明。论辩．．发现真理。参考立意：思想碰撤迸发真理火花／论辩出真知

考研真题精选一、A型题1原核生物RNA聚合酶全酶中，参与识别转录起始信号的因子是（）。[中国计量大学2019研]A．αB．βC．β′D．σ【答案】D查看答案【解析】原核生物RNA聚合酶全酶由核心酶和σ因子构成。转录的起始需要全酶，由σ因子（起始因子）参与识别转录起始信号。因此答案选D。2下列关于DNA复制与转录过程的描述，其中错误的是（）。[中国计量大学2019研]A．体内只有模板链转录，而两条DNA链都能复制B．在两个过程中，新链合成方向均为5′→3′C．在两个过程中，新链合成均需要RNA引物D．在两个过程中，所需原料不同，催化酶也不同【答案】C查看答案【解析】DNA复制过程由于DNA聚合酶不能从起始开始合成DNA新链，因此需要一段RNA引物，而转录过程不需要引物。因此答案选C。3缺氧情况下，糖酵解过程中NADH＋H＋的去路是（）。[宁波大学2019研]A．使丙酮酸还原为乳酸B．经α-磷酸甘油穿梭系统进入线粒体氧化C．经苹果酸穿梭系统进入线粒体氧化D．2-磷酸甘油酸还原为3-磷酸甘油醛【答案】A查看答案【解析】缺氧情况下，细胞必须用糖酵解产生的ATP分子暂时满足对能量的需要。为了使3-磷酸甘油醛继续氧化放能，必须提供氧化型的NAD＋。丙酮酸作为NADH的受氢体，使细胞在无氧条件下重新生成NAD＋，于是丙酮酸的羰基被还原，生成乳酸。4下列哪一个不是真核生物的顺式作用元件？（）[扬州大学2018研]A．TATA盒B．Pribnow盒C．CAAT盒D．GC盒【答案】B查看答案【解析】顺式作用元件是指启动子和基因的调节序列，主要包括启动子、增强子和沉默子等。A项，TATA盒又称Hogness区，是构成真核生物启动子的元件之一。CD两项，CAAT盒和GC盒（GGGCGG）为上游启动子元件的组成部分。ACD三项均属于真核生物的顺式作用元件。B项，Pribnow盒为原核生物中的启动序列。因此答案选B。5真核生物基因转录过程中，首先结合于TATA序列的转录起始复合物因子是（）。[浙江工业大学2017研]A．TFⅡDB．TFⅡAC．TFⅡED．TFⅡH【解析】真核生物基因转录过程中，转录因子和RNA聚合酶Ⅱ必须以特定的顺序结合到启动子序列上。形成转录起始复合物的第一步是TFⅡD与启动子核心元件TATA序列相结合，RNA聚合酶Ⅱ、TFⅡA、TFⅡB等才能依次结合。6下列关于DNA复制与转录过程的描述，其中错误的是（）。[中国计量大学2019研]71953年Watson和Crick提出（）。[扬州大学2018研]A．DNA是双螺旋结构B．DNA复制是半保留的C．三个连续的核苷酸代表一个遗传密码D．遗传物质通常是DNA而非RNA【解析】Watson和Crick根据Chargaff规则和DNA衍射结果提出了DNA的双螺旋结构模型。因此答案选A。8某双链DNA分子中腺嘌呤的含量是15%，则胞嘧啶的含量应为（）。[浙江工业大学2018研]A．15%B．30%C．35%D．42.5%【解析】根据双链DNA分子中，A＝T，C＝G，A＋T＋C＋G＝100%。由题意可知，A＝15%，则T＝15%，则C＝G＝（100%－15%－15%）÷2＝35%。因此答案选C。9原核生物翻译的起始氨基酸是（）。[扬州大学2018研]A．组氨酸B．甲酰甲硫氨酸C．甲硫氨酸D．色氨酸【解析】真核生物与原核生物的起始密码相同，均为AUG。但在翻译过程中，真核生物的起始氨基酸是甲硫氨酸，而原核生物是甲酰甲硫氨酸。因此答案选B。10用于检测基因组或大片段DNA某一区域中特异DNA片段的插入或缺失的分子杂交技术是（）。[中国计量大学2018研]麻烦大家关注+点赞，谢谢!!本文由【才聪学习网】原创，关注我了解更多考试资料！

带答案的考研专业课真题在哪找？2021年的考研即将到来，随着考研初试专业课分数的逐渐公布，2020年考研专业课的真题可谓是稀有资源，更别提带着标准答案的真题了。基本上除非阅卷组大发善心，不然根本没有这种可能性的。根据以往经验，现在市面上的考研专业课真题除了正式公布的以外，只有通过特殊渠道透漏出来的，以及考生的回忆版。正式公布的其实很好找，各研招办基本都有，或者从各大考试资料网站，像真研考试网等专门做考研真题的网站上购买即可，因为价格便宜，电子版的只需要十块钱，还带着答案，所以性价比还是很高的。通过特殊渠道透漏出来的考试试题也有正规答案，但基本上是各考研机构教研组自己解答出来的，或许有些错误，但基本上还是比较准确的。这类试题也可以从考试资料网站上找到，价格根据各考试网站的定位和成本定价。为什么说定位和成本呢？因为有的网站定位高端，在宣发上不遗余力，所以需要抬高价格来保持营收平衡，而且现在很多考生不差钱，几十块钱和几百块对于考生来说基本都是一个样的，甚至有些考生极度迷信一分钱一分货，哪怕是同样质量的资料，也会选择高价的。这个因人而异，毕竟定价较低的考研资料网站还是有很多质量过硬的。还有的就是考生回忆版。这也是现在大多数所谓真题的版本，考生记忆的准确率很难把握，所以购买此类真题还是有风险的，只能说胜在掌握相关类型的题型，可以有针对性的对重点考试内容进行复习。很多盗版网站或者QQ微信群都会贩卖这类所谓的真题，很多都是骗子，即便是真的卖家，还是要慎重考虑，与其在网店和群里买，不如上正规的考试资料网站，特别是像真研考试网等考研资料网站购买。

目前2020考研管理类联考考试已经结束，来看文都考研给大家带来的2020西医临综考研真题及答案(校对完整版)，下面我们来看一下2020考研西医临综考研真题及答案，祝各位考生取得理想的成绩。以上内容就是文都考研给大家带来的2020西医临综考研真题及答案(校对完整版)，希望同学们好好利用。文都考研网还会为大家继续整理2020西医临综考研真题原文以及考后相关解析，请大家持续关注本栏目。

不少同学的数学已经过完一遍了，也有开始着手真题的同学，大家都知道真题的重要性，真题可谓是考研复习过程中的核心资料。现在就开始刷真题的同学可以从87年的开始刷起。如果你的数学还是处于第一遍基础阶段，那就继续学，必用过早的着急用真题，不然真题的价值真的就大打折扣啦！既然真题这么重要，那真题到底刷几遍？市面上真题资料那么多选谁的呀？真题刷几遍具体刷几遍都是看你自己的具体情况、进度等等，以下是参考建议啦~1第一遍刷真题87-04年真题，不用作为考试掐着时间点做，如果错了很多，也不要担心，可能是因为早年的真题风格和现在是完全不同的，你需要做的是找到错误的题对应的知识点，然后复习相关内容，可以针对性的刷下1800或者1000等资料上相关部分的题，也可以回顾强化课的笔记，然后总结下不同知识点的思路和方法。04-19年的真题，就要严格按照时间考试，基础好的建议限时2.5小时内刷完，基础不好的限时3小时，掐短时间可以营造考场氛围，也能让注意力更集中。注意草稿纸上算题要工整，一方面方便检查，另一方面，有些考场可能只给1张草稿纸，自己一定要合理利用。2第二遍刷真题可以根据自己的情况留下2~3年的真题作为考前模拟，等一刷结束后，可以按照专题二刷真题，这个时候你就要清楚每道题对应了什么知识点，什么知识点对应有什么解法，比如求极限，你就要想到基本的极限类型以及定积分定义，幂函数定义，夹逼定理等。然后对于不理解的地方要去复习笔记，资料书，然后再去做做题进行巩固。3第三遍刷真题当二刷结束后，可以三刷真题的错题，这个阶段不仅要做真题错题，还要刷以前做错的题。所以从一刷二刷那会儿可以养成标记错题或者使用错题本的习惯。如果时间充裕还可以每周刷套模拟题练手，主要看自己的节奏而定。模拟题也要保证能三刷，保证拿到题有思路。小Tips如果真题正确率极高，也不要迷之自信，因为可能你刷的题中已经刷过了这些真题，而当你遇到新题的时候可能就没有这么好的手感，这些同学可以适当刷刷模拟题，拓展思维对于二刷错误率较高的同学，也不要过于悲伤，现在暴露情况总比考的时候出现好，抓紧复习相关知识，一定要针对性的做题，总结题型和思路。慢慢就会好起来了，这个时候不要去和别人比，也不要做模拟题，先安心吃透真题。用谁的资料有的同学在用书方面可能会出现不知道用用谁的资料，其实在真题资料大同小异，主流的就是汤老师，张宇，永乐的。比较推荐的是张宇的《真题大大全解》，不仅为专题做了一本书，还将历年真题做成了卷子形式，做的时候更有在考场的感觉，而且真题数量也比较多。当然如果已经买了其他真题也不用换，毕竟都是真题，内容是不会变的。

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

从1988年医学考研纳入全国统考以来，每年的考试大纲变化很小，考路护航小编总结了一下科目：初试考试科目基础类——英语，政治，西医综合/生物综合/基础综合，专业基础临床西医类——英语，政治，西医综合，专业基础临床中医类——英语，政治，中医综合，专业基础各学校专业不同科目也有所不同，具体可以登录学校研究生院/处官网查询。临床医学硕士主干学科：基础医学、临床医学。主要课程：人体解剖学、组织胚胎学、生理学、生物化学、药理学、病理学、预防医学、免疫学、诊断学、内科学、外科学、妇产科学、儿科学、中医学。英语100分，政治100分，西医综合300分（包括生理、病理、生物化学、诊断、内科、外科共六门），300分（其中生理20%，病理生化各15%，内科加诊断30%，外科20%）。由此可见，医学类考研除了临床中医考研，都要考西医综合。而西医综合和英语是靠平时的学习基础，没有办法考前突击的，尤其是生物化学，需要硬背的知识点特别多。1988年以来西医综合科目全国统考的数据来看，有些年份及格率竟然不如英语高，每年许多考研考生也只是因为西医综合拉后腿，实在可惜。而从西医综合300分计入考研总分开始，考高分对于想考研考博的学员来说非常重要了。那么西医综合为什么这么难考呢？1，难考的原因之一，对西医综合重视不够很多学员可能会花几年时间复习英语，却很少有人会花很多时间去复习西医综合，因为他们认为，西医综合的多选题，考前突击个把月，就能过关！但是，理想很丰满，现实很骨感，正因为西医综合都是多选题，考的知识点更广泛，不花几个月时间认真对待，想考高分是不容易的，对基本概念、基本病理、疾病之间的内在联系与区别有深刻认识才能脱颖而出。2．难考原因之二，西医综合知识点太多西医综合一共要学习生理、生化、病理、诊断、内科、外科六门课程。学完这六门课需要四年时间，等到考研时，大部分考生因为时间跨度太大，把前三门基础课已经抛之脑后，复习又得从头开始，而后学习三门内外科诊断时，又要兼顾考研复习，许多同学对临床实习的关注度不够，对许多疾病只有书面知识的理解和掌握，没有实践经验，死记硬背的知识往往因为缺乏直观认知与书面知识的结合，很难坚持记忆考研结束。3．难考的原因之三，学习方法不合理这是每个专业考生的共同难题，在我的@考路护航 动态里有分享很多学习方法。很多学员的共同特点就是时间进度把握不好，那在我们复习前立下flag，要考研就要抱着不破楼兰终不还的决心，制定好有效的学习计划，然后丢掉吃鸡农药，专注考研复习。4．难考原因之四，没有好的解题技巧俗话说，埋头苦干，也要抬头看看。很多学员会在网上找历年真题，自己闭门造车猛啃试卷，没有正确的理解分析命题老师的出题规则，做到有的放矢的复习。考路护航有各专业名师对考研历年真题解析，并分析出题老师的命题思路，然后针对考点进行模拟考试押题考试。怎样才能有效复习获得高分呢？根据考路护航名师团队多年深入研究西医综合真题，总结了几点供同学们借力：1、图片记忆比方说病理学，可以在病理学专业论坛下载一些代表性很强的照片来帮助理解书本知识和辅助记忆，特别是相近或相反的病理变化可以反复对比加深记忆。2、逻辑思维生物化学是对于习惯逻辑思维的同学来说比较简单，对于不善逻辑思维的同学来说，看了一个月的生化还没搞清楚，那些方程式就像一团乱麻。有的同学因为生物化学不好理解而放弃。如三大物质代谢中的一些关键酶、主要中间代谢产物、各主要物质之间的关系及其各关键反应的调节基本上每年必考的重点，当然如果专业基础不是生化的考生，可以不用弄清楚各种物质的化学结构式。因为在十几年考试中只出现过一次，1994年出过一次关于"α-酮戊二酸的化学结构式"。3、理解记忆每个考生的基础不同，学习的方法也不同。大部分人认为生理简单，容易得分，内科学得分最难，分值又高。历年来的规律：生理、生化每年试题很多相同或相似之处，因此在复习西医综合时生理生化的历年真题和解析尤为重要，复习好拿满分也是可以做到的。复习重要的是理解记忆，能够做到举一反三。认真把课本看一遍，对课本有一个整体轮廓，然后再去看参考书，这样可以加深对参考书上总结的知识的记忆。同时，还要做点真题检验一下自己复习是否到位。4、优质复习资料医学考研复习，要学会借力打力不费力。目前来看，统编教材更新了出版版本号，但是教材内容没有什么变化，如果你只想西医综合考过关，只要认真看书，掌握了书本上足够的知识点过关应该不成问题。但是你高分通过，最好统编教材和历年真题视频讲解结合使用。首先，配合统编教材，听一遍考研西医综合历年真题解析视频，做第一遍真题，这时候不求正确率，只是对考试题目有个印象，老师出题规律是什么样的。然后，再听考研西医综合教材精讲和课后真题解析视频，再做第二遍真题，这时把做错的题目标记下来。第三，听考研西医综合教材精讲和真题串讲，结合考点和真题综合分析视频，再做第三遍真题，把两次做错的题目标记出来强化记忆。课后用过关必做2000题检验学习效果如何。考研本来就是一个反复搓磨的过程，一定要不厌其烦的反复练习，加深记忆。5、了解考点，掌握重点，突破难点自1988年西医综合纳入全国统考以来，考试大纲范围基本没有多大变化，那么历年真题对同学们的复习有很大帮助，研究历年真题解析有助于掌握考试重点。消化、呼吸和泌尿在内科学中占比约66%，普外、骨科在外科学占比约70%，物质代谢、大分子专业在生化中占比90%，按照这个比例，同学们应该知道复习的重点了吧？生理与病理学每个章节占比约15%，生理学"绪论"也多次出现考题，所以每个章节都要复习。每年还有约15%～20%拔高题，只有那些基本功扎实才能获得高分。考研不仅仅是一场知识的考试，也是对自己一种磨炼，最重要的是心态的的磨砺。@考路护航 小编认为既然选择远方，便要摒弃杂念，风雨兼程！未来的你一定会感谢现在拼命学习的你

101. 生命伦理学主要指人类生命，但，是否也涉及与之有关的动物生命和植物生命？ AA、是，涉及B、不是，不涉及C、102. 生命伦理学研究内容，除了医学伦理学内容之外，是否还包括：生物医学和行为研究，不管这种研究是否与治疗直接有关，如人体实验的伦理学问题？ B A、不包括B、包括103. 环境伦理学和人口伦理学等广泛的社会问题，是否属于生命伦理学的研究范围？ A A、是B、不是C、毫无关联104. 动物和植物的生命问题，如动物实验和生态学中植物保护的伦理问题，是否属于生命伦理学的研究范围？ AA、是B、不是C、没关系105. 生命伦理学与医学伦理学的关系？ AD A、前者是对后者的扩展B、后者是对前者的扩展C、二者并列平行关系D、前者包含后者，后者包含于前者106. 列举多项道德规范，不是伦理学的任务，对各种各样的道德规范进行反思进行论证才是伦理学的任务。 AA、是B、不是107. “以病人为中心”指的是 BCA、满足病人的一切需求。提高病人满意度是以病人为中心的一项要求，但不是唯一的B、以病人的生命健康利益为最高价值C、患者的健康需求主导医学活动的价值取向D、要患者满意，也要医护满意，缺一不可，相辅相成108. 伦理学中有一种无处不在的“是”与“应当”，各属于什么性质的判断 ABD A、事实判断与价值判断B、科学判断与伦理判断C、本体论判断与认识论判断D、实然判断与应然判断109. 11、东西方传统的医德主要集中体现是《希波克拉底誓词》和孙思邈的《大医精诚》，内容理论性质上偏向： ABDA、美德和义务，如医生应该具备哪些美德，医生可以做和不可以做什么。B、道德价值作为适用于一切人的预设前提，理所当然地遵守，如东西方的医德传统都有不许堕胎C、基于更自觉的价值理论。因为行为依据的价值有很大的个人和社会后果D、用法典的形式或判例的形式，把医生的义务作为绝对的要求提出，道德价值是理所当然的110. “不喜欢当将军的士兵不是好士兵”。这是价值判断还是事实判断？AB A、是应然判断B、是价值判断C、是实然判断D、是事实判断

每一次考试都是人生中的大事，都应该被认真对待，特别是那些关乎到个人一生命运的考试更应该认真、公平、公正、公开。小学幼儿园的时候，每一次考试关系到有没有零花钱，能不能得到长辈的糖果和鼓励。中学的考试每一次都关系在班里的排名关系到座位；高考则更加重要，被认为是鱼跃龙门的一次机会；大学的考试关系到能不能顺利毕业，能不能得到奖学金；英语四六级、会计证、教师资格证则关系到就业；研究生考试如高考一样是人生中又一次机会。考试几乎伴随着我们一生，不能不重视。上周末的研究生入学考试刚刚过去，全国238万人报名，比2017年增长了37万人，刷新了考研报名记录。高学历已经成为很多人一种新的追求，因此很多早已毕业的在职人员都参与了这次考试，他们把提升学历当做了提升人生资本和改变命运的又一个重要途径。对于某些企业的高管人员，高学历是标配，因此在职研究生人数不断的刷新纪录。然而如此重要的一次考试，居然被曝出泄题。考试刚一结束就有网友爆料称西南大学自然地理考题泄露，连名词解释的顺序都一样。上传文档的网友表示，资料是自己的老师给予，作为日常复习使用。不过其他网友却表示，这是西南大学保护内部学生的措施，是一种变相的泄题和作弊行为。有过考研经验或者了解考研的人都知道，本校学生报考本校被录取的几率要比校外的学生大，毕竟谁也不能过熟人这一关，这是人之常情。代课的老师大多数都会在自己的课堂上给报考本校的学生一些指点。这是早已存在的潜规则，并不是西南大学一个学校在这样做。因此有人说考研就是一次信息战，你总能能课堂和其他渠道找到一些考题的“蛛丝马迹”，然后轻松考上研究生。这样的做法对其他的学生很不公平，因此我们会发现一个现象，现在的学生报考本校研究生的状况越来越多，因此考研究生的难度相对降低，所以就造成了研究生的各项水准不断的下降。这种自我保护造成的蝴蝶效应危害很大，对学校并非是好事。事件一经曝光，立即引起了广泛关注，12月23日晚西南大学就召开了紧急会议，表示要严肃调查，给报考西南大学的学生一个交代。校方的处理很迅速，但是很多人知道事情已经发生，挽回的余地已经很小，结果可能就不了了之。相信很多报考西南大学地理相关专业的学生都很气愤，可能自己准备了很长时间熬了无数个夜，却比不过该校老师发给学生的一次简单练习。人生的不公平时时刻刻都可能存在，你被不公正对待的时候往往很多，因此你只能变得更加的强大才能在面对这些不公正的时候敢于站起来反抗。我们都需要变得更强，我们都需要敢于发出自己的声音。加油吧，伙计们。2018即将过去，2019重新开始。