医学博士英语考试真题

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

2020博考了，好多小伙伴都无从下手！报考院校没选好？导师我该怎么选？该准备哪些材料？考试还没有把握？基础也没打好？！种种问题被搞得头都大了！今天小医来给你一一进行解答。奉上最新的热门各大院校报考指南，祝愿大家都能够顺顺利利更上一层楼！一、双非本硕英语6级，国奖获得者，考博前发表学术论文6篇，其中，5篇为专业核心期刊，无工作经历。2020年初考取国内某985院校博士生。二、博士研究生的考试时间、形式1. 博士考试时间：分为春季考试（3月进行，9月入学）和秋季考试（10月/11月进行，次年3月入学）两种。博士研究生考试是由各学校组织的，大家应关注所考学校的研究生网站或者研究生招生网。2.博士考试形式（1）本科直博（2）硕博连读（3）提前攻读（4）公开招考（申请考核制和普通招考）三、考博前期准备1.搜集信息（常用的网站、联系学姐学长）常用的网站：报考学校的研究生院网站，研究生院招生信息网；所报考学院的官网；研招网；考博论坛；小木虫。最有效的方式：联系导师和报考专业的直系学姐学长要搜集的信息：导师的研究方向、招生人数、历年的考博重要时间节点、考试内容、参考书目、历年考博真题。四、联系导师（何时联系？如何联系？）（1）何时联系？今年上半年完成联系工作，最好等老师的招生工作都完成。（2）如何联系？硕导推荐（加微信）；电话联系；邮件联系（网站上一般都有邮箱；导师发表的论文；通过学长学姐获取等）（3）如何写第一封与博导联系的email自我介绍（性格特征、兴趣爱好、科研能力，博导往往需要智商和情商都在线的学生）；谈谈对导师研究方向的兴趣点（让导师发掘你的学术潜力和创造力）；表达自己想报考她的博士生的真诚意愿及努力（4）常见的博导的回复A.“你好，报考的人很多，......”B.“欢迎报考”C.“已经有几个人联系报考，请改换其他导师……”D.“欢迎报考，对你的研究方向很感兴趣，然后介绍很多自己的研究方向的内容……”（5）注意事项：1.要了解导师的基本学术观点和学术著作。2.多种联系方式并用。3.真诚和决心。4.第一次见博导要不要带礼物？五、材料准备报考博士生申请表；专家推荐书；本硕课程学习成绩单（学校档案馆）；硕士学位论文全文和评议书；研究计划；硕士学位证书或证明书；体格检查表；政治审查表；代表性作品复印件等。建议大家打印官网上的招生简章，逐条打钩一一对照，并在指定的时间邮寄到指定的地点。六、现在该准备些什么1.4月：确定好目标院校（可根据学校往年考试时间，选择2-3所时间能错开的）；2.跟硕导表达读博的意愿，找机会让硕导进行推荐；3.5月中下旬：与导师联系，表达意愿；4.准备英语和专业课（持续准备的过程）。资料内容：2020专业课考博经验分享视频合集1、2020面试指导课程2、2019法学考博经验分享3、2019复旦大学考博经验分享4、2019教育学考博经验分享5、2019金融学考博经验分享6、2019经济学考博经验分享7、2019考博复试如何准备？8、2019考前一个月复习如何准备9、2019马克思主义考博经验分享10、2019人大复试指导课11、2019社会学考博经验分享12、2019设计学考博经验分享13、2019文学考博经验分享14、2019香港、欧洲考博经验分享15、2019研究计划书写作经验分享16、2019哲学考博经验分享17、2019专硕考博经验分享18、2020考博如何准备备考指南1、大纲解读（一）2、大纲解读（二）3、词汇速记点拨（一）4、词汇速记点拨（二）5、全年复习规划6、语法基础框架点拨词汇精讲1、金字塔之基2、词汇构建（1）3、词汇构建（2）4、词汇精讲——试题词汇精华5、词汇精讲——试题详解6、医学真题讲解动物模型出发的研究1、常用的数据库操作演示4 文章重现2、第二节 文章案例3、第三部分 套路介绍4、杂志选择和投稿5、关键问题和注意事项6、实例展示如何分析与作图7、从结果到成文基础语法与长难句1、动词——非谓语动词2、动词——谓语动词3、副词——状语从句4、名词——表语从句5、名词——宾语从句6、名词——同位语从句7、名词——主语从句8、名词补充——名词性虚拟语气9、形容词——非限制性定语从句10、形容词——限制性定语从句课件下载1、备考指导讲义2、基础语法与长难句3、考博词汇讲义4、考博阅读精讲讲义5、听力特训6、医学考博冲刺讲义7、医学写作精讲课程讲义8、阅读精讲课程高阶讲义9、完形填空精讲课程讲义听力特训1、长对话技巧(1)2、长对话技巧(2)3、连读——辅辅4、连读——辅元5、连读——连续音变6、连读——元元7、听力试题分析8、小对话技巧（1）9、小对话技巧（2）10、易混发音的辨别11、英式与美式发音的区别12、应试问题分析（1-8）完形填空1、2002年-2011年真题讲解2、补充知识点—高效背诵单词与文章的方法3、补充知识点—简单句扩展为非简单句的五大手段4、补充知识点—五大简单句句型析5、完形填空必杀技6、完形填空精讲——总结7、完形填空考察内容医学写作精讲01 题型介绍与写作步骤02 注意事项（1）03 注意事项（2）04注意事项（3）05 评分原则与标准06 必备词组与句型07 必备词汇（1）08 必备词汇（2）09 真题一（1）10 真题一（2）11 真题一（3）了解更多

图片来源：站酷海洛 Plus有句话说得好：付出不一定有收获，收获却一定要付出。我深信，机会总是光顾有准备的人，考博这个机会亦是如此。自己从正式备战考博到正式参加考博历时大约 8 个月，8 个月的艰苦付出，8 个月的悉心准备，我终于考上了某 985 高校病理学与病理生理学专业的医学博士，实现了由硕士身份到博士身份的转变。2019 考博已经告一段落，2020 考博已在路上，我想把自己病理学与病理生理学专业考博经验分享给各位 2020 奋斗在考博路上的小伙伴，希望自己的经验对各位同仁有所裨益。一、联系博导的经历确定了考博之后，最首要的就是联系博导了。而今的考博联系博导非常重要，导师很大程度上具有决定权，如果导师想要你，即使笔试你考倒数第一也可以录取你，如果导师不想要你，即使笔试你考第一也照样可以不收你（我身边同学就有例子）。在选择导师时可以参考：导师的学术地位、导师的行政职务、导师的社会影响力等。在联系导师前需要准备的材料有：一份个人简历、一份自我陈述、一份未来研究计划。在联系导师时最好有硕导或其他老师帮忙推荐，这样你考上的机率会更大。不过如果没有老师可以推荐也不没关系，此时就需要我们自己给导师发邮件自荐，我就是通过自荐联系导师的，我选定的该 985 高校的老师是一位过去有很多行政职位，但是现在很专心做学术也比较有影响力的导师。然后给选定的导师写了封邮件，附上了我的材料。老师很快给了回复，表示比较欢迎，并主动说可以见面详聊。二、英语复习备考的经历不用说，这是所有学校非英语专业博士必考的一门课程，英语在考博中的重要地位就不用我多说了，想必各位同仁都知道它的重要性。英语主要考核考生阅读和翻译外文文献的水平，考题类型主要有阅读和翻译。所以我复习的重点主要是阅读和翻译。我首先是制定了英语复习计划，我坚持每天阅读 1 篇外文期刊论文，做 2 篇英语阅读，并翻译 2 篇英译汉，并利用了其他考博院校历年的考博英语真题。参考书目为：未来教育教学与研究中心编著的，世界图书出版公司出版的《全国医学考博英语统一考试》；华慧英语《医学考博英语一本通》；圣才考研网编著的，中国石化出版社出版的《全国医学考博英语历年真题及模拟试题详解第 3 版》；机械工业出版社出版的《考博英语词汇 10000 例精解》；2019 年卓越医学博士英语统考综合教程 + 词汇 + 实战演练模拟试题历年真题 + 阅读听力完形写作高分全解，这些参考书都可以通过淘宝平台购买获得。三、专业课复习备考的经历病理学与病理生理学专业课主要考试科目：医学免疫学和生物化学（三）二选一，病理学（二）和病理生理学（二）二选一。最终我选择的科目为：医学免疫学和病理学（二）。《医学免疫学》主要复习的内容为：图片来源：作者绘制图片来源：作者绘制病理学（二）主要复习内容包括：（1）细胞、组织的适应和损伤；（2）损伤的修复；（3）局部血液循环障碍；（4）炎症；（5）肿瘤：（6）心血管系统疾病；（7）呼吸系统疾病；（8）消化系统疾病；（9）泌尿系统疾病；（10）乳腺及女性生殖系统疾病；（11）内分泌系统疾病；（12）神经系统疾病；（13）传染病及寄生虫病；（14）性病和免疫性疾病；（15）淋巴造血系统疾病。四、初试和复试经历初试经历：首先初试的科目为英语，我认为医学考博英语的难度要高于其他学科的考博英语难度，英语题型主要包括词汇选择题、完形填空题、阅读理解题、摘要写作题，整个考试的时间为 3 个小时，考题的难度是高于六级的，但是要低于考研英语。《医学免疫学》答卷方式：闭卷，笔试。答题时间：180 分钟。各部分内容的考查比例（满分为 100 分）：基础知识约 60-70%；综合能力约 20-30%。题型比例：名词解释约 30-40%；问答题约 40-60%。病理学（二）主要考试内容包括：病理学的基本概念、基本理论，以及综合分析、解决病理学相关问题的能力，各部分内容的考查比例（满分 100 分）：基础知识约 60％，综合能力约 40%，题型比例：名词解释约 30％，论述约 70％，整个考试时间 3 小时。复试经历：复试主要包括三部分。第一部分是自我介绍，介绍包括自己各方面基础信息、考博动机和将来的研究计划等。第二部分是复试英语，医学考博英语复试口语分为随机式和话题式，话题具有选择性，可以准备一定时间，导师会随机问一些问题，比如说你选择职业主要考虑的因素是什么？你的优缺点有哪些？在回答的时候语速适中，尽量保持语句通顺，适当加一些动作和表情，可自由发挥。第三部分是专业课复试，医学是一个专业性很高的学科，因此，我们一定要掌握所学专业的相关知识。作为考博生，我们应该知道专业的常见病、多发病的诊疗指南和推荐意见。当然，考博是多种因素综合作用的结果，考博拼实力，也靠运气。在我们无法把握运气的情况下，我们唯有提高自身的实力。在复习备考中认真准备，在笔试中正常发挥，在面试中临机应对。最后预祝大家都能考博成功！

Hello，大家好！我是大家的好朋友，大坚果张老师，今天我和大家聊一聊全国高考I卷的那些事。2020年全国高考于昨天落下帷幕（除了上海、安徽歙县个别地区9号还有考试），现在是大家一起对答案的时间了。如果你这边没有记下你的答案的话，小编建议可以重新做一遍，这样可以更有把握估分。亲爱的考生，如果你答案对完的的话，可以好好休息一下，毕竟压抑了10多年的青春该好好释放一下了。如果您喜欢这篇文章，请点击关注大坚果张老师，转发，点赞，评论和留言，谢谢大家的支持，一直陪伴你们的大坚果张老师。

恭喜你，又看到了第一手资料！今天，中公考研网校小编将为大家分享“2019考研英语一、（二）考试真题及答案完整版”的相关内容。先来英语一、接着是英语二。英语一①真题②答案英语二①真题②答案阅读理解：21C、22B、23A、24B、25D、26D、27D、28B、29A、30C、31B、32C、33A、34D、35A、36A、37A、38A、39C、40B、以上分享结束，后续会继续给出其他各科的真题及答案，请关注我们！

Hello，大家好！我是大家的好朋友，大坚果张老师，今天我和大家聊一聊全国高考II卷的那些事。2020年全国高考于昨天落下帷幕（除了上海、安徽歙县个别地区9号还有考试），现在是大家一起对答案的时间了。如果你这边没有记下你的答案的话，小编建议可以重新做一遍，这样可以更有把握估分。亲爱的考生，如果你答案对完的的话，可以好好休息一下，毕竟压抑了10多年的青春该好好释放一下了。如果您喜欢这篇文章，请点击关注大坚果张老师，转发，点赞，评论和留言，谢谢大家的支持，一直陪伴你们的大坚果张老师。

Hello，大家好！我是大家的好朋友，大坚果张老师，今天我和大家聊一聊全国高考II卷的那些事。2020年全国高考于昨天落下帷幕（除了上海、安徽歙县个别地区9号还有考试），现在是大家一起对答案的时间了。如果你这边没有记下你的答案的话，小编建议可以重新做一遍，这样可以更有把握估分。亲爱的考生，如果你答案对完的的话，可以好好休息一下，毕竟压抑了10多年的青春该好好释放一下了。如果您喜欢这篇文章，请点击关注大坚果张老师，转发，点赞，评论和留言，谢谢大家的支持，一直陪伴你们的大坚果张老师。

2019高考英语北京真题卷，含答案和解析，北京考生务必打印做一遍众所周知，英语从小学三年级开始就是必学学科，而无论是在中考还是高考时，英语的分数都和语数一样，因此对于同学们来说十分重要。而英语考试不像语文，要求理解的深度。英语文化与我们文化差异大，所以考查的内容不是很深，读懂了很容易做对。在高考英语试卷中，考题主要是听力、选择题、阅读理解、完形填空以及写作，因此，今天这里老师就针对这几个题型给同学们一下建议。一、听力其实，高考英语听力并没有同学们想象中的难，要想多得分主要做到以下几点：1.听写单词很重要单词是基础，你尝试过听懂这个单词就是拼不出来的绝望吗？很多同学可能课堂就听写，但是老师口音不统一，最好的还是用原录音进行听写，就算不默写也要做到听到这个单词在心中默念它的拼写。2.倍速听写听力材料每学期买一本，用铅笔做，做完擦掉再听。一开始按原倍速听，逐渐加快到1.25，1.5，当你能够在1.5倍速之下都能听对，到了考试你会发现什么单词都能听得很清楚，注意！听懂了要会拼。二、阅读理解阅读理解的两座大山是细节题和主旨大意题。细节题的做题方法主要就是“回看法”，即把题干带入原文相应位置、相应段落，寻找文中出现的题枝，找出出处。主旨大意题这里有一个小诀窍，用四个关键词去选择你的答案：全面、中立、首尾、频率。三、完形填空，完形填空主要以下三点：1.掌握语法是关键2.熟悉固定搭配3.集中训练做题逻辑四、作文要想作文拿高分，首先，的基础先过关；其次，积累好词好句；最后，熟练掌握作文模板。那关于高考英语，就数到这里，下面我就分享2019高考英语北京真题卷给同学们，建议北京的考生都打印做一做。完整word文档领取方式请到文末查看完整word文档领取步骤：点击文章标题下的头像进入主页，找到私信，发送666即可

1、关于什么时候开始准备考博和联系导师的一些问题越来越多的院校随着改革的深入逐渐转向申请考核制。但不管是申请一一考核还是考试，论文在考博过程中都起着重要作用，因此，如果决定考博，在硕士期间多发一些核心期刊还是非常重要的，建议各位在发文章的时候，不要贪多，而应对1－2篇文章精心雕琢，以发表在一个好的期刊上，D类文章并没有多大帮助。有心考博的同学不妨在研一的时候多读些书，争取研二在好的期刊上发文章，研三有很多事情要忙，可以把发文章的事情提前。这样，既是研三决定不考博了，这些文章对你找工作也有很大帮助。至于工作之后再考博的同学，发文章同样很重要，可提前准备。研三开始准备考博就可以了，（当然，研一就决定考博的同学，早早准备更好，可以多读书，多发文章，学好英语等。）如果一旦决定了考博就就一定要全力以赴，而不要犹豫不决，更不要轻言放弃。在复习的过程中全力以赴，只要你真正的付出了，相信你会取得让自己满意的成绩！关于联系导师的问题，主要是什么时候联系导师和与导师联系说什么。如果你心仪的导师是你通过身边的老师同学能接触到的，那是非常好的，如如果硕导愿意推荐你那就更好了。当然，也有一些同学报考的导师是硕导不认识、自己更是从未谋面的老师，那就需要你发挥你的人脉，利用各种途径找到老师的联系方式，多读老师的文章和著作了。如果你决定考博了，就可以联系导师了，需要注意的是，考博和考研不同，考研可以只能报一个学校，但是考博可以报很多学校，只要时间不中突并且你有足够的资金支持你各地飞来飞去。虽然可以报很多学校，同学们切记不要一个学校联系两位老师，每个学校联系一位导师即可，导师们都有交流，你若联系了两位老师会非常尴尬的。所以，当你决定考博了，就可以联系导师了，由于考博是学校自主出题，导师们的研究方向也是相差甚远，所以，提前确定学校和导对你有针对性的复习有很大帮助。那么，与导联系应该聊些什么呢？可以与导师聊聊你读了导师的什么文章，有何慮感想；你最近在学习什么戦者读什么书；心里有什么想法等都可以跟导师聊。也有人会问，多久联系一次导师呢？这个看个人情兄吧，有好的idea的时候或者读到好的文章时都可以，只是不要为了联系导师而联系导师，导师又不是傻子，这样的交流没有任何内容会很尴尬。一两个月月联系一次导而就可以，当然，如果你和导师很熟悉，经常联系也是okay的2、在复习的过程中如何收集资料和保持良好的学习状态对需要参加的考试同学而言，真题在复习的过程中起着指导性的作用，还有一些院校会给出参考书目。同学们可以通过淘宝、天猫、或者院校考博群以及某学科的考博群来找资料，有的院校的研究生院出售考博真题，还可以拢师兄师姐师弟师妹等来收集资料，大不了到时候请人家吃顿饭嘛。总之，你要发挥你的十八般武艺和各路人脉来找资料，资料很重要！如果这些途径对你都没用，那就向辅导班求助吧，辅导班可以为你把这一切都备好，为你搜集各种资料省下很多时间，推荐一家辅导机构，海翔智库教育，很不错的！基础很差，在复习上无从下手的同学也可以考虑一下报辅导再者，如何在考博的过程中保持良好的心态？有的同学在复习考博的过程中由于内外部的各种原因会不断动摇自己的想法，到底是回归家庭和工作还是继续实现自己更高的理想？考不上怎么办，该何去何从？就算考上博士了，毕不了业怎么か？我想说的是，在当初決定考博的时候，这些问题你都应该考虑清楚，既然决定了，就不要再担心毕业等事情，既然选择了远方，便只顾风雨兼程．．外面世界的喧囂与繁华，忧愁和苦恼和你没有任何关系。这样你才能心无旁鹜的投入到复习中，并取得良好的复习效果在这里，我额外多说一点，大家都知道，考博不像考研，身边的战友会很少，为了自己能够更好地坚持下来，大家一定要多找几个一同奋斗的小伙伴。如果身边有，那很好；如果身边战友很少，那你就要充分发挥QQ群、微信群、小木虫等各种APP来寻找战友。我记得我当时加了一个特别好的群，群里有考博的各种人群，有像我这种研三的学生，也有宝妈宝爸或者工作人土等，大家每天早起打卡，一起交流英语和专业的问题。另外，一定要照顾好自己的身体，身体是革命的本钱啊！生病不仅花钱、受罪，更重要的是非常耽误学习！如果你是男孩子，喜欢打球、健身，那就继续坚持；如如果你是女孩子，喜欢跳舞、游泳，那也继续坚持；像我这种啥舞蹈都不会，只会通过跑步的来强身健体的人都在坚持！考博复习中，我会经常去跑跑步、拉伸拉伸身体，这么简单的运动却保障了我在复习中没有生过病，不会因为身体眈误复习的进度。3、英语很重要，专课也不能落下，要两条腿走路有很多人考博是死在了英语上，比如如我曾听到过以下关于考博英语的传说：浙江大学（考浙大，你要是过线，那么，恭喜你，你就考上博士了）；华中科技大学（全国考博英语最变态、最难的学校）；北京师范大学（考该校，你可以刷新你的英语最低分，我认识的位战友最终考上了北大，所以，如如果决定考博了就把英语学好吧，因为，博士是需要读很多外文献的！但是，专业课也很重要，导师要不要你就是看你的专业基础和潜力，如果说英语是你考博的门槛，那专业课就是你站在导师面前的上方宝剑！所以，不要做一条腿的瘸子，要两条腿走路。4、守得云开见月明考博，需要的是实力、运气和人脉的综合，但实力オ是成功的源头，只有你有实力，幸运之神才会降临到你身上；只有你有实力了，导师才会欣賞你，才愿意给你机会。所以，努力吧，每个有勇气考博的人都是值得尊重的，而你所有的付出也将给予你最好的回报。