2016英语考研真题pdf

2016考研英语二真题及答案解析 Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。 Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on the ANSWER SHEET。 （10 points）Happy people work differently。 They’re more proctive， more creative， and willing to take greater risks。 And new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work， too。Companies located in place with happier people invest more， according to a recent research paper。 2 ， firms in happy places spend more on R&D（research and development）。That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investment for the future。The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested。 So they compared U.S。 cities’ average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas。7 enough， firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8。 But it is really happiness that’s linked to investment， or could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D？ To find out， the researches controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest like size， instry ， and sales-and-and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in， like growth in wages or population。 They link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things。The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms， which the authors 13 to “less confined decision making process” and the possible presence of younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment。’’ The relationship was 15 stronger in places where happiness was spread more 16。 Firms seem to invest more in places。17 this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view， the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility。 It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future。 It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward –thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average，” said one researcher。1。 [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2。 [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3。 [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4。 [A] indivialism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5。 [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6。 [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7。 [A] sure [B] odd [C] unfortunate [D] often8。 [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9。 [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10。 [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11。 [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12。 [A] resumed [B] held [C] emerged [D] broke13。 [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D] compare14。 [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D] experienced15。 [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16。 [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17。 [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18。 [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19。 [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20。 [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send actSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts。 Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D。 Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET。 （40 points）Text 1It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college。 Students without experience can catch up after a few introctory courses， said Tom Cortina， the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science。However， Cortina said， early exposure is beneficial。 When younger kids learn computer science， they learn that it’s not just a confusing， endless string of letters and numbers – but a tool to build apps， or create artwork， or test hypotheses。 It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students。 Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal。 Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap， Cortina said。Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college， where introctory computer-science classes are packed to the brim， which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away。The Flatiron School， where people pay to learn programming， started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for alts looking for a career change。 The high-schoolers get the same curriculum， but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in，” said Victoria Friedman， an instructor。 For instance， one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood。The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook。 Programming languages have a quick turnover， so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market。 But the skills they learn – how to think logically through a problem and organize the results – apply to any coding language， said Deborah Seehorn， an ecation consultant for the state of North Carolina。Indeed， the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all。 But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes。 These kids are going to be surrounded by computers-in their pockets ，in their offices， in their homes –for the rest of their lives， The younger they learn how computers think， how to coax the machine into procing what they want –the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that –the better。21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to _______A。 complete future job trainingB。 remodel the way of thinkingC。 formulate logical hypothesesD。 perfect artwork proction22.In delivering lessons for high - schoolers ， Flatiron has considered their________A。 experienceB。 interestC。 career prospectsD。 academic backgrounds1、[答案]C how[解析]根据空格所在句子可以看出，空格处应该是一个引导宾语从句的从属连词，做influence的宾语。四个选项的意思中，只有C。 how引导后面的内容做influence的宾语，前后意思合理。2、[答案]B In particular[解析]空格的前一句话的内容是：坐落在幸福人群所在地的公司投资更多的钱。空格所在句的内容是：坐落在幸福人群所在地的公司在…方面投入更多的钱。很显然，前后句子是总分关系。选项中，只有B选项可以体现总分关系。3、[答案]D necessary[解析]根据空格处前后的内容，_____ for making investments for the future是做后置定语修饰longer-term thinking和happiness。幸福，这种持久的思维模式对于对未来进行投资_______，四个选项中只有D。 necessary 做后置定语符合前后内容。其他选项与原文内容语义不符。4、[答案]C optimism[解析]空格处的内容与inclination for risk-taking由and连接，构成并列关系，后面that come with happiness定语从句既修饰空格处的内容，也修饰inclination for risk-taking，所以选项中可以由that come with happiness修饰的只有C选项optimism。5、[答案]D change[解析]空格处的内容和the way companies invested构成动宾搭配。选项中A。 echo 回声 B。 miss 思念 C。 spoil 溺爱 D。 change 改变，所以只有D选项可以和the way companies invested构成通顺语义。故D项正确。6、[答案]B measured[解析]原文：So they compared U.S。 cities’ average happiness_______ by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas。 所以他们比较美国城市的平均幸福，这种幸福是根据盖洛普在上市公司的投资活动地区民意调查来________。 A imagined 想象，D assumed 假定与民意调查的客观性是不符的，故排除，C invented 发明，与文意不符，故选B measured，衡量，测量。7、[答案]A sure[解析]若要判断此空的答案，需要结合文章上下文来判断。这句话和本篇完型的第二段的首句的含义是相同的。第二段的首句：Companies located in places with happier people invest more，含义为：坐落在幸福人们多的地方的公司会加大研发投入力度。本段首句其实是对于这一中心的重复阐述，因此选A。8、[答案]D headquartered[解析]原文：firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were _________。公司的投资与研发强度与公司所_______的地区的幸福度相关。依据第7题的答案，我们可以推断，这句话所填写的单词和located应该是近义， A advertised 广告； B divided 分割； C overtaxed 负担过重；均与本文含义不符，故选D，headquartered设立总部。9、[答案]A explain[解析]原文：…could something else about happier cities ______ why firms there spend more on R&D？ 此句也是对于本文中心的再次论证。还有其他的什么可以__________公司在幸福的城市加入研发投入力度吗？ 这句话之后就是具体的原因陈述。B overstate 夸张； C summarize总结；D emphasize 强调；均不符合文意，所以以上三项皆排除。故选A express 解释，阐释。10、[答案]B factors[解析]原文： To find out， the researchers controlled for various ________that might make firms more likely to invest — like size， instry， and sales ，为了找到答案，研究人员控制了各种各样的可能会让公司加大投资的_______——比如大小、行业和销量——，联系上下文，我们可以看出，这个空格其实就是下文size， instry， and sales的上义词，可以包含这三个名词的内容。A stages 阶段；C levels 水平，标准； D methods 方法；均不符合文意。故选B factors 原因，因素。11、[答案]A desirable[解析]该句意思为：研究者掌控了各种使公司更愿意投资的因素（比如规模、行业、销售），也掌控了居住起来____的住处的征兆（比如工资或人数的增长）。此处需填入形容词，前后两句为并列关系，感情色彩应保持一致，所填词应和空前more likely to invest更可能投资，以及空后like举例的内容涨工资一致，也是好事，所以答案desirable可取的、令人满意的为正确选项。Sociable善于交际的，reputable有声望的，reliable可靠的虽为正向词汇，但均与上下文衔接不紧密，因此答案为desirable。12、[答案]B held[解析]即使说明这些问题，总体来讲，快乐与投资之间的关系____。Resume继续、重新开始，hold保持不变，维持，emerge出现，break破裂。前后为递进，说明这些问题后，二者关系应仍然保持不变，所以hold为正确答案。13、[答案]A attribute[解析]该句意思为：快乐与投资之间的相互关系对年轻的企业特别强烈，作者把这一点____于“缺少编纂的做决定过程”。此处考搭配，attribute…to把……归咎于，assign…to把……指派给，transfer…to把……传递给，compare…to把……相比较，其中attribute…to符合文意，作者把这一点归因于于“缺少编纂的做决定过程”。14、[答案]D experienced[解析]该题为并列平行关系考查，and前后情感色彩、所属范畴应保持一致，younger并列，应为less experienced缺少经验的，故为正确答案。Serious严肃的，civilized文明的，ambitious有野心的，与年龄无直接关系，故排除。15、[答案]C also[解析]该句话上一句为The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong，此句为The relationship was 15 stronger，显然，二者之间为并列关系，因此选择also也。Thus表结果，instead表转折，never从不，不符合此处逻辑。16、[答案]D equally[解析]此题考查副词。四个选项中，A选项rapidly意为“迅速地”， B选项regularly意为“常规地”，C选项意为directly“直接地”，D选项equally“平等地”。此处讨论的是公司投资与快乐之间的关系。空格后指出，相较于在快乐不平等的地方，或者幸福感有巨大鸿沟的地方，公司更愿意在大多数人都较为幸福的领域投资， D选项equally是对inequality的反义复现，因此，D选项是正确选项。17、[答案]C While[解析]此处考察上下文的逻辑关系。上文指出，公司愿意在幸福的领域里投资， 而空格后则提到“这并不能证明幸福引发了公司扩大投资或者采用较长远的眼光看问题”，显然，这二者之间是转折关系，正确选项为C选项While “然而”。A选项 After“在……之后” ， B选项Until “直到”，D选项Since“因为”或“自从”，都不符合文意。18、[答案]C hints[解析]空格所在句的前半句质疑了投资与幸福的关系，后半句的作者表现的态度是“believe”， 因此此处要填入一个表积极立场的词，且能与后面的at that possibility构成搭配， 表明“作者”的认可态度。A选项arrive“到达”，B选项jumps“跳跃”，D选项strikes“打击；罢工”，均不能与at that possibility搭配，C选项hints“暗示”符合语意，因此正确答案为C。19、[答案]A shape[解析]结合文意，此处是在正面论述“当地文化和氛围”对公司运营的影响，且二者之间的因果关系一直贯穿全文。四个选项中，A选项shape意为“形成，塑造” B选项rediscover“重新发现”， C选项simplify“简化”，D选项share“分享”， 其中只有A 选项最贴近语意，因此正确答案为A。20、[答案]B lean towards[解析]此处考察固定词组。 A选项pray for意为“为……祈祷”，B选项lean towards意为“向……倾斜”，C选项give away意为“泄露； 失去；赠送”，D选项send out意为“发送，发出”。空格所在句的前后语意为“快乐的人比普通人更加的具有正向思维，更有创造力，并且更加的_____研究和发展。”可知最符合文意的只能是选项B。Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121、[答案][B]remodel the way of thinking[解析]观点题。根据题干Cortina holds回文定位在第二段。第二段指出Cortina认为过早的接触电脑是有益的，紧接着指出当小孩子学习电脑科学，他们就学习了如何去开发手机应用程序，或者创作艺术，或者验证假设。对于他们来说与大孩子相比，改变思维并不难。综上所述，[B]remodel the way of thinking是对原文“transform their thought”的同义置换。22、[答案][B] interest[解析]事实细节题。根据题干关键信息“in delivering lessons for high-schoolers”、“Flatiron has considered”，定位到第三段。整个第三段在叙述Flatiron School。其中，第三行The high-schoolers get the same curriculum， but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in”（高中生们上同样的课程，但是“我们力图以他们的兴趣来调整课程”），表明了该校开设课程的依据是“学生的兴趣”，故选[B] interest。23、[答案][A] help students learn other computer languages[解析]细节题。根据Deborah Seehorn 定位到文章第五段最后一句。Deborah说他们学习的技能（如何思考问题具有逻辑性并组织结果）可以应用到编码语言中去。选项[A]帮助学生学习另外的电脑语言是对这句话的概括。24、[答案][C] become better prepared for the digitalized world[解析]推理题。根据题干关键词“the last paragraph”和“Flatiron students”回文定位在最后一段。最后一段第一句指出Flatiron的学生不会全都进入IT界。紧接着第二句说明培养编码人员不是唯一目的，第三句进一步指出这些学生将会一生“被电脑包围”（生活在电脑时代），对比四个所给选项，[C] become better prepared for the digitalized world与原文意思一致，故正确。25、[答案][A] persuade[解析]词义题。根据题干关键信息“coax”（Line 4， Para.6），定位到最后一段第四行how to coax the machine into procing what they want（如何…电脑生产他们想要的），且该部分是与how computers think（电脑是如何思维的）并列的，都是学生学习的具体内容。正是因为两者并列，因此根据单词think可知coax同样含有一定比喻色彩，且coax指的是“让电脑生产他们想要的”一种手段或方式。将四个选项分别带入原文：[A] persuade“劝说，劝诱”，即“劝诱电脑生产他们想要的”，语意恰当，是正确选项；[B] frighten“吓唬，使惊吓”，即“吓唬电脑去生产他们想要的”，该方式带有贬义色彩，故排除；[C] misguide“误导”，与[B]同理，故排除；[D] challenge“挑战”，即“挑战电脑去生产他们想要的”，语义不通顺，故排除。因此，本题正确答案为[A] persuade。Text 226、[答案][A] its drastically decreased population[解析]本题属于细节题，考查了考生对文章首段中关于草原鸡数量的变化的理解。根据对首段首句当中生物学家预测的数量是2百万，而在首段末句出现but转折以及末句当中关于草原鸡现在真实的剩余数量只有2万2千只，都可以说明草原鸡的数量急剧的下降；另外，这道题还有一种做法是通过第二段首句的主语的作用，某些情况下，文章中间段落的首句主语起到承上启下的作用，那么中间段落首句主语就会有概括上一段的作用，本文第二段的首句：The crash was a main reason USFWS decided to formally list the bird as threatened。 就是对第26题题干和正确选项的同义替换，根据第二段第一句的主语：the crash （这种暴跌），对应正确选项A。27、[答案][D] went against conservation policies[解析]本题属于推理题，根据题干信息：the “Threatened” tag 令许多环境学家感到失望，定位到第二段的第三句，因此，原因应该出自第三句之后，而第四句和第五句中间有很明显的转折词but，因此答案定位在第五句，很多同学可能会问，这里并没有表示原因的词去与题干当中的in that进行对应，但是在我们的钻石卡的课程中提到，原文当中给出原因的并不一定是直接给出表示原因的连词或者介词，在本文第三句的but Ashe and others argued that the “threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new， potentially less confrontational conservation approaches。 当中的gave这个词是“使得”的意思，A使得B如何如何，也就是A是B的原因，因此这道题的答案是D （违反了保护措施）。28、[答案][B] volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[解析]本题属于推理题，根据题干当中给出的位置信息（第三段）以及表示条件与结果的逻辑关系的if这个信息，可以迅速定位到第三段的第一句，其中题干当中的if与文章当中的as long as 进行对应，而题干当中的表示结果的部分与as long as 之前进行对应，因此，正确选项应该出自as long as 之后，也就是原文当中的：they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat。 “签订一系列管理计划去恢复草原鸡的栖息地”，对应到的正确选项是B （volunteer to set up an equally big habitat 帮助搭建同样大小的栖息地）29、[答案][D] the states[解析]本题属于细节题。答案定位在文章第三段最后一句，从Ashe所说的话中“states remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species”可以得出，选项D the states在管理物种方面起着领导作用。30、[答案][B] the win-win rhetoric[解析]本题属于推断题。答案定位在文章最后一段，从Jay Lininger所说的话中，可以得知他认为政府应该为导致鸟类濒临灭绝的产业负责任，因此可以得出，他最可能支持本段开头所提出的双赢的说法。Text 331、[答案][D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed[解析]细节题。根据题干回文定位到第二段第一句“what makes…management techniques don‘t seem sufficient”，，但是这句并没有提及原因。真正的原因是第二段最后一句“Deep reading requires not just time， but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient”。（深度阅读需要的不仅仅是时间，而且仅仅通过高效率所获得的那种时间也不够），因此选项D what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed为正确答案。32、[答案][B] make passing time fulfilling[解析]细节题。根据题干回文定位到第三段第五句：we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles（days， hours， minutes） as they pass。故正确答案应该与to fill…相一致。这句话中将时间单位天，小时和分钟比喻成了不同大小的瓶子。而压力来自于我们填充这些大小不一的瓶子时，即把自己的时间充实起来时。故正确答案为选项B，其中passing time是原文as they pass的同义替换，making … fulfilling是to fill的同义替换。33、[答案][D] achieve immersive reading[解析]细节题。根据题干定位到第四段第二句：…such ritualistic behavior helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time。 （这种仪式化行为指代有助于我们从拜托时间流进入灵魂阅读），soul time 即选项D 中immersive reading （沉浸式阅读），故正确答案为选项D。题干“scheling regular times for reading helps”是题干中的“such ritualistic behavior helps”的同义改写，“soul time”是“immersive reading”的同义替换。34、[答案][A] reading becomes your primary business of the day[解析]细节题。根据题干中的carry a book with you at all times can work if， 可以定位到第四段倒数第二句 “providing you dip in often enough， so that reading becomes the default state”（假定你经常沉浸在阅读中，以至于阅读成为一种默认设置），因此可以确定选项A reading becomes your primary business of the day（阅读成为你一天中的主要事情）为正确答案。35、[答案][B] How to Find Time to Read[解析]主旨题。根据文章首段转折之后出主旨。But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully： There’s never any time to read。（但是其中一个特别悲哀的抱怨是：没有时间阅读）。第二、三、四段都在论证深度阅读才是解决之道。因此选项Dhow to find time to read为正确答案。Text 436、[答案][B] having a family with children[解析]根据题干给出的mark， successful life等词可以定位到第二段的第一句话，successful life可以找到原词，而mark对应milestone，including后面的内容就是这种生活的特征，包含“结婚，有孩子，有家，60岁退休”，和选项对比，只有B项符合原文给出的特征，属于同意替换。A项这里未提，略有干扰的是后面but句中的different paths，但这和题干不符，C项的退休后工作和原文刚好相反，D项未提到。37、[答案][C] attach importance to pre-martial finance[解析]根据题干给出的段落序号可以定位到第三段，另又提到young people，故可以定位到第三段开头第一句话。题干问的是年轻人倾向于……，题干中的tend在这句话中可以找到同意置换词more likely，句子中后面有5个to do表示年轻人倾向于做什么，所以答案就在这些动词不定式中。和选项对比，只有C项符合原文的含义“婚前或者有孩子之前要有经济保障”，属于同意替换。A项这里未提，也不符合当下年轻人的生活习惯，B项和原文刚好相反，原文说的是经常换工作来提升职业，而选项说的是长时间做一份工作，D项只是有childcare outside the home和原文一样，但是原文说的是父母都工作对孩子好，选项则是说年轻人更注重照顾孩子，两者含义并不相符。38、[答案][D] reach almost all aspects of American life[解析]根据题干给出的the priorities and expectations等词可以定位到第四段的第一句话的中间，that后面的内容是对这两个名词的修饰，故答案应该在这个从句中。和选项对比，只有D项符合原文，ripple through和选项中的reach属于同意替换。A项和B项这里均未提，C项只是politics和preferences这两个词有在文中出现，但是语义并不相符。39、[答案][D] getting established is harder for the young[解析]根据题干给出的young and old等词可以定位到第五段开头，这句话有冒号，解释key point，所以答案应该在冒号之后，题目问的是他们同意什么，也就是观点，所以可以再缩小范围为believe后面的内容为正确选项的含义。和选项对比，只有D项符合原文，属于同意替换。A项和C项这里均未具体提及，B项相对干扰性强，但是文中只是提到说在实现这些重要成就时，晚辈会比长辈遇到更艰难的挑战，并不是说老辈比晚辈创造了更多的成就，故排除。40、[答案][C] His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree[解析]根据题干给出的Schenider可以定位到最后一段开头。这段话开头就说这个人认为今天的生活更艰难，后面的内容都在介绍他的生活。因为题干除了这个人名之外并没有给出其他更细定位的信息，可以选择从选项定位入手反推正确答案。A项“他毕业后找到一个理想工作”，文章只在最后一段第二句后面说到这个问题，但并没有说这个工作是dream work，故排除。B项的work steady在第三局也有提到，但并没有说是父母认为的，故排除。C项说到父母的好生活在第四、五句有提到，尤其引号中的内容和选项相符，故为正确答案。D项认为工作很有挑战性，这并没有提到，属于无中生有。Part B41、[答案]D （Express your emotions）[解析]emotions一词在本段中原词复现了两次，而且出现了其下义词，比如sad， angry，本段最后一句提到对待情绪的方式是：acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately。选项D与此完全对应。因此确定正确答案为D选项。42、[答案]F （Be easily pleased）[解析]该段通过举例来说明段落主题，提到it cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed，本句话的含义是“虽然礼物不值钱，但是让她特别开心”。并且核心词overjoyed与小标题F中pleased属于近义词。该段第二句话在转折后提到the reality is these things have little lasting impact on our happiness levels，即“这些东西对我们的幸福水平影响很小。”接着最后一句总结到“感激生活中的小事情是提升我们幸福感的一个好方式”，因此本段重点在于强调要感激生活中的小事情，所以正确答案是F选项。43、[答案]A （Be silly）[解析]该段开头提及一个问题，那么问题的答案正是本段的中心句。第二句正是对问题的解答，根据本句话的前半部分：if we alts could inlge in a bit of silliness and giggling， 核心词silliness与选项A中的silly为同源词，因此确定选项A为正确答案。44、[答案]B （Have fun）[解析]首先明确本段中第二句为转折句，在找段落中心时，是必读部分。本句话含义是“成年人有能力按照自己的想法去享受时光（enjoy the things）”，紧接着下句举例说明享受的这些快乐的事情分别有哪些。因此本段重点在于说明成年人可以按照自己的意愿享受快乐时光。故选择 Have fun 。45、[答案]E （Don’t overthink it）[解析]该段主题句是段落首句it’s important to add that we shouldn’t try too hard to be happy，强调“我们不应该着急要快乐”。第二句借科学家的话提到这样做的不良影响，下文更是引用哲学家庄子的话来证明这一论点，最后一句再次突出，我们应以孩子为榜样，对于孩子来说，快乐不是一个目标，而是他们生活方式的自然副产品。可见，该段整体上是总分的结构，先提出论点再论证。此外too hard与选项E中的overthink属于近义表达，natural与overthink是反义复现。因此，答案选E。Section III Translation46、[解析]句1：The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors。[题目考点]被动语态，不定式短语作目的状语[句子结构]简单句。句子的主干是“The supermarket is designed to……”，被动语态翻译的时候变为主动，不定式短语做目的状语，可以翻译为“旨在……”。“lure……into”表示引诱……做……，在这里可以意译为“意在……”。“as much time as possible”表示“尽可能长的时间……”[重点词汇] design：设计；lure：吸引，引诱。[参考译文]超市旨在吸引顾客在店里停留尽量长的时间。句2：The reason for this is simple： The longer you stay in the store， the more stuff you’ll see， and the more stuff you see， the more you’ll buy。[题目考点]并列结构，比较结构[句子结构]复合句。本句用连词and连接两个比较句。本句包含一个常用的比较结构“the+形容词+……，the+形容词+……”表示“越……，越……”。[重点词汇] the more……， the more……：越…，越…。[参考译文]原因非常简单：顾客在店里停留的时间越长，看到的商品越多；看到的商品越多，买的越多。句3：And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff。[题目考点]词的翻译[句子结构]简单句。本句是简单的主语+谓语+宾语结构。“contain”原本表示“包含，包括”，在本句中可以意译为“陈列”。[重点词汇]contain：包含，包括。[参考译文]超市陈列了大量的商品。句4：The average supermarket， according to the Food Market Institute， carries some 44，000 different items， and many carry tens of thousands more。[题目考点]并列结构[句子结构]复合句。And连接了两个简单句。第一个简单句句子的主干是“The average supermarket carries items……”；第二个简单句句子的主干是“many carry……”。“ according to……”表示“根据……”做方式状语。[重点词汇]Food Market Institute： 食品营销研究院， tens of thousands：成千上万。[参考译文]根据食品营销研究院的调查，一般超市里有约44000种不同的商品；大多数超市都有上万种。句5：The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload。[题目考点]词的翻译，不定式短语做目的状语[句子结构]简单句。句子的主干是“The sheer volume of available choice is enough”，不定式“to ……”做目的状语，表示“足够去干……”。[重点词汇]sheer：绝对的，纯粹的； available：可利用的，可供选择的；overload：符合过多。[参考译文]如此众多的选择足以使顾客面对的信息过于繁杂。句6：According to brain-scan experiments， the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us。[题目考点]词的翻译[句子结构]简单句。句子的主干是“the demands……become……”，表示“需求……变得……”。短语“：According to……”做方式状语，表示“根据……”。[重点词汇]brain-scan：脑部扫描 ，decision-making：作出决定，决策。[参考译文]根据脑部扫描实验，需要做这么多的决定很快就会使我们难以承受。句7：After about 40 minutes of shopping， most people stop struggling to be rationally selective， and instead began shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying。[题目考点]并列结构，定语从句[句子结构]复合句。句子主干为most people stop struggling to be rationally selective and instead began shopping emotionally，其中instead和rationally，emotionally含转折和对比的意味。after about 40 minutes of shopping为介词短语做时间状语。which is the point是which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的整个句子。at which引导限制性定语从句，修饰point，相当于when，这个定语从句中主干成分为we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff，in our cart做地点状语。句中的最后一个that引导定语从句，修饰前面的先行词the 50 percent of stuff，整个句子中呈现从句套从句的句式。[重点词汇]rationally：理性地；emotionally：情感地，情绪冲动地；accumulate：累积；cart：购物车。[参考译文]大约购物40分钟以后，大部分顾客就无法试图做出理性的选择，而会冲动购物——此时，在购物车里，我们已经装了一半根本没想买的东西。[全文翻译]超市旨在吸引顾客在自己店内停留尽量长的时间。原因很简单：顾客在店里停留的时间越长，看到的商品就会越多；而看到的商品越多，你就会买的越多。超市有大量商品。根据食品营销研究院所说，普通超市大概有44000种不同的商品；很多超市更是会比普通超市多上万种商品。众多选择足以让顾客面临各种信息，不堪重负。根据脑部扫描实验，需要做这么多的决定很快就会使我们难以承受。大约购物40分钟以后，大部分顾客就无法试图做出理性的选择，而会冲动购物——此时，在购物车里，我们已经装了一半根本没想买的东西。Section IV Writing47、 [参考范文]Dear Jack，Your letter of congratulations was received。 Thank you for your nice words on my winning the contest。 In the letter， you asked me about the skills to do translation， so the following are my advice for you。Firstly， you should analyze the sentence structure， thus catching the meaning of the sentence。 Secondly， find the proper words to translate the meaning of the source language into the target language。 Thirdly， revise your translation at least three times to check if there are any mistranslations or missed meanings。I hope my advice helpful。 Wish to see you soon。Yours sincerely，Li Ming48、 [参考范文]Portrayed in the above pie chart is a survey of college students’ purposes of traveling。 The number of students who take traveling as a chance to see beautiful scenes accounts for 37%， while students who would like to travel to relieve pressure from study take up 35 %。There are several reasons behind the trend revealed in the above chart。 To begin with， as the present society is filled with fierce competition， most college students nowadays are under great pressure to stand out among others or to lunch a decent job after graation。 Therefore， they tend to choose traveling as an outlet to relieve their stress。 Secondly， with the fast advancement of the living standards of Chinese families， traveling is increasingly affordable to most college students。 For this reason， students prefer to travel to see different views to enjoy themselves or to make some friends。From my perspective， no matter what reason it is for， traveling is of great benefit for students to

The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.超市的设计目的是吸引顾客在超市内尽可能长时间的停留。The reason for this is simple:原因很简单The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy.你在店里待的时间越长，你看到的东西就越多，你看到的东西越多，你买的东西就越多。And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.超市里有很多东西。The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more.根据食品营销协会的数据，平均每家超市有大约44，000种不同的商品，而且有很多超市有比这多数万件。The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload.可供选择的数量之多足以使购物者陷入信息过载的状态。According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.根据脑部扫描实验，如此多的决策要求使我们很快承受不了。After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective,在大约40分钟的购物之后，大多数人不再挣扎于理性的选择，and instead began shopping emotionally-which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.而是开始冲动性购物，在这时候，我们把50%从来不打算买的东西放进购物车里。

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

tips：英语长难句并不会过多涉及到题型的差异，不管考英一还是英二，这些长难句都是在帮助大家积累词汇和理解句子。所以不必过分在意是英语一或者英语二的真题。今日长难句一The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.01 词汇分析①thrilling（a. 毛骨悚然的，令人震惊的）② defective （a.有缺陷的）③ upend （v. 颠倒，倒放）02 结构分析【分析】第一个句子是主系表结构。第二个句子主语是some economists，谓语动词argue后面接宾语从句，从句中powerful structural changes in the world是主语，have upended是谓语，the old economic models是宾语，后面又接一个定语从句，其中were based upon是谓语部分，the historical link后面接了一个between…and…结构。03 翻译很不幸，这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。一些经济学家认为世界经济结构的强有力的变化已经颠覆了以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史关联为基础的旧经济模式。—————————————————————今日长难句二His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.01 词汇分析①apply （vt.应用(to); vi.申请（for） ）②in a … fashion （以 ….方式）③chop out （削减 = cut down）④ sufficient （a.充分的）⑤give thought to （考虑）⑥ long-term （长期的）02 结构分析逗号之间是插入语，主语是his colleague，谓语say后面是宾语从句，far too many companies是主语， have applied是谓语， re-engineering是宾语， in a mechanistic fashion是状语，后面chopping引导分词结构做状语。03 翻译他的同事迈克尔.比尔说，有太多的公司采用机械的方式实行重组，没有充分考虑长期赢利能力的情况下削减成本。如果有不懂的问题，可以留言提问鸭~

考研成绩已经陆续发布了，今天就来说说复试。复试最让人头疼的就是英语面试了吧，毕竟我们都是在应试教育压迫下长大的孩子，拼写语法都难不倒我们，除了开口说……下面进入正题，浩客仓收集了一些问题还有回答模板，需要的同学就赶快结合自己的经历动笔写一下，然后就抓紧时间背背背!一、复试评分复试中的口试要求主要是从以下两个方面进行评价：① 考查学生理解并回答有关日常生活、家庭、工作、学习等问题的能力(3分钟)。② 考查学生连续表达的能力。考生从所给的问题中选择一个话题，就此话题表达自己的看法(3分钟)。二、考场注意1、第一句话见到考官的第一句话，很关键，不用说的很复杂。可以是一个简单句，但一定要铿锵有力。展示出自信和实力。千万不要来一句“Sorry, my English is poor”。常见的开头有：I am glad to be here for this interview. First let me intr-oce myself. I’m ...(姓名), my Number is…(编号).因为大多数高校，会让不少同学通过复试，所以参加面试的同学可能会有很多，每位同学可能会有一个考生编号，说一下自己的编号会显得很职业，正式。2、自我介绍作自我介绍——成长经历(making a self-introction ——developing history)，有很多学校要求做一个自我介绍，但是你要注意的是，这个问题并不是在请你大谈你的个人历史。而是考官要在你的介绍中，找到有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力等的线索。另外在介绍性格和爱好的时候，可以适当地结合一下家庭介绍，可以说说父母给了你哪些良好的影响，千万不要流水帐似的介绍家庭成员……在这里，浩客仓收集了个人品质常用词汇的中英文对照，可以参考一下~3、没听懂问题怎么办?如果考官问其他的问题，但是没有听明白，一定要保持微笑，然后用任意一句回答："Could you speak slowly ?"“I am sorry! I beg your pardon? ""I don't understand your question,could you repeat it again?"三、常见问题在准备的过程中，一定不要光抄模板，要结合自己的经历和见解来准备，要让自己回答的问题和自我介绍融为一体，时刻都在加强考官对你的印象。如果你的回答没有圆回来，是很容易被考官抓住把柄，然后问个没完的，你再一紧张那现场的表现就有些不可控了。不过其实每一年的面试中，很多问题都是相同的，因为这些问题看起来很平常，但实际上是有很多陷阱的，比如下面这15个问题。(PS：划线的部分可代替)Q1. "What can you tell me about yourself?" ("关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么?")不完全等同于自我介绍，选一部分。(character, qualifications, ambitions, and motivations)Q2. "What would you like to be doing five years after graation?"("毕业5年后你的计划")If possible, I will go on with my study for doctorate degree. After graating received doctorate degree, I wanted to teach in university, and continue research in Archaian(古代的) literature field,I hope I can have some achievement in my major.(举个栗子："我要读博，继续留校深造")Q3. "What is your greatest strength"?" ("你最突出的优点是什么?")这是你展示自己的最佳机会，不要吹嘘自己或过于自负，尽可能展现你的自信和优点。"I feel that my strongest asset is my ability to stick to things to get them done. I feel a real sense of accomplishment when I finish a job and it turns out just as I'd planned. I've set some high goals for myself. For example, I want to graate with highest distinction.(举个栗子："我认为我最大的优点是能够执着地尽力把事情办好。当做完一件工作而其成果又正合我的预想时，我会有一种真正的成就感。我给自己定了一些高目标。比如说，我要成为出色的毕业生。)Q4. "What is your greatest weakness?"("你最大的弱点是什么?")这时不要说你没有任何弱点，以此来回避这个问题;要在承认弱点的同事，还要表明你在予以改进，并且还有克服弱点的计划。Maybe because I am young people, I am a short fuse girl in daily life, fortunately I have realized it was disadvantage, and I am trying my best to get rid of it.(举个栗子：”我是个暴脾气的妹子，我知道这是不好的，我已经开始努力改正了，我是这样改正的……”。)Q5. ”How do you feel about your progress to date?“("对于你至今所取得的进步你是怎样看的?")"I think I did well in school. But I am clear that I still have a long way to walk to realize my dream and finally achieve self-value. I will try my best.(举个栗子："我认为我在学校做得很好了，我做了这些这些还有这些，但是我知道我的路还长，但我会尽我全力去追梦的"。)Q6. ”What has been your greatest accomplishment?“(”你目前取得最大的成就是什么?“)I will try my best to accomplish my plan as soon as I make a good choose, and I am not distracted by circumstance and I never give up my choose, such as this postgraate exams.(举个栗子："我会尽我所能，尽快完成我的计划，因为我有一个好的选择，我会在不分心的情况下，我从来没有放弃我选择这样的研究生考试。")Q7. ”What are some of the things you find difficult to do?"("对你来说困难的事有哪些?")I don’t discouragement, on the contrary, I will actively think measure to conquer it and put measure into practice, I am sure I will succeed in the end.(举个栗子：”我遇到的困难有这些这些这些，但是我从不气馁，我会积极思考克服困难的措施，并付诸实施，像这样解决，我相信我最终会成功的。“)Q8. ”What is the worst thing you have heard about our university?”("关于我们学校你听过最糟糕的事是什么?")To tell the truth, I don’t completely know our university, I know it only by internet and some students, so I don’t randomly value it, but ring my preparing this postgraate exams, I obtained some helps coming from our university. They were very warmhearted, and I very appreciate them. In a word, I have very good impression about our university.(举个栗子："说实话，我并不完全了解我们的大学，我只知道通过互联网和一些学生，所以我不随意评价它，但在我准备研究生考试时，我得到了一些来自我们大学的帮助。他们非常热情，我非常感激他们。总之，我有非常好的印象，对我们的大学。“)Q9. ”Describe your best friend and what he or she does for a living.”("描述你最好的朋友和他是如何生活的。")First of all, I have many good friends; we often study, discuss and play in harness. To speak of my best friend, maybe it belongs to **, she is a warmhearted, hardworking strong-minded girl, we were favor in discussing some our interesting questions.She also took the postgraate exams, and obtained very good result. I heartily hope she has a happy future.(举个栗子："首先，我有很多很好的朋友，我们经常一起学习，讨论和玩耍。谈论我最好的朋友，也许就是**，她是一个热情，勤奋坚强的女孩，我们喜欢讨论一些有趣的问题。她还参加了研究生考试，并取得了很好的效果。我衷心希望她有一个快乐的未来。")Q10. ”In what ways are you similar or different from your best friend?"("在哪些方面你与你最好的朋友有什么相同或不同?")I think we have many similar characters, such as warmhearted, hardworking etc. To mention difference, I think the big difference is that she do anything slowly, on the contrary, I am short fuse. Maybe we can supervise and urge both sides, so we are very good friends.(举个栗子："我想我们有很多相似的性格特点，如热情，勤奋等。谈到不同，我认为最大的不同是，她慢慢地做任何事情，相反，我脾气暴躁。也许我们可以督促双方，所以我们非常好的朋友。")Q11. ”Are you a happy person?"("你是一个快乐的人吗?")Yes, of course. First, I have a happy family, I love my parents and they love me, too. Second, I have a health body. Finally, I study the major that I very like. Though I have no many money, but I don’t envy people who own much money, I can create life by my both hands, I think I am very happy.(举个栗子：“是的，当然。首先，我有一个幸福的家庭，我爱我的父母，他们也爱我。第二，我有一个健康的身体。最后，我很喜欢我的专业。虽然我没有很多钱，但我不羡慕谁拥有多少钱，我可以通过我的双手生活，我觉得我很高兴。”)Q12. ”If you failed this time what will you do in the near future?"("如果这次你失败了,在不久的将来你会怎样做?")I very clear that life is not successful at any time, it is full of challenge, so I prepare for receiving challenge coming from life and I also tell myself I never give up at any moment. Now, I also receive challenge, I only think try my best to pass this challenge. No matter what result is. I never give up my pursuit and my dream.(举个栗子：“我很清楚，生活并不会每时每刻都很成功，它是充满挑战，所以我准备接受生活中的挑战，我也告诉自己，我永远不会放弃在任何时候，我会这样这样这样做。现在，我也接受挑战，我只是觉得，尽我所能通过这一挑战。无论什么结果。我从来不会放弃我的追求和梦想。”)Q13. ”What kinds of opportunities are you looking for?"("你正在寻找什么样的机会?")I think that life fills with opportunities; people try their best to looking for opportunities, of course, including me. But I think the most important is how you seize every opportunity to make you succeed.(举个栗子："我认为，人生充满了机会，人们尽力寻找机会，当然，包括我在内。但我认为最重要的是你如何抓住每一个机会，使你成功。")Q14. ”Say a little about your ecational background."("介绍一点你的教育背景。“)I come from a suburb of Luoyang.My elementary school and my junior high school is located my village, I spend my elementary school and my junior high school ring 2003 to 2012. During 2012 to 2015, I study in my senior high school in Luoyang city. From two thousand and one to date, I studied in Luoyang normal college.(举个栗子："我一些来自洛阳市郊区。我和我的小学初中位于我的村庄，2003年到2012年，我完成了小学初中的学业。在2012年至2015年，我在洛阳市上了高中。从2015年至今，我就读于洛阳师范学院。")Q15. ”What do you do in your spare time?”("你在你的空闲时间都做什么?")In my spare time, I like reading books, writing life sentiment, listening music, communicating with friends, and so on.(举个栗子："在我的业余时间，我喜欢看书，写作的生活情绪，听音乐，与朋友交流，等等。")Q16. ”What is your impression of Nanjing? ("你对南京的印象如何?")Maybe because I have good impression to Nanjing people, I have good impression to Nanjing, Nanjing is the city that owns some history base, it is very good to me, I like this city.(举个栗子："也许因为我对南京人有很好的印象，他们这样这样这样，所以我对南京也有很好的印象。南京是一座拥有历史基础的城市，这非常适合我，我喜欢这座城市。")

In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse配偶is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1__those of the young woman, but also amatchmaker媒人. A young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. __4__, a girl may veto否决权the spouse her parents have chosen. __5__ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family.在柬埔寨，对于年轻男性来说，选择配偶是一个难题。这不仅会涉及到他的父母和他的朋友，以及涉及到年轻女性的父母和朋友，还会涉及到媒人。一个年轻男子可以自行决定一个差不多的配偶。然后可以寻求他的父母来安排婚姻的协商问题。或者这个年轻男子的父母直接选择孩子的配偶，不给这个孩子选择的机会。理论上，女孩儿有对父母给他选择伴侣的拒绝的权力，当配偶选择之后，每个家庭都调查对方家庭，以便确保他们的孩子嫁到了一个好的家庭里面。1. A. by way of经由，经过B. with regard to关于 C. on behalf of D. as well as以及答案：D 。句中有not only but also，根据首句知道“男性择偶很复杂”，不仅涉及男方亲友、女方亲友，还涉及到媒人，显然空格填写并列关系短语；B选项“关于”多用于对某事物的说明，a conutry’s law with regard to human rights；A选项误认为“男方亲友经由女方亲友向女方提亲”。2. A. decide on B. provide for 供养 C. compete with与…竞争 D. adapt to适应答案：A 。后文有父母“take the choice of”，可知前面必然是孩子自身可以“decide on”，文中“or”这个词要注意，是解决本题关键3. A. close B. arrange C. renew D. postpone答案：B 。根据句意，男性自主选择对象之后就会让父母提亲，arrange合适。4. A. In theory B. Above all 最重要的是C. In time最终；及时 D. For example答案：A 。根据句中父母giving the child little to say in the selection暗含父母包办婚姻，可知女孩选择配偶的自由只能在理论上成立。above all是递进关系，而此句前后是并列关系。5. A. Unless B. Lest以免 C. After D. Although答案：C 。配偶选定，双方家庭调查背景，unless表条件，lest表目的，although表让步，after表顺承关系6. A. into B. within C. from D. through 答案：A 。marry into嫁入一个….家庭，固定搭配，through不能与marry搭配The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerlyit lasted three days, __7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhistpriests offer a short sermon布道 and __8__ prayers祷告of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual仪式 hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the __11__. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may__12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby.传统婚礼是又长又有趣味的大事，以前持续三天，自从20世纪80年代，婚礼一般持续一天半。佛教僧侣进行简短的布道，并且吟诵主祷词。仪式包括剪发仪式，把在水中浸泡过的棉线缠绕在新娘和新郎的手腕上，那些婚姻幸福又受人尊敬的夫妇绕城一圈将一个蜡烛依次传递以祝福新婚夫妇。新婚夫妇在传统上要搬到妻子的父母家居住最多长达一年，直到他们能在附近建造自己的新房子。7. A. or B. since C. but D. so答案：C 。由Formerlyit lasted three days, __7__1980s it lasted a day and a half. 可以知道前后对比关系，所以用but表对比；since自从，与by 语义重复 8. A. test B. copy C. recite 吟诵 D. create答案：C 。and表连接，前面是offer a short sermon，后面的祝祷词自然就是吟诵祝祷词。 9. A. folding 折叠 B. piling 堆放 C. wrapping 打包 D. tying答案：D 。D选项是系，绑的意思，原句是将棉线缠绕在新郎新娘手腕上，表示永结连理的意思，所以用tie——tying的形式。10. A. passing B. lighting C. hiding D. serving答案：A 。这个很容易选择B，但是文中说一根蜡烛祝福新人，而且词组Pass sth around，light ….around搭配不合理11. A. association B. meeting C. collection D. union答案：D 。A选项是“联盟”，强调机构团体，B选项相遇、遇见、会面，C选项“聚集”，只有D是联姻、联合12. A. deal B. part C. grow D. live答案：D 。live with搭配，与….生活在一起，grow with是伴随…一起成长，part with不情愿的放弃某物，deal with对付、对待，只有D选项合适13. A. whereas 然而，但是 B. until C. for D. if答案：B 。根据上下文，搬进妻子父母的家，住一年，后面盖一个房子，则两者之间存在时间条件关系，只有Until既表示时间又表示条件。A选项表示转折，C选项表因果，D选项表示条件Divorce is legal and easy to __14__, but not common. Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval. Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up. The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__the woman must wait ten months.离婚是合法的而且很容易实现，但是并不常见，离婚的人不被认同，夫妻之间保持自己带进婚姻的任何财产，共同财产平均分配，离婚的人可以再婚，但是性别歧视会显现出来：离婚的男性不用有等待期，而离婚的女性必须等待十个月才能再婚。14. A. avoid B. follow效仿C. challenge D. obtain实现答案：D 。前面是合法，后面有but转折，所以14应该与合法并列，即容易得到、实现；follow有理解、领会的含义，但和disapproval矛盾，排除15. A. isolated 孤立，区别看待 B. persuaded C. viewed 看待 D. exposed暴露答案：C 。viewed with词组“以….的目光看待”，A选项和from搭配，isolate sb from sb/sth，exposed与to搭配，不与with搭配16. A. wherever B. whatever C. whenever D. however答案：B 。句子是宾从，只有whatever能引导宾从，D选项引导方式状语，C选项引导时间状语，A选项引导地点状语17. A. changed B. brought C. shaped D. pushed答案：B 。根据常识，离婚后财产分割包括婚前各人财产和婚后共同财产，只有bring …. into，即婚前夫妻各自带来的财产18. A. invested 投资B. divided C. donated捐献 D. withdrawn取出答案：B 。这句是说婚后共同财产处置，按照常识也是平分，更何况还有个equally，只有B分割更为符合题意19. A. warms B. clears C. shows D. breaks答案：C 。介绍离婚人士再婚，冒号后面的句子是对男女离婚后的不同对待，也就说明男女存在性别偏见，离婚后偏见会“显露”出来，show up也是词组显露，而clear up是清晰起来，warm up活跃起来，break up终结，都不符合题意20. A. while 然而 B. so that C. once D. in that因为答案：A 。表示前后对比，while表示转折，符合题意。

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2016年中山大学894管理学（B）考研真题中山大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：894科目名称：管理学（B）考试时间：12月27日下午一、名词解释（每小题6分，共5题30分）1．平衡计分卡2．竞争优势和竞争战略3．盈亏平衡分析4．组织承诺和组织惰性5．基本归因错误和自我服务偏见二、问答题（每小题10分，共8题80分）1．事业部制组织结构有何优点？2．管理者解决组织冲突的策略有哪些？3．构成管理外部环境的内容有哪些？4．减少变革阻力的策略有哪些？5．有效的团队应具有怎样的特征？6．大五人格模型所包含的人格特质有哪些？7．实施控制的主要方法有哪些？8．战略管理过程存在哪些步骤？三、案例分析（每小题20分，共2题40分）1．亨利的困惑亨利已经在数据系统公司工作了5年。他从普通编程员升到了资深的程序编制分析员。他对自己所服务的这家公司相当满意，很快被工作中的创造性要求所激励。一个周末的下午，亨利和他的朋友及同事迪安一起打高尔夫球。他了解到他所在的部门新雇了一位刚从大学毕业的程序编制分析员。尽管亨利是个好脾气的人，但他听说这新来者的起薪仅比他现在的工资少30美元时，不禁发火了。亨利找到了人事部主任爱德华，爱德华说，确有这么回事。但他试图解释公司的处境；“亨利，编程分析员的市场相当紧俏，为使公司能吸引合格的人员，我们不得不提供较高的起薪。我们非常需要增加一名编程分析员，因此，我们只能这么做。”亨利问能否相应提高他的工资。爱德华回答说；“你的工资需按正常的绩效评估时间评定后再调。你干的非常不错！我相信老板到时会给你提薪的。”亨利在向爱德华道了声；“打扰了！”便离开了他的办公室，边走边不停的摇头，对自己在公司的前途感到疑惑。（1）本案例描述的事件会对亨利的工作动力产生什么样的影响？哪一种激励理论可以更好的解释亨利的困惑？为什么？（8分）（2）你觉得爱德华的解释会让亨利感到满意吗？请说明理由。（6分）（3）你认为公司应当对亨利采取些什么措施？（6分）2．准确决策与盲目投资A建筑卫生陶瓷厂是一家国有中型企业，由于种种原因，2005年停产近一年，亏损250万元，濒临倒闭。2006年初，郑先生出任厂长。面对停水、停电、停发工资的局面，郑厂长认真分析了工厂的现状，果断决策：治厂先从人事制度改革入手，把科室及分厂的管理人员减掉3/4，充实到生产第一线，形成一人多用、一专多能的治厂队伍。改制后的企业像开足马力的列车一样急速运行，在运行过程中，逐渐显示出规模跟不上市场的劣势，束缚了企业的发展。有人建议投资上千万元再建一条大规模的混道窑生产线，显示一下新班子的政绩。郑厂长根据职工代表大会的建议，果断决定将生产成本高、劳动强度大、产品质量差的86米明焰煤烧隧道窑扒掉，建成98米隔焰煤烧隧道窑，并对一分厂的两条老窑进行了技术改造，结果仅花费不足200万元，便使其生产能力提高了一倍。2008年，国内生产厂家纷纷上高档卫生瓷砖，厂内外也有不少人建议赶“潮流”。对此，郑先生没有盲目决策，而是冷静地分析了市场行情，经过认真调查论证，认为中低档卫生瓷的国内市场潜力很大，一味上高档卫生瓷不符合国情。于是经过市场考察，该厂新上了20多个中低档卫生瓷产品，这些产品一投入市场便成了紧俏货。目前新产品产值占总产值的比例已提高到60％以上。与A建筑卫生瓷厂形成鲜明对比的是B陶瓷公司，该公司也是一家国有中型企业，20世纪90年代初，它曾是某省建材行业领头之一。然而，近年来在市场经济大潮的冲击下，由于盲目上马，导致企业重大决策失误，使这家原本红红火火的国有企业债台高筑。2002年，该公司投资1200万元建立大断面窑生产线。但该公司为赶市场潮流，不经论证就将其改建为混道窑生产线，又投资1700万元，由于该生产线建成时市场潮流已过，因此投产后公司一直亏损。在产销无望的情况下，公司只好重新投入1000多万元再建大断面窑，这进一步使得公司元气大伤，债台高筑，仅拖欠银行贷款就达3000多万元。几年来，该公司先后做出失误的重大经营决策六项，使企业以前积累的数千万元自有资金消耗得一干二净。问题：（1）结合上述案例分析决策包括哪些基本内容？其中的关键步骤是什么？（10分）（2）本案例中两家企业形成鲜明对比的原因是什么？（5分）（3）科学决策需要注意哪些问题？（5分）来源：圣考网

2021年西北师范大学国际文化交流学院《445汉语国际教育基础》考研全套绪论篇第1章对外汉语教育是一门专门的学科1.1复习笔记一、对外汉语教育的学科名称（一）语言教学中有关语言的几个基本概念1．第一语言和第二语言按人们获得语言的先后顺序区分：（1）第一语言第一语言是指人出生以后首先接触并获得的语言。（2）第二语言第二语言是指人们在获得第一语言以后再学习和使用的另一种语言。有的人还会学习和使用第三语言、第四语言，因为学习这些语言的规律与学习第二语言有很多共同之处，因此统称为第二语言。（3）双语或多语现象双语或多语现象是指有的幼儿出生以后同时习得两种甚至多种第一语言，而且这些第一语言达到同等熟练运用的程度的现象。2．母语和外语按国家的界限区分：（1）母语母语是指本国、本民族的语言。（2）外语外语是指外国的语言。3．本族语和非本族语按言语社团、通常是民族的界限区分：（1）本族语本族语是指本民族的语言，这一术语与“母语”可以通用。（2）非本族语非本族语是指本民族以外的语言，可能是外语，也可能是指本国其他民族的语言。4．目的语目的语是指人们正在学习并希望掌握的语言。不论是外语或非本族语，甚至是非第一语言的母语，只要成为一个人学习并争取掌握的目标，都可以称为目的语。5．“第二语言”和“外语”按有无语言学习环境区分：（1）“第二语言”“第二语言”是指凡是在该语言使用的环境中学习的目的语。①广义的“第二语言”是指任何一种在第一语言获得以后学习和使用的语言，包括外语。②狭义的“第二语言”a．是指第一语言以外的本国通用语或本国其他民族的语言，不包括外语；b．是指在该语言使用的环境中学习的目的语，包括一部分外语。（2）“外语”“外语”是指不在该语言使用环境中学习的目的语。（二）学科名称的讨论学科名称含义：学科名称是学科的内容和学科本质特点的反映。1．对外汉语教学（1）《中国大百科全书·语言文字》中写道：“对外汉语教学是指对外国人的汉语教学。”实际上也包括对第一语言不是汉语的海外华人进行的汉语教学。（2）局限“对外汉语教学”只突出了主要教学对象，未能全面、准确地反映学科性质——第二语言教学。2．汉语教学“对外汉语教学”可简化为“汉语教学”。由于“汉语教学”这一名称语境清楚，其义自明，一般不会产生误解，不会与汉语作为第一语言的我国母语文教学相混淆。3．汉语作为第二语言的教学（1）“汉语作为第二语言教学”，即“Teaching of Chinese as a Second Language”（英文缩写为TCSL），这一名称能从学术上较精确地指称这一学科的内涵和性质。（2）这一名称既能指在中国进行的对外国人的汉语教学，即对外汉语教学，也能指世界各地的汉语教学，而且还能包括与之性质大体相同的对我国国内少数民族的汉语教学。4．以上三个学科名称之间的关系（1）在中国进行的“对外汉语教学”是世界“汉语作为第二语言教学”中的一部分，但它不能包括中国以外的国家和地区对其本国人进行的汉语教学以及中国国内对少数民族进行的汉语教学。（2）“汉语作为第二语言教学”能涵盖国内外所有作为第二语言的汉语教学，它本身是整个第二语言教学的一部分。（3）“汉语教学”本来既包括汉语作为第二语言的教学，也包括汉语作为第一语言的教学，但在特定的情况下如国际学术讨论中，可以专指汉语作为第二语言的教学。5．其他几个使用较多的名称（1）应用语言学（Applied Linguistics）①提出19世纪末由波兰语言学家博杜恩·德·库尔特内（Baudouin de Courtenay）提出。②含义a．广义的应用语言学是跟理论语言学相对的概念，是指把理论语言学的理论、规律、原则和方法应用到其他学科领域，从而产生的新的边缘学科，如神经语言学、病理语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学、词典编纂学、机器翻译学，乃至社会语言学、心理语言学等。b．狭义的应用语言学专指语言学理论在语言教学中的应用，特别是指第二语言教学。③不足不能反映出学科的具体内容——没有说明究竟是什么“学”。（2）外语教学（法）（Foreign Language Teaching）①地位这是国外语言教学界广泛使用的名称，我国外语教学界长期以来也一直用它。②不足不能表示出作为一门学科的理论层次和它所包含的全部内容。即使后边加上一个“法”字，仍只是强调了教学过程和教学方法的层面。（3）外语教育学（Foreign Language Pedagogy）和教育语言学（Ecational Linguistics）①许国璋：国内学者，“外语教育学”这一名称的支持者；考研真题精选一、填空题1美国语言教育学家克拉申提出输入假说，这一假说内涵之一是对学习者输入的语言信息既不要过难，也不要过易，克拉申用公式______来表示。[暨南大学2018年研]【答案】i＋1查看答案【解析】克拉申认为人类获得语言的唯一方式是对信息的理解，也就是通过吸收可理解的输入习得语言知识。输入的语言信息既不要过难也不要过易，克拉申用“i＋1”来表示。i代表学习者目前的语言水平，也就是在自然顺序上所处的某一阶段。“i＋1”则是下一阶段应达到的语言结构的水平，即稍稍高出他目前的语言水平。2教育学是一门研究______及其规律的社会科学。[暨南大学2017年研]【答案】教育现象查看答案【解析】教育学广泛存在于人类生活中，教育学的研究对象是人类教育现象和问题，以及教育的一般规律。教育学的任务就是要探讨、揭示种种教育的规律，阐明各种教育问题，建立教育学理论体系。3______是以系统的语法知识的教学为纲，依靠母语，通过翻译手段，主要培养外语读写能力的教学法。[华侨大学2017年研]【答案】语法翻译法查看答案【解析】语法翻译法，又称“传统法”或“古典法”，是以系统的语法知识教学为纲，依靠母语，通过翻译手段，主要培养第二语言读写能力的教学法。语法翻译法的主要特点是：①以理解目的语的书面语言、培养阅读能力和写作能力以及发展智力为主要目标，不重视口语和听力的教学；②以系统的语法知识为教学的主要内容，语法教学采用演绎法，对语法规则进行详细地分析，要求学生熟记并通过翻译练习加以巩固；③词汇的选择完全由课文内容所决定，用对译的生词表进行教学；句子是讲授和练习的基本单位；④用母语进行教学，翻译是主要的教学手段、练习手段和评测手段；⑤强调学习规范的书面语，注重原文，阅读文学名著。4教师和______共同参与的教学活动过程叫作教学过程。[北京大学2016年研]【答案】学生查看答案【解析】教学过程是由教师和学生共同完成的。有效的教学活动是学生“学”与教师“教”的统一，学生是教学活动的主体，教师是教学活动的组织者、引导者与合作者。教学活动应激发学生兴趣，调动学生积极性，引发学生的思考，鼓励学生的创造性思维。5《学记》是《礼记》中的一篇，其主要内容是阐述教育的重要意义、教育的根本原则以及合理有效的教学方法，其中提到的“不陵节而施之谓孙”指的是______的教学原则。[中国人民大学2016年研]【答案】循序渐进查看答案【解析】“不陵节而施之谓孙”中“陵节”意为“超越限度”；“孙”通“逊”，意为“顺”。这句话意思是：不超过学的人的接受能力而进行（教育），叫做合乎顺序。该句表明教育必须依循知识的深浅层级与学生理解力的发展程度，逐渐向前推进，而不能过早教授那些学生还没有能力接受的内容。整句话体现的是循序渐进的教学原则。6______于1967年在《学习者言语错误的重要意义》等文中提出，第二语言学习者在语言习得过程中有其自己的内在大纲。[对外经济贸易大学2016年研]【答案】可以查看答案【解析】科德是内在大纲和习得顺序假说的代表人物。该假说认为第二语言学习者在语言习得的过程中有其自己的内在大纲，而学习者的种种偏误正是这种内在大纲的反映。学习者在二语习得时不是被动地服从教师的教学安排、接受所教的语言知识，而是跟儿童习得母语一样，有其自身的规律和顺序。7对外汉语教学内容可以概括为______、言语技能、______和相关文化知识等四个方面。[山东大学2016年研]【答案】语言要素；言语交际技能查看答案【解析】对外汉语教学内容可以概括为四个方面：语言要素（汉语语音、词汇、语法、汉字）；言语技能（汉语听、说、读、写）；言语交际技能（汉语语用规则、话语规则、交际策略）；相关文化知识（汉语的文化因素、中国基本国情和文化背景知识）。8在教师指导下，学生通过活动自己进行探究性学习的教学模式是______教学模式。[首都师范大学2012年研]【答案】活动时查看答案【解析】活动式是指在教师辅导下，学生通过活动自己进行探究性学习的模式。活动式以杜威的“设计教学法”模式为代表，其过程为：“设置问题的情境→确定问题的性质→拟定解决问题的方案→执行计划→检验与评价”。本文由才聪学习网原创，欢迎关注，带你一起长知识！