研究生题目及答案

2020考研初试已经结束了，紧张复习了一年时间，终于可以稍微放松下了，紧绷的神经也得到了休息，休息过后，大家还有好好准备下复试，不管知不知道考试成绩，也要好好准备下，本校本专业的考生可能不需要过多准备，但是那些跨专业跨地区跨院校考试的考生，可是要好好的准备了。初试过后，各种真题资源及答案满天飞，不过有的题目不准，有的没有答案，有的缺少试题。今天给大家来过来的也是真题，完整高清版本，可以拿去打印。想要获取历年真题资料PDF版的可以评论留言获取。2020考研真题：政治真题及答案解析，高清完整版来源：文都（免责及版权声明：仅供个人研究学习，不涉及商业盈利，如有侵权请及时联系删除，观点仅代表作者本人，不代表本号立场）

恭喜你，又看到了第一手资料！今天，中公考研网校小编将为大家分享“2019考研英语一、（二）考试真题及答案完整版”的相关内容。先来英语一、接着是英语二。英语一①真题②答案英语二①真题②答案阅读理解：21C、22B、23A、24B、25D、26D、27D、28B、29A、30C、31B、32C、33A、34D、35A、36A、37A、38A、39C、40B、以上分享结束，后续会继续给出其他各科的真题及答案，请关注我们！

小编今天一早起来发现一年一度的考研政治热搜又回来了，大部分人反映今年的考研政治题不难，并且非常多机构都表示压中题目，快来一起看看题目，欢迎留下你的态度。小编真的觉得政治考的绝对不仅仅是背诵的问题，是逻辑简单来说就是你好好审题以后抓住的题眼首先我们看一下真题(大题部分)。非常常规五道题，第一道题马原部分，第二道题毛中特，第三道题史纲，第四道题思修部分。34.马原马原部分我们的策略就是背好那些原理然后对应作答就可以，今年的第一道考题是实践是检验真理的唯一标准如果没记错的话，高中我们就已经学过了是不是？第二道题实践的重要性，这个问题并没有为难我们。马原部分我们的策略就是背好那些原理然后对应作答就可以，今年的时间是检验真理的唯一标准如果没记错的话，高中我们就已经学过了是不是？35.毛中特36.史纲毛中特一般是比较难的部分但是今年考的重大时政不考的宝宝们也知道今年是改革开放40周年纪念日，所以从选材上并没有为难大家；史纲属于简单部分，小编知道很多考研老师考前都会给史纲的答题模板，而且今年的考题史纲部分的题目两次飞跃，马克思给我们指明了方向都是平时大家耳熟能详的内容。37.思修思修部分第一问思想品质类，就是中华民族的传统精神品质的重要意义，第二问法律层面的讲述重要精神品质的重要性，首先得说一下社会主义法律在我国的地位吧，再联系一下为什么要用法律去保护，也就是保护了以后的意义；最后一部分时政外交，即使没有复习也能说上两句是不是？38.时政综上所诉，今年的政治之所以被大家说是简单的很大一部分原因就是材料和提问都是很老套的，就算不考研的宝宝们也熟悉的题目。对于没准备的宝宝们，只要你们逻辑清晰、言之有、结合材料、选择题好好做小编相信分数也不会很差，所以不要担心政治了大家好好准备剩余的几门。预测今年政治分数会高一些！

复试快要来了！而无论是网络复试还是现场复试，和老师的交流都是必不可少的。这短短十几分钟就是老师通过交流来主观判断学生的一些个人素质、专业能力以及精神面貌等。而在这看似友好平和的交流中，实则处处有坑。那么说哪些话会让老师想刷掉你呢？又要怎么说才能让老师对你有好感呢？小编为同学们罗列了几个最有可能会被问到的问题，一句一句教同学们怎么答！同时，还为同学们总结分类了共73个问题，帮助同学们在面试中所向披靡。第一类：选择类典型问题：你为什么考我们学校？踩坑回答一：实力不够，xx学校考不上，于是选择了xx学校。小编说：哪怕这是你内心真实想法也千万千万不能这么说！这不是搬起石头砸自己的脚么？！还把学校暗暗贬低了一番！踩坑回答二：因为xx学校很好，我很喜欢xx学校，所以就选择了报考贵校。小编说：已经进入到研究生复试了，这种没想法很笼统的回答只会给老师传递出你敷衍随意的态度。避坑回答：老师，我很喜欢xx专业，以后想在xxx领域发展。xx大学在xx领域取得过很多成果，位于业内前沿，师资力量雄厚，无论是学习氛围科研水平还是就业方面都很不错，所以我非常想进入xx大学学习深造。小编说：这类问题就一个字，夸！但夸不是随随便便的彩虹屁，一定要夸到点子上，体现出你对学校专业有了解，很向往。同类型问题归纳： 1、你为什么选择我们学校？2、离家这么远，为什么选择我们学校？3、已经工作了，为什么来考我们学校的xx专业，是为了考公务员吗?第二类：院校/专业选择类典型问题：你为什么选择跨考？踩坑回答：我喜欢xx专业所以选择跨考。虽然我是跨考，但我一定会利用接下来两三年时间夯实基础，努力迎头赶上，努力做研究。小编说：你说你喜欢，那你为此付出的努力在哪里呢？喜欢不是你嘴上说着喜欢就真的是喜欢。另外，口说无凭。我怎么知道你会不会和本科一样浑浑噩噩浪费时间呢？避坑回答：在本科阶段，因xx契机对xx专业产生了兴趣，在课外我研读了这个专业的一些相关内容，随着深入的了解，发现自己更喜欢xx专业，希望得到系统正规的学术训练，所以决定跨考xx专业，希望有幸在读研阶段得到老师提点。小编说：这类问题一定不要泛泛而谈喜欢、情怀！而要说说契机，再说说为了这份喜欢憧憬做了些什么，付出了些什么。要不然老师怎么知道你是真的喜欢还是为了混学历？同类型问题归纳： 1、你为什么选择这个专业？2、你本科的专业是什么？请你简单陈述一下3、你对目标专业的研究方向有什么了解，谈谈你的看法。4、你认为自己的本科专业和现在所跨考的专业有什么互补性或者借鉴性？5、你本科是xx专业的，那么你来做个评价吧，这个专业有什么特色?第三类：研究生规划类典型问题：你研究生期间有什么规划？/研究生期间有什么研究设想？踩坑回答一：对xx专业还不甚了解，所以自己暂时没有太明确的想法，想进来以后跟着老师一起探索研究方向。小编说：你这不是明摆着告诉老师你是一个小白吗？还是需要老师手把手教的且毫无规划的小白。踩坑回答二：研究生期间我会认真学习，努力多发SCI。小编说：还是那句话，已经要读研了，你还是这么笼统这么没方向吗？认真学习，究竟怎么学？避坑回答一：我一直有关注xx领域的动态，目前我知道贵校在xx领域取得了很大成就，尤其是xx，我拜读过xx论文，对这个方向很感兴趣，希望能够在这个领域有所收获。小编说：如果你实在不知道怎么说，就回顾下自己所学的专业知识，谈谈自己的兴趣点。避坑回答二：我一直都在关注xx领域的动态。据我浅薄的了解，目前的主流研究方向是xx，但是个人认为在xx方向上存在不足。经过我的学习和尝试，我采取xx方法进行研究，大致罗列出以下的框架构想，希望老师能指教提点。小编说：能够这样的回答一定要确保自己专业知识过硬，要注意文献回顾。这样回答容易引起老师的兴趣但同时也容易被，务必做好应对，虚心接受老师建议，切忌在面试和老师百花争鸣。同类型问题归纳：1、在毕业以后你想做些什么?2、你对自己未来五年有什么样的规划?3、你今后想从事什么方向的学习？为什么？4、你这么优秀，有考虑过出国读研吗?5、你是否有出国的打算?你对出国有什么看法?第四类：专业知识测试类典型问题：你看过xx学者的XX书吗？踩坑回答：死搬硬套直接背诵。小编说：背诵默写不是应该在初试中就完成的吗？在面试你还直接背诵是想直接告诉老师你是应试型学生吗？避坑回答：提炼核心观点，逻辑清晰条理分明地去论述，切忌长篇大论，泛泛空谈，一问三不知。踩坑回答：不好意思老师，我没看过。小编说：虽然诚实是个好品质，但是这么说气氛就尴尬了哈。避坑回答：不好意思老师，我没有看过xx学者xx，但我阅读过xx学者的其他著作。其中，对xx印象尤其深刻……同类型问题归纳： 1、你看过哪些本专业相关的期刊或书本？2、你最近读过那些专业书或者论文？3、平时在看哪些书/哪些著作/哪些期刊？4、你看过XX吗?你对哪一条印象最为深刻？5、相关专业词汇或者专业术语的提问6、根据最近发生的事情，结合报考专业，说一说你的看法。7、你所知道的本专业近年来所取得的重大突破是什么?第五类：本科生活回顾类问题五：个人经历/大学四年都做了些什么？踩坑回答：好像什么都没做，感觉四年很快就过去了。小编说：类似这些毫无生气的回答只会传递给人负面信息，完全看不到你在大学里学习、实践、爱好、实习等等方面的生活，也不能展现你的闪光点。避坑回答：可以结合自己的特长爱好和个人经历，就某次难忘经历具体谈谈，展现出自己的闪光点。也可就某次经历引出研究问题研究方向。小编说：这个问题答得好可以让老师看到你的时间管理能力、特长爱好、心理素质等等。不要让老师觉得你是浑浑噩噩无所事事的人。同类型问题归纳： 1、大学四年都做了些什么? /如何评价你的大学生活？2、本科让你觉得最自豪的事情是什么？3、你大学期间课余都做什么?读了哪些书?4、你本科考的比较好和比较差的科目?5、本科让你觉得最自豪的事是什么?6、你懂什么语言?水平如何?7、你考研英语这么高，六级怎么没过？8、你对自己的学习成绩满意吗?9、你曾取得的最大成就是什么?10、 对于你至今所取得的进步你是怎样看?11、你本科成绩怎么那么差?12、你本科期间最喜欢的课程是什么？13、通过本科专业的学习你学到了什么？第六类：毕业设计类典型问题：请你简单说说你的毕业论文踩坑回答：说实话师兄实在想不出这个问题同学们还会怎么踩坑，这已经是个非常具体不宽泛的问题了！避坑回答：准备好500字左右的毕业论设计的概括，其中毕业设计的灵感来源、写作思路、设计理念、表达思想、研究方法等。如果你是跨专业的考研党，可以先大致说说你本科的学习与研究，然后再结合本科专业，找到交叉点，说说对跨考专业的研究的一些启示。同类型问题归纳： 1、谈谈你的毕业论文/毕业设计。2、介绍一下你的本科毕设？请详细说明。3、你认为一篇优秀的论文需要具备哪些要素？4、你的毕业论文进展怎么样啦？5、你这个论文的选题思路是怎么样的？为什么选这个题目呀？想要解决什么问题？6、做过什么调研工作？会用什么研究方法？7、毕业实验做了什么?为什么这样做?觉得这样做有依据吗?概述一下自己的毕业论文。第七类：自我评价类典型问题：说说你的爱好特长和优缺点？踩坑回答：我没有什么特别的特长，平常喜欢看看电影听听歌看看书。我的优点是xxx，我的缺点是xxx。小编说：写到这里呢，不得不说一句了，有的同学呢，缺点就是太实诚！啥都心里话都往外说。避坑回答：我平常喜欢xx，我喜欢xx是因为……(这里可以举一件让你印象深刻的事）虽然xx只是我的爱好，作为我生活中的一小部分存在，但我从中收获了……我学习能力强、有责任心、吃苦耐劳、沟通能力好，不过有时候可能需要一些鞭策或者压力让我更有执行力。在以后的学习中我会更加努力提高执行力和做事效率。同类型问题归纳： 1、说说你的座右铭、你最喜欢的一本书、你的偶像等等2、你的爱好/特长/优缺点是什么3、你觉得自己哪方面能力比较突出?4、怎样证明你比别人优秀？5、你的优势是什么?你如何利用这些优势的?第八类：考研结果类典型问题：如果这次面试没有通过呢？小编说：这个问题呢大牙看到很多同学都说不知道要怎么说，觉得是死亡问题。其实这是典型的考察抗压能力的题，同学们呢也不要害怕，冷静回答就好。避坑回答：如果没有通过面试，我会觉得很遗憾，因为我对xx专业非常感兴趣，也非常喜欢xx学校，我非常希望能在贵校学习，在这个领域不断深耕。考研期间我非常努力，付出了很多，（此处可以举例子说说自己是如何坚持下来的）。但是，虽然有遗憾有难过，我也依然会复盘这场经历，认真分析反思自己的不足，努力调整状态做好下一步打算，这次的经历也是我未来的宝贵财富。同类型问题归纳： 1、如果这次面试没有通过呢？2、如果你没被录取会怎样?3、我为什么要录取你？4、如果你失败了, 你未来打算做什么?5、如果这次面试没通过呢，你会二战吗？6、你认为自己复试的表现如何？7、你在考研中遇到过困难吗？8、你在过去的备考中，遇到的最困难的事是什么？你是如何解决的？第九类：师生关系类典型问题：如果你和导师意见不合，你会怎么办？小编说：这个问题和上一题一样，也有些像一个钓鱼问题。太乖了吧显得你没有独立思考能力，太独立了吧显得你不服管，喜欢找事儿。避坑回答：我首先会去了解老师的想法，梳理自己的想法，了解我们意见不合的原因，我们的分歧究竟在哪里。作为一个学生，在学术研究上肯定有很多方面欠考虑，也许分歧就是因为我考虑的不够全面。相互了解本身也是一个学习过程。找出问题之后我们可以一起确定共同目标，根据目标调节我和老师的意见。同类型问题归纳： 1、如果和老师发生矛盾怎么解决，你的研究兴趣和老师的要求方向冲突怎么办?2、几位导师，你提前了解过么?3、有意向导师么?为什么想选他?你对他的研究方向有了解么?4、你最喜欢和什么样的人共事，为什么?第十类：针对本校生典型问题：你为什么考本校？小编说：这部分我们就不做赘述了，其实原理和第一个问题是一样的，所不同的是，由于是本校，老师可能会提一些较日常的问题，同学们也要注意避坑，不要答得太随意。建议同学们不要因为本校就掉以轻心，有的同学在学校呆了四年连校长名字都不知道，这就太说不过去了，本校的一些优势、历史自己要去看看。同类型问题归纳： 1、你说一下在座的老师各叫什么名字？2、你已经在这个学校四年了，你对这个学校有什么印象？3、几个月不见怎么长胖了这么多?4、你会怎么向你的外校同学介绍下你的学校吗？5、你能谈谈你自己的大学吗?6、我们学校校训是什么？最后，小编还为同学们整理了八条面试中的禁忌，切忌在面试中出现这种低级错误！八不要不要说自己联系过某导师。联系过心里知道就可以了，说出来其他老师尴尬你联系的老师也尴尬。不要说自己联系过学长学姐。应该没有同学这么傻吧？不要在老师面前说本科学校的不是。这样会让老师觉得你毫无操守。不要夸别的学校很优秀。每个人都觉得自己的东西好，你在这个学校面前夸别的学校，你怎么不去报考别的学校呢？不要说话太“精明”。太精明的孩子显得很社会，老师更喜欢脚踏实地的孩子。不要和复试老师产生学术冲突。面试不是学术百花争鸣的地方，一定要虚心接受老师建议指正。不要卖惨也不要过分谈梦想。考研面试不是演艺节目，需要你一把鼻涕一把泪。不要过分夸大个人经历和水平。夸大一时爽，火葬场。小编建议，同学们结合自身具体情况，可以对照小编整理好的问题写一写答题框架，以便面试时临阵不乱。毕竟好记性不如烂笔头～愿大家都能实现心中所愿，考上自己心仪的理想院校！1，多所高校发布考研复试细则：清华考研复试对头发有要求2，考研复试的着装需要注意什么？声明：转载此文是出于传递更多信息之目的。若有来源标注错误或侵犯了您的合法权益，请作者持权属证明与本网联系，我们将及时更正、删除，谢谢。

导语：2019年英语一、二考研作文真题和完整版答案，赶快来对答案喽！2019考研英语(一)图画作文是让考生写出坚持的重要性，题目描述的是两个人在爬山，一个人太累想停下来，另外一个人给他递了一瓶水，告诉他要坚持下去。针对本题，文都考研教学研究院提供2019考研英语(一)真题答案大作文参考范文一篇如下：【题目】52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-180 words based on the following picture.In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly.2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.【参考范文】The cartoon provides us with a thought-provoking scene: two men are climbing a hill, but one of them desires to give up e to tiredness, while the other one encourages him to keep going.Undoubtedly, the cartoonist aims at reminding us of the significance of persistence. At the top of the list, we should attach importance to perseverance mainly e to that it can enable us to ameliorate ourselves so we can be qualified for future career promotion, and be ready for meeting the forthcoming challenges.What’s more, we ought to place a high value on the role played by persistence in personal growth. Put it another way, in this ever-changing world, perseverance is to personal growth what water is to fish. To sum up, if persistence misses our attention in any possible way, we will suffer a great loss beyond imagination.Hence, it is vital for us to derive positive implications from the above cartoon. For one thing, we should frequently use it to enlighten the young. For another, we should cultivate the awareness of teenagers that it is very vital to keep going toward our goals. Only by doing so, can we become winner in the face of difficulties.【参考范文译文】这个漫画给我们呈现了一个发人深思的情景：两人正在爬山，但是其中一个人因为疲劳想要放弃，而另一个人鼓励他继续下去。毫无疑问，图画的作者旨在提醒我们坚持重要性。首先，我们应该重视坚持，主要是因为坚持可以让我们完善自身，这样我们未来才有资格得到职业生涯的进步，才能做好准备迎接以后的挑战。另外，我们也应该重视坚持在个人成长方面的作用。在这个多变的时代，坚持对于个人成长就像水对于鱼一样重要。 换言之，如果我们以任何可能的形式忽视坚持，我们将遭受非常巨大的损失。因此，从以上图画中得出积极的含义非常重要。一方面，我们应该经常用它来启迪年轻人。另外一方面，我们应该培养青少年重视坚持的意识。只有这样，我们才能成为困难面前的赢家。各位考研学子，明天继续加油，祝考出好成绩！考研必胜！

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

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2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论试题 一、单项选择题:1~16小题,每小题1分,共16分。下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。1.马克思主义的产生具有深刻的社会根源、阶级基础和思想渊源,其创始人马克思1818年5月5日出生在德国特利尔城的一个律师家庭,恩格斯1820年11月28日出生在德国巴门市的一个工厂主家庭,他们放弃了舒适安逸的生活,毅然选择了充满荆鯨坎坷的革命道路,创立了科学社会主义,马克思、恩格斯之所以能够创立科学社会主义，主要是因为A.德国是当时最为发达的资本主义国家B.他们对时代有着超越常人的认知能力C.社会历史条件和个人努力的相互作用D.他们拥有优良的家庭背景和教育经历2.“马者所以命形也;白者所以命色也。命色者非命形也,故曰白马非马。”从唯物辩证法的观点看,“白马非非马”这一命题的错误在于A.颠倒了事物形态和功能之间的关系B.割裂了事物共性和个性之间的联系C.混淆了事物内容和形式之间的区别D.模糊了事物本质和现象之间的联系3.坚持以人民为中心,就必须坚持人民主体地位,坚持立党为公、执政为民,践行全心全意为人民服务的根本宗旨,把党的群众路线贯彻到治国理政全部活动之中,把人民对美好生活的向往作为奋斗目标。“坚持以人民为中心”的理论基础是唯物史观关于A.总体的人在总体的历史过程中的主体地位的原理B.人的本质是一切社会关系的总和的原理C.人民群众的活动受到社会历史条件制约的原理D.人民群众是历史的创造者的原理4.资本论(德文版)第一卷于1867年9月在汉堡出版,其影响力历经150年风雨而不衰,至今对我们分析、理解现实经济问题依然具有很强的指导意义。马克思主义政治经济学的理论十分丰富,其中“理解政治经济学的枢纽”的理论是A.剩余价值理论 B.价值规律理论C.劳动二重性理论 D.商品二因素理论5.经济建设是全党的中心工作,坚持以经济建设为中心不动摇,就必须坚持以经济体制改革为重点不动摇。当前,我国深化经济体制改革的重点是A.建立更加有效的区域协调发展新机制B.扩大优质增量供给,实现供需动态平衡C.加快培育国际经济合作和竞争新优势D.完善产权制度和要素市场化配置"6.实现人民民主，保证人民当家做主，实现形式是丰富多样的。经过长期探索，我国在通过依法选举让人民的代表来参与国家生活和社会生活管理的同时,找到了一种保证人民在日常政治生活中有广泛持续深入参与权力的,特有民主形式。这一特有民主形式是A.竞争性民主 B.协商民主 C.票决民主 D.判断民主7.党的十八大以来,我国大力实行创新驱动发展战略,加快创新型国家建设步伐,成果丰硕,天宫、蛟龙、天眼、悟空、墨子。大飞机等重大科技成果相继问世。我国实施创新驱动发展战略所坚持的方针是A.原始创新、集成创新、引进消化吸收再创新B.企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合C.自主创新、重点跨越、支撑发展、引领未来D.集中力量、重点突破、实现跨越式发展8.解决台湾问题,实现祖国完全统一,是全体中华儿女共同愿望,是中华民族根本利益所在,党的十八大以来,在习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下,在两岸同胞共同努力下,两岸关系取得重要积极成果，两岸关系和平发展的政治基础是A.深化两岸利益融合,共创两岸互利双嬴,增进两岸同胞B.相互尊重,求同存异C.增强两岸同胞的民族认同、文化认同、因家认同D.坚持“九二共识”反对“台独”9.近代中国半殖民地半封建社会的矛盾,呈现出错综复杂的状况。其中,贯穿整个中国半殖民地半封建社会的时钟,并对中国近代社会的发展变化起着决定性作用的最主要矛盾是A.帝国主义和中华民族的矛盾B.无产阶级和资产阶级的矛盾C.封建主义与人民大众的矛盾D.农民阶级与地主阶级的矛盾10.19世纪60年代到90年代,清朝统治阶级内部的洋务派兴办近代企业,建立新式海陆军,创办新式学堂派遣留学生。洋务派兴办洋务新政的主要目的是A.迎合帝国主义 B,维护封建统治C.对抗顽固派 D.发展资本主义11.中国共产党在领导人民革命的过程中,积累了丰富的经验,锻造出了有效的克敌制胜的武器。武装斗争就是中国共产党在中国革命中战胜敌人的重要法宝之一,其实质是A.无产阶级领导的反帝国主义战争B.资产阶级领导的反封建战争C.工农联合的反军阀战争斗D.工人阶级领导的农民战争12.20世纪40年代前期,为了提高广大党员的思想建设水平中国共产党在全觉范围内开展了一场整风运动A.反对享乐主义以整顿作风B.反对宗教主义以整顿觉风C.反对党八股以整顿文风D.反对主观主义以整顿学风13.社会公德是指人们在社会公共生活和社会交往中要遵守的行为准则,利益公共秩序、社会和谐稳定的起码要求。社会公德A.遵纪守法B.助人为乐C.爱护公物D.文明礼貌14.习近平总书记在《关于中共中央关于全面推进》A.维护社会公平正义的决定因素B.社会公正的最终目标C.维护社会公平正义的最后一道防线D.社会公正的唯一标准15.2017年中央一号文件继续聚焦“三农”工作,提出新的历史阶段我国农业农村工作的主线是A.深入推进农业供给侧结构性改革B.发展农村新产业新形态C.确保国家粮食安全D改善找农业生产环境16.2017年12月1日,中国共产党与世界政党高层对话在北京开幕。来自120多个国家近300个政党和政治组织的领导人分享治党治国经验,共商合作发展大计,本次对话会的主题是A.为完善全球经济治理贡献智慧和力量B.构建人类命运共同体,共同建设美好世界C.从严治党S执政党的使命D.中国改革:执政党的角色二、多项选择题:17-33题2分,共34分。下列每题给出的四个选项中,至少有两个选项是符合題目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。多选或少选均不得分17.2017年6月,我国科学家利用“墨子号”量子科学实验卫星在国际上率先成功实现了千公里级的星地双向量子纠缠分发,“量子纠缠”就是两个或多个粒子共同组成的量子状态,无论粒子之间相隔多远,测量其中一个粒子必然会影响其他粒子。“量子纠缠”现象虽然未被完全认知,但它仍然能够说明A.世界的真正统一性在于它的物质性B.事物联系的主观性和偶然性C.事物联系的复杂性和多样性D.物质世界联系的客观性和普遍性18.社会形态的变更其具有客观性和必然性,但这并不否定人们历史活动的能动性,并不排斥人们在遵循社会发展规律的基础上,带有某种社会形态的历史选择性。人们历史活动的能动性和选择性主要体现在A.社会发展的客观过程由每一个参与历史活动的个人的主观意志所决定B.社会形态更替的过程是主体能动性与客观规律性相统一的过程C.人们的历史选择性归根结底是人民群众的选择性D.社会发展的客观必然性为人们的历史选择题供的基础、范围和可能性空间19.为了追逐最大化的利润,咱们家总是想方设法地进行资本积累,而资本积累的源泉是剩余价值。一般而言,资本积累规模的大小取决于A.所用费用及所费资本之间的差距B.劳动生产率的高低C.资本家垫付资金的大小"D.资本家对工人的剥削程度20.与第二次世界大战之前的资本主义相比,当代资本主义生产关系中的社会阶层、阶级结构发生了很多新的变化,主要表现在A.知识型和服务型劳动者数量随科技根本不断深入而持续地増加B.资本家由从前的直接生产经营者变成了以剪息票为生的食利者C.职工持股和参与决策使得劳动者成为资本家集团的重要力量D.高级职业经理成为资本主义社会大公司经营活动的实际控制者21.列宁指出:“一切民族都将走向社会主义,这是不可避免的。但是一切的民族的走法却不会完全一样在民主的这种形式或那种形式上,在无产阶级专政的这种或那种形态上,在社会生活各方面稍微改造的速度上,每个民族都会有自己的特点。”这一论述从历史唯物主义的高度介绍了各民族发展道路多样性的内涵。下列关于受力发展道路多样性特点的正确观点有A.时代和实践的不断是造成社会主义发展道路多样性的现实原因B.历史文化传统的差异性是造成不同国家社会主义发展道路多样性的重要条件C.各国民族因素和地理环境的不同是造成社会主义发展道路多样性的决定因素D.各国生产力发展状况和社会发展阶段决定了社会主义发展道路具有不同的特点22.从现在到2020年,是全面建成小康社会的决胜期,也是确保实现第一个百年目第二个百年目标打好基础的关键阶段,而对各种严竣复杂的挑战,如期全面建成小康社会必须打好的攻坚战有A.防范化解重大风险B.污染防治C.产业结构调整D.精准扶贫23.积极发展混合所有制经济,是完善我国基本经济制度的重要途径。2017年9月11日,我国首条由民营资本控股的高铁一—杭绍台高铁项目在浙江杭州签约。该项目预计总投资超过400亿元,其中民营联合体占比51%。,中国铁路总公司占比15%,各级地方政府合计占比34%。本项目坚持风险分担、利益共享原则。构建政府和社会资本都能接受的投资回报机制。这是我国发展混合所有制经济的一个典型案例。发展混合所有制经济有利于A.改善企业股杈结构和公司治理结构B.各种所有制资本、取长补短、互相促进、共同发展C.发挥国有资本的带动力和影响力D.各种所有制企业公平参与市场竞争24.维护河湖健康生命,实现河湖功能永续利用,需要进一步加强河湖管理保护工作,落实属地责任,健全长效机制。2016年11月28日,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅联合印发《关于全面推行河长制的意见》.2017年11月20日召开的中央全面深化改革领导小组会议审议通过了《关于在湖泊实施湖长制的指导意见》.全面推行河长制、湖长制是建设生态文明制度体系的重要举措。我国生态文明制度体系建设主要包括A.完善部门职责,分散交叉的环保监督体系B.完善生态环境损害责任终身追究制度C.完善生态环境保护管理制度D.完善经济社会发展考核评价体25.党的十九大提出以党的政治建设为统领,全面推进党的政治建设、思想建设组织建设、作风建设、纪律建设，把制度建设贯穿其中，并特别强调把党的政治建设摆在首位。之所以要把党的政治建设摆在首位，是因为A.旗帜鲜明讲政治是我们当党作为马克思主义政党的根本要求B.坚定政治立场是党的根本宗旨C.政治建设是党的根本性建设,决定党的建设方向和效果D.政治属性是党政的第一属性26.全国提高对外开放水平,需要实施更为主动的开放战略。近年来,我国坚持引进来和走出去并重,全面开放进一步深化。据统计,2016年中国企业对外直接投资1832亿美元,连续两年位列世界第二;中国境外企业销售额1.5万亿美元,向所在国缴纳税费400亿元,雇佣外方员工150万人:我国高技术服务业实际使用外资超过955亿元人民币,同比增长86%,在全国引资东道主中排名第三位,高附加值以及服务行业的外国直接投资流入量持续増长,这表明A.我国对外直接投资已经完全转向高端B.我国防范经济风险和外部冲击的能力已经形成C.我国吸引外资的结构和质量正在不断优化D.我国国际投资合作水平进一步提高27.忠诚于党、听党指挥是我军的光荣传统,1929年12月下旬,红四军党的第九次代表大会在福建上杭县古田村召开,这次会议史称古田会议。会议通过的毛泽东起草的决议案,确立了思想建党,政治建军原则，规定红军是一个执行革命的政治任务的武装集团,必须A.实行全国军事的总动员B.担负打仗、筹款和做群众工作的任务C.加强政治工D.绝对服从共产党的领导28.抗日民主根据地是认真贯彻和实现中国共产党全面抗战路线,坚持抗战和争取胜利的坚强阵地,中国共产党高度重视抗日民主根据地的政权建设。其主要举措有A.在少数民族聚居地区试行民族区域自治B.各级抗日民主政权机构领导人通过人民选举产生C.实行工农兵代表大会制度D.抗日民主政府在工作人员分配上实行“三三制”原则29.从1953年开始,在过渡时期总路线的指引下,中国共产党领导人民开始进行有计划的社会主义建设和有系统的社会主义改造,当时中国之所以要着力进行和可能进行社会主义改造,主要是因为A.资本主义国家的封锁和遏制,社会主义国家的同情和援助B.资本主义经济力量弱小,发展困难C.对个体农业进行社会主义改造,是实现国家工业化的一个必要条件D.社会主义性质的国营经济力量相对来说比较强大30.“天下之事,不难于立法,而难于法之必行。”法律的生命力在于实施,法律的权威也在于实施,守法是法律实施和实现的基本途径。对守法的正确理解是A.守法是遵守宪法和法律B.守法是行使法定的权力,履行法定的义务C.守法意味着一切组织和个人严格依法办事的活动和状态D.守法的主体是一切组织和个人31.我国民法通则、合同法、物权法中,都有要求民事主体在进行民事活动时应当尊重社会公德,不得损害公共利益和经济秩序的內容,已经具有“公序良俗”的含义。2007年10月1日起施行的民法总则明确规定民事主体从事民事活动,不得违反法律,不得违背公序良俗”,从民法基本原则的高度确立了禁止违反序良俗的原则。这一规定体现了A.道德为法律提供价值基础B.对传统民法上的公序良俗原则的继承和发展C.法律为道德建设提供制度保障D.依法治国和以德治国的有机统一32.2017年4月1日,中共中央、国务院发布通知,决定设立河北雄安新区。这是以习近平同志为核心的党中央作出的一项重大的历史性战略选择,是千年大计、国家大事。雄安新区的设立有利于A.集中疏解北京的非首都功能B.调整优化京津冀城市布局和空间结构C.探索沿海和内地对外开放新模式D.探索人口经济密集地区优化开发新模式33.2017年9月5日,新兴市场国家与发展中国家对话会在金砖国家领导人厦门会晤期间举行。金砖国家领导人和受邀的埃及、几内亚、墨西哥、塔吉克斯坦、泰国五国领导人出席会议,开启了“金砖+”合作模式。其重大意义在于A.全面提升了金砖机制的代表性和影响力B.对南南合作形成了有机补充C.进一步推动了全球治理体系的改善D.破解了南北对话的僵局三、分析题:34~38小题,每小题10分,共50分。要求结合所学知识分析材料并回答问题。将答案写在答题纸指定位置上34.(1)如何理解“抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就迎刃而解”?(6分) (2)根据矛盾主要方面在事物发展中的地位和作用原理,说明为什么“发展是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键”。(4分) 35.(1)如何理解“中国特色社会主义进入新时代”?(5分) (2)为什么说习近平中国特色社会主义新思想是马克思主义中国化最新成果?(5分) 36.(1)为什么说中国共产党“应运而生”?(4分) (2)中国共产党为什么能由“简”而“巨”,团结带领人民取得举世瞩目的伟大成就? (6分) 37.(1)为什么说青年时代树立正确的理想信念能为人的一生提供“无穷的力量”?(6分) (2)青年如何在中国梦的实践中放飞青春梦想?。(4分 38.(1)为何要引导经济全球化释放更多的“正面效应”?(5分) (2)如何理解“一带一路”不是中国的独奏而是沿线国家的合唱？(5分) 参考答案2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论试题 一、单项选择题:1~16小题,每小题1分,共16分。下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑1.C 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.D 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B二、多项选择题:17-33每小题2分,共34每题给出的四个选项中,至少有两个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答題卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。多选或少选均不得分17.ACD 18.BCD 19.ABCD 20.ABD 21.ABD 22.ABD 23ABCD 24.BCD 25.ACD 26.CD 27.BCD 28.BD 29.ABCD 30.ABCD 31.ABCD 32.ABD 33.ABC 三、分析题小题,每小题10分,共50分。要求结合所学知识分析材料并回答问题。将答案写答题纸指定位置上。34. (1)在矛盾群中存在着主要矛盾与次要矛盾,主要矛盾在矛盾体系中居于支配地位,对事物发展起决定性作用;次要矛盾在矛盾体系中处于从属地位,对事物发展不起决定性作用。主要矛盾和次要矛盾相互依赖、相互影响,在一定条件下可以相互转化。主次矛盾的辩证关系原理要求我们在解决问题时,善于抓住重点,集中力量解决主要矛盾同时还要统筹兼顾,恰当的处理次要矛盾,坚持两点论和重点论的统一。因为主要矛盾在事物发展过程中起决定性作用,所以“抓住了主要矛盾一切问题就迎刃而解。 (2)在矛盾群中存在着矛盾的主要方面和次要方面,矛盾的主要方面是指在矛盾中处于支配地位,发挥主导作用的方面;事物的性质主要地是由取得支配地位的矛盾的主要方面所规定的,矛盾的次要方面是指在矛盾中处于被支配地位、分化从属作用的方面,所以我们看问题时既要全面又要分清主流和支流,坚持两点论和重点论的统一，在我国的现代化进程中,发展问题是我们的主要方面,是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键。 35. (1)“中国特色社会主义进入了新时代”这是对我国发展新的历史方位的科学判断深刻理解中国特色社会主义进入新时代的重大政治论断,需要与深刻理解我国社会主要矛盾发生新变化的新特点、深刻理解分两步走全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新目标有机结合起来。进入新时代意味着中国特色社会主义站到更高层级的历史方位上,我们坚持和发展中国特色社会主义,面对的最大国情是我国正处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段。进入新时代的重要标志是我国社会主要矛盾的变化,中国特色社会主义进入新时代的重大政治论断,最关键的理论和实践基础是我国社会主要矛盾已经从“人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的会生产之间的矛盾”转化为“人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾”。进入新时代要朝全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新目标前进(2)马克思主义中国化就是将马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合,不断形成具有中国特色的马克思主义理论成果的过程。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想,是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观的继承和发展是马克思主义中国化最新成果,是党和人民实践经验和集体智慧的结晶,是中国特色社会主义理论体系的重要组成部分,是全党全国人民为实现中华民族伟大复兴而奋斗的行动指南,必须长期坚持并不断发展。 36.(1)近代以来,为改变中华民族的命运,中国人民和无数仁人志士进行了千辛万苦的探索和不屈不挠的斗争。然而不触动封建根基的自强运动和改良主义,旧式的农民战争,资产阶级革命派领导的革命,照搬西方资本主义的其他种种方案,都不能完成中华民族救亡图存的民族使命和反帝反封建的历史任务。中国的发展进步,客观上要求有能够指导中国人民进行反帝反封建革命的先进理论,有能够领导中国社会变革的先进社会力量,中国共产党的诞生成为历史发展的必然。可以说,中国共产党是“应运而生(2)中国共产党是中国人民可以信赖的组织者和领导者,是中国革命坚强的领导力量。中国共产党的成立,使中国革命有了科学的指导思想,拥有着马克思主义这个最先进的思想武器。党所提出的纲领和奋斗目标,代表着中国社会发展的正确方向,代表着中国无产阶级和其他广大劳动人民的根本利益。因此,中国共产党从诞生时起,就充满着生机和活力,预示着中国的光明和希望。而且,中国共产党始终坚持“红船精神”,开天辟地、敢为人先,坚定理想、百折不挠,立党为公、忠诚为民,不断为中国人民谋幸福,为中华民族谋复兴。因此,在96年的奋斗探索中,中国共产党带领人民找到了一条适合中国国情的中国特色社会主义道路,将继续延续举世瞩目的伟大成就37. (1)理想与信念是如影随形,相互依存的。理想是信念的根据和前提,信念则是理想实现的重要保障。理想信念的作用与意义主要表现在第一,指引奋斗目标。理想信念对人生历程起着导向作用,是人的思想和行为的定向器。材料中的黄旭华、黄大年等人物青年时期即树立了正确的理想信念。第二,提供前进动力。有了坚定正确的理想信念,就会以惊人的毅力和不懈的努力,成就事业、创造奇迹。材料中黄旭华、黄大年等人物正是在正确的理想信念的指引下,对社会做出了突出贡献第三,提高精神境界。理想信念一方面使人的精神生活的各个方面统一起来,另一方面又引导着人们不断追求更高的人生目标,塑造高尚的人格。材料中黄旭华、黄大年等人物的成功离不开个人高尚的人格因此,青年时代确立正确的理想信念能够为人的一生提供“无穷的力量”。(2)材料通过对黄大年等人物事迹的阐释,使我们知道青年学生只有把实现理想的道路建立在脚踏实地的奋斗上,才能放飞青春梦想,实现人生理想第一,立志高远。志向高远,就是要放开眼界,不满足现状也不屈服于一时一地的困难与挫折,更不斤斤计较个人私利的多少与得失第二,立志做大事。青年学生应该把个人的命运与国家和人民的命运联系在一起,在为实现社会理想而奋斗的过程中实现个人理想第三,立志须躬行。崇高理想的实现需要一点一滴地奋斗。通往理想的路是遥远的,但起点就在脚下,在一切平凡的岗位上,在扎扎实实地学习和工作中。第四,伟大出自平凡。祖国的富强、民族的繁荣、人民的幸福,需要每一个社会成员尽其才奋其志。 38.(1)合作是全球化、信息化时代的主旋律,也是每一个参与主体借力发展的强劲引擎。积极参与各种一体化合作机制成为各个国家和地区加快自身发展的重要选择。对于发达国家而言，需要在全球贸易中寻找新的增长动力;对于后发国家而言,借助合作红利弥补发展短板是加速发展和后发赶超的关键因素。通过共建合作机制深化合作,世界各国能够为加强各项合作增强凝聚共识、强化意志、引导行动、保障落实加强发展战略、发展模式和发展经验的交流、比较和借鉴,提高各自发展潜能、促进战略优化、资源共享和共赢发展,提升自身乃至区域各国的整体竞争力。因此,必须引导经济全球化释放出更多“正面效(2)“一带一路”倡议推动了世界各国同舟共济、共克时艰,推动世界经济走出低迷、迎来新一轮强劲增长;顺应了世界多极化、经济全球化、文化多样化、社会信息化的潮流,谋求开放创新、包容互惠的发展前景;呼应了互联互通、合作共赢的时代强音,不断深化伙伴关系,实现联动发展。“一带一路”倡议在新的历史条件下促进了中国全方位对外开放和全面提高开放型经济水平,并实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦与世界各国人民的梦相融相通,这将为构建人类命运共同体的美好愿景提供有力实戮支撑。因此带一路’不是中国一家的独奏,而是沿线国家的合唱”。 本答案仅供参考，最终以官方公布为准。希望对大家有帮助，我们是知了网专注于伴随大学生成长的趣味高效在线学习网站，提供文都官方考研四六级医考公务员等课程比官网优惠，欢迎来交流，记得点关注啊点关注不迷路。