研究生考试一英语题型

今天来给大家说说考研英语的新题型部分，这个题会做的人觉得超简单，不会做的人觉得超崩溃，就是这么极端。新题型主要考查什么？（1）英语一大纲：阅读理解B节（新题型）主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。本节有3种备选题型。每次从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查：A.在一篇总长度为500~600的文章中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。（七选五）B.在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落（7~8个）重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。（排序题）C.在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6~7段文字或6~7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容，从这6~7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。（小标题）（2）英语二大纲：本节有两种备选题型。每次考试从这两种题型中选择其中的一种形式，或者两种形式的组合进行考查。备选题型包括：①多项对应：本节为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。②小标题对应：在一篇长度为450~550词的文章前有7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括或阐述。要求考生根据文章内容和篇章结构从这起个选项中选出最恰当的5个概括句或小标题填入文章空白处。（同英语一小标题）（3）大纲解读：英语一新题型看似有三个题型，但本质上没有什么大的不同，都是命题人先找到一篇完整有序的文章，然后要么挖几个空（让你补充完整），要么把顺序打乱（让你还原），要么去掉它的小标题（让你补充完整）。就像玩魔方一样，先把原本按照一定规律排列组合的内容打乱，然后让你把它还原。归根结底，无论哪个题型，解题关键都是“理清上下文之间的关系”。英语二多项对应题和传统阅读比较接近，小标题对应和英语一新题型类似。新题型的解题关键是什么？（1）寻找语段特征词。语段特征词就是能够体现连贯性和一致性的词语（常见的语段特征关系有：转折、让步、对比、并列、递进、举例、原因、结果、目的、条件、总结，对此《考研真相》2008年P31-P32页有语段特征词总结）。对于七选五和排序题而言，通过语段特征词，我们可迅速判断上下文之间有什么联系，进而实现快速解题。（《考研真相》语段特征词表格）（2）归纳段落主旨。小标题主要考查段落主旨，故我们可通过语段特征词快速判断段落结构，找到该段的论述中心，归纳主旨，进而得出正确答案。特别说明：常见的考研英语文章的段落结构或语段特征——A.总分结构；B.分总结构；C.总分总结构；D.因果结构；E.转折结构；F.让步结构。其中，实例作为论据必然是为论点服务的，文章的重心应该是论点，所以举例关系实际上也是一种总分关系。怎么提高新题型的答对率？（1）分析语段特征词，快速解题。总共有两个角度：①看原文，寻找分析空格前后语段特征词；②看选项，寻找分析选项中语段特征词。找到语段特征词之后，判断其是否适合快速解题，如果适合，则根据语段特征词表示的上下文关系快速找到答案。（2）理清空格前后逻辑，回文精解。对于剩下的试题，分析原文空格前后信息和逻辑，判断空格所填内容，浏览备选项，进行匹配验证。特别说明：因为已经通过“快速解题”确定了其中几个试题的答案，剩下试题可供选择的选项范围也变小了（相当于第一步已经帮第二步排除了几个干扰项），加上回文精解需要阅读的内容也大幅减少了，所以解题的难度就降低了，答对率也会有所提升。需要说明的是，这个方法和我们之前的做题习惯不太一样，可能不是很好适应。但真正熟练之后，就可以跳过很多无关信息，做题速度和答对率能够得到很大提升。（《考研真相》“七选五”和“排序题”（《考研真相》“小标题”解题方法）（《考研真相》新题型解题示例）先看方法，然后再做题中多运用，熟练之后，正确率就上来啦~用到的书就是图上说的《考研真相》，这本真题书很详细，每个句子都有图解分析，解题方法也很系统，很实用，希望可以帮到大家

英语真题要从最早的年份做起。我是19考研，当时英语一的真题是从97-18，我就把从97年开始的真题挨个做了一遍。不过新版的真题年份会有变化，我特意找来，下面就结合21版的真题书说说英语真题从哪做，怎么做。我用的真题书是《考研真相》，这本是我考研的时候一直用的，相比较其他书只是分析讲解长难句，这本每个句子都有讲解，我考的时候是文字讲解那种，新版的是句句图解，会更好用。新版真题书分成三部分：基础加强版（2001-2007）：共7套高分突破版（2008-2014）：共7套考前冲刺版（2015-2020）：共6套顺着年份做就可以。复习时间和任务安排3月-6月：做基础加强版，只做4篇常规阅读这段时间还在上课，有些小伙伴可能还要实习，估计也没有太多时间复习考研，所以任务不太重，尽量保证一周做1-2篇，做完之后仔细分析文章。如果时间多，做的快，那就再刷第二遍。7月-8月：做高分突破版，还是只做4篇阅读暑假开始复习时间就比较多啦，可以保证一天一篇，做完且分析。可以把高分突破版做2遍，做不完可以留到开学继续做。9月-10月：依旧做高分突破版，其他题型除作文外也加入复习再把这7套真题阅读刷一遍，完型，新题型，翻译可以每天做一套，也可以按照题型专项训练。11月-12月：做考前冲刺版，准备作文先整理作文模板，心里有大致的写作思路，然后把之前真题的作文部分挨着练一遍。考研冲刺版要严格按照考试时间做，每道题都在规定时间内完成。合理安排做题时间，在保证效率的同时提高正确率。做完对照答案估计自己客观题的分数，基本跟最后考试的分数相差不大。一周做一套就可以，做完认真分析每道题，查缺补漏。说明：1基础版的真题因为时间太远，不管是命题思路还是解题方法跟现在的差别都比较大，所以复习重点要放在学语法，背单词，补基础上。2高分突破版的真题比较有价值，不光要分析文章也要研究题目。3考研冲刺版一定留到最后做模考，如果觉得6套太多，留3套也可以。每年都有很多人一口气把真题刷干净了，最后几天没题可做，也不知道自己复习到什么程度，一脸懵逼的上考场，一脸懵逼的考砸。真题书怎么用？我直接根据自己之前的复习方法和新版的真题书说下使用方法。新版的《考研真相》有3个部分组成：仿真排版的试题，试题解析册，逐句精讲册（改版后新加的）。所以做真题可以从以下3步着手：第一步：做真题1直接用仿真排版的真题，一篇阅读建议18分钟内做完。考试能分到每篇阅读的时间就是这么多，一开始就卡着时间做，这样后面就不用担心做不完。2做的时候尽量用铅笔，或者拿一张白纸，标清题号，把答案写在上面。3做题的时候先题后文，先用1-2分钟浏览题目，注意题目中的定位信息，然后回原文找定位段，一般出题顺序跟行文顺序是一致的。然后开始做题，严格在定位段内找答案，看一道题目读对应的原文，这样可以降低其他段落对题目的干扰。做完题花1-2分钟检查浏览，看有没有答案需要调整。4做题的时候不认识的单词可以标注出来。第二步：分析文章1拿出逐句精讲册，按照上面的图解分析梳理每个句子。我看了下，这个图解很有条理，比如一个句子的主干是什么，一级修饰是什么，二级修饰是什么，这样一拆分再看中文翻译就很清楚，看多了你会发现有些修饰成分对句子大意没啥影响，就是为了增加长度，下次自己分析就可以直接删掉。有时间的话可以自己先拆分图解，翻译，然后对照解析，没时间就直接看书上的。2然后把文章里不会的单词都查出来，这个逐句册里也有标注，而且还区分了重要程度。把标注的掌握了，剩下的即便不认识对理解文章影响也不大，尽量减少记忆量嘛。如果有的单词你确实不认识，少了它句子大意也理解不明白，那还是建议查一下。3在理解文章基础上尝试总结一下每段的主要内容，重点关注这几个问题：①这段讲什么②跟上下段有什么关系③传达出的感情色彩是正面的还是负面的④这个情感倾向是作者本人的还是作者的举例。第三步：分析题目1终于要用试题解析册啦，新版的解析是表格形式的，我超爱这种条理清楚的解题方法。主要是用两种路径找到答案，如果正向从题目找不出来，那就反着从选项入手，一一排除。根据我的经验，排除干扰项的方法比较快，准确率也高，可以直接用这个。2顺着书上的解析分析每个选项为什么对，为什么错。正确选项在原文哪里，是直接的原文重现，还是稍加改写，还是改动比较大，大部分是稍加改写。错误选项是怎么设置的，是无中生有，还是原文各种信息的拼凑，或者是加了反义词，这几个是比较常见的干扰项设置方法。多总结，就会发现，套路就那么几种。不管什么时候做真题都按照这样的流程，时间可能比较久，开始做也不容易，可能光分析文章就要花一下午，这就是为啥真题要刷3遍。最后说一下考试的时间安排和做题顺序，可参考1.大小作文：50分钟，其中大作文30分钟，小作文20分钟，不要养成打草稿的习惯，因为没有时间，字不好看的现在就开始练。2.阅读：1小时，每篇15分钟。3.新题型：10分钟4.翻译：30分钟5.完型：15分钟剩下的15分钟检查答题卡，不确定的答案再斟酌。关于考研英语真题怎么做，什么时候做都分享在这里啦，祝大家考研成功！

Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.作为世界主要的国际语言，使用英语的人已经连续几十年保持增长态势。(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.尽管说英语的人数还在增加，但是有迹象表明英语在可预见的未来将失去在世界的主导地位。Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breadth of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol.复杂的国际、经济、技术和文化变革将削弱英语在国际市场上的语言主导地位，英国享受的由于广泛使用英语的便利的优势将最终面临新的压力。那些现实的可能性由大卫格拉多尔的研究强调出来。(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.他的研究会终结那些相信英语在全球的地位非常稳固而自满的人的想法，那些人认为年青一代英国人不需要额外的语言能力。David Graddol concludes that monoglotEnglish graates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations.大卫格拉多尔总结单一的英语本科毕业生面临暗淡的经济前景，因为其他国家的会说多语言的年轻人在全球公司和组织中更有资格比英国同龄人更有优势。Alongside that,(48)many countries are introcing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.同时，许多国家把英语纳入小学课程，但是英国的学生却似乎没有获得更多的鼓励去熟练掌握其他语言。If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international ecation markets as the demand for ecational resources in languages, such as Spanish ，Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.p>如果对其放任自流，这样的趋势将消减英语在国际教育市场上的相对实力，因为对西班牙语、阿拉伯语或者汉语的需求在增长，国际业务流程的外包比如日语、法语和德语也在扩张。(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all presentclear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader ecation business sectors.大卫格拉多尔指出这些变化对向其他国家提供英语教学的英国个人和组织机构乃至更大的教育产业领域构成明确的重大的挑战。The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other ecation related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more.英语教育行业的无形出口直接赚取13亿英镑，我们其他教育相关出口每年额外获得高达100亿英镑的收益。As the international ecation market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.由于国际教育市场扩大，最近到几个主要说英语的国家学习的国际学生人数减少的趋势可能会持续下去，尤其是没有有效的战略措施来阻止这种下滑趋势的话。The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:本研究对可能的需求转变的预测具有重大意义。(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.它为旨在促进英语学习和使用的所有组织机构提供了一个基础，该基础用于应对由一种或许会很不一样的运作环境所带来的的各种可能。那是必要且可行的方法。在这件事上，和许多其他事上一样，那些希望影响未来的人必须为此做好准备。

最近，2021考研的小伙伴们开始复习考研了，很多人都在问考研英语一都考什么题型？怎么备考英语......今天就统一回答一下吧。英语一题型有完形（10分）、阅读（40分）、阅读新题型（10分）、翻译（10分）、写作（小作文和大作文）小作文有两种备选题型，每年仅选用一种，小作文（10分）、大作文（20分）。首先，了解一下复习顺序。如何安排各个科目的复习顺序？①公共课根据不同学科的考查特征和学习特点合理安排。英语和数学主要考查综合运用能力，很难在短时间内有很大提升；政治记忆量很大，过早复习容易导致遗忘。所以，比较科学的顺序是：英语数学先下手，巩固基础好提升；考研政治时效强，考前复习不慌张。②专业课根据目标院校的考试要求和自身差距合理安排。如果差距较大，应该提早准备，尤其是跨专业考研（同专业跨校考研，目标院校的考试范围和参考用书和自己大学期间所学一般也会有很大差别，也应尽早准备）；如果差距一般或较小，可以晚点儿准备。关于备考，考研英语复习肯定是得从单词开始，跟着再做真题。毕竟单词没背多少，你去看文章，估计也看不懂个什么。你要基础差，现在马上准备21考研了，寒假没事的时候就背背单词吧。一、背单词：我是2月开始背单词，当时每天背单词的时间安排是这样的：早上1小时：50个+复习前一天。15分钟把前一天没背下的词过一遍，然后用45分钟背当天的。每个词上停留的时间不要超过30秒，认识的直接划掉。中午30分钟：看着汉语回忆英语，再遮住汉语回想词义，想不出来或者不太准确的做上第1个标记。下午30分钟：将做标记的词同样用英汉互译的方式来记忆，记不下来的做上第2个标记。睡前15分钟：将有两个标记的词再复习一次，记不住的标记第3次，第二天早上做复习。你会发现，其实能标记3次的词是非常少的。整个英语复习全程，核心词至少可以背过6轮，甚至更多，这样的单词基础是非常扎实的。或者你可以参考方法一：（1）、早上醒来先背40分钟单词，因为早上脑子清醒，效率高，大概能背30个。（2）、中午吃完饭要消食，站着背单词，背30分钟，能背20个。另外，睡前背单词效果特别好，大脑会在睡梦中帮你整理（反正很复杂很高端，但是有科学依据），醒来稍微复习一下，都会觉得记得特别牢。（3）、晚上7点开始学习，7点到7点半，背20个单词；然后花40分钟复习今天背过的所有单词。8点半之前结束，开始学其他科目。方法二：1、提前划出当天的背诵范围，一般70个就可以，如果有你特别熟的单词，直接跳过，不计入总数。一本单词书里5000多个单词，不可能每个都不会，再不济你还有之前考过四六级的底子在呢。2、75个单词可以分批背，不要压着自己集中背完，别让背单词成为一个想起来就头疼的任务。适当的压力很有必要，但是过度了就是负担。你可以早上背25个，中午背25个，下午背25个。总之，拆解任务很重要。3、每周要抽出一天复习。巩固这周背的单词，也给大脑一个缓冲时间。复习时要分别盖住英语和汉语，检测自己哪些单词没掌握，就复习那些没掌握的。方法三：可以早上记10个，吃午饭前记10个，午休起来的缓冲时间记10个，吃完晚饭之后利用休息时间记10个。晚上就复习白天记的单词。这样一天下来40-50个单词完全是OK的。坚持下去，一个月最少可以记1200个单词，所以不要小看日常的小积累。无论哪种方法，记单词就用《考研词汇闪过》，重点很清晰省时间，还有常考短语讲用法，记了单词还会用。二、分题型复习方法阅读每天至少3篇，我的方法是：1.每段翻译，最好能总结成一句话。这主要就是提炼段落大意，理清文章的大概内容。2.找出段落的中心句，这个要特别注意下！很多时候中心句就是出题的关键。（前期练题找关键词，有可能费的时间会多点，坚持就好了）3.阅读要控制时间，15分钟左右一篇，掐时间做题：养成专心做阅读的好习惯，也不至于考试的时候，因为阅读浪费了太多时间，作文都没空写了。4.前期遇到不懂的句子，千万不要死钻先画出来，不影响大意就跳过。主要是培养你自己翻译文章，看完一篇文章之后再去看解析。5.利用《考研真相》（很适合基础薄弱大幅提分用。每个句子都拆分图解，重点单词有标注，完全没有阅读障碍，其他真题书只挑了个别长句子分析）一定要总结真题里不熟的词汇，专业性太强的词可以忽略，本来词汇量就少，再不总结着背诵就更少了！；6.学习解析里面的做题思路，英语一真题《考研真相》/英二《圣经》里面的解题思路很清晰，除了从题干分析找出正确答案外，还从选项分析，逐一排除干扰项，帮你提高做题正确率。基础差想大幅提分的人得好好看！其他真题书在解题方面是已知正确答案套选项，从答案入手分析，为答案找依据，但是下次遇到其他题还是不会解。新题型：①先普及一下新题型的有关知识。阅读理解B节（新题型）主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。本节有3种备选题型。每次从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查：A.在一篇总长度为500~600的文章中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。（七选五）B.在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落（7~8个）重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。（排序题）C.在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6~7段文字或6~7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容，从这6~7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。（小标题）②新题型的解题线索是寻找语段特征词。七选五和排序题主要考查语段连贯性，故语段特征词（能够体现连贯性和一致性的词语）是这两类题型的直接解题线索（通过语段特征词，我们可迅速判断上下文之间有什么联系，进而实现快速解题）；小标题主要考查段落主旨，故我们可通过语段特征词快速判断段落结构，找到该段的论述中心，归纳主旨，进而得出正确答案。③常见的考研英语文章的段落结构或语段特征有：A.总分结构；B.分总结构；C.总分总结构；D.因果结构；E.转折结构；F.让步结构。其中，实例作为论据必然是为论点服务的，文章的重心应该是论点，所以举例关系实际上也是一种总分关系。作文：每天积累热点词汇和句子。每周写1篇大作文，1篇小作文。建议写2篇作文的时间控制在40分钟左右，大作文15-25分钟，小作文10分钟左右。作文不会写，不知从哪入手就用英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》，基础薄弱大幅提分专用，通过词句段篇帮你补基础，让你有内容可写；再通过练习话题来查漏补缺，可以全面提升作文水平。完形：最近几年考题的趋势，完形的难度都在降低。原来有可能会说，没时间就把完形放在最后做，或者全选一个选项。因为完形的答案是ABCD各4个。但我的建议还是跟着真题练习完形，不要把完形空着。觉得难，就直接用套路做题。完型我没有像阅读和新题型那样深入复习，在此为大家总结几个小窍门。①重视近义词和形近词辨析。完型的4个选项中，经常会出现让你“傻傻分不清楚”的选项。一般情况下，绝对同义的两个选项都错；相对同义的两个选项，也就是“约等于”选项，一般是出题点或题眼，两者的细微差别就是考试的考点。另外，需要注意的是，所谓的“反义选项”，理论上应该是二选一，但也可能两者都不选，要以题目为准。②牢记常见的固定搭配。在平日复习时，需加强对高频短语的积累，尤其应关注重点单词的不同搭配。③注意联系上下文。完型也是从一篇完整的文章中抠出来一部分字词，所以要注意文章的行文思路和表示转折、让步、对比、并列、递进、举例、原因、结果、目的、条件、总分的语段特征词。实际上，从完型的全名Use of English就可以看出，它重在考查我们的语言运用能力。只要我们前期基础知识复习得比较扎实，也仔细研读了每1篇阅读文章，扫清了词汇和语法障碍，并一句一句梳理过文章的行文思路，完型得分一定不会很差。虽然我没有在完型上花费太多时间，但估分时也能得一多半的分数，一定要在前端下功夫！上面就是关于考研英语一怎么备考的一些心得体验了，希望对考研的你有帮助。

勤思学员经验：考研英语阅读题型做题方法，排除干扰选项现在这个阶段，好多同学都出现了英语阅读一错就三四个错的状况，甚至会怀疑自己背的单词到底有没有用。出现问题的时候，我们应该积极的面对问题，而不是怀疑自己的努力。当然啦，努力也应该采用正确的方法去努力，不然很容易走弯路。单词肯定是要背的，这点毋庸置疑。在背单词的基础上，我们也应该正确的总结英语阅读中不同题型的不同做法。一.细节题1.标志：(1)what,how,problem(文中出现否定、负面的回答);which... true，suggest that...，on...(2)why，because(=since/as/for)，because of，e to，contribute to，in that，intend to...等等找因果关系(3)当你无法判断是不是细节题的时候，就先判断是不是其他六种题，若不是，则为细节题。2.方法：(1)定位：把题目定位到句子是解题最为重要的依据，有时候需要结合上下句来判断逻辑，逻辑存在相反或者相同两种。(2)转折：定位到句子或者段落的时候，重点关注转折词之后!but,however等词语!可以卷子上圈出来，提醒自己重点关注。(3)比较：当纠结两个选项的时候，可以采用比较方法，选择最佳的答案，何为最佳答案?记住!文中反复出现的反复强调的主题就是重点!!!比如全文都在表达作者的观点是“夸A某人”，那在选项中有关于说A某人不好的则可以排除!(4)同义改写：其实选项中很多都是原文中句子的改写。如果词汇量够大的话，可以把握一下从句还有分词结构的同义改写。也是在尊重原文的态度基础上，去进行改写，不可以脱离文本。3. 干扰选项不只在细节题里，其他题也同样适用。在选项中出现绝对化的用词时，例如：most,only,exclusively,never,all,最高级等词语时，一般不选。注意，是一般不选，不排除出现例外的情况哦二. 词汇题1. 标志：“????”(一个词语或者一段话)most probably means?(大致也是同意替换)2. 方法：首先定位好这个单词所在的句子和段落，然后把选项ABCD的四个选项带入到句子中，判断句子的意思是否通顺，是够跟上下文存在逻辑关系。大家看到“???”中是自己不认识的单词时，一定不要惊慌，这个单词90%的可能你不认识，但是选项ABCD中的单词一定是在大纲内，若选项中还是不认识的话，就去多刷单词书吧。也可以根据逻辑关系去找同义词或者反义词。如果句首出现了but,however,in spite of,yet,(转折词);now,nowadays,before(时间线的词语时)3. 干扰选项特征：那种特别简单，一看就是同义转换的字面意思的选项，可以简单排除。三. 例证题1. 标志：by citing...,story,example,case,illustrate,demonstrate,to show,is mentioned to ..., to ..., intended to ...(为了...)2. 方法：(1)其实例子本身并不是最关键的东西，最关键最重要的是例子背后所支持的观点，观点的话一般在在提出例子的段落中，百分之八十的概率是观点是在例子前，有时候的话观点也会在例子后面。(2)注意：有时候观点和例子可以存在不同的段落(3)有时候答案也会对是对定位观点的某个一句子或者某个词组进行同义改写。3. 干扰选项：(1)就事论事--例子本身，并没有引申到定位的观点和态度。(2)讨论的其他观点，逻辑和例子做证实的态度相反。小tips：就真题的研究来看，如果能够理解并且掌握到例子内容，做题会更加精准和准确，可以帮助同学更好的理解原文。四. 中心思想题1. 标志：what this essay mainly about discuss?/ what is the best title?/what the purpose of this essay?(文章主要讲了什么?主旨是什么?)2. 方法(可以合并使用)(1)普遍方法：(串线法加排除法)首先将各段的首末句串联成一个整体，同时注意每个段落的转折处!这样就能了解全文的大概主旨了。(2)中心句法：首先看文章开头的提问，对文章中的问句回答就是中心;也可以去找文章中的独段句：一个句子单独成一个段落。一般这个句子也是文章所表达的主旨。(3)中心词：这是最直接的方式了!文章中反复出现的词语就是中心词。中心词的同义改写或者替换的词语也要重点关注!3. 排除干扰选项的方法：(1)选项中概括的中心思想过于片面。只是对原文中某一两段进行了概括，没有提炼整篇文章的中心思想。(2)选项中概括的中心细想范围太大。对原文的中心思想进行了扩大化概括，无中生有出作者没有表达的态度。五. 作者态度题1. 标志：what is author’s attitude about sth.?/Deem/ consider/ tone/ believe/hold ...2. 方法：——选项词汇归纳(1)正面态度词：positive/optimistic/approval/supportive(2)负面态度词：①　negative/pessimistic/disapproval/critical/objectionable (令人恶心的)②　doubrful/suscipious/sketical/quetionable(表示怀疑的)(3)中立态度词：netural/objective/impartial/disinterested(与个人利益无关的)/tolerance/cautiousness/3. 干扰选项——一定不选的!Uninterested(不感兴趣的)/unconcerned(不关心的)/indifferent(漠不关心的)/confused/puzzled(困惑的)/biased/prejudiced(带有偏见的)/contemptuous/subjective4. 当作者态度没有明确提出的时候：(1)方法一：串联文章的框架，即将每段的首末句串线起来，去寻找作者的态度。当作者表示支持A事件时，选项中表示负面态度词时，则一定不选。(2)方法二：关注文中的形容词和副词adj./adv. 形容词和副词也存在着褒义和贬义，可以判断出作者对某件事情以及某个人的态度。(3)方法三：关注转折词后面的内容。(4)方法四：关注情态动词后面的内容。情态动词后面一般会表达作者的态度和观点。常见的情态动词有：常用的情态动词有：can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would).(5)一些句型结构也会表达作者的观点：①　It is +adj. + (for)...②　There is (are)...③　This is not ...(6)少数派原则：当文中提到大多数人都支持A观点时，这个时候可能作者就是反对A观点的一方。这称为少数派原则。当文中提到只有一些人，少数人，支持A观点时，这个时候作者很有可能也是支持A观点的。关键词有：few/solely/less/rarely等小tips：文中表示怀疑A事件时，就表示否定;出现问句或者“?”，有时也表明否定。六.推理判断题1. 标志：题目中出现 infer/learn from/imply/suggest/conclude/holds that 等词语时，表明是推理判断题。2. 方法：(1)找好定位句和定位段落(2)同义改写：细节要遵循主旨!推理题一般是对某个细节长难句的推理，不要因为没读懂长难句就选择失误。一般选项会设置干扰选项会让你误判，这个时候要记住跟作者态度和文章中心相反的选项尽量不要选择，也可以利用这个方法进行筛选。(3)反向逻辑：文中出现转折词but,however时多出现推理。小tips：(1)一般正确答案往往语气缓和，标志词有：may/might/some，含有这些词语的选项一般为正确答案。注意是一般!不要过于绝对化(2)比较级，最高级等容易设置干扰选项;选项括号内的内容要读哦!掌握题型以后，我们也应该正确的把握做题的方式，不然很容易导致无法在有限时间内做完所有的题目。根据英语一阅读的总分和总时间，我们归纳出1分=1.8分钟，所以一道阅读题是18分钟，鉴于大家不同的基础，25分钟勉强可以接受。下面正式和大家聊一下做题的步骤：拿一套真题，打开，翻开一篇阅读。1. 给这篇阅读每个段落进行标号。2. 翻到这篇阅读后面，读题干，(题干的顺序基本和阅读段落的顺序一致，偶尔会有例外)3. 读完题干以后，可以根据关键词出现的多少，大概的判断出这篇文章的是围绕什么来讲的4. 再回到第一个题干，去确认第一问是问什么的5. 返回到文章的首段，带着问题去读前几段6. 当出现题干中的关键词或者中心点以后，做个标记，然后对应到题干中，寻找答案00001.后面的题目重复567即可。“得阅读者得天下”不是空穴来风，现实就是掌握阅读做题方法以后，新题型，完形填空都会变得简单起来。希望同学在做题的时候也好好总结自己做题的错因，拿个小本子记录一下。英语一80分也是可以争取的~祝大家好运连连，所有的努力都有收获~星光不负赶路人!冲鸭!

考研英语一试题种类很多，目前市面上卖的很火的就是《考研真相》和黄皮书了，但是这两者还是有很大的差距的。下问是两者详细的对比，希望对大家有所帮助。一、《考研真相》和黄皮书共同优点现在要说的是这两本书的共同的优点，也是这些优点的存在让它们的销量翻倍，好评如潮。这两本书都是分层装订得，这样子很方便大家携带。同时，它们还采用了双色印刷，纸质非常好，让人感觉很喜欢用。都有英汉对照，英文居左，汉语居右，很方便对照查阅，还可以拿来练习翻译。此外，他们的翻译给出了试题的来源，英汉对照式的原文和译文。写作的话都给出了不同梯度的作文模板。二、《考研真相》和黄皮书的不同点要说他们的不同点简直太多了，先说最重要的一点吧！适用人群是有区别的，《考研真相》的适用人群是基础不好的人，而黄皮书则截然相反。下面具体说说两者的不同吧！1.文章讲解详略由于使用人群的不同，这两本书的粗略程度也是有着天壤之别的。《考研真相》里面的讲解很详细，很适合打基础。词汇注释和句子解析详细到每句话都拿出来讲，完全可以不用单词书和语法书。而黄皮书的话词汇注解相对简单，考生复习还得查阅字典等工具书，句子解析更是粗略，只对长难句进行了讲解，基础不好的人肯定不能很好的理顺文章，那么做题肯定答不对。2.答案解析详略《考研真相》和黄皮书的答案解析也是有很大的差距的。《考研真相》的答案解析讲解很详细，比如说它的阅读答案解析，从中可以学会用“回文法”和“排除法”进行做题。黄皮书中的答案一段落为单位，再每个段落之后安排了相应的考题，这样子割裂了文章的连贯性，不利于考生进行复习。不过它的文章前面设置有“考题速览”，这个板块还是不错的，可以帮助你整体了解文章。三、到底应该如何选择会更好？现在的考生遇到的难题，大都是单词不认识，语法学不会，从而文章读不懂，更别提做题了，肯定是做不对的。要想解决这些困难，还是要解决基础问题的。话说到这里就很明显了，聪明的人肯定都知道自己该如何选择了。复习基础知识当然是要选择一本讲解比较详细的书，这样子自己才能看得懂，才有信心好好复习。

我本科学的是材料，毕业后找工作因为不想去外地，再加上本身对老师这一行比较感兴趣，所以选择进到了一个培训班，阴差阳错地教了初中语文。虽然在工作期间一直在努力精进自己，但觉得自己在教学方面还是有许多不足，同时为了能够找到一份更好的工作，经过深思熟虑之后决定辞职考研。对于一个工科生来说，跨考英语无疑是一个很大的挑战。刚开始决定考研的时候感觉无从下手，十分迷茫，再加上市面上考研的书籍和培训班实在太多了，根本不知道怎么选择。于是便去网上查了很多资料，咨询了一些学长学姐，还在考研帮上看了许多的经验贴。关于复习英语一，他们推荐最多的就是黄皮书和考研真相；英语二推荐比较多的是《考研圣经》。我考英语一，经过对比，最终选择了《考研真相》。刚拿到书的时候大致翻了一下，里面有基础加强版、高分突破版和考前冲刺版三本书，包含了共20年的真题，其中的试题和解析都是单独成册的，方便使用和携带。拿到书后我便迫不及待地开始了学习。我先做了一套真题，想先测试一下自己的英语水平，做完之后对了一下答案，顿时失去了信心。虽然大学的时候已经考过了六级，但是由于自己本身是理科生，再加上大二之后就不学习英语了，所以英语底子其实与其他人相比还是相差很多的。但是既然决定考研就必须坚持下去，于是我便开始了漫漫学习路。刚开始我根据学姐的建议并结合自己的实际情况对时间进行了规划，由于准备的较晚，再加上其他几科的压力，时间紧任务重，留给英语一的时间并不多，所以我只能求精不求多，直接从精研真题开始。最开始我是分题型做的真题，因为阅读所占比例较大，所以留给阅读的时间比较多。刚开始做的时候很多单词不认识，加上对一些长难句理解不了，错的比较多。于是我每做完一套真题，都会把不认识的单词和重点的短语抄录下来，然后一遍一遍地去背诵，坚持一段时间之后，我的词汇量有了明显的提升。然后我就开始研究长难句，对于结构复杂，难以理解的句子也是摘抄下来，然后去拆结构，翻译句子，理解句意，从而提高自己的语法能力。在单词和语法能力有了一些提升之后我把真题又做了一遍，研究自己错误的原因和易错的题型，同时开始积累作文素材，去背诵一些作文模板。到后期我几乎每天做一套新题，并且控制时间，以保证自己在考场上能够有充足的时间。最后的结果证明这段时间的努力没有白费，相比于第一次自我测试，我又重拾了自信。经过这段时间的学习，我的英语一取得了还不错的成绩。除了自己的努力，还得益于这本《考研真相》，我觉得选对书是成功的第一步，所以和大家分享一下我用过这本书之后的一些体会！1. 逐词逐句讲解：这是我最喜欢这本书的一点，也是其他书所没有的。对每篇文章的每一句都进行了图解，直观清晰不啰嗦。每个句子的结构都进行了详细的剖析，从句子成分到词汇注释十分详细，帮助我们划分句子主干和各级修饰语，清晰明了。我在复习长难句的时候就是先把句子抄录下来，自己去分析，然后和这个讲解对照，查漏补缺，从而提高自己分析句子的能力。刚开始分析的时候简直一头雾水，因为我语法基础比较薄弱，我先看了一篇图解解析，然后根据这个思路去分析，慢慢地就形成了一种思维模式。对于我这种时间紧，基础不牢固的考生来说，这种讲解模式实在是太有用了，理清句子的同时也提高了语法，简直事半功倍。2. 逐题细解：逐词逐句讲解完之后，还有逐题细解。不同的题型讲解方式不同，但都细致清楚。让我惊喜的是它的解析方法是与众不同的。答案解析部分很详细，不只是罗列答案和理由，还从不同的角度去剖析，从而得出答案，形成了一套独特的解题模板，可以直接套用哦。除此之外，细节部分也做得很好。每篇文章都有结构分析、全文翻译和参考答案三部分。首先帮你理清文章思路，对文章有一个大致的了解，还有标明阅读中文章的出处，阅读大都出自外刊，时间充足的话也可以去阅读一些题源外刊，有利无弊。其次，英汉对照，是整篇翻译，有助于快速读懂文章。写作部分采用逐句突破，教你从标准句式转变为突破句式，还有中文译文和句式点评，把握方向，不再是死记模板，轻轻松松也能写出好作文。3. 视频课程+直播答疑：赠送51节视频课程，其中包含10节词汇课、15节语法课、6节长难句课和20节解题模板课，有用且实惠。同时每月还有2次直播答疑，可以随时解决我们在做题过程中遇到的问题。这是第一次听张老师的课，感觉非常好。之前听的一些网课时间都特别长，一节要几个小时，感觉有点浪费时间，还吸收不到重点。张老师的课程简短但精炼，能够节省时间，同时学到有用的知识，我很喜欢，强烈安利。4. 仿真试卷+仿真答题卡：试题都是按照考场排版的，还赠送13张考场答题卡。有些人可能觉得这个没什么用，根本用不上，其实并不是这样的。我在后期模拟的时候用的就是这个答题卡，我认为有助于调整我们的状态，可以帮助我们准确把握考试时间，提前适应，轻松应考。考研中的各类书籍和各种培训班很多，我们可能不知道怎么选择，要知道适合自己的才是最好的。资料不在于多，而在于是否选对了，是否好好利用了。以上就是我自己的一些心得体会，希望对学弟学妹们能够有所帮助。考研对于每个人来说都是一种挑战，既然选择了就是坚持下去，希望大家都能成功。

21考研的小伙伴们准备得怎么样啊，备战研究证考试，外语都是必不可少的，是必须要考察的科目，而外语中大部分考的又是英语，在考研初期，大家备战英语都不知道跟哪个名师，下面给大家按题型分类别介绍下各大名师以及推荐的书目。一、单词1、恋练有词恋恋有词绿皮版恋练有词这本书的排版与其他单词书的排版不一样，从一个主单词开始延伸，囊括了与这个主单词的相近词、同义词、反义词、词汇等等延伸了很多与主单词相关的词语。精选了考研常用的5500词汇和考试常用的词组，沿用的是词群识记法和按主词词频排序法，可以有效地提高记单词效率。延伸记忆法很多人在用这个方法，反响也很好，一个单词可以展出来很多例句、词性和词意，方便系统的记忆，尤其是同义词，考研阅读理解中，同义替换常常是考试的难点和重点，四六级中，同义替换也常常考。大家需要单词的视频关注我后私聊我，备注好什么资源。大家可以配合恋练有词参考下面的记单词方法，考研阶段整个时期都会很轻松。只需要十天，教你系统背会考研英语单词，清北学霸竭力推荐2、红宝书考研英语词汇红宝书考研英语词汇这本书适合词汇量极少，且从未认真学习过英语考词汇量扩充基础的朋友们。红宝书考研英语词汇是由考研英语命题组编写的，它不仅强化突出了考研英语大纲词汇中的重点核心词汇-必考词，还在此基础上兼顾了考研词汇能够涉及到的内容。3、新东方乱序词汇书新东方乱序词汇书新东方乱序词汇书，是一个单词后面跟着解释，还会有一些引导记忆的图片和内容。背乱序的单词背着不会那么容易厌倦，相对比按照字母顺序去记忆，乱序的不容易混淆。单词记忆的重点在于重复性，只要肯下功夫，英语中单词这一大难关肯定会攻破的。4、百词斩给大家推荐完了书籍，但是部分小伙伴认为书携带着不方便，手机APP可以随时随地背单词，那就给大家推荐一个比较好的记单词的软件——百词斩。背单词页面可以根据自己的需求选择要背诵的词汇书，有考研英语高频词汇，也有全部考研要求的词汇，还包括了一些阅读理解中的超纲词。说下它的特点吧：可以每天设定自己要背单词的数量，背单词用的是图片帮助记忆法，第二天一般边复习前天的边背诵新的单词。大家可以根据自身的条件选择一本单词书背诵，考研期间只背一本书就行，多了就浪费精力和时间了，也起不到什么好的作用。二、长难句很多人考验初期不知道到底需不需要专门学习长难句，在这里，可以先做一下简单的概括。在考研英语中，长难句一般在阅读理解和翻译中是出题的关键点，命题组一般会在长难句处设问题，长难句和语法联系着，大家可以看自己的情况，如果英语基础好的可以不用看专门的长难句，如果基础比较差，建议还是要看一下。长难句的话可以跟着视频一起看，视频在【锦鲤王考研】后台都有资源。1、唐迟大家不想浪费时间的话可以直接跟着唐迟，少走弯路，直接听唐迟真题解析，他会讲长难句的，单词过完一遍之后就开始做阅读，错多少没关系，每天一篇两篇，然后听单篇阅读解析。2、何凯文何凯文有一本专门的长难句书，个人感觉他是属于一个人撑起一片天的感觉，四六级和考研的各方面各题型都有涉猎，我觉得术业有专攻，我用不惯他的书籍，一般是因人而异的，讲课也挺烦幽默的，可以说是文都考研英语一把手了。3、田静大家看到田静这个名字，会误以为是个女老师，其实他是新东方的一名男老师，田静老师在教学上下了功夫，是真的尽量讲得通俗易懂了。基础不好或者一般的话建议看田静，他授课是从简单句到长难句，一步一步的。也可以结合阅读自己学着去拆分重组长难句，在实际做题中慢慢学习积累长难句，及时归纳并整理笔记，形成自己的一套理解体系。。田静一般讲课，是结合真题去讲，很基础、很仔细，他自己说他花了一年的时间对考研英语真题的每一个句子进行分类、归纳、翻译，听了课的同学都感觉他花了不少功夫在备课上，很棒的一个老师。三、阅读理解真题很重要，目前考研辅导名师讲的都是真题，练习题也是真题，下面是一些讲阅读理解造诣比较深的一些老师。1、何凯文何凯文的阅读理解主要结合着“kk三步法”来讲，主要是教授阅读理解做题技巧，大家有兴趣的可以去听一下。2、唐迟唐迟主要是在培养阅读理解的做题分析能力，从出题人角度去解题。我非常赞同这个思路，知己知彼，方能百战百胜。明白了出题人怎么想的就不容易掉进去他们精心设计的陷阱里面。四、作文作文首推王江涛以及他的书籍《高分写作》，2020年英语一与英语二四篇作文，王江涛压中了三篇，只要背了他要求背的四篇作文，都可以写出来，作文不用自己准备，考场上直接背诵默写就好。对于其他的作文老师，刘晓燕这几年也越来越强了。大家可以根据自己的需求选择合适的作文辅导老师。五、真题真题只推荐考研圣经和张剑黄皮书。这两种都是重基础讲解的书，而且是逐词逐句讲真题的书，一句一句都有对应的图解真题，每一句都有对应的注释词汇，真的是基础不好考研党的福音。英语就不要再做其他的预测题了。把真题做好，留近两年的作为考前模拟，之前的一定要多刷几遍。

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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