研究生高等数学一真题

一、 考 试 性 质中国科学院大学硕士研究生入学高等数学（乙）考试是为招收理学非数学专业硕士研究生而设置的选拔考试。它的主要目的是测试考生的数学素质，包括对高等数学各项内容的掌握程度和应用相关知识解决问题的能力。考试对象为参加全国硕士研究生入学考试、并报考大气物理学与大气环境、气象学、天文技术与方法、地球流体力学、固体地球物理学、矿物学、岩石学、矿床学、构造地质学、第四纪地质学、地图学与地理信息系统、自然地理学、人文地理学、古生物学与地层学、生物物理学、生物化学与分子生物学、物理化学、无机化学、分析化学、高分子化学与物理、地球化学、海洋化学、海洋生物学、植物学、生态学、环境科学、环境工程、土壤学等专业的考生。二、考试的基本要求要求考生比较系统地理解高等数学的基本概念和基本理论，掌握高等数学的基本方法。要求考生具有抽象思维能力、逻辑推理能力、空间想象能力、数学运算能力和综合运用所学的知识分析问题和解决问题的能力。三、考试方式和考试时间高等数学（乙）考试采用闭卷笔试形式，试卷满分为150分，考试时间为180分钟。四、考试内容和考试要求（一）函数、极限、连续考试内容函数的概念及表示法 函数的有界性、单调性、周期性和奇偶性 复合函数、反函数、分段函数和隐函数 基本初等函数的性质及其图形数列极限与函数极限的概念 无穷小和无穷大的概念及其关系 无穷小的性质及无穷小的比较 极限的四则运算 极限存在的单调有界准则和夹逼准则 两个重要极限：， 函数连续的概念 函数间断点的类型 初等函数的连续性 闭区间上连续函数的性质 函数的一致连续性概念考试要求1. 理解函数的概念，掌握函数的表示法，并会建立简单应用问题中的函数关系式。2. 理解函数的有界性、单调性、周期性和奇偶性。掌握判断函数这些性质的方法。3. 理解复合函数的概念，了解反函数及隐函数的概念。会求给定函数的复合函数和反函数。4. 掌握基本初等函数的性质及其图形。5. 理解极限的概念，理解函数左极限与右极限的概念，以及函数极限存在与左、右极限之间的关系。6. 掌握极限的性质及四则运算法则，会运用它们进行一些基本的判断和计算。7. 掌握极限存在的两个准则，并会利用它们求极限。掌握利用两个重要极限求极限的方法。8. 理解无穷小、无穷大的概念，掌握无穷小的比较方法，会用等价无穷小求极限。9. 理解函数连续性的概念（含左连续与右连续），会判别函数间断点的类型。10. 掌握连续函数的运算性质和初等函数的连续性，熟悉闭区间上连续函数的性质（有界性、最大值和最小值定理、介值定理等），并会应用这些性质。（二）一元函数微分学考试内容导数的概念 导数的几何意义和物理意义 函数的可导性与连续性之间的关系 平面曲线的切线和法线 基本初等函数的导数 导数的四则运算 复合函数、反函数、隐函数的导数的求法 参数方程所确定的函数的求导方法 高阶导数的概念 高阶导数的求法 微分的概念和微分的几何意义 函数可微与可导的关系 微分的运算法则及函数微分的求法 一阶微分形式的不变性 微分在近似计算中的应用 微分中值定理 洛必达（L’Hospital）法则 泰勒(Taylor)公式 函数的极值 函数最大值和最小值 函数单调性 函数图形的凹凸性、拐点及渐近线 函数图形的描绘考试要求1. 理解导数和微分的概念，理解导数与微分的关系，理解导数的几何意义，会求平面曲线的切线方程和法线方程，了解导数的物理意义，会用导数描述一些物理量，掌握函数的可导性与连续性之间的关系。2. 掌握导数的四则运算法则和复合函数的求导法则，掌握基本初等函数的求导公式。了解微分的四则运算法则和一阶微分形式的不变性，会求函数的微分。3. 了解高阶导数的概念，会求简单函数的n阶导数。4. 会求分段函数的一阶、二阶导数。5. 会求隐函数和由参数方程所确定的函数的一阶、二阶导数6. 会求反函数的导数。7. 理解并会用罗尔定理、拉格朗日中值定理和泰勒定理。8. 理解函数的极值概念，掌握用导数判断函数的单调性和求函数极值的方法，掌握函数最大值和最小值的求法及其简单应用。9. 会用导数判断函数图形的凹凸性，会求函数图形的拐点以及水平、铅直和斜渐近线，会描绘函数的图形。10. 掌握用洛必达法则求未定式极限的方法。（三）一元函数积分学考试内容原函数和不定积分的概念 不定积分的基本性质 基本积分公式 定积分的概念和基本性质 定积分中值定理 变上限定积分定义的函数及其导数 牛顿－莱布尼茨（Newton－Leibniz）公式 不定积分和定积分的换元积分法与分部积分法 有理函数、三角函数的有理式和简单无理函数的积分 广义积分（无穷限积分、瑕积分） 定积分的应用考试要求1. 理解原函数的概念，理解不定积分和定积分的概念。2. 熟练掌握不定积分的基本公式，掌握不定积分和定积分的性质及定积分中值定理。掌握牛顿－莱布尼茨公式。掌握不定积分和定积分的换元积分法与分部积分法。3. 会求有理函数、三角函数有理式和简单无理函数的积分。4. 理解变上限定积分定义的函数，会求它的导数。5. 理解广义积分（无穷限积分、瑕积分）的概念，掌握无穷限积分、瑕积分的收敛性判别法，会计算一些简单的广义积分。6. 掌握用定积分表达和计算一些几何量与物理量（平面图形的面积、平面曲线的弧长、旋转体的体积及侧面积、截面面积为已知的立体体积、功、引力、压力）及函数的平均值。（四）向量代数和空间解析几何考试内容向量的概念 向量的线性运算 向量的数量积、向量积和混合积 两向量垂直、平行的条件 两向量的夹角 向量的坐标表达式及其运算 单位向量 方向数与方向余弦 曲面方程和空间曲线方程的概念 平面方程、直线方程 平面与平面、平面与直线、直线与直线的夹角以及平行、垂直的条件 点到平面和点到直线的距离 球面 母线平行于坐标轴的柱面 旋转轴为坐标轴的旋转曲面的方程 常用的二次曲面方程及其图形 空间曲线的参数方程和一般方程 空间曲线在坐标面上的投影曲线方程考试要求1. 熟悉空间直角坐标系，理解向量及其模的概念。2. 熟悉向量的运算(线性运算、数量积、向量积)，掌握两个向量垂直、平行的条件。3. 理解方向数与方向余弦、向量的坐标表达式，会用坐标表达式进行向量的运算。4. 熟悉平面方程和空间直线方程的各种形式，熟练掌握平面方程和空间直线方程的求法。5. 会求平面与平面、平面与直线、直线与直线之间的夹角，并会利用平面、直线的相互关系（平行、垂直、相交等）解决有关问题。6. 会求空间两点间的距离、点到直线的距离以及点到平面的距离。7. 了解空间曲线方程和曲面方程的概念。8. 了解空间曲线的参数方程和一般方程。了解空间曲线在坐标平面上的投影，并会求其方程。9. 了解常用二次曲面的方程、图形及其截痕，会求以坐标轴为旋转轴的旋转曲面及母线平行于坐标轴的柱面方程。（五）多元函数微分学考试内容多元函数的概念 二元函数的几何意义 二元函数的极限和连续 有界闭区域上多元连续函数的性质 多元函数偏导数和全微分的概念及求法 多元复合函数、隐函数的求导法 高阶偏导数的求法 空间曲线的切线和法平面 曲面的切平面和法线 方向导数和梯度 二元函数的泰勒公式 多元函数的极值和条件极值 拉格朗日乘数法 多元函数的最大值、最小值及其简单应用 考试要求1. 理解多元函数的概念、理解二元函数的几何意义。2. 理解二元函数的极限与连续性的概念及基本运算性质，了解有界闭区域上连续函数的性质，会判断二元函数在已知点处极限的存在性和连续性。3. 理解多元函数偏导数和全微分的概念 了解二元函数可微、偏导数存在及连续的关系，会求偏导数和全微分。4. 熟练掌握多元复合函数偏导数的求法。5. 掌握隐函数的求导法则。6. 理解方向导数与梯度的概念并掌握其计算方法。7. 理解曲线的切线和法平面及曲面的切平面和法线的概念，会求它们的方程。8. 了解二元函数的二阶泰勒公式。9. 理解多元函数极值和条件极值的概念，掌握多元函数极值存在的必要条件，了解二元函数极值存在的充分条件，会求二元函数的极值，会用拉格朗日乘数法求条件极值，会求简单多元函数的最大值、最小值，并会解决一些简单的应用问题。（六）多元函数积分学考试内容二重积分、三重积分的概念及性质 二重积分与三重积分的计算和应用 两类曲线积分的概念、性质及计算 两类曲线积分之间的关系 格林（Green）公式 平面曲线积分与路径无关的条件 已知全微分求原函数 两类曲面积分的概念、性质及计算 两类曲面积分之间的关系 高斯（Gauss）公式 斯托克斯（Stokes）公式 散度、旋度的概念及计算 曲线积分和曲面积分的应用考试要求1. 理解二重积分、三重积分的概念，掌握重积分的性质。2. 熟练掌握二重积分的计算方法（直角坐标、极坐标），会计算三重积分（直角坐标、柱面坐标、球面坐标），掌握二重积分的换元法。3. 理解两类曲线积分的概念，了解两类曲线积分的性质及两类曲线积分的关系。熟练掌握计算两类曲线积分的方法。4. 熟练掌握格林公式，会利用它求曲线积分。掌握平面曲线积分与路径无关的条件。会求全微分的原函数。5. 理解两类曲面积分的概念，了解两类曲面积分的性质及两类曲面积分的关系。熟练掌握计算两类曲面积分的方法。6. 掌握高斯公式和斯托克斯公式，会利用它们计算曲面积分和曲线积分。7. 了解散度、旋度的概念，并会计算。8. 会用重积分、曲线积分及曲面积分求一些几何量与物理量（平面图形的面积、曲面的面积、物体的体积、曲线的弧长、物体的质量、重心、转动惯量、引力、功及流量等）。（七）无穷级数考试内容常数项级数及其收敛与发散的概念 收敛级数的和的概念 级数的基本性质与收敛的必要条件 几何级数与p级数及其收敛性 正项级数收敛性的判别法 交错级数与莱布尼茨定理 任意项级数的绝对收敛与条件收敛 函数项级数的收敛域、和函数的概念 幂级数及其收敛半径、收敛区间（指开区间）和收敛域 幂级数在其收敛区间内的基本性质 简单幂级数的和函数的求法 泰勒级数 初等函数的幂级数展开式 函数的幂级数展开式在近似计算中的应用 函数的傅里叶（Fourier）系数与傅里叶级数 狄利克雷（Dirichlet）定理 函数在[-l，l]上的傅里叶级数 函数在[0，l]上的正弦级数和余弦级数。考试要求1. 理解常数项级数的收敛、发散以及收敛级数的和的概念，掌握级数的基本性质及收敛的必要条件2. 掌握几何级数与p级数的收敛与发散情况。3. 熟练掌握正项级数收敛性的各种判别法。4. 熟练掌握交错级数的莱布尼茨判别法。5. 理解任意项级数的绝对收敛与条件收敛的概念，以及绝对收敛与条件收敛的关系。6. 了解函数项级数的收敛域及和函数的概念。7. 理解幂级数的收敛域、收敛半径的概念，掌握幂级数的收敛半径及收敛域的求法。8. 了解幂级数在其收敛区间内的一些基本性质（和函数的连续性、逐项微分和逐项积分），会求一些幂级数在收敛区间内的和函数，并会由此求出某些数项级数的和。9. 了解函数展开为泰勒级数的充分必要条件。10. 掌握一些常见函数如ex、sin x、cos x、ln(1+x)和(1+x)α等的麦克劳林展开式，会用它们将一些简单函数间接展开成幂级数。11. 会利用函数的幂级数展开式进行近似计算。12.了解傅里叶级数的概念和狄利克雷定理，会将定义在[-l，l]上的函数展开为傅里叶级数，会将定义在[0，l]上的函数展开为正弦级数与余弦级数。（八）常微分方程考试内容常微分方程的基本概念 变量可分离的微分方程 齐次微分方程 一阶线性微分方程 伯努利（Bernoulli）方程 全微分方程 可用简单的变量代换求解的某些微分方程 可降价的高阶微分方程 线性微分方程解的性质及解的结构定理 二阶常系数齐次线性微分方程 二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程 高于二阶的某些常系数齐次线性微分方程 欧拉（Euler）方程 微分方程的简单应用考试要求1. 掌握微分方程及其阶、解、通解、初始条件和特解等概念。2. 熟练掌握变量可分离的微分方程的解法，熟练掌握解一阶线性微分方程的常数变易法。3. 会解齐次微分方程、伯努利方程和全微分方程，会用简单的变量代换解某些微分方程。4. 会用降阶法解下列方程：y(n) =f(x)，y″ =f(x，y′ )和y″ =f(y，y′ )5. 理解线性微分方程解的性质及解的结构定理。6. 掌握二阶常系数齐次线性微分方程的解法，并会解某些高于二阶的常系数齐次线性微分方程。7. 会解自由项为多项式、指数函数、正弦函数、余弦函数、以及它们的和与积的二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程。8. 会解欧拉方程。9. 用微分方程解决一些简单的应用问题。五、主要参考文献《高等数学》（上、下册），同济大学数学教研室主编，高等教育出版社，1996年第四版，以及其后的任何一个版本均可。

十一月已经过半，相信很多研友都在忙着刷真题，但是刷真题只是简单地做一篇、然后再对着答案改一遍就完事了吗？今天小编就来告诉大家，如何更加有效地在最后一个月的时间里利用真题。一、如何复习真题这个其实很关键了，有些同学题目一做，答案抄完，然后就把试卷扔在一边，其实这是非常错误的。这种复习方式简直是在浪费时间。第一，必须严格按照考试时间和纪律做真题。完全按照考试时间来，中途不许上厕所不许玩手机不许聊天。就假设自己正在考研，找一张白纸作为答题纸，书写工整、字迹清晰、步骤明确，不得跳步越项。切忌草草了事，敷衍应付！第二，认真根据答案批改这里要先提醒一点，每年考试难度都不一样，所以不必太在意分数。更不可因为某年的试卷分数过低还怀疑自我，保持心态最重要。批改过程中要做好记录，查漏补缺。一定要按照答案要求严格批改，必须自己对自己负责。哪怕分数低点也没关系。第三，错题集有这个相信很多同学都有。其实在复习的最后阶段，我们只需要复习错题集就足够了。有了错题集、你的目标会更加明确，心态也会更加的踏实自然，可以"有的放矢";而不会明明紧张得要死，却发现"无事可做"。也就是说，错题集存在的根本原因，是为了给你提供一个复习的目的。它会很明确地告诉你，你还有哪些软肋、还有哪些知识点没掌握。会为你后面的复习提供一个目标，不至于让你太过于盲目。下面小编来根据具体学科为大家提供真题复习的范围和推荐书籍。二、高等数学这可以说是考研最大的一个门槛，无数人都挂在那颗名叫“高数”的树上。其实考研数学的命题，都是从题库中选取的题目，出题规律很明显，真题利用价值非常高，所以做真题是性价比非常高的复习方式。1、范围考研数学的真题总共有1988-2019总共32年的试卷。其中1988-1996(共5个卷种，卷1、2相当于现在的数学一，卷3相当于现在的数学二，卷4、5相当于现在的数学三)，卷面分值100分；1997-2002(数学一、二、三、四各一套试卷)，卷面分值100分；2003-2008(数学一、二、三、四各一套试卷)，卷面分值150分；2009-2019(数学一、二、三各一套试卷)，卷面分值150分。当然没有必要把这么多试卷全做了，小编这里推荐大家只需要做1997年之后的题目就可以。有些同学可能会疑惑，为什么要做这么二十年前的试卷呢？原因有两个，第一，早年的真题有一些相当经典的题目，试卷的质量也比较高，例如98和99两年的。第二，考研大纲几十年来变化一直不大，不像中学教学大纲，隔几年就改版一次。所以即使二十年前的试卷仍然有一定参考价值。2、书籍推荐这里给大家推荐两本首先是大名鼎鼎的李永乐！这位大神不多解释了，大家都懂得。这本书主要对2005以后的真题进行了详细解析，但是也附赠了1987-2005的试卷和答案。还有一位也是很多研友耳熟能详的老师——张宇！这本书收录了1987年以后所有考研真题详解，也是非常好的真题解析教材。三、英语1、范围英语真题不需要像数学那样做那么多，建议至少做到除去近三年真题外，其他年份的真题的4篇阅读都刷过一遍。得阅读者得天下。2、错题集英语的错题主要在于词汇、语法记忆不全和长难句的分析方面。因为英语归根到底还是一个需要大量记忆及背诵的科目。3、推荐书籍张剑黄皮书，这也是考研圈中非常有名的一位老师了，相必大家都不陌生。他的真题覆盖范围也比较广，解析比较透彻，是本不错的辅导书。四、专业课这是一个非常麻烦、非常需要人脉的事情。因为大多数高校是不会提供专业课的真题的。而且各个高校、尤其是自主命题的高校，对于外校考研的学生其实不是那么友好的。很多同学在考研专业课上走了很多弯路，就是因为没有真题在手，复习的特别盲目，甚至连大概难度都无法预测，最终栽了跟头。1、直接去目标院校购买虽然大部分的高校已经不提供考研历年真题，但是还有一些学校会提供上一年的考研真题。建议你去学校的研招办询问，运气好的话他们会提供一份。在院校附近的一些打印店里，会有老板卖该院校的专业课真题，不过比较贵，大概300块一份。黑心商家啊！2、找研究生学长学姐要这个方法可谓是最靠谱的了，但是非常考研你的人脉。对于那些刚考上研究生的学长学姐们，大部分都有真题、或者有渠道获得真题。而且是考上研究生的，对于真题和复试都有自己的见解，如果此刻结交了，在你进入考研复试的时候也能对你有很大的帮助！这里注意区别真假，有的骗子就是冒充学长学姐骗钱的！每年都有无辜的研友们上当受骗，这里建议线下交易。3、网上搜索现在网络比较发达，很多读研的同学会把考研真题和经验分享到网上，这个时候考生可以根据自己掌握的信息区分。考研真题哪怕是回忆版都比没有强！但是网上信息鱼龙混杂、真假难辨，各位研友要谨慎！4、多渠道购买专业课真题，因为比较难以获得，所以网上有很多电商就是卖真题赚钱的。淘宝上这类店家层出不穷，但也要小心挂羊头卖狗肉。还有一种是考研机构，他们也有自己的内部渠道能搞到真题，这种比较靠谱，因为一般人不会干砸自己招牌的事情。最后有的研友们会问，为什么没有政治的？其实政治这门课时效性很明细，真题的意义并不大，所以就不再推荐了。至于最后的模拟考试，推荐肖秀荣的四套卷和八套卷。还是和其他科目一样，完全按照考研时间和纪律来考试。

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

看着很多考研童鞋们和数学纠缠，真是有点心疼，以下主要是总结成功前辈经验所得，童鞋们要根据自身情况灵活调整，务必做到“讲练结合”四个字，世事往往知易行难，故请自勉。搞清楚你的专业考数几考研数学分为，数学一、数学二、数学三，考研前，一般说来，数一得难度大于数二，数二大于数三。所以，对于考研要考数学的童鞋们，天任启航考研小编，不得不提醒你，首先一定要搞清楚你的专业考的数几哦。接下来跟着小编一起来看看考研数学考试内容和试卷结构吧考研数学考试内容考研数学试卷结构上面的表格清晰的列出了，你要考试的内容，看完一目了然了吧。考研数学备考：每个阶段，做该做的事儿基础阶段：9 月到次年 6 月使用资料：课本 4 本+张宇 带你学 4 本(根据具体考数一、数二还是数三，选配微积分、概率论)复习建议：a.数一用高数，数三用微积分，数二用高数不考概率论b.课本看知识点、做习题，遇到不熟的一定做记录，以便不留死角c.习题一般 1 个大题会有 8 个小题，此时只需做奇数题或偶数题就行，做习题后一定对照解析，如果错，请拍照记录打印。金字经验：这个阶段绝对是最重要的，熟悉知识，形成完整的知识点框架;练习习题，养成做题习惯：会则必对，形成做题的准群度。要保持恒心坚持，不怕慢只怕断!强化阶段：7 月到 8 月使用资料：张宇“36 讲”+1000 题(根据情况，其中“36 讲”例题、简单题，以及 1000 题的 A 组题目可以前移到基础阶段)复习建议：a.“36 讲”搭配张宇老师的课程，最能完成“听讲”的任务，以书配课，效果突出。b.如果因为各种原因没有完成基础阶段，不要浪费时间后悔，边做 36 讲、边看书，在实战中练习。但，不要只看辅导用书，忽略课本，这样不利于知识框架的建立，遇到一些难的综合题就没有解题思路了。c.这一阶段，重在练习做题技巧，最准最快解决问题。并且对上一阶段的知识框架进一步掌握。金字经验：这个阶段需要完成“听得懂课”“做得对题”，是一个吸收和释放的关键时期，建议报班，听老师讲解，很多同学还是习惯听老师讲课的，自己看书花费的时间会是听课的两三倍。扎实!数学要求严谨，要严格要求自己。提分阶段：9 月到 10 月使用资料：数学历年真题(建议：张宇老师的《真题大全解》)+ 张宇闭关修炼 180 题复习建议：a.在这两个月，查漏补缺，进行专题分析，多练题，练好题。b.真题大概要做 5 遍，练习做题，总结经验，归纳技巧，综合起来对考点针对性训练，真正有效地提高自身考研数学答题水平。金字经验：不要为了做题而做题，真正地认真地掌握真题每一个考点!不要和别人比，和自己比，只要每天进步一点点，你就能考上!考前阶段：11 月到 12 月使用资料： 张宇 8 套卷+4 套卷(难度有些大，如果这个时候做不下来，建议跟随老师)个人笔记(可以是专门的本本、可以是书页边的小标注)复习建议：a.你的数学成绩还有 10-25 分的提升空间，这一阶段主要总结之前所得，但记住一定要坚持动手做题，避免眼高手低，保持战斗力!金字经验：总结所得，信心饱满上战场。别奢求自己有多强，只要把会的题都做对，你已经成功了!考研数学参考书，不同阶段该看什么书？基础阶段：2019 年 6 月底前各科目课本 +《张宇带你学高等数学·同济七版(上册)》《张宇带你学高等数学·同济七版(下册)》《张宇带你学线性代数·同济六版》《张宇带你学概率论与数理统计·浙大四版》另：《张宇考研数学题源探析经典 1000 题》A 组、(附加)“36 讲”简单题及例题做完强化阶段：2019 年 7 月-8 月底“36 讲”+《张宇考研数学题源探析经典 1000 题》B 组“36 讲”包含：《考研张宇高等数学 18 讲》《考研张宇线性代数 9 讲》《考研张宇概率论与数理统计 9 讲》提分阶段：2019 年 9 月-10 月底《 张宇考研数学真题大全解》+《张宇考研数学题源探析经典 1000 题》C 组+《张宇考研数学闭关修炼 180 题》考前阶段：2019 年 11 月-12 月中下旬《 张宇考研数学命题人终极预测 8 套卷》+《张宇考研数学最后 4 套卷》考研是个人的事，很多事和他人都无关别人复习到哪儿了，不重要；重要的是自己的复习计划是否完成了。每一个考研人，都是在自己的车道上行驶，逐渐加快就能到达终点，不要顾虑左右的人们是否都走了同样的路我能不能考上研，永远不是个靠想就能解决的问题。问别人这个问题，就好比算命，多数老师只能告诉你可以。最终的结果，和你接下来的具体时间安排、学习内容有关。

大家好！我是向上好青年！众所周知，考研数学满分是150分，考试时间为180分钟。考研数学试卷从题型结构分为单选题、填空题、解答题。考研数学试卷从内容上包括高等数学、线性代数、概率论与数理统计。其中，高等数学在整个考研数学中具有举足轻重的作用。可以说高等数学是后期线代和概率学习的一个知识积淀。因此，同学们要十分重视高等数学的复习！注重基础基本概念、基本方法、基本性质一直是考研数学的重点，从多年的考研阅卷经验看，考生对数学基本概念掌握不够牢固，理解不够透彻。有些同学在考场上，不知道怎样下手，不知道该用哪个公式。所以，建议考生在数学复习中一定要重视基础知识，要复习所有的公式、定理、定义，多做一些基础题来帮助巩固基本知识。 高等数学中基本概念和性质较多，他们之间的联系也比较多。考生特别要根据高数考试的内容，找出所涉及到的概念与方法之间的联系与区别。注重真题考研历年真题是考研复习必不可少的重要资料，甚至可以毫不夸张地说真题是关系考研成败的关键要素，尤其到了9月份以后，数学复习主要以真题为主。首先考研真题是大家了解考研形势的重要途径。其次考研真题集结了出题老师的精华总结，包含了许多考试信息和讯号，在做真题的过程中，可以掌握出题人的思路以及答题的方式方法。最后真题也是检查考生复习情况的最佳衡量标准。注重归纳总结高等数学涉及的知识点比较多，有些知识点同学们理解起来也比较困难，如果只是一味的做题，容易导致思维混乱，不可能得高分。所以同学们在平时复习时，一定注重归纳总结。高数重点知识点比较多，要逐一击破！数学的复习需要稳扎稳打，掌握住每一个重难点。我是向上好青年，愿你在考研路上勇往直前！考研相关的问题可以私信、评论！

考研怎么准备资料？一、英语复习用书1. 单词类推荐的有：《考研词汇闪过》——【按考频划重点了，先背高频词，这样省时间，还有常考短语讲单词用法】2. 记单词软件推荐的有：扇贝；乐词；百词斩；【看个人情况选择，建议以单词书为主，APP为辅】3. 真题类推荐的有：英一《考研真相》 英二《考研圣经》【我比较推荐这两本真题书，里面解析贼详细，是那种每个句子都图解分析，对精翻文章很有帮助，还会教你排除干扰项的做题方法，找正确答案，你要是基础差，想提分的话，用这个很合适！】4. 作文类推荐的有：《写作160篇》，英一的【适合基础弱的，先补基础，再练话题查漏补缺】5.专项练习类的：【看个人需要，其实基本上把单词都弄懂就可以了】二、数学一、二、三复习用书1. 教材类推荐的有：【教材类的资料建议选好，尤其是跨专业的同学】高数教材：《高等数学》——同济版；线代教材：《线性代数》——同济版；概率教材：《概率论与数理统计》——浙大版；2. 复习全书类推荐的有：《数学复习全书》——李永乐；【复习全书和张宇系列都可以，大家可以根据自己的实际情况选】《高数18讲》——张宇；《线代9讲》——张宇；《概率9讲》——张宇；3. 真题、习题、模拟题类推荐的有：《数学历年真题解析》——李永乐；《真题大全解》——张宇；《题源探析经典1000题》——张宇；《数学基础过关660题》——李永乐；【基础性的推荐这一本】《接力题典1800题》——汤家凤；《终极预测最后八套卷》——张宇；【冲刺题张宇系列的比较好】《最后四套卷》——张宇；《绝对考场最后八套题》——汤家凤；《考前冲刺6套卷》——李林；【之前听说押题很准】以上资料可以根据自身实际情况选择！

考研数学： 试卷深度分析与注意事项哈喽，大家好，我是小编微笑，专注考研专题，暖心陪伴与贴心指导让您研途少走弯路，本篇是第24篇原创文章，在考研数学试卷结构分析与存在哪些注意事项进行浅要分析，希望对您有所帮助。考研数学对于大部分考生而言都是必学科目，也是往年考试后考生吐糟最多的科目，总结就是考试难难难，分数惨惨惨…… 数学是很多考生的软肋，成为考研复习中的一大难点，在考试中不同题型都很容易失分，如何有效去避免呢？还应该从考试试卷进行深度分析，下面微笑谈谈对考研数学试卷的理解。数学试卷结构分析考研数学：数一高等数学82分，线性代数34分，概率与统计34分数二高数116分，线性代数34分数三高数82分，线性代数34分，概率与统计34分。共包含三大种题型，单项选择题：8个小题，每小题4分，共32分。填空题：6个小题，每小题4分，共24分。解答题（包含证明题）：9道大题，共94分。满分均为150分，考试时间为180分钟。具体考察知识点可以参照考研大纲，对这些学科进行逐一分析。填空题该部分考察内容多为基本公式运算和基本概念，注重基本计算方式与技巧，出题形式并不难，对于考生需要有一定的运算准确率，读题需认真仔细。微笑建议平时刷题不要眼高手低，只看不算，详细写好每一步骤，整洁明了养成做题的好习惯，针对常考察填空题的知识点，可以利用历年真题多加练习。选择题该部分考察重点与填空题有所不同，主要考察容易混淆理论知识与解题技巧，部分题目具有一定的难度。在解题方式上也很灵活，如果按照常规方式去做，很容易将简单的题变的更加复杂化，对于数学科目而言，时间尤其珍贵。微笑建议在具备扎实理论知识基础上，除了一些客观题型运用常规解题方式外，掌握同一题型的不同解题方式，总结一些实用的解题技巧，对于选择题可以适当运用排除法，需要长时间刷题来培养。计算题该部分在试卷中占绝大部分分值，考察的是综合水平能力，往往一道题涉及很多知识点，每年有部分考生在前部分消耗太多时间，对于后面一些大题没有留有充足的时间，很容易使心里慌张，思路混乱，所以需要平时练习模拟题时严格计时，针对不同题型，合理分配时间。其次，还包涵一种题型就是证明题，一般这部分都是考试难点，但可以通过历年真题整理里面常考察的地方，在复习的时候注意知识点难点的规律和灵活运用使用方法。小编：微笑(喜欢记得关注哦文章为小编原创，转载请注明出处

就总体难度而言，2019年考研数学一试题与2018年相比，难度相差无几。这与近年来的考研趋势是非常契合的，随着考研人数的增加，试题的难度也在增加，这也体现了考研是选拔性考试的特点，不过从2013年开始试题的难度整体是比较平稳的。另外，2019年的考研数学一高数部分试题体现了考研数学的一贯特点：重基础，综合性强，计算量大。首先，考题重在考查学生对基本概念的理解和运用数学的基本方法来解决基本问题的能力。其实从1990年到2019年以来，重基础这个出题的侧重点从未改变过。与此同时，近几年试题中不断凸显的综合性和灵活性增加了考试的难度，要求考生注重对方法的总结和能力的培养，从而做到活学活用。最后，计算量大的特点要求考生要多做题，只有量的积累才能把计算能力提升上来，在考场上不仅做到会，而且要快，这样才能考取理想的分数。考研是一场持久战，要把握好复习的节奏，尤其是对考研数学的复习，制定好复习计划，进而保证高数复习的效率。因此，中公考研制定了比较科学的梯度学习法，把考研数学全年的复习计划划分为四个阶段，即基础阶段(6月份之前)、强化阶段(7-9月份)、提高阶段(10-11月份)以及冲刺模考阶段(12月份)。以上四个阶段循序渐进，每个阶段都有对应的学习任务和目标，一步一个脚印，稳扎稳打。考生在复习中，最重要也是最容易忽视的就是基础阶段，只有打好基础，具备扎实的基本功，这是最关键的一个环节，这与考查目标—重基础是非常契合的。在此基础上，通过适量的练习做到灵活运用，最后才能够转化为考场上的得分能力。最后，中公考研祝各位考生取得优异的成绩，考取理想的学校!

文｜冷丝栏目｜丝说考研2017年的全国研究生入学考试初试，公共科目高等数学试卷中，很多所谓考研备考专家专家对一道很重要的试题解答出现错误，这也导致很多备考生跟着出错。冷丝今天想说的话题是：考研试卷除了政治和英语公共课，官方公布标准答案，其他试卷有参考答案，但均未通过官方渠道进行公布。因此，无论是文科还是理科，考研一族备考时需要找准找对资料，千万不要因此而出大的差错。研究生入学考试考场冷丝在这里友情提醒，我接下来的解释涉及很多专业性问题，很多读者可能看不懂，这个不要紧，本文主要是通过展现一些错误，让你理解：一些考试中的典型错误为什么经常出现，源于部分教材存在瑕疵，部分教师的专业素养或多或少有问题，而备考生需要瞪大眼睛辨别，敢于质疑，不要迷信，并且要学会辨别一些辅导机构、辅导教材是否权威。网上流传的错误答案被当成权威解答，典型错误具有代表性。2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试《数学（一）》试题，第18题的解答，很多网站上流传的解答是错误的，据专家介绍，这种错误是高等数学教师在课堂上经常遇到的问题，也是学生经常出错的难题。原题是这样的：而网上广为流传的错误答案是这样的：从上面的解答可以看到函数F(x)需要存在3个不同的零点，而上面解答中得到了3个零点分别是0，ξ和ξ1，忽略了ξ和ξ1可能是同一个点，这样的证明是错误的。课堂教学中存在的类似问题，柯西中值定理的证明，比如，同济版本《高等数学》（第六版）中的柯西中值定理结论如下，在(a，b)内，至少有一点ξ，这样的等式才会成立：很多学生在使用这个教材是会问，能否在等式左侧的分子与分母中分别用拉格朗日中值定理？显然不行，这是为什么呢？因为，学生犯了拉格朗日中值定理中的不一定是同一个值的错误。即使是同一个值也要给出严格证明，ξ只是在(a，b)内的一个点，而在(a，b)内存在数不尽的不可数的点。同济办教材《高等数学》（第六版）习题中的习题，许多学生在用罗尔中值定理证明f’=0也是错误的。那么，这道入学考试真题的正确答案是怎样的呢？因为f(x)在[0,1]上二阶可导，所以，f(x)在[0,1]上是连续的，因此，可以这么解答：这个答案应该是很详细了，一看就明白。还有一个问题，很多学生为什么会出错呢？怎样避免错误。除了部分教材存在瑕疵之外，最重要的问题是，高等数学的学习内容不连贯，存在知识盲点。许多高校在安排学生学习同济版本《高等数学》（第六版）等教材时，没有让学生事先学习“实变函数”中实数论的相关内容，这样导致学习内容的脱节。比如，实数具有有序性——就是任何两个或多个实数之间一定可以比较大小。所以，在同一个问题中出现两个或多个实数时要有明确的大小顺序关系，学生要掌握有序性。天津市考点再如，有理数与无理数的关系是稠密的——任何一个有理点的任何小的邻域内都有不可数个无理点，反之，任何一个无理点的任何小的邻域内会有无数、但可数个有理点，即我们所说的"稠密性"。当然，还涉及有其他一些高等数学知识，你如果没有学，在考研中遇到这样的问题，肯定会出错。这些基础知识，学生没有学习，在遇到实数间的比较，区间中有理点与无理点个数的多少和它们之间的关系时，出错就是一件很正常的事情了。特别需要提出的是，部分年轻教师由于缺乏上述的基础知识，特别是对狄利克雷函数本质的理解等等，那么，他们在教学生时，就会让学生跟着他一起出错。研究生入学考试现场确认冷丝最后还想说，教师的任务责任重大，自己的一个小错或者知识盲点会导致无数个学生跟着出错。同时，无论是哪一个阶段的教材编写，也无论是什么课程，编写者要精益求精，出现错误要及时更正，否则，很多人也会跟着教材出错。（感谢：本文参考了张德存教授的观点）。多选|你觉得考研难度如何？竞争激烈，难度大试题难度大，复习辛苦考试内容多，复习难度大复习时间长，难以坚持打开百度APP进行投票