mpa研究方向

在申请留学之前，我们需要对该专业有一个较为系统性的认知。南加大公共政策学院的副院长Carol Rush、南加大公共政策学院公民及民主价值领域教授、MPA项目主任Terry Cooper，南加大公共政策学院可持续城市发展中心新项目主任Daniel Mazmanian和南加大公共政策学院MPP研二学生Xue Hanyu为大家详细解读了MPA和MPP这两个专业的具体学习方向的异同，并对学生如何进行选择做出了指导。对于不清楚应该选择哪个专业的学生来讲，建议他们最好在本科毕业以后先工作，或者做实习生，积累一些经验，然后再进行选择。南加大公共政策学院的专业课程与职业取向紧密衔接，如果说花了两年的时间和巨额的经费读了一个他们都不确定是否真的喜欢的专业，这对学生自身是很不公平的。下面就随智课选校帝来了解一下吧。访谈实录：Carol: With us today are two of our esteemed faculty members, Professor Terry Cooper, who is the director of our Master of Public Administration Program, and Professor Daniel Mazmanian, who is a member of the faculty and teacher of the Master of Public Policy Program. He also happens to be the Chair of the Faculty Council this year.今天，我们有幸邀请到Cooper教授和Mazmanian教授。Cooper教授是MPA项目的负责人，Mazmanian教授是MPP项目的任课教授，也是今年教工协会的主席。Zhang: It is a great honor to meet and talk with them here.非常荣幸有机会跟大家见面和交谈。Carol: One of the questions that comes up a lot when I am in China is whether there is a difference between the MPA and MPP. And I am hopeful that you two can help answer that question today.我在中国的时候，被问得最多的问题就是MPA和MPP是否有区别，我希望二位教授今天可以帮助回答这个问题。Cooper: Well, I think the difference is that the MPA focuses on management of organizations. So we are preparing people to manage organizations in the public sector. But we also understand that includes the non-profit sector. I always think the non-profit sector is as important as public sector. So the difference then is that the policy program, as I understand it, is preparing people to do analysis of policies using econometric models and other analytical models to make policy recommendations, and to understand the politics of policy process. There is an overlap because managers of organizations, especially at higher levels, are in some sense, involved in making policies because they are implementers of policies. I have heard at least one of my policy colleagues here say over and over again that policy is implementation. Dan, you literally wrote the book on that..MPA关注的是管理和组织，所以我们注重培养管理公共机构组织的人才。其实我们也明白，这里面也包含了非营利性的机构。我总是认为非营利性机构和公共部门一样重要。在我看来，区别在于MPP的培养目标的是用计量经济模型和其他的分析模型来做政策分析，为政策制定提供建议，了解政策制定的过程。当然，二者也有交叉的部分，因为机构的管理者，尤其是高层，在某种意义上都会涉及到政策的制定，因为他们是政策的执行者。至少有一个做政策的同事不停地跟我说，政策的关键是执行。是的，丹尼尔?马兹马莲教授不还写了本书。Mazmanian: It is important for policy analysts to understand how public agencies are organized and operated. Likewise, it is important for public managers to understand the many political, economic, and contextual factors that affect their ability to implement policy. That does not mean that analysts and managers have the same skill sets, but they need to understand one another. Moreover, our students may find themselves flowing back and forth between the two roles throughout their career. Therefore, it is valuable for them be exposed to both. A distinct advantage of the Price School is that we have both policy analysis and public management degree programs and, as part of their electives, students in one can take classes in the other.作为一个政策分析师，了解公共机构如何组织和运营是很重要的。同理地，公共管理者了解影响政策执行效力的很多政治、经济和社会因素也是很重要的。这并不意味这两者需要掌握同样的技能。但是他们需要对另外一个领域进行了解，我们的学生并非完全一味地从事自己的专长，它们也会向另一个方向发展。因此，学生两方面的课程都应该参加。南加大公共政策学院的一个特殊优势就是同时开设了MPA和MPP项目，这两个专业的学生都可以互相选择对方的课程作为选修课。Cooper: Yes, I have both MPP and MPA students currently in my Civic Engagement in Governance Class. That reflects the history of the fields. The old notion back in the early 20th century was that public administrators are simply implementers, that the policymakers there, and elected officials manage and make the policy and hand it over up to the implementers. That's wrong. I think it is reflected in the fact that we are the Price School of Public Policy. At one time, we would be uncomfortable with that—I would be uncomfortable with that. But now we understand that there is this overlap that is unavoidable both in our curriculum and in the kinds of careers our students pursue.是的，在我的《公民参与治理》的课堂上，MPA和MPP的学生都有。在20世纪初的时候，公共管理者只是简单地执行政策，而政策制定者和公选官员制定政策，交给下面的人去执行。那是不对的，这也是我们为何叫做公共政策学院。这种叫法一度让我们感到别扭。但是我们现在理解这种MPA和MPP项目的交叉在我们的课程和在职业中都是不可避免的。Mazmanian: Right. So if you are looking for a fixed hard line, it doesn't exist. And students understand that.同意，所以如果你要找到一条固定的分界线，它是不存在的。并且学生也理解。Xue: Yeah.是的。Carol: To add to that, though, is that within the MPP, you can pursue a certificate in public management. And within the MPA, you can pursue a certificate in public policy. And this does not require a lot of extra courses. When you graate, you will get your diploma that says Master of Public Administration and a certificate that says Certificate in Public Policy; vice versa. So you can really do both here.补充一点，学习公共政策，你可以获得一个公共管理的证书，而学习公共管理，你也可以获得一个公共政策的证书，这并不需要修一些额外的课程。也就是说，当你毕业的时候，你会被授予公共管理硕士和一个公共政策的证书，反之亦然。所以在这里你可以学习两方面的课程。Zhang: Yeah…OK.是的，对。Cooper: Unlike many other schools.跟其他很多学校不一样Mazmanian: Also, we are developing a new certificate in sustainability policy and planning and students from either group (MPA or MPP) or from other programs of the School and other academic programs at the University will be able to enroll in the certificate.不止这些，我们学院最近推出了一个新的文凭课程，可持续政策和规划，MPA或MPP或者南加州其他学院的学生都可以来修。Zhang: OK. So there are many students, especially at the Price undergraates. They maybe do not have clear career goals about what they want to get. So what's your suggestion for such kind of people? Which program, maybe, is better for them?有很多学生，尤其是本科生，他们自己可能对未来没有特别明确的目标，您对这样的同学有什么建议?或者说，哪个项目更适合?Cooper: May I ask for a clarification? Are you referring to students who graate with an undergraate degree?确认一下，你说的是本科毕业生?Zhang: I mean…我的意思是….Cooper: Or typical students who might want to apply?还是那些想申请这个项目的学生?Zhang: Yeah, Yeah…But they have no clear career goals. They have little work experience.是的，但是他们没有明确的职业目标，只有很少的工作经验Cooper: I would say that they are better off if after they've graated they possibly take a job or work as an intern, or have some experiences, because it might be unfair for them to spend two years and an enormous amount of money not knowing whether they are interested in the careers offered here—because a professional degree is about a career.我觉得他们最好在毕业以后先工作，或者做实习生，积累一些经验，因为我们学院的专业课程与职业取向紧密衔接，如果说花了两年的时间和巨额的经费读了一个他们都不确定是否真的喜欢的专业，这对他们自己是很不公平的。Zhang: I see.明白Mazmanian: We have had students who enroll in one or other of our professional degree programs expecting it to be their career who change their mind. The best way to avoid this from happening is for student to have some experience in their chosen field before seeking out a professional degree, from the Price School or anywhere else.我们有过这样的学生，他们来的时候觉得所学的就是他们未来的职业，但是之后又改变了想法。避免这种情况发生的最好的方式是在确认一个专业之前，先在选定的领域里获得一些经验，这些经验可以来自于我们学院或者其他地方。Cooper: That's my general advice to any undergraates. Don't go directly through the academic pipeline, especially if you are thinking of a professional school. Work for a while. Get a sense of what the work is like.我对本科生的建议就是，在你选择一个以职业导向的研究生院之前，先去工作一段时间，先去了解这个工作是怎么回事。Xue: Yeah, that makes sense.有道理Mazmanian: For young people coming out of college, it's hard to know what their career is going to be.对于大学刚毕业的年轻人，很难知道职业发展是怎么回事。Zhang: Yeah, I see.是的Zhang: This is really a valuable suggestion for so many students. But there are some differences in China. Especially, you see, nowadays, for Chinese students and their parents, they think, the best choice for them to go to a graate school is just after their graation. So for this kind of people, they may think, Price School is good, is fit for them. But they just want to make clear which program for them to choose.你们的建议对于大部分学生而言真的很宝贵，但在中国情况有些不太一样。在中国现如今很多家长和学生都觉得本科毕业就应该立刻读研究生。对于这样的学生，他们希望毕业以后就能加入南加州公共政策学院，他们的问题只是究竟选择哪一个项目呢。Mazmanian: I understand. And it is not uncommon for many parents in the United States to think in the same way. But you asked us what advice we have. You did not ask how we dealt with the reality of pressures from parents, or peers, or self-imposed, to move directly from college to professional training.我理解，在美国有很多家长也是这样认为的。但你之前问的是我们的建议，而不是我们应该如何处理这种来自家长，同龄人和自己对于需要立马升学的压力。Zhang: Yeah, yeah…是的Carol: Sometimes, when I am talking to students, they know they like the field. But they don't know which way to go. Sometimes, what works for them is to think about, “are you one who wants to work with other people? Are you one who likes being in charge of a project, or are you one who engages in the community. Sometimes, that profile is a better profile for an MPA student. And, that is not always the case. But sometimes…Then there are other students who like to solve problems. I ask them “Do you like to figure out a better way to do things? Do you like solving problems? Do you like statistical analysis?”Sometimes those students are a better profile for the MPP program. It is not always the case. But oftentimes, people who often are interested in finding new ways of doing things and new solutions to problems, regardless of whether or not they like leading people, might be a better fit for our MPP. And those who like to pull together indivials or volunteers and organize them to complete a project might be a better fit for our MPA.有时候我会遇到一些学生，他们确实喜欢这个专业，但他们还是不知道应该选择MPA还是MPP。我的建议是思考一下“你喜欢跟人打交道吗?你喜欢作为一个项目的负责人吗?你是热衷于社区的人吗”，往往这样的学生会更适合读MPA，但也并不是绝对的。另外一些学生喜欢解决问题。我问他们“你喜欢去找到做事更优的途径吗?你喜欢解决问题吗?你喜欢做统计分析吗?”这样的学生往往更适合读MPP。总的来说，喜欢寻求新的方式来办事，解决问题的，比较适合MPP，而喜欢把别人聚集在一起，组织大家去完成一个项目的，比较适合MPA。Mazmanian: If I just can follow up that a little bit, Carol, with respect to the quantitative expectations of our students: they are somewhat higher in the policy program than in public management. What often strikes me is that students who come with extensive quantitative skills assume that quantitative analysis is going to provide clearer answers to how to improve policy. This is not always the case and we devote a lot of time disabusing them of this assumption. Quantitative analysis is only one part of evaluation.我补充一点点，Carol,关于我们对学生量化技能背景的预期：MPP要求量化技能背景要高一点。常令我惊讶的是，一些有丰富的量化分析背景的学生会认为量化分析在如何制定政策中总是可以提供一个更清晰的答案。我们花了很多时间来矫正他们这种观点，量化分析只是评估的一个部分。Cooper: Carol, here is a question for you that just does not apply to me. Do we have students come in and change, switch among these degree programs?Carol, 这个问题需要你回答，我们有学生入专业后在这MPA和MPP两个之间换专业吗?Carol: Yes, each year we see two or three who switch from one program to another. It's hard to do if they spend more than one semester. Students can apply to both programs and can be admitted to both programs. They don't need to necessarily declare which one they’re going to do when they first start. So it might be that in their first semester, they would take the introctory course in the MPA program and the introctory course in the MPP program and then maybe the courses in economics because they apply to both programs. By their second semester, they need to make up their minds. Otherwise, they may end up needing to take more courses than they had planned.是的，每年都有两道三个学生从一个专业转到另一个专业。已经读了一个学期之后，再换专业是非常困难的。学生可以同时申请这个两个专业，也可以同时学习。最开始他们不需要明确要读哪一个专业。在第一学期，他们可以修MPA和MPP的基础课程或者经济类的课程，因为他们同时申了两个专业。到第二个学期，他们就要做一决定了，否则他们在毕业前需要修比计划中更多的课程。Cooper: I thought that might be the case. One of the courses I teach is intended to be one of the first courses in the MPA, PPD 540. I see people in that course who say that they are not quite sure which way they are going. They are still trying to sort that out. What is clear to me is that it is not easy to change after one semester.我觉得是这样的。我任教的其中一门课是MPP的基础课- PPD 540，修这门课的一些学生说他们对于朝哪个方向发展并不确定，他们还在努力去分辨。在我看来，一个学期之后再换专业是很难的。Carol: And the other thing, too, the longer it takes a student to decide, then the less choice they have in selecting electives, since the electives and core in the other program apply as electives.还有一件事，一个学生做决定花的时间越长，那么他在选修课上的选择机会就越少，因为另一个专业中的必修课和选修课都会成为他的选修课。Cooper: So what other questions do you have?还有什么问题呢?Zhang: Yeah…So I have a question about the transfer…Do you accept students, you see, transfer from other schools, when they…有，关于转学我有一个问题。你们接受其他学校转来的学生吗?Carol: Not usually, because students can bring in only 8 units from the other schools or other programs. And most students who have completed a semester, they have 12 or 16 units. If they’ve completed a year, they’ve completed 24 or 30 units. Those units are not going to transfer to our program. So we typically do not accept transfer units. Zhang: OK…So it doesn’t matter about the admission, just the matter about the time and the money for them to study.一般不会，因为学生只能从其他学校或其他专业带8个学分过来。一般的学生完成一个学期之后，他们会完成12到16个学分，一年的话就是24到30个学分。这些学分不可能都转到我们的专业来，所以我们通常不会接受转学分。张：哦，所以并不关系到录取，只是会浪费一些学习的时间和金钱。Carol + Professors: Yes…Right.对的Cooper: We are reluctant to let them come in. If they have invested a year in school and a lot of money, it becomes very expensive for them as we will only accept a few of their credits from the other school.我们不倾向于让他们转过来，如果他们已经在自己的学校投入了一年的时间和很多的学费，而来我们这里我们只接受他们学校的少部分学分，这对他们来说是非常昂贵的。Zhang: OK…I see. So, do you have any question? (To Xue)好的，我懂了，薛，你还有问题吗?Xue: Yeah…I have an interesting question. Carol and I just talked about something about the bright parts of our Sol Price School of Public Policy. So I want to know what is the part you enjoy most as a super talent here like Carol and you both, the most part that can attract you to teach here in Sol Price School of Public Policy. Why?我有一个很有趣的问题。Carol和我刚刚在讨论我们学院的一些优势，所以我想问问各位大牛教授，Price Scool的哪些方面最吸引各位来此任教?为什么?Cooper: I was attracted to public administration a long time ago, 37 years ago. 1975 was my first faculty appointment. I think, one of the things that is attractive to me is that the practical side of the field is engaged with government, is held together with the academic, scholarly, theoretical dimensions. And there is a lot of flexibility. So people coming into this field can go in a lot of different directions. Along the way, the schools of planning emerged from schools of public administration. And ultimately we became the Price School. So even at my age, I don’t even want to leave it, because there is such an incredibly rich diversity of perspectives here. I can find someone to collaborate with on almost anything that interests me.你知道，我从事公共管理已经37年了，从1975年开始教学。我认为，这个领域最吸引我的是从事于政府的实践性，以及学术，理论的层面。非常的灵活，进入这个领域的人，未来可以有很多发展方向。同时，规划学院从公共管理学院分离，最终变成了我们的Price学院。因此，即便是我这个年纪，我也不想离开它，因为这里的发展还会更加多元化。我几乎在任何我感兴趣的领域都可以找到合作伙伴。Xue: Right.对的Cooper: And the students now are a lot better prepared and highly motivated than students 37 years ago. So it is an exciting place to be.还有，相对于37年以前，现在的学生都更加优秀，更加上进。所以这是一个振奋人心的地方。Xue: I agree with you.我很赞同你的观点。Mazmanian: I want to begin where Terry left off, which is that students energize me. I learn from them. The sharper the students, the more engaged, the more involved they are, the more fascinating the questions they bring up. So I really think we are learning together. And as long as I keep learning, why would I do something else? Moreover, for those of us interested in public policy， Los Angeles, California, and the United States are wonderful laboratories for our research and inquiry.我想接着Terry(Cooper)刚才的话题说，其实是学生在不断激励着我。我从学生身上学到了很多,越是尖锐的学生，他们越是投入，这样他们越可以提出一些非常非常有意思的问题。所以，我真的认为我们是在一起学习。只要我坚持学习，我还可以做一些其他的事情。而且对于我们感兴趣的公共政策，洛杉矶，加州和美国是研究和调查的好地方。Zhang: So professors, what do you think is the strongest part of the School compared with similar schools? You see, especially for Chinese students.教授们，相比于其他同类学院，你认为我们这个学院最大的优势是什么? 尤其对于中国学生来说。Mazmanian: We are superb in everything. Isn’t that the right answer? Actually, I think there are several attributes of the School that are important. First is that we are highly ranked today and moving up in the national rankings of public affairs schools. And, we are an exciting place to be in terms of the breadth of programs and courses. Second, this is the most complex and diverse city in the United States in terms of its people and the challenges we face and subjects we study. Third, we face the Pacific Rim and attract an array of students from other Pacific Rim countries who come here to meet one another. It is all of these factors combined that makes the Price School attractive.我们在各个方面都是一流的，难道不是吗?事实上，我认为我们学院有几个特性：第一，我们是排名靠前，并且在这个方面我们的全国排名还在上升。同时我们在专业和课程的设置上是很广的。第二，在人口，面对的挑战和研究课题上，我们这个城市是最复杂多样化的。第三，我们面对太平洋沿岸地区，所以吸引了大批的太平洋沿岸国家的学生到这里遇见彼此。所有这些因素决定了我们学院的吸引力。Cooper: We had a job talk by a candidate yesterday. And one of the students in the room asked her, “Why would you be interested in leaving MIT and coming here?”That’s a good question to ask. And her answer, I think, was reflective of what Dan was just talking about. She said, “Oh, because this Price School is an exciting place. A lot of people are looking at what you’re doing and they are interested in what you’re doing.”She described this place as opening and creating and becoming something new and different. She said, “Why wouldn’t I be a part of that?” Her field was spatial analysis. She said, “This is one of the places to do spatial analysis for the reasons you have talked about.” And she said, “By the way, when I stepped out and saw that blue sky today, after having left MIT,” why wouldn’t I be here for that, too?”昨天，我们这里有一个应聘者的求职演讲，房间里面的一个学生问她，“你为什么愿意从MIT跳槽过来?”这是一个非常好的问题，我觉得她的回答印证了刚才Dan(Mazmanian)所说的。她说，“因为南加州政策学院是个让人兴奋的地方，很多人都会关注并且感兴趣你在做的东西。”她说 “我为什么不去这样的地方呢?” 她是做空间分析的，她说“你们所提到的那几个原因说明这里是做空间分析最好的地方。”她还说，“对了，今天当我离开MIT走出来的时候，看到蓝色的天空，我就想我为什么不离开MIT，加入这里呢?”Mazmanian: Meanwhile, while Professor Cooper was at the candidate talk I was on a panel on Carbon Taxes V.S. Carbon Emissions Trading Strategies that we held here at the school. And half of the audience was my students and many of them are from Asia. They are concerned about climate change, about air pollution. And you know what...both of these activities were going on at the same time. The point is, there are several opportunities every day for learning outside the classroom.同时，当Cooper 教授参加求职演讲时，我正在参加我们在学院进行的关于碳税收和谈排放交易策略的小组讨论。有一半的听众是我的学生，很多学生是来自亚洲的。他们关注气候变化和环境污染。主要是在这里每一天你都有课堂外的很多学习机会。Cooper: Two things going on at the same time were both interesting. You could have a free lunch here almost every day. That’s not the really the important part. The important part is those lunches take place in symposiums, seminars going on almost every day, and sometimes two at the same time.两件事情同时进行非常的有趣。你基本每天都有免费的午餐可以吃。午餐并不重要，重要的是我们这里几乎每天都有各自各样的研讨会，讲座，有时候一天同时有两场。Carol: And students are invited.学生都会被邀请参加。Cooper: Students were invited to those two things. After I leave here, I am going to one over in the Social science building on democracy. It is just an incredible smorgasbord of intellectual activity that goes on beyond the classroom.学生都会被邀请参加这些活动。一会儿我离开这里之后，我会去社会科学楼参加一个关于民主的讨论。这是一个难以置信的课堂外的学术活动聚餐。Zhang: OK. A question about the ranking! You see, speaking of the question of ranking, many Chinese students and especially parents take on ranking as the dominant, and even the only factor when they choose the school? So what’s your suggestion about this familiar phenomenon?好的，关于排名的一个问题。说到排名，在选择学校的时候，很多中国学生，尤其是父母，会把排名作为选择学校的一个主要甚至是唯一的因素，对于这种现象，你们有什么建议呢?Mazmanian: I would say it’s very natural. The further you are from a university, the more you look for indicators of what it represents. And I’m not about to say there aren’t other schools that are good. Each has its virtues. This links to your earlier question—how about students who don’t know what they want to do. My comment was that they need to have some work experience. I would say in response to both parents and their children, they need to think hard about what they want from a graate ecation. Assuming they have been admitted to a top ten school, what kind of choices do they want to make? So, you are asking the perennial question of “how do you choose base on something other than one indicator”. It is difficult.我觉得这很正常，你从一个越远的地方来，你就越依赖于这些数据和符号。我并没有否定有其他比我们排名高的学校，确实是有的。他们也不普通，有各自的特色，所以，又回到了你之前的问题---对于那些并不了解他们想要的是什么的学生。我的观点还是先积累一些工作经验。对于家长和他们的孩子，都应该努力思考他们想要从研究生教育中获得什么。假定他们被前十的学校录取了，他们应该做什么样的选择?所以你问的是老生常谈的问题“如何做这个选择?而不是仅仅就看排名这个指数”。这是很难的。Cooper: That’s why we have Carol out recruiting and talking about the School to help people understand more about the School than the ranking. Those rankings, those rankings...have a lot to do with things that are really immeasurable, impressionistic, reputational impressions, and have little to do with actual substance of the Schools. So we may rank No. 6. But if you look at the kind of school we are, there is none like us. So we rank No. 1..这也是为什么Carol会去校外做招生宣传，就是为了让更多的人了解我们的学校，而不是仅仅看排名。这些排名往往带有很多不可衡量的，印象性的成分，反而跟学校的本质没有特别大的关系。所以，我们可能排第六，但如果你真的去看看我们是什么样的学校，我们是独一无二的，所以，也可以说我们排第一。Mazmanian: As a parent, I went through this also, in helping my own child figuring out where pursue her ecation. So I understand it is the universal problem. That’s why you are here, to see for yourself and report this out to students and parents back in China.作为一个家长，在帮我的孩子决定去哪个学校的时候，我同样经历的这个过程。所以我明白，这是一个大家都面临的问题。这也是你来这里的原因，你亲自来看，然后把这些带回中国，讲给那些学生和家长。Xue: I totally agree with you. I mean, they should try to use all of the resources they have and from different perspectives, maybe from the student, the faculty. And maybe if they had the chances, they can even visit our School. They can experience that. Like I give up Cornell, and come straight here because of course I love the sunshine here, I love the coast here, I love...it’s just like a live laboratory for me to learn. And all those faculty and the friends here...yeah…so I totally agree with you.我完成同意您的观点。他们应该从不同角度，利用他们所有可以利用的资源，听听来自学生、教职员工等的不同观点，可能如果有机会，也可以来学校参观一下，自己来亲自体验。我自己就是放弃了康奈尔大学而毫不犹豫地选择了南加州大学，阳光、沙滩是一个原因，更重要的是这里就是充满变化的的实验室，有学不完的东西。还有这里的老师和朋友，因此我完全赞同你的观点。Zhang: OK...the last question. We have talked about many attracting points about Sol Price School of Public Policy. Is there any point that may be disappointing or something like that, especially for Chinese students who should pay attention to?好的，最后一个问题，我们谈了很多南加州公共政策学院吸引人的地方，这里有大家觉得不太好的地方吗?尤其中国学生应该关注的。Mazmanian: You need to ask our Chinese students that question. I can tell you what some of have shared. It can be difficult getting accustomed to a new place, a different culture, and making new friends, and they miss their family. Also, they feel at a disadvantage when we talk about the policy process in Los Angeles, or California, or the United States. But you know they bring important perspectives to the class. They are able to say, “Where I am from, it doesn’t work this way.” And I ask them to “Help us understand how things do work in China. .”I would add also that the concerns of our Chinese students are not unique. They are the same with virtually all of our many non-native American students.你应该去问我们的中国学生。我可以告诉你的是一些分享过的。需要习惯一个新的地方，新的文化，交新的朋友，想家等都是很困难的。当我们讨论洛杉矶、加州或者美国的政策的时候，他们可能会觉得自己比较弱势，因为他们直观上不熟悉。但是他们会给课堂带来重要的视角。他们会说，这跟我们在中国的情况不一样。我就会问，在中国是怎么样的呢?我想说这不仅仅是中国学生面临的问题，几乎所有外来的学生都如此。Cooper: But because of our diversity, they would find some other Chinese students, or some other Korean students, or some other students from wherever, that they can associate with to have some sense of commonality while they are getting used to the differences here.但是因为我们的多样化，他们会遇到很多其他的中国学生，韩国学生，或者逼得国家的学生。当他们在适应我们这的不同时，他们会一起找到一些共性。Carol: One of the things we have done on the career service area to help the students from China is that we have been cultivating relationships with some of the Chinese non-profit organizations in the Los Angeles area for the Chinese students for their first either internship, or professional development opportunities to be able to do with someone who is familiar with the Chinese culture and speaks Mandarin. And this year, we’ve brought three of the non-profit organizations to our international students’ orientation. And they’ve provided some internship for students. They are serving as mentors to students to solve their first step into Los Angeles. We are trying to do more on that because we realize that moving to another country or a place where you understand English, probably you don’t understand our accent as well, and certainly our slang. It’s just one way of learning our culture better than the other.我们有为中国学生的就业提供一些专门的服务。我们曾经特意跟一些加州的中国非盈利组织建立关系，为的就是我们的中国学生可以和熟悉的中国文化说汉语的人一起共事，开始他们的第一份实习或者工作。今年，有三个非营利性机构加入了我们国际学生的入学适应培训。他们也给我们的学生提供实习机会，帮助他们在最初的阶段融入洛杉矶的生活，我们正在努力做更多类似的事情，因为我们知道学生从另外一个国家来面临的问题，他们确实懂英语，但是他们可能不懂我们的口音和俚语。这就是学习我们文化的一种方法。Zhang: One more question. Your answer reminds me of many important items. At the same time that you have provided very complete help for Chinese students, do you have some offers to Chinese professors? For example, do you accept visiting scholars from China? Is there any collaboration, or cooperation with Chinese professor or Chinese universities?再问一个问题。你的回答让我想起了一些很重要的事情。你们在为中国学生提供完善服务的同时，你们有给中国的教授提供同样的机会吗?比如说，你们是否接收来自中国的访问学者?你们跟中国的大学或者教授之间是否有什么合作?Cooper: Well, there are...there are some...I collaborate with people in China such as Prof. Chen Youhong, at Renmin University of China, and others in Shanghai. We have not accepted visiting scholars unless they are directly involved in our research. So we have many requests to come here and be a visiting scholar. However, unless they are doing something directly involved in our research, we don’t accept them. That is the general policy of the university.是有一些的。我跟中国人民大学的陈于洪教授和上海的一些教授都有合作。我们一般不接收交流访问学者，除非他们会直接参与到我们的研究。我收到了很多来这里做访问学者的请求，但如果他们做的东西跟我的研究不是直接相关的话，我们是不会接收的，这也是我们大学的要求。Zhang: Thank you...谢谢以上是智课选校帝为你整理的出国留学干货，希望对你有帮助。如果你想要了解更多资讯，欢迎关注智课选校帝。