往年研究生真题

考研高分必备的“制胜法宝”，小编教你找到学校的往年真题考研的专业课的考察方式分为统考和自主命题两种。对于统考的考生来说，获得历年真题乃至真题的详细解析或者大量的模拟题和配套练习都不是什么难事。但每个院校自主命题的情况就不同了，每年的真题可能就是许多同学唯一的也是最可靠的复习资料。偏偏有许多刚刚准备考研的同学甚至不到如何找到往年的真题，今天小编就为大家介绍一下如何才能找到这些考研路上的”制胜法宝！”1.想要找到专业课的第一条也是最方便最可靠的路子，就是学校官方的研究生院的招生网站尽管数量不多，但是目前还是一些学校会在网络上发布自己学院部系的专业课真题的，从这种渠道获得的真题无疑是绝对保险的，因此小编首先推荐大家去学院的官网看一看。找到相应的页面后，在里面查看是否有试题下载的链接或者是资料链接。很多学校的网站功能都不健全，需要考生自己一页页翻看，但是这对于有志于升学的同学们来说又算得了什么呢？2.第二个途径也是和学校官方相关的，那就是联系学校负责研究生招生的办公室，简称研招办如果在官方网站上一无所获的话，别急，你至少能在上面找到研招办的电话。事情到了这一步，也就只能用电话问一下研招办的行政老师啦。一般在工作日的工作时间内打电话都是会有人接听的，你只需要说明自己的来意即可。如果研招办出售往年专业课的真题，那也是没有问题的。你可以询问是否能够邮寄，如果能不能邮寄，就拜托当地的同学朋友或者亲戚代替你去学校跑一趟。这里要注意一点，学院卖试题在大多数情况下都不是官方的行为，可能是老师们赚点外快的方式，所以在购买时一定要低调。否则你拿不到真题不说，以后的同学可能也没办法通过这种手段拿到真题了。3.如果以上两种方法都不能达到目的的话，就要发动你的聪明才智，通过各种方式寻找真题如果自己找的话，就必须依靠互联网了，并且一定要注意资料的可靠性！首先还是要善用搜索引擎，万一就找到了呢？当然这种情况的可能性不太大，所以一般还是推荐同学们多去各种考研论坛或者学校内部的BBS去寻找，里面资料都是比较庞杂的，很可能就有你需要的真题。嫌麻烦的同学也可以直接到某些专门卖考研资料的网站或者电商网站购买，直接买的话一定要向卖家问清楚是扫描的原版试卷还是某些考生凭着自己记忆口述的版本，如果是后者那其实是没有必要搞的。这个也可以根据文件格式来判断，一般以bmp/jpg/pdf格式做后缀的文件都是扫描的真题，可以放心。当然，也不排除真的有个别学校，真题不会在官方网站上挂出来也没有销售。没有那么多人去报考，自然不会人去整理他们往年专业课的真题了，不过这样的话也不必太着急。和你有同样报考意愿的人也找不到真题，总还是公平的。最后，按惯例，小编还是要祝愿每个看到这篇和没看到这篇文章的考研学子运气爆棚，顺利录取！

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考研数学真题讲解：每日一练204天一、题目2013年考研数学真题：二重积分二、解析题目1解析题目2解析考研路上，你我同行。加油！泰笛牛考研数学

来源百度《精研学习网》在首页输入关键词即可查看相关资料百度搜索《精研学习网》下载资料/免费阅读微信关注《精研学习网》添加客服领取资料第一部分初试历年真题及详解2011年东北财经大学统计学院432统计学[专业硕士]考研真题2011年东北财经大学统计学院432统计学[专业硕士]考研真题及详解一、概念（举例解释下列概念）（20分）1总体答：总体（population）是包含所研究的全部个体（数据）的集合，它通常由所研究的一些个体组成。组成总体的每个元素称为个体。比如，要检验一批灯泡的使用寿命，这批灯泡构成的集合就是总体，每个灯泡就是一个个体。2样本答：样本(sample)是从总体中抽取的一部分元素的集合，构成样本的元素的数目称为样本量。比如，从一批灯泡中随机抽取100个，这100个灯泡就构成了一个样本，100就是这个样本的样本量。3参数答：参数(parameter)是用来描述总体特征的概括性数字度量，它是研究者想要了解的总体的某种特征值。研究者所关心的参数通常有总体平均数、总体标准差、总体比例等。4统计量答：统计量（statistic）是用来描述样本特征的概括性数字度量。它是根据样本数据计算出来的一个量，由于抽样是随机的，因此统计量是样本的函数。研究者所关心的统计量主要有样本平均数、样本标准差、样本比例等。二、选择（在下列各题中选择出一个或一个以上的正确选项）（16分）来源百度《精研学习网》在首页输入关键词即可查看相关资料百度搜索《精研学习网》下载资料/免费阅读微信关注《精研学习网》添加客服领取资料

考研的历年真题逐渐成为了大家备考的一个风向标，通过做真题，大家可以深刻地去体悟出题人的考核思路，让大家在复习的时候能有所参考，不至于学得稀里糊涂。那么，如何利用历年真题更高效呢？下面文都网校给大家分享一些学长学姐们总结的经验。2021考研历年真题1.利用真题，快速融入考研复习氛围考研初期，21考研人还不清楚考研的方式和难度，通过做一遍各科的真题，就会很快了解自身的差距在哪里了，也能让自己更警醒一些，重视考研复习的每一个阶段。同时也能让你了解到你的基础是否扎实。2.利用真题，反复检测自己的复习进度考研的每一个阶段，都要给自己分配好总结检验的时间，每月至少1次，这样能最快的暴露出你的盲点和弱点。为你下一步的总结奠定了基础。同时，也可以让你更加熟悉考核的重点。3.利用真题，预测把握命题的规律如果你前几点做得足够好了，那么更进一步的标志就是你突然发现，这些考题的命题规律是有迹可循的，虽然每年都会反押题，但是，还是有不少老师很容易就猜到了命题方向，这不是他们有多么神秘，无他，唯手熟尔！就比如文都网校的考研英语名师何凯文老师，几乎每年都能猜中命题方向，这就是经验的厉害之处。其实大家如果历年真题做得足够多，理解得足够深入，也可以有大致的方向判断。这样也可以减少你将时间用在不考核的内容上面。4.利用真题，做查漏补缺尤其是在最后几个月的复习里，由于学习内容太繁杂，你已经没有时间去做很系统的检测了，做做历年真题或者模拟题成了你唯一的检测手段。主要是这时候的心态一般都不稳定，记不住知识点，焦虑等。所以，做做真题不但能快速知道自己哪里不足，还能熟悉考场的做题时间分配。2021考研备考5.利用真题，可以为你打开解题思路每一道题都会有一个最佳的解题方法，节省时间，考核重点。历年真题做得多了，大家会熟悉很多的解题技巧，如果你善于总结，那么你会得到很多意外的惊喜。比如20考研初试的数学普遍很难，但是，如果你平常懂得总结解题技巧，你就会很快地将难题分解，联想。即使你不能保证完整做出，那么其中的大部分过程，你还是能写出来的，步骤分应该能拿得到的。分享了这些经验，也是希望2021考研人能重视历年真题，早早的就应该将这些资料搜集齐全，方便后续的复习。更多免费的学习资源可以去文都网校那里去查看。

考研文库：如何寻找考研院校历年真题？考研真题是很重要的复习资料，如何才能获得自己目标院校专业的历年真题呢？大家可以淘宝看看，网上搜下，或者找学长学姐问问，如果都无法获取，可以找考研机构，新祥旭考研专门做一对一辅导的，辅导资料真题都很齐全，他们自己有建立一个为考研的同学方便查信息的文库—考研文库，各个院校专业的考研信息都很齐全，可以了解下。据我了解，新祥旭是05年做北大清华起家的，一开始的定位就在一对一高端定制辅导，师资方面一直都是强项，有很多院校稀缺专业的都能辅导，安排的师资也都是对口的，师资力量都是硕士以上学历的或在校或毕业的专业老师，能很好的抓住学校历年考研动态和信息，考研大家也都知道，信息是很重要的，你对学校专业的情况一无所知，那你怎么去复习呢对不对，所以新祥旭这方面做得很好，毕竟做了十几年，无论是辅导体系还是资料真题以及各个院校专业的考研动态都能很好的给同学们非常大的帮助。虽然学校大多都不公布真题，但是新祥旭考研研究生团队每年都会收集历年真题，一是为了给学生辅导把握考点和研究历年考试内容的变化，二是给学生提供这方面资料，还是非常好用的，推荐大家可以去关注下。

找不到考研真题，复习毫无方向，那些读研的人是如何获得真题的？对于每一位打算考研的同学来说，备考之前最让人头疼的就是如何获得报考院校的历年考研真题！毫无疑问的是，历年真题的重要性特别大，考过研的同学都深有体会！那些专业课考到140以上的学霸肯定都是把考研真题研究透彻的同学，但是没有考研真题的话复习不得法，考不到高分，很可能考研失败！那么，在哪里找考研历年真题呢？那些读研的人是如何获得考研资料的？部分院校已不提供考研历年真题，别走弯路，获得真题的好方法在此近几年考研热度居高不小，部分院校已经不再提供考研历年真题，很多同学在考研备考阶段走了很多弯路，就是因为没有真题在手，复习的特别盲目，到最后也没考高分，也没读研。小水在这里结合自身考研的经验，给大家分享一下获得考研历年真题的渠道，想读研的同学请牢记！01、直接去目标院校购买虽然大部分的院校已经不提供考研历年真题，但是还有一些学校会提供一年的考研真题，也就是去年刚考过的那一届真题。不过，你要去学校的研招办询问，他们会直接告诉你是否有。如果你本身不方便，可以找目标院校的学生帮忙打印并邮寄！02、准研究生学姐或学长那获得相比于上面的方法，这个方法可谓是最靠谱的了。无论是考上还是没考上的同学，他们那里大都会有目标院校的考研真题。这里为何要单独强调准研究生呢？主要是他们刚考上，肯定有考研真题在手，而且是考上研究生的，对于真题和复试都有自己的见解，如果此刻结交了，在你进入考研复试的时候也能对你有很大的帮助！不过，对于准研究生来说，他们的资料不是那么好获得的，一般都需要花钱才能做到，毕竟考上研究生的人不会轻易将资料免费送你的。这里注意区别真假，有的骗子就是冒充学长学姐骗钱的，同学们注意！03、网上搜索回忆版现在网络比较发达，很多读研的同学会把考研真题和经验分享到网上，这个时候考生可以根据自己掌握的信息区分。考研真题哪怕是回忆版都比没有强！因为有了真题在手，你复习也有一个方向，再结合考研参考书目的话，基本上就是成功了一半！04、网上多渠道购买对于考研真题，很多人都知道它的重要性，所以网上有很多机构就是卖真题赚钱的。当然也有一些正规的渠道可以购买，考生要注意区分，购买的资料有真有假，需要你结合自身报考的学校分辨才行！以上是大部分读研的同学获得考研真题的方法，找不到真题的同学可以试试。当然，你如果遇到一些比较好心的学长或学姐，如小水这样的，有考研真题是会直接无偿给予的，不过你也得是那位有缘人才行。你还知道其他搜集考研真题的渠道吗？欢迎留言分享您的观点！

考研中有一个重要的复习资料，就是各科目的往年真题。由于真题数量有限，很多童鞋都有一个疑问：什么时候开始做真题比较好呢？经常刷经验贴、逛考研论坛的同学，可能会看到这样一种观点，”因为真题很珍贵，所以要晚做“。惠园教育小编并不是十分赞同这个观点。事实上，“真题很珍贵”同“真题要晚做”根本构不成因果关系，恰恰相反，正是因为真题很珍贵，所以作为考生，我们一定要尽早了解真题、熟悉真题，做到考点清楚、思路清晰。谁占领了先机，谁就为后半程的复习打下了坚实的基础。考研真题很重要，不要犹豫该什么时候做考研真题，你应该思考的是，如何快速找到真题，高效使用考研真题，如何通过做考研真题，从中摸索出命题人的出题思路和命题规律。一、如何快速找到真题对任何一位准备考研的同学来说，历年考研真题的重要性是显而易见的，其他的复习资料可以不买，但前几年的真题是必不可少的。收集历年真题，一直是很多考生头痛的事情，因为大部分院校，不对外公布历年真题，所以，网络上流传的，大多是“回忆版”，不全，而且可能错漏百出。但是也有一部分院校，会在官方网站公布自己院校的历年的真题，供考生下载使用。其实寻找真题也需要好的方法，不然会白白浪费很多时间和金钱。下面为各位考研er提供一些过来人的经验，总结了以下几种方法来帮助大家找真题。1、学校官网查看院校自身的官网，有些学校会公开发布历年真题。2、各大院校考研论坛在各大学校网站的BBS上，总会有热心的师兄师姐介绍自己的考研经验以及上传专业课的考研真题，甚至有过来人连答案也一起贴出！这些帖子在论坛上也很容易找到，因为通常是加精或者置顶的。在百度等网站上发帖求助，一般也会有热心人回复。但是这个考题的准确度和真实性就无从考量了。 3、考上目标学校的师兄师姐“借”如果是本校有师兄师姐考过同一个学校的话，找师兄师姐借考研资料是最好不过。这里的借打了引号，是因为一般找师兄师姐借复习资料的时候，他们都会比较大度地送给自己的小弟小妹们，尤其是对于已经考上的师兄师姐而言，一般在这个时候还处于成功的喜悦当中，对于师弟师妹们的要求当然是来者不拒，更会主动介绍自己考研的经历以及报考专业的情。这对于考研的同学们来说那真是一举两得。每年毕业前，各大高校都会有跳蚤市场，有条件的同学可以去逛逛，运气好可以淘到师兄师姐用过的考研资料，更能因此认识学长学姐。4、考研QQ群QQ群里有很多共享的考研复习资料，考研真题是必不可少的。一般在考研BBS上面会提供不少QQ群供大家在考研路上相互鼓劲。向QQ群发出申请要求加入，一般都会批准，然后就有海量的资料可大量下载。而且在QQ群里，会很快找到大家一起奋斗的感觉，有利于进入状态。QQ群里的考研人很多，最好是能找到本科同一院校或报考同一专业的，因为这样很多真题资料可以共享，和很多相同专业的同学讨论1小时，胜过自己苦思冥想好几天！5、目标院校书店和复印店基本上各高校研招办都会卖各专业5年内的真题，一般是都不贵，有的学校会提供邮寄，如果不提供邮寄的话，那就只有托人买了，或者勤快一点的话，也可自己赶到学校去买，顺便看看学校的环境，憧憬一下自己在这里读研时的场景。去目标院校买真题无疑是最放心的途径，但是成本也比较高。6、利用网络资源（1）利用网络搜索引擎，进行关键词搜索，会有很多网页，一些机构的网页，能够找到一些；（2）到各大网络文库去找，比如百度文库、豆丁文库、道客巴巴文库等，以及一些博客文章等。（3）到网络云盘去搜索，有些人会在云盘分享历年真题。7、淘宝店铺购买通过淘宝进行购买，有些人会专门售卖真题及答案解析，不过大家在购买的时候，一定要注意辨别真伪、年份，以及齐不齐全等问题，不然买了假真题也是劳民伤财。一定要选择那些开设时间比较长，信誉比较好的店铺。8、从专业课辅导班上得到一般辅导班会发放专业课的真题及复习笔记。当然，要不要选择报辅导班，还是看自身情况而定。二、如何高效使用真题由于政治是时事热点和背诵结合的科目，出题倾向受国家、国际大背景影响，真题的重复率低，考场上见到原题基本上是不可能的，所以政治的真题价值相对有限。而英语和数学则不同，由于采取题库制命题，出题规律比较明显，真题利用价值极高。真题的价值大致呈以下顺序排列：数学＞英语＞专业课＞政治下面具体介绍一下如何使用真题：1、近三年考研真题用来摸底自测可以把近三年的考研真题先预留出来，放在一边先不要做，等复习有了一定基础之后，用之来进行模拟自测。年份近的考研真题，最接近真实考试难度，用来考前自测效果最好。考前模考时一定要尽量模拟真实的考试时间，寻找接近真实考场的环境，对完答案后，不必过于在乎分数，认真分析错题原因，查缺补漏，回归课本，学习掌握不清的知识点。2、深入研究十年考研真题的出题规律考研真题作为最宝贵的复习资料，绝不能草草的做一遍就完事。一般来说，考研真题要做十遍，第一遍用来做题，第二遍、三遍用来纠错、总结错误原因，第四到七遍可以用来深入研究总结，比如出题方向、出题规律、考点分布、常见的错题的设置陷阱、以及正确答案的设置原则。考研真题不能光去做，还要认真去研究它的规律，等你摸清出题人的思路，你便能更好的避开出题陷阱，更好的预测出题方向，做到心中有数。3、以考研真题为指向，建立知识体系然而，光研究考研真题，吃透考研真题还不够，因为毕竟考研真题只是覆盖了少量的高频知识点，做考研真题只是考研复习的一种手段，而考研复习的真正目的是建立起完整的知识体系，同学们可以以考研真题为指向，回到知识本身，把课本上的基础知识牢牢掌握。在不同阶段，考研真题具有不同的作用。大家根据复习阶段以及自己的复习程度来分配真题的使用。除了留下用于模拟的真题，其他真题都是要反复研究的。三、各科真题如何使用1、政治由于政治是时政和背诵总和的科目，真题的重复率极低，出题倾向随大环境(国家、国际)而定，所以政治的真题价值可能相对就要低点了。政治历年考试基本都偏重基本知识点的考察，所以我们更多的是要全面了解考试大纲中指出的全部基本知识、基本概念、基本原理(规律和论断)，可按大纲所列的知识点，提出问题，回答问题，并力求理解和记忆。对于政治真题，通过对试卷的分析，可能更多的是需要你掌握基本知识点后要学会加以灵活运用，如果只是背下知识点，不一定能够把题做对，如果一旦换个说法，有些同学就做错了，所以要求大家不仅要会还要懂，将知识点融会贯通。2、专业课专业课方面，往往学校与学校、系与系之间差距较大，真题的价值也各不相同。但是根据大部分老生和科系的经验，专业课方面真题的重复率极高，如果在复习的过程中能拿到近几年的真题，那么在专业课考研中取得高分可能会更容易些。了解了真题之后，我们还有了解一下真题答案。因为通过答案，我们也能了解出题学校的风格，有的学校注重基础的考查，有点像期末考试；有的学校注重对考生学术潜力和文采的了解，有点像写毕业论文、所以，真题的答案也就十分重要了。总的来说，专业课真题的使用要明确下面几点：（1）把握命题风格因为每年的同一章节往往是由同一位或几位命题人命的题，从而可以洞察他们的命题风格，例如是重能力、重基础、还是重应用，书本知识还是延伸扩展知识等等。例如难易程度、考查趋向，是注重基础知识、应用能力还是发挥能力，以及是否存在偏、难、怪等现象。（2）明确专业课考试的题型例如选择题、简答题、论述题、案例分析题等题型类型；通过分析真题，就可以分析得到历年考试什么题型最受关注、什么题型最难答等，从而在具体的复习过程中，提请注意，并在实际练习中，有所侧重关注。（3）可以预测专业课考试范围和考试的高频考点通过对真题的分析，可以发现一个非常普遍的现象，有些知识点同一个学校隔几年都会考，甚至每年都考。相同专业同档次的学校专业课也会反反复复考。这些反反复复考的知识点就是老师容易出题的地方，需要考生高度重视。3、英语英语真题的价值，体现在阅读。如果你做了考研英语阅读，你一定会真正推翻真题要后做这个观点。考研英语阅读与四六级，甚至托福都大不相同。举个最简单的例子，如果把考研英语阅读翻译成汉语，那么你还是很有可能做错题。为什么会这样？很简单，考研阅读不仅考英语能力，更重要的，它考得是你对文章的理解，对出题思路的体会。因此，考研英语的真题确实是很重要，但是并不是说一定要反复做多半。在现阶段，你可以每天的题量都很少，比如一天一篇阅读。但重要的是做完后的分析。其实真题是可以早早做起的，但是你要懂得如何利用和处理它。真题是考研复习资料中的重头，在什么时候使用和如何利用都是需要自己去注意和解决的。考研真题往往需要我们至少做上3-5遍，才能吃透出题人的意图，找到一些命题的规律和答题的技巧。可试卷只有一套，还想做第二遍怎么办？这时候，一种办法是可先用铅笔做，对过答案总结完成后，再用橡皮擦掉痕迹，反复利用。还有另外一种办法：复印3-5份真题或者多买几套真题。这样一来，就可以“肆无忌惮”地在试卷上勾勾画画了。当然，这种方法会增加一些考研花费。4、数学考研数学又分数学一、数学二、数学三，具体考查内容，略有不同。但是复习的宗旨是不变的，那就是充分利用好真题。数学真题的价值，体现在对难易度、出题点和题量时间的把握。考研数学的复习，我们虽然不提倡题海战术，但还是需要一定做题量作为基础的。面对做题时，我们的心态很重要。第一、题目做得好，不要骄傲，做得好并不代表你的成绩就一定好。第二、题目做得差了，得分差了，也千万不要灰心丧气。大家一定要调整做题心态，要尽量把精力放在知识上，而不是分数上。在做题时，不要测试分数，只要能把这几套卷子都吃透，以做试卷，做题为主线来带动知识点的复习，从而查漏补缺，做到科学预测。考研数学后期的复习，要以真题为中心，围绕真题反复复习全部的基础知识，只要抓住真题，就抓住了考研数学复习的“骨”。考研真题真的真的很重要，所以在里再啰嗦一句，一定一定要好好利用真题，期待大家都可以圆梦目标院校。

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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