体育考研试题及答案

小编专注高考、大学及考研的研究欢迎关注：考研大家体育学本来属于教育学领域，但我国把它开辟成了一个独立的学科门类。随着社会的进步和考研形势的发展，最近几年，体育学也有升温的趋势，报考人数逐年增多，考研难度也开始加大，不过鉴于其学科特点来看，考研难度还不算特别大。体育学最近五年的考研国家线及走势如下。从走势图可以看出，最近几年的国家线基本保持稳定，分数也不高，在265分左右。可见，初试320分这个成绩是很不错的成绩了。虽然外界普遍预计今年体育学的考研国家线会不低于265分，或许还有小幅度的上升，但最大可能是提高5分，为270分。320分这个成绩也高出了50分，泛泛而论，考研成功是很有希望的。当然，我们知道，考研的真正难度其实在于名校难考；同理，体育学的考研难度主要在于比较知名的体育类大学，比如北京体育大学、上海体育大学、成都体育学院等，其考研难度较大。体育学的国家线虽然不高，但这些大学的实际录取线还是较高的，竞争也不小。我们来看看北京体育大学及成都体育学院2018年的考研复试线。从上面可以看出，2018年北京体育大学有部分专业复试线较高，比如体育人文社会学、体育教育训练学、民族传统体育学等，都达到或超过了320分；所以，如果是报考该校的这些专业，进复试的希望不大，被录取的机会更加渺茫，但是，其另外两个专业体育人体科学、运动康复学则复试线不高，320分这个成绩最后被录取的机会很大。2018年成都体育学院的情况与之相近，部分专业复试线较高，如运动人体科学、体育教育训练学等，但还有不少专业，像体育产业学、体育伦理、中外体育史等，复试线就是国家线，不难进；另外还有几个专业复试线在300分左右，320分这个成绩也很有机会进。综合上面，考研体育学，初试320分这个成绩是很不错，很有机会进入一个不错的体育类大学；当然，具体情况要看报考的专业，如果是相对较冷的专业，则北京体育大学、成都体育学院等知名专业型大学都是可以进去的，如果是热门的专业，比如体育教育训练学这样的专业，则只能进入相对普通的院校。最后，祝阅读本文的考生都能心想事成！

体育考研坚持+努力+自律=成功《运动训练学》第一章：竞技体育与运动训练竞技体育的起源：竞技体育是体育的主要组成部分，是以体育竞赛为主要特征，以创造优异运动成绩、夺取比赛优胜为主要目标的社会体育活动。竞技体育形成的基本动因：生物学因素、个性心理因素、社会学因素（生物学因素形成了竞技体育，个性心理因素和社会学因素推进了竞技体育的形成好和发展。）竞技体育的构成：运动员选材、运动训练、运动竞赛、竞技体育。竞技体育的基本特点：竞争性、规范性、公平性、集群性、公开性、观赏性。竞技体育的现代社会价值：激励人类的自我奋斗精神；满足社会生活的观赏需要；促进社会大众的体育参与；显示国家和社会团体的综合实力；促进社会和经济的迅速发展；排解社会成员的不良心绪体育考研，打卡第一天，希望多支持

一、专业目录二、参考书学校体育学（周崇版）运动训练学（田麦久版）运动生理学（邓树勋版）三、考试大纲（一）学校体育学1.学校体育的起源与发展2.现代社会与学校体育3.体育课程与教学4.课余体育5.学校体育管理（二）运动训练学1.竞技体育与运动训练2.运动训练的基本原则3.运动训练的常用方法、手段4.运动员体能、技能、战术能力、心理能力的训练（三）运动生理学1.运动生理学基础(1)肌肉活动(2)运动的能量代谢(3)躯体运动的神经控制(4)运动与内分泌(5)血液与运动(6)呼吸与运动(7)血液循环与运动(8)运动与免疫(9)酸碱平衡2.竞技运动生理学(1)肌肉力量(2)有氧工作能力(3)速度和无氧耐力(4)平衡、灵敏与柔韧(5)运动过程中人体机能状态的变化(6)运动技能学习四、专业课经验专业课是决定你到底能不能成功上岸的关键，因此历年专业课当中的真题又是重中之重，而北师大又是一个及其神秘的学校，除了招生简章，就连专业课的参考书目都查不到的学校，所以当时为了找历年真题，在新祥旭老师的帮助下终于找到了的十几年的历年真题，然后根据这些宝贵的历年真题，在一对一老师辅导老师的指导下把每本书的中的重点章节找出来，分析总结。专业课学习方法：北师大体育教学专硕考346体育综合。学校体育学（周崇版）运动训练学（田麦久版）。运动生理学（邓树勋版）。专业课建议每门每天花费2个小时，然后每天定一个目标，每本书每天看多少，多长时间过一遍，过完一遍以后怎么去背。结合真题，研究北师大体育教学专硕出题方向（这个我也结合我的考验经验总结了重点，哪些是名词解释，哪些出选择判断，哪些是简单论述）三本专业课很多，要有选择的去背，有重点的去学，不是拼谁在图书馆待的时间长就可以考的分数高，掌握适合自己的学习方法。五、复试经验复试分为专业课笔试，专业技能测试（我们今年没有测专业技能，只测了跨专业的考生）面试，专业课笔试从体育科研方法这本书找了一些题，让你作答，给了一篇文献让你把摘要写上去考验一下你对科研的灵敏性，面试的话就是让你准备一段自我介绍，老师们根据你的自我介绍问你问题，注意自我介绍千万别给自己挖坑，说你知道的经历，和能拓展的经历。整个复试下来，我觉得基本的服装、礼仪肯定是要有的，楼主觉得这个还要提嘛，其次考官比较看中你的专业素养，最后你要不卑不亢，面对一些你不知道的问题要坦率说不知道下去以后再研究，整个过程体验并没有有些人担心的那样会不会歧视？有偏见？无论楼主自己感受，还是听别人说，目前都没有这样的现象发生过。六、祝福你在拼命的复习，努力的背书，顶的各种各样的压力，你不知道复习的怎么样，你不知道你努力的够不够，究竟能不能达到你目标院校的要求，谁也不能给你答案，只有你坐在考场，拿到试卷，看到题目你觉得下笔如有神，你都会，再到复试，最后拿到通知书，你悬的心才会彻底放下。最后，楼主最近挺喜欢一句话送给大家。纵有疾风起，人生不言弃。祝愿正在考研的你们，都可以心想事成。谢谢。

上个周末，一年一度的考研终于结束，这是290万考研学子辛苦准备了很长时间的一场检验。在考试前，今年就被广大网友称为今年是史上考研最难的一年，报考总人数已经超过历年，考研压力可想而知。随着现在就业压力的增大，越来越多的人在本科毕业后选择了读研这条路，据不完全统计，目前很多学校的读研率高达50%以上。除了保送之外，大部分学生不得不通过考研这条路。所以事关290万人的考研公平就非常受到大家的期待和关注。而今年，注定是考研史上最不凡的一年，网友称之为“史上考研最乱的一年”。正常来说，考研跟高考一样，由于涉及面广，所以考试相对还是比较公平公正，这种级别的考试不是普通的期末考试，需要经过层层把关和审核，一般很难出现各种低级错误。然而今年却不一样。相信很多人都知道，根据最新的山东省教育厅公告，山东师范大学、青岛理工大学等2所大学，由于在考研时出现试题错将，将答案直接发给了考生，出现了这种低级错误，而且造成了大面积考生的考试受影响，这属于严重的责任事故。虽然目前，山东省教育厅已经对相关责任人进行了停职处理，下一步的调查还有进行当中。真是让人大跌眼镜，考研这么重要的考试，能够将试题装错，这恐怕是史上第一次闹这么大笑话。可见相关学校在对待考试这件事情上的态度是很有问题。无独有偶，除了山东的2所大学出现这种低级错误，网络上还曝光出电子科技大学这所985高校的考研试题《固体物理》试题出现偏差，将统一组织补考。考研试题出现错误，这将会严重影响考生的情绪，就算是重新补考，多多少少也会受到影响，这种损失谁来弥补？除了上述3所大学将试题弄错，网络上又曝出一则消息，西南大学疑似考研试题泄露。相信，我们每年都能听到这种新闻，不管是高考还是考研，总有不法分子喜欢铤而走险，将本来一场公平的考试硬生生在利益面前被打破。目前，西南大学针对这起事件，正在调查，不管真实与否，调查结果将及时向社会公布。2019年的考研，是将近300万学子实现梦想的一场考试，希望有关部门高度重视，还这场考试一个公平，还考试一个蓝天。对于2019年考研，你们有什么想说的？欢迎交流

成都体育学院体育教学346体育综合我为什么要读研在这个光怪陆离的社会中，如果想在寻找到一份自己喜欢的职业，那么考研就是不二选择；如果想在某一条道路上走的更远，那么考研就是不二选择。就我自身而言，我一直是一名体育生，从初中开始到研究生一直是。但是在目前状况来看，人们对体育生一直存在着一些误解。不学无术，学无所用，而我则一直想改变周围人对我也有这个标签的看法，所以我选择了考研。一个高学历知识分子，不管你是什么专业，学历永远是对流言蜚语的最好回击。更重要的一点是，体育研究生就目前所有专业来说，每年毕业人数最少，这也会在就业是能够获得更多的优势、所以，我才在本科时期选择了考研这条路，并最终获得了成功。选择合适的专业和院校专业的选择，启示更多的是尊重自己的内心，不能随波逐流的去选择。只有选择自己喜欢或者擅长的学科作为自己的专业，才能在研究生期间学到更多的知识。专业方向或者不等于就业方向，但它一定是你就业方向的指南针。哪怕以后在就业时不会是自己的本专业，但是一定与其相关。因此选择喜欢的专业在以后工作时也更能够充满干劲。初试复习时间安排对于体育生来说，专业课的占比分值很大，这就导致每一道题的分数都会设置的非常高。而这就要我们准确的掌握专业课程的知识，以使得我们在初始过程中能够取得更高的专业课成绩。俗话说的好，得专业课得天下，这就要求我们要花更多的时间在复习与巩固当中，专业课的复习不是说即便就能结束，而是要十几遍的进行复习，只有不断的复习巩固，才能牢记所需要的知识点。冲刺阶段我认为放在9-10月来进行，在这段时间我们主要是从真题入手，通过真题寻找自己知识的薄弱点。10-11月则是在进行整体巩固时通过做模拟题来进行。作息方面，我建议将做题时间放在上午进行，尽量与正式考试时间相吻合。专业课公共课备考建议专业课个人复习经验就一个字，背，多背多理解，体育346中很多东西都是互通的，一定要多背。复习建议 一定要回归课本，不管有什么资料，知识辅助手段。最主要的就是回归课本。题目可能不会出到资料上的，但是一定会出书里的。所以，回归课本。参考书单《运动训练学》《运动生理学》《学校体育学》公共课政治个人复习经验政治我认为对体育生最好的方法就是不断的刷题，不断的刷题。包括肖秀荣的1000题以及肖四肖八和近10年的真题。并且将错题单独整理下来。成研学长就在考试时遇到了3道整理到的错题。复习建议跟着徐涛的视频将强化班走完，然后就是刷题时间。参考书单 徐涛政治书，肖秀荣1000题，肖四肖八英语个人复习经验对于体育生来说，英语最重要的就是单词，说句实话，我们没必要考到80分，所以我们在英语最大的精力就应当放到单词上，阅读上以及作文上，对于语法我认为当你英语水平并不高时没有必要考虑。 复习建议 单词要一直背到考试结束，复习顺序建议为阅读——完型——写作——翻译。参考书单唐迟阅读，考虫英语考研。

对于很多志在体育，志在上海的考研党来说，华师大和上体是最纠结的两个选项，一个是985，一个是数一数二的专业体院，到底该选哪一个？今天大鱼学长给大家分析一下。ps：防止被杠，提前说明下，以下观点均为主观分析，代表个人观点，如有不同，欢迎留言讨论上体的优势①学术实力更强。各个榜单体育学科前三名一般都是北体、上体、华师大体院，最近这些年上体还有向上冲的姿态，所以从学科排名上是高于华师大的。（华师是一个学院去对抗一个完整建制的大学，能取得这样的成绩，也已经很厉害了）。② 地理位置更好。上体地处杨浦区和徐汇区（今年新开的校区），这两个区的地理位置，区位优势比较明显，而且杨浦和徐汇是上海市体育产业发展最好的两个区，阿里体育总部在杨浦区（据说要搬迁到徐汇滨江），上马，久事集团在徐汇，体育赛事资源丰富。③体育圈上体的校友资源更强大。从我过往几年在上海体育公司实习的经历看，绝大多数的体育公司的员工50%以上都是从上体毕业的，最近几年上体和上海市体育局，杨浦区体育局合作和很多体育产业峰会论坛，很多参会嘉宾都是上体的校友。④招的人更多，分数线没那么高。华东师大每年招生大概50人左右，相比之下上体可能一个专业就能招50个人，一年能招收数百人（当然报考的人数要更多），机会要大很多。华师大的优势①985，双一流大学的标签。有很多同学对985，双一流有执念，因为这个执念选择了华师大，最直接的一个体现，华师本科考研上体的很少，上体，北体的本科生报考华师的每年都有很多。而且如果运气不好，遇到了新冠疫情这样的意外情况，体育行业人才需求缩小，华师大的985的优势就会体现得更明显。②综合类大学，学科专业健全。华师大以教育学，心理学，统计学，地理学见长，如果你研究的方向是体育心理学，那你可以去心理学院听课；如果你想研究体育教育，那你可以去教育学院蹭课，多学科、跨学科融合的优势是上体所不具备的。③华师大的体育教育。华师体院最强势的就是体育教育方向，每年的毕业研究生有近9成去到上海的各个中小学，其他学院也大都是这样，而且已经毕业的华师大的学长学姐有很多已经成为了教研组组长，校长等，所以在教育领域，华师大的资源要更加丰富。④除了教育之外的就业选择更具优势。如果你只是因为兴趣跨考体育，没有体育技能，那么体育老师这个就业选择基本跟你无缘。对于这部分同学来说，考公务员，选调生，高校辅导员，亦或者是去一些不限制专业背景的运营，营销，管理岗位，华师大的背景要更加有优势。以上就是我的分析你们觉得上体和华师大优势都是什么？欢迎留言。

考试是一件非常严肃、紧张、正经的事情，但是毕竟人都会犯错，有时候考官或监考老师也会出现错误，刚刚过去的考研就出现把答案当试卷发的情况，下面一起来看看考场上还出现哪些失误呢？惊呆1. 山东高校试题错装，答案当试卷发刚刚过去的考研发生了“不可思议”的错误，山东师范大学自命题科目《外语教学理论基础》考试把答案当试卷发了。后来发现是印刷封装错误，相关人员表示抱歉，然后学生要补考。网友表示“电视剧都不敢这么演”，也有网友表示同情，“太扎心了，心态崩了”。答案当试题答案当试题答案当试题2. 四六级放错4遍听力前不久，郑州某高校四六级考试上放错了听力，放的听力竟然是去年的，而且放错了4遍，让考试时间延长了13分钟，实在是影响了很多考生的心态。那些听出来错了的考生真的是厉害了，但也有网友说，听力如听天书，其实我的内心毫无波澜。还有网友说“放了一半才告诉我放错了，啥？那我前面那么有信心选的是什么鬼”。这就非常尴尬了，很扎“学渣”的心啊！放错听力3. 高考考场钟停了约20分钟高考是举国瞩目的考试，不管是考生、家长还是老师都非常看重，但是在这么重要的场合上也出现过失误--考场钟停了约20分钟（有说17分钟）。这事可大可小，很多学生都是看着时间做题的，以为时间充裕，突然就要交卷，心里不慌是假的。后续该不该延长时间也是个问题，对于考场内的学生来说，钟停走不是他们的错，理应延时，而对于考场外的学生来说，大家时间其实是一样的，延长时间不够公平。时钟停走最近流行一句话，“你只管努力，其他的交给天意”，虽然有道理，但是也要有应对突发情况的心理素质，在出现这些情况时，尽量先让自己平静下来，保持好心态，然后看监考老师的安排，一般学校是会负责的。每一场考试对努力准备的考生来说都是至关重要的，所以考场相关人员应该要做全面的检查和准备，对考生负责，出现问题也应及时补救，让考生尽量得到公平的对待。对于考场出现的失误，你有什么看法呢？你自己有没有遇到这些情况呢？惊呆了（图片来源网络，如有侵权，请联系作者删除！）

随着时代的进步科技的发展，人们的生活水平的提高，国家的教育优先政策，还有人们的思想观念，越来越多优秀学子想提升自我学历。以下是我的几个观点。教师职位高学历要求。想在好一点的初中教书，学历985、211本科院校或研究生学历以上。想在高校做老师，博士吧！一般院校的本科生，基本上都是在小学挤破头。本科毕业考编，你的对手是应届和你一样的毕业生、部分研究生，部分毕业备考师兄。学历决定你的机会。是否在想着为什么评职称时我要三年就可以凭中级了，而你却是五年(公立）；是否会说怎么他一进来就比我多一千工资（私立)；是否在想怎么他比我更快升职，他是研究生啊。高级人才补助。你知道在惠州学院做老师的高级人才，最多有57万补贴吗？家长对教育的重视。目前教育培训行业蒸蒸日上，有能力的家庭基本上会让小孩子报各种各样的培训班。暑假又要来了,各位游泳教练准备好了吗？大学就是提升自我能力的一个平台，如果你有目标那就要抓紧了。祝2019考研人圆梦！！

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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