40004-98986
未信2020考研英语一真题及答案「完整版」！
2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题
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昏昏默默2021考研全国硕士研究生招生考试数学二真题+答案
2021考研数学考试12月27日上午结束，收到很多同学反馈今年考研数学题目不难相对比较简单，为了方便考研人在考研结束之后核对以及2022考研人了解考情，下面和郑州启航考研一起来看下2021考研数学二真题及答案解析(完整版)。由于数学试题的特殊性，一些计算符号和数学单位无法直接在发布，只能以图片版的形式发表。如果看不清楚的话，大家可以给我留言。我单独给你发题。数学二真题解析：#考研数学#
赵国
杂篇历年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
历年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 试题编号：51试题名称：交通工程学基础1992年：一． 在一条长度为24公里的干道起点断面上，于6分钟内观测到汽车100辆通过，设车流是均匀连续的且车速V=20公里/小时，试求流量(q)、时距(ht)、空距(hd)、密度(K)以有第一辆汽车通过此干道所需时间(t)[以分钟或小时计均可]。(15分)二． 某路段10年的统计，平均每年有2起交通事故，问此路段明年发生事故5起的概率是多少？又某交叉口骑自行车的人，有1/4不遵守红灯停车的规定，问5人中有2人不遵守交通规定的概率是多少？(15分)三． 某交叉口信号周期为40秒，每一个周期可通过左转车2辆，如左转车流量为220辆/小时，是否会出现延误(受阻)，如有延误，试计算占周期长的百分率，无延误则说明原因(设车流到达符合泊松分布)。(20分)四． 试说明区间平均车速、时间平均车速，行驶车速、设计车速的定义及区间平均车速与时间平均车速的关系。(15分)五． 简述交通事故的定义与主要指标并就其是否合理予以简评。(15分)六． 简述城市交通规划的类型、内容、程序与主要作用。(20分)1993年：一．何谓行车延误、固定延误、停车延误、行驶延误、排队延误、引道延误？影响延误的因素是什么？二．简述起讫点调查的目的、基本内容和步骤。三．我国的自行车交通存在的主要问题是什么？可采用哪些方法解决这些问题？所采用的方法各有何特点？四．某高速公路拟建立收费站。已知车辆是随机到达收费站的，其到达率为2000辆/小时，每辆车交费所需时间符合平均时间为6秒的指数分布。在采用多路排队多通道服务情况下，请用具体计算指标比较说明在应该收费站设2个、4个及6个收费口的效果。五．已知某十字交叉口，其东西干道一个方向有3条车道分别供左转专用、直行和直右混行；南北干道一个方向有2条车道，分别供直左混行和直右混行。车种比例，大车：小车=2：8，车头时距为2.65秒。信号灯周期为125秒；绿灯时间，东西向为70秒，南北向为50秒。路口折减系数取0.9。东西方向的左转车与右转车分别占该进口交通量的15%和10%；南北方向的左转车与右转车各占该进口交通量的15%。设该交叉口不影响对向直行车的左转交通量为134辆/小时；直右车道上允许的右转交通量为185辆/小时。请按停车线法计算应该交叉口的设计通行能力。1994年：一． 简述交通工程学研究的主要内容。二． 何谓“交通量“、”年平均日交通量“、”平均日交通量“、”高峰小时交通量“、”第30小时交通量“？请扼要阐明交通量的分布特性。三． 某停车场，到达车辆数是50辆/小时，停车场的服务能力为80辆/小时，其单一的出入道能容纳5辆车，问此出入道是否合适？四． 若在5公里长的公路上随机40分布辆汽车，求任意500米路段上有5辆以上的概率。五． 何谓高速公路合流部分、分流部分的通行能力？应如何计算？1995年：一． 试述交通量的空间分布和时间分布特性。二． 何谓“地点车速”、“区间车速”、“行驶车速”、“设计车速”？“时间平均车速”与“区间平均车速”有何关系？三． 某信号灯交叉口的周期t=95s，有效绿灯时间g=45s。在有效绿灯时间内排队的车流以800辆/小时的流量到达交叉口，在有效绿灯时间外到达的车辆要停车排队。设信号灯交叉口上游车辆到达率=360辆/小时，服从泊松分布。求使到达车辆不致两次排队的周期所占的最大百分率。四． 某无信号灯控制的交叉口，主要道路的双向交通量为N=1500辆/小时，车辆到达符合泊松分布，车流允许次要道路车辆穿越的车头时距t=5秒，次要道路车流的平均车头时距to=3秒。求次要道路车流能穿越主要道路车流的交通量。五． 试述影响交通事故的主要因素。1996年：一． 道路路段通行能力按性质可分为三种，试述其定义和确定方法。二． 何谓“服务水平”？划分服务水平等级的依据是什么？试对美国所划定的六个服务水平等级进行扼要的描述，并分析其合理与否？三． 道路交通运输对环境的影响有哪几方面？道路交通噪声源是什么？噪声强度与何有关？控制噪声的主要措施有哪些？四． 在某高速公路的入口匝道口，因意外情况关闭了tr=0.15h。已知车辆以均一的到达率=800辆/h到达匝道，而入口开启后排队的车队以均一离去率=1200辆/h离开匝道。试计算由于匝道口关闭而引起的：(1) 单个车辆的最长延误时间tm；(2) 最大排队车辆数Q；(3) 排队疏散时间to；(4) 排队持续时间tj；(5) 受阻车辆总数n；(6) 平均排队车辆数Q；(7) 单个车辆的平均延误时间d；(8) 车时总延误D。五． 已知某交叉口的定时信号灯周期长80s，一个方向的车流量为540辆/h，车辆到达符合泊松分布。求：(1) 计算具有95%置信度的每个周期内的来车数；(2) 在1s，2s，3s时间内有车的概率。(注：请携带计算器。解答时应注明题号，不必抄题，试题随答卷一起交回)1997年：一． 何谓行车延误？试述各种延误的定义及调查延误有何用？二． 何谓OD调查？简述OD调查的目的、内容与步骤。三． 1.试述交通密度的定义。2.如何度量高速公路的交通密度？3.已知某高速公路的允许最大车速为120km/h，若其密度为10辆/km，阻塞密度为100辆/km，速度-密度呈直线关系，此时平均车速为多少？四． 某交叉口，东西干道一个方向有2条车道，南北干道一个方向有3条车道，各车道的车流方向如图所示。车种比例为大车：小车=1：1，车头时距为3.26秒。信号灯周期为120秒；绿灯时间，东西向50秒，南北向为65秒。第一辆车起动，通过停车线时间为2.3秒。路口折减系数为0.9。东西方向的左转车与右转车各占该进口交通量的15%，南北方向的左转车和右转车分别占该进口交通量的20%和10%，左转车影响系数为0.925。设该交叉口不影响对向直行车的左转交通量为109辆/h，直右车道上允许右转交通量为150辆/h。请按停车线法计算该交叉口的设计通行能力。五． 车流在一条单向双车道公路上畅通行驶，速度为100km/h，由于突发交通事故，交通管制为单向单车道通行，其通行能力为1200辆/h，此时正值交通高峰，单向车流量为2500辆/h。在发生交通事故的瓶颈段的车速降至5km/h，经过1.0h后交通事故排除，此时单向车流量为1500辆/h。试用车流波动理论计算瓶颈段前车辆排队长度和阻塞时间。1998年：一． 交叉口延误一般分为哪几种，主要有哪些调查方法，交通口延误有何作用？二． OD调查在交通规划中有何作用，主要有哪些调查方法？各种方法有什么特点，适用于什么条件？三． 何为车头时距，其在通行能力研究中有哪些主要作用？交叉口的服务水平一般根据哪些指标进行划分，你认为交叉口的服务水平应根据什么指标进行划分，为什么？四． 根据对某实际观测数据的拟合，得到了如下速度(S)-密度(D)关系：S=54.9e(-D/163.9)D50S=26.8Ln(162.5/D) D50当D=50时，流量应有两个，分别为多少？这种关系有什么特点，反映了何种交通现象？五． 根据流动车法的原理推导出相应的计算交通量、平均行车时间、平均行驶速度公式，说明流动车法有何优点和不足？1999年：一． 何为交通密度，如何得出，有何用途？二． 何为时间平均车速和空间平均车速，两者有何区别与联系，各有什么用途？三． 双车道公路车辆运行有何特点，其服务水平一般根据什么指标进行划分？你认为应根据什么指标进行划分，为什么？四． 交通分配主要有哪些方法，各种方法有何特点，适用于什么条件？五． 何为绿波设计，绿波设计有哪些要素，适用于什么条件？六． 车流在一条单向双车道公路上畅通行驶，速度为90km/h，其通行能力为每车道1000辆/h，单向车流量为1500辆/h。由于施工，交通管制为单向单车道通行，在交通管制段车速降至10km/h，经过1.0h后施工完成，公路恢复单向双车道通行。试用车流波动理论计算施工段前车辆排队长度和阻塞时间。2000年一.何为车头时距和车头间距，如何根据其得出交通量、密度、速度，它们在交通工程研究中有何作用？二.交叉口延误分为几种,有哪些观测方法,有何作用？三.高速公路交叉段主要包括哪些形式，有何运行特征，其通行能力主要手哪些因素影响？四.OD调查主要有哪些方法,有何特点,OD调查资料有何作用？五.何为交通信号面控制系统，按其功能划分主要有几种类别？其基本原理是什么？六.在速度（v）——密度（k）关系中，包括如下线形模型和指数模型V = Vf（1 – K / KJ ）V = Vf *e（– K / KJ）设畅行速度，阻塞密度，试分别求出两种关系式对应的极大流量，临界速度，最佳密度。并对两种模型进行比较分析。2001年试题编号：519试题名称：交通工程学基础一.何为交通密度，与车头间距间有何关系,有何作用？二.何为连续流，何为间断流，连续流和间断流各有什么特征？三.双车道一般公路路段车流有何运行特征，其服务水平主要根据哪些指标进行划分，为什么？四.出行分布预测主要有哪些模型，各种模型有何特点，运用于什么条件？五.单向交通管理有哪些模型，有何特点，运用于什么条件？六.何为绿波交通，其主要控制参数是哪些，其效果主要受哪些因素影响？2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《交通工程学》考试题一、 何为时间平均车速和空间平均车速，各有什么用途？两者有何关系？12’二、 何为交通密度，有何用途？主要调查方法有哪些？12’三、 何谓交通需求管理？何谓交通系统管理？各有哪些主要策略？16’四、 非平衡交通分配方法有哪些？各自的适用条件是什么？10’五、 何谓OD调查？简述主要调查类别及各自的调查方法？16’六、 高速公路单向车行道的设计通行能力公式为：试说明各个符号的含义。14’七、 在交通连续流模型中，假定流速与密度之间的关系式为，试依据两个边界条件，确定系数a、b值，并导出速度与流量，以及流量与密度的关系式。10’八、 写出流动观测车法计算交通量、平均行程时间、平均车速的公式，并说明表达式中各自参数的含义。10’2004一、 选择题（每题5分，共30分）1. 在交通调查区域中预估到其中几个交通区的交通发生和吸引量将有大量的变化，此外，若干现状还未任何出行的交通区也将有发展，在这种情况下，交通需求预测采用何种交通分布方法较为合适？＿＿a 重力模型法 b 弗雷特法c 平均增长率法 d 均衡增长率法2. 某双向两车道公路，2003年5月13日星期二测得日交通量为14770辆/日，五月份月变系数为0.98，星期二的日变系数为0.97，设计小时系数为0.125，方向不均匀系数为0.6，单车道通行能力取800辆/小时，则该公路双向需修成＿＿。a 二车道 b 四车道 c 六车道 d 八车道3. 道路交通流中车头时距统计分析可用＿＿来描述。a 二项分布 b 负指数分布 c 泊松分布 d 负二项分布4. 一批驾驶员按一试车方案各以同一速度沿道路驾车行驶，分别用雷达测速计和在道路上行驶的行程时间记录，两种方法计算各自的车速及平均车速。如对所有车辆行驶的速度由车上经校正的示速表表明并不一样，则下列答案正确的是＿＿。两种方法所得的平均车速相同 b. 前者大于后者c. 前者小于后者 d. 前者小于或等于后者5. 交通标志设计的三要素是＿＿。a. 颜色、形状、图案 b. 相位、周期、绿信比c. 流量、速度、密度 d. 颜色、形状、图符6． 实际停放车累积次数与车位容量之比称为＿＿。a. 停车密度 b. 停放车指数c. 停放周转率 d. 停放饱和度二、简答题：（每题10分，共60分）1. 何谓OD调查？简述主要调查类别与方法。2. 简述智能运输系统研究的主要内容。3. 何谓车辆换算系数？你认为对于路段、信号交叉口、环形交叉口，该系数如何求算较为合理？4. 影响交织区交织运行的参数有哪些？5. 何谓服务水平，其分级是按什么指标划分的？你认为高速公路、一级公路、双车道二级公路、信号交叉口服务水平评价分析用什么指标合理？设计时各应采用何种服务水平等级？6. SCOOT、SCAT、TRANSYT系统的优化参数及其各自优化原理？三、计算题（每题20分，共60分）1． 在一条车流中有30％的车辆以60公里/小时的稳定速度行驶，有30％的车辆以80公里/小时行驶，其余40％则以100公里/小时行驶，一观测车以70公里/小时的稳定车速随车流行驶5公里时，有17辆车超越观测车（指超越观测车数减去被测试车超越数），在观测车以同样速度逆车流行驶5公里时，迎面相遇的有303辆车，试问： a. 车流的平均车速和流量是多少？（12分）b. 试求有多少辆车以100km/h行驶的车超越观测车？（6分）c. 用上述观测法得到的是时间平均车速还是空间平均车速？（2分）2．通过高速公路特定路段数据采集、统计，并分析得出速度（V）与密度（K）的两个修正公式：V=57.5(1-0.008K) （1）V=61.2e－0.015K （2）试就上述两个公式，分别回答如下问题：a. 找出自由流速度（Vf）及最佳密度（Km） （8分）b. 推导流量－速度及流量－密度的函数关系式 （8分）c. 确定路段的最大流量值（Qm） （4分）3. 已知某交叉口（如右图），东西干道一个方向有三个车道，南北支路一个方向有一条车道。受车流不均匀性及非机动车、行人干扰的折减系数为0.9。信号灯管制交通配时：周期T＝120S，绿灯tg＝52S，绿灯亮后，第一辆车启动，通过停车线的时间为2.3S。车种比例大车：小车为2：8，车辆平均通过停车线的时间为2.65S。东西方向左转车占该进口交通量的15％，右转车占进口交通量的10％；南北向左转、右转各占该进口交通量的15％。求该交叉口的设计通行能力。2005交通工程学基础试题一、 选择题(每题4分，共40分)1. 车头时距分布可以用＿＿＿拟合。a. 负指数分布 b. 二项分布 c. 泊松分布 d. 负二项分布2. 对同一道路交通条件而言，基本通行能力(C基)、可能通行能力（N可）与实用通行能力（N实）之间的关系。a. N可＞N基＞N实 b. N可＞N实＞N基c. N基＞N可＞N实 d. N基＞N实＞N可3. ITS是指________。a. 交通需求管理 b. 交通系统管理b. 交通管理 d. 智能运输系统4. 时间平均车速()与空间平均车均()的关系为_______。a. () ＞ () b. () ≤ () c. () ＝ () d. () ≥ () 5. 高峰小时交通量与高峰小时内某一时段的交通量扩大为高峰小时后的交通量之比称为_______a. 高峰小时系数 b. 高峰小时交通量c. 高峰小时流率 d. 高峰小时流量比6. 车辆行驶路程与通过该路程所需的总时间(包括停车时间)之比称为_______。a. 地点车速 b. 行驶车速c. 行程车速 d. 临界车速7. SCOOT系统是指________a 绿波系统 b 交通网络优化技术c 脱机控制系统 d 联机选择式控制系统8. 当速度采用Greenshields线性模型，以下表达式正确的是_______a. b. c. d. 9. 某双向道路，两个方向的交通量分别为400辆/小时和600辆/小时，该道路的方向不均匀系数Kd应为_______a. 40% b. 60% c. 50% d. 66.7%10. 对于过境车辆(起讫点均在调查区外)，应该用__________方法调查其出行情况？a. 家访 b. 发明信片法 c. 路边询问 d. 电话询问二、 简答题(每题8分，共40分)1. 简述单向交通种类及优缺点。2. 何谓绿波设计？主要参数有哪些？3. 何谓交通密度？有何用途？主要调查方法有哪些？4. 简述交通量、服务交通量、通行能力的区别与联系。5. 何谓车辆换算系数？有何用途？对不同管制交叉口及路段而方言，这些系数值是否相同？6. 非平衡交通分配的方法有哪些？各自适用条件？7. 服务水平等级划分的依据是什么？8. 交通标志设计的三个要素是什么？三、 计算题(每题10分，共20分)1. 在一条30km长的某路路段的起点断面上，在5min内测得60辆汽车，车流是均匀连续的V=30km/h，试求Q、ht、hs、K以及第一辆车通过这段路所需时间t。2. 测试车在长5km的路段上往返行驶共12次，观测数据列于表中，求东行、西行车流量、运行时间与车速。用测试车法测得的数据2006一、 填空题（每题6分，共60分）1． 区间平均速度指在某一特定瞬间，行驶于道路某一特定长度内的全部车辆的车速分布的平均值，当观测长度为一定时，其数值为地点车速观测值的；时间平均速度指在单位时间内测得通过道路某断面各车辆的地点车速的；由区间平均速度推算时间平均速度的关系式为2． 一个新规划的城市中，假定各交通区间的出行量和起点交通区所产生的出行量及吸引到终点交通区的出行量成正比，并且和交通区间出行时间的平方和成反比，交通区间出行时间均为10分钟，三个交通区产生量、吸引量以及C→A未来出行分布量如下表，试作出行分布计算，得x=，y=，z=。3． 干道交通信号协调控制系统的基本参数指与4． 单向交通是指道路上的车辆只能按一个方向行驶的交通。可分为固定式单向交通、、、。5． 智能运输系统可分为先进的交通管理系统、、、运营车辆调度管理系统、先进的乡村运输系统、和自动公路系统。6． 交通事故现场调查主要有时间、、和调查。7． 道路交通主标志按作用可分为警告标志、、、指路标志、旅游区标志和。8． 交通工程中用以衡量声压大小的标准有SPL、dB(A)及L10，各自含义为：、和。9． 停车调查的方法有连续式调查、和询问式调查；停车需求预测可归纳为建立土地利用与停车产生率的关系模式的基于类型分析法的模型，建立停车需求与城市经济活动、土地使用等多因素相关的基于相关分析法的模型及基于停车与车辆出行关系的出行吸引模型。10．在公路设计中，对高速公路基本路段、匝道—主线连接处、交织区均采用级服务水平；不控制进入的汽车多车道公路路段在平原微丘处采用级服务水平；混合交通双车道公路路段采用级服务水平。二、 简述题（50分）1（15分）．简述SCOOT、SCATS、TRANSYT区域交通控制系统原理及参数优化方法。2（15分）．交通需求预测四阶段法，分哪几个阶段？各阶段的功能是什么？分别采用哪些常用的主要模型？各种模型有何特点及适用条件？3（20分）．简述交通工程学的研究内容，你认为我国交通工程近期应重点研究哪些问题。三、 计算题（40分）1（10分）．在一条24km的公路路段起点断面上，于6分钟内测得100辆汽车，车流是均匀连续的，车速v＝20km/h、试求流量（q）、平均车头时距（ht）、平均车头间距（hs）、密度（k）以及第一辆车通过该路段所需的时间。2（10分）．测试车在长1500米的路段上，往返行驶12次，观测数据列于下表，试求道路上的车流向东和向西行驶的流量和车速。3（10分）．某设左转专用道的信号灯控制十字交叉口，设左转专用相位，信号周期为40s，每周期内可通行左转车3辆，如果左转车流为220辆/小时，是否会出现延误？假定车辆到达符合泊松分布，这种延误在周期中所占的百分比是多少？4（10分）．设车流的速度与密度的关系为V＝88－1.6K，若要限制车流的实际流量不大于最大流量的0.8倍，求速度的最低值和密度的最高值。（假定车流的密度<最佳密度Km）《交通工程学》期末考试试题（B）一、填空题（每空0.5分，共5分）1、道路上当车辆的到达概率服从泊松分布时，车辆的车头时距属于分布。2、排队系统中“顾客”的到达规律有三种，分别是， 和。3、描述交通流基本特征的宏观指标是交通量（Q）、车辆速度（V）、交通密度（K），此三者的数学关系模型是；车辆速度和交通密度的直线关系模型是 。4、道路的理想通行能力是指道路处于条件下，标准车辆以 的车头间距连续行驶通过的车辆数。5、道路上交通量达到最大时（也就是饱和流量）的速度叫做 ，此时的交通密度叫做。二、判断题（正确的在后面括号内写“T”，错误的在后面括号内写“F”,每小题1分，共10分）1、动视力是汽车行驶时，驾驶员同车体一起按一定的速度前进，驾驶员观察物体运动的视力。（ ）2、85%车速用于确定路段的最大限位车速，特别是高速公路。（ ）3、交通量调查资料可以为道路几何设计和确定交通管理设施提供依据。（ ）4、“排队系统”包括正在排队的车辆（人）和正在接受服务的车辆（人），不包括服务系统。（ ）5、交通堵塞是引起固定延误的主要原因。（ ）6、道路上来车比较拥挤，车辆流量很大，这时的来车概率符合泊松分布。（ ）7、驾驶员反应时间的长短取决于反应的复杂程度、驾驶员训练情况。心理生理状况、疲劳影响、疾病或酗酒等。（ ）8、非自由状态行驶车辆有三个特性：制约性、延迟性、传递性。（ ）9、路网密度是指一个区域的路网密度等于该区域内道路总长与该区域的总面积之比。每百平方公里国土面积拥有的公路里程数。（ ）10、驾驶员疲劳的主要原因：驾驶员的睡眠、生活环境、车内环境、车外环境、行驶条件、驾驶员自身条件。（ ）三、不定项选择题（下面每小题有一个或一个以上的正确答案，多选或少选均不得分，每小题2分，共20分）1、当道路上车辆到达符合泊松分布时，车辆的车头时距符合哪种分布（ ）。A、负指数分布 B、移位负指数分布 C、M3分布 D、厄兰分布2、道路处于理想条件下，标准车辆以最小的车头间距连续行驶通过的车辆数称为道路的( )通行能力。A、实际通行能力 B、设计通行能力 C、一般通行能力 D、理想通行能力3、停车场里车辆的停放方式有哪几种（ ）。A、平行式 B、叠方式 C、垂直式 D、斜列式4、驾驶人以下哪些行为会导致道路交通事故（ ）。A、反应迟钝 B、判断失误 C、驾驶错误 D、紧跟前面的车辆5、以下哪些因素会影响车辆污染物的排放（ ）。A、车速 B、车辆运行状态 C、道路纵坡 D、道路的服务等级6、车辆跟驰特性主要表现在（ ）。A、车辆之间的制约性 B、后面车辆反应的延迟性C、车辆性能的传递性 D、车辆状态的传递性7、以下哪些可以反映交通密度的分布特征（ ）。A、道路的空间占有率 B、观测时间内车辆的时间占有率C、道路交通量 D、车辆速度8、一次死亡1－2人，或重伤3人以上、10人以下，财产损失3—6万的道路交通事故属于（ ）。A、轻微事故 B、一般事故 C、重大事故 D、特大事故9、以下哪些因素可以影响车辆的速度（ ）。A、驾驶员的影响 B、车型的影响 C、道路的影响 D、交通条件和道路环境10、公共汽车交通的特性有（ ）。A、适应性广 B、线路设置灵活 C、车站设置灵活 D、行车组织灵活四、简答题（每小题6分，共24分）1、区间车速的调查方法有哪些？ 2、简答交通安全设施有哪些。3、简述控制汽车污染物排放的措施。4、什么是车头时距？什么是车头间距？五、计算题（第1题9分，第2题10分，第3题12分，共31分）1、一无信号控制交叉口，主要道路双向流量为1200辆/h，车辆到达符合泊松分布，车流允许次要道路穿越或左右转弯并线的车头时距6s，如次要道路采用让路控制，车辆跟驰行驶的车头时距3s，求（1）次干道上可以通过的交通量。（7分）（2）此次交叉口的通行能力。（2分）2、高速公路入口收费站，车辆到达是随机的，流入量为400辆/h，如果收费工作人员平均能在8s内发放通行卡，符合负指数分布，求：排队系统是否稳定（2分）；收费站排队系统中的平均车辆数（2分）；平均排队长度（2分）；排队系统中的平均消耗时间（2分）和排队中的平均等待时间（2分）。3、3107国道长沙回龙铺观测站某年的各月交通量如下：求：AADT(4分)，2月份的MADT(4分)，12月份的月变系数K月(4分)。六、综合题（10分）下图是交通量Q与密度K的曲线图，试述从A经B经C再经D到E的过程中，交通量Q、密度K、速度V的变化情况；（6分）已知C点时，道路上车辆的平均车头间距是15m/辆，平均车头时距是1.5s/辆，求道路上的饱和交通量Q（2分）和此时对应的车辆密度K（2分）。B卷答案一、填空题（每空0.5分，共5分）。1、负指数分布2、确定性输入或定长输入 泊松输入 爱尔朗输入或厄兰输入3、Q=KV 4、理想 最小5、临界速度 临界密度二、判断题（正确的在后面括号内写“T”，错误的在后面括号内写“F”,每小题1分，共10分）1、T 2、F 3、T 4、F 5、F 6、F 7、T 8、T 9、T 10、T三、不定项选择题（下面每小题有一个或一个以上的正确答案，多选或少选均不得分，每小题2分，共20分,）1、A 2、Ｄ 3、ACD 4、ABC 5、 ABC 6、ABD 7、AB 8、C 9、ABCD 10、ABCD四、简答题（每题6分，共24分）。1、区间车速的调查方法有哪些？答：（1）牌照法（1分）（2）流动车法（1分）（3）跟车法（1分）（4）驶入驶出法（1分）（5）五轮仪法（1分）（6）光盛测速法（1分）2、简答交通安全设施有哪些。分隔带、设交通岛、设行人横道、设防眩设施；（2分）设置道路标志、路面标线、交通信号；（2分）变向车道、单向交通、建立交通信息系统、视线诱导标志等。（2分）3、简述控制汽车污染物排放的措施。（1）严格执行有关法规,加强环境监测。（1分）（2）改进机动车设备控制排污量。改进内燃机结构，使汽油在燃烧完全。研究改进汽车的废气净化装置，加装净化装置等，以减少或改变排污的成分与数量。（2分）（3）改进能源。采用代替汽油的燃料（如乙醇汽油）是减少汽车排污的有效措施。（1分）（4）合理地布置路网与调整交通流综合治理交通。（1分）（5）绿化。净化道路交通环境的既经济又有效的措施，并与降低交通噪声的绿化措施综合予以考虑。（1分）4、什么是车头时距？什么是车头间距？车头时距是指同一车道、同一方向连续行驶前后相邻的两辆车的车头通过某一点的时间间隔。（3分）车头间距是指同一车道、同一方向连续行驶前后相邻两辆车之间在某一瞬时的车头间距。（3分）五、计算题（第1题9分，第2题10分，第3题12分，共31分）1、解：（1）q=1200/3600=0.33 （1分）t0=6，t=3 （2分）Q次 =（Q主e-qt0）/(1- e-qt ) =(1200* e-0.33*6)/(1- e-0.33*3 )=257（辆/h）（4分）（2）次交叉口的通行能力Q主+Q次=1200+257=1457（辆/h） （2分）2、解：λ=400/3600（辆/s）, μ=1/8 （辆/s）ρ=λ/μ=0.89 <1 ，排队系统是稳定的。（2分）收费站排队系统中的平均车辆数： （2分）平均排队长度：（2分）排队系统中的平均消耗时间：（2分）排队中的平均等待时间：（2分）3、解：AADT=(162986+131694+196144+197958+200431+195409+193276+103563+205441+190656+205951+220723) ÷12=183686 (4分)2月份的MADT=131694/28=4703 (4分)12月份的月变系数K月= AADT/MADT12=183686/(220723÷31)=25.8 (4分)六、综合题（10分）答：速度的变化：A点速度最大Vf ，随着车辆的增加，速度越来越小，到达E点时，车辆堵塞，速度为零（2分）；交通量的变化：A 点交通量很小，随着车辆的增加，到达C点时交通量最大，随后随着车辆的增加，交通量越来越小，到达E点时，车辆堵塞，交通量为零（2分）；交通密度的变化：A 点交通密度很小，随着车辆的增加，交通密度一直在增加，到达E点时，车辆堵塞，交通密度到达最大（2分）。车辆到达C点时，交通量最大，由Q=3600/ht=3600/1.5=2400辆/h（2分）K=1000/hs=1000/15=67辆/km（2分）
玫瑰2019管理类联考综合能力真题MPAcc/MBA/MEM/MPA附答案+高分范文
2019管理类联考综合能力真题MPAcc/MBA（附答案+高分范文）2019管理类联考综合能力试卷绝密★启用前2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考【综合试卷】2019管理类联考数学真题一、问题求解：第1～15小题，每小题3分，共45分。下列每题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。1.某车间计划10天完成一项任务，工作3天后，因故停工2天，若仍要按照原计划完成任务，则工作效率需要提高（ ）A.20% B.30% C.40%D.50% E.60%2.设函数（a＞0）在（0,+∞）内的最小值为，则=（ ）A. 5 B. 4 C.3D. 2 E.13.某影城统计了一季度的观众人数，如图，则一季度的男女观众人数之比为（ ）A. 3:4 B. 5:6 C. 12:13D. 13:12 E. 4:34.设实数a,b满足ab=6，|a+b|+|a-b|=6，则（ ）A. 10 B.11 C. 12D.13 E.145.设圆C与圆，关于直线y=2x对称，则圆C方程是（ ）A. B.C. D.E.6.在分别标记了数字123456的6张卡片中，甲随机抽取1张后，乙从余下的卡片中，再抽2张，则乙抽到的两张卡片的数字之和大于甲的概率是（ ）A. B. C.D. E.7.将一批树苗种在一正方形花园边上，四角都种，如果每隔3m种一棵，那么余下10棵树苗；如果每隔2m种一棵，则刚好种满3条边，这批树苗有（ ）棵A.54 B.60 C.70D.82 E.948.某班的10个学生的语文和数学成绩如下表：设语文和数学成绩的平均值为与，标准差为与，则（ ）A. B. C.D. E.9.如图，正方体位于半径为3的半球内，且一面位于球的大圆上。则正方体表面积的最大值为（ ）A.12 B.18 C.24D.30 E.3610.某单位要铺设草坪，若甲乙两公司合作需要6天完成，工时费为2.4万元，若甲单独先做4天后由乙接着做9天才能完成，工时费共计2.35万元。若由甲公司单独完成该项目，则工时费共计（ ）万元。A. 2.25 B. 2.3 C.2.35D. 2.45 E.2.511.某中学的5个学科各推荐两名教师作为支教候选人，若从中选出来自不同学科的两名教师参加支教工作，则不同的选派方式有（ ）种A.20 B.24 C.30D.40 E.4512.如图，棱长为2的正方体，被六边形所在的平面切割成两个部分，ABCDEF分别为个条棱的中点，则六边形ABCDEF的面积为（ ）A.2 B. C.D. E.413.如图，汽车行驶72km，需用时1小时，则（ ）km/hA.80 B.85 C.90D. 95 E.10014.已知以ABC为顶点的三角形中，AB=4,AC=6.BC=8,D是BC中点，则AD=（）A . B. C.D. E.15.在数列中,，则=（ ）A. B. C.D. E.二、条件充分性判断：第16～25小题，每小题3分，共30分。要求判断每题给出的条件（1）和条件（2）能否充分支持题干所陈述的结论。A、B、C、D、E五个选项中，只有一项符合试题要求。（A）条件（1）充分,但条件（2）不充分;（B）条件（2）充分,但条件（1）不充分;（C）条件（1）和（2）单独都不充分,但条件（1）和（2）联合起来充分;（D）条件（1）充分,条件（2）也充分;（E）条件（1）和（2）单独都不充分,条件（1）和（2）联合起来也不充分.16.有甲乙两袋奖券，中奖的概率分别为p和q，某人从两袋中各抽取一张奖券，则此人获奖的概率概率不低于（1） p+q=1（2） pq=答案：D17.直线y=kx与有两个交点（1）（2）答案：A18.可以确定小明的年龄（1）小明的年龄是完全平方数（2）20年后，小明的年龄是完全平方数答案：C19.甲乙丙三人都要有不超过10本书，若给甲再加2本，则三人的数量能成等比数列，可以确定甲手中的书的数量。（1）已知乙手中书的数量（2）已知丙手中书的数量答案：C20.方程有实数根（1）a+b=0（2）a-b=0答案：D21.如图，已知正方形ABCD的面积，O为BC上一点，P为AO的中点，Q为DO上一点，则能确定三角形PQD的面积。（1）O为BC的三等分点（2）Q为DO的三等分点答案：B22.设n为正整数，则能确定n除以5的余数。（1）已知n除以2的余数（2）已知n除以3的余数答案：E23.某校理学院五个系每年的录取人数如表:今年与去年相比，物理系的录取平均分没变，则理学院的录取平均分升高了（1） 数学系的录取平均分升高了3分，生物系的录取平均分降低了2分（2） 化学系的录取平均分升高了1分，地学系的录取平均分降低了4分答案：C24.设数列的前n项和为,则数列是等差数列（1）（2）答案：A25.设三角形区域D由直线x+8y-56=0，x-6y+42=0与kx-y+8-6k=0（k＜0）围成，则任意的（1）（2）答案：A2019管理类联考逻辑真题三、逻辑推理：第26-55小题，每小题2分，共60分。下列每题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。26. 新常态下，消费需求发生深刻变化，消费拉开档次，个性化、多样化消费渐成主流。在相当一部分消费者那里，对产品质量的追求压倒了对价格的考虑。供给侧结构性改革，说到底是满足需求。低质量的产能必然会过剩，而顺应市场需求不断更新换代的产能不会过剩。根据以上陈述，可以得出一下哪项？A. 只有质优价高的产品才能满足需求。B. 顺应市场需求不断更新换代的产能不是低质量的产能。C. 低质量的产能不能满足个性化需求。D. 只有不断更新换代的产品才能满足个性化、多样化消费的需求。E. 新常态下，必须进行供给侧结构性改革。27. 据碳14检测，卡皮瓦拉山岩画的创作时间最早可追溯到3万年前。在文字尚未出现的时代，岩画是人类沟通交流、传递信息、记录日常生活的方式。于是今天的我们可以在这些岩画中看到：一位母亲将孩子举起嬉戏，一家人在仰望并试图碰触头上的星空……动物是岩画的另一个主角，比如巨型犰狳、马鹿、螃蟹等。在许多画面中，人们手持长矛，追逐着前方的猎物。由此可以推断，此时的人类已经居于食物链的顶端。以下哪项如果为真，最能支持上述推断？A. 岩画中出现的动物一般是当时人类捕猎的对象。B. 3万年前，人类需要避免自己被虎豹等大型食肉动物猎杀。C. 能够使用工具使得人类可以猎杀其他动物，而不是相反。D. 有了岩画，人类可以将生活经验保留下来供后代学习，这极大地提高了人类的生存能力。E. 对星空的敬畏是人类脱离动物、产生宗教的动因之一。28. 李诗、王悦、杜舒、刘默是唐诗宋词的爱好者，在唐朝诗人李白、杜甫、王维、刘禹锡中4人各喜爱其中一位，且每人喜爱的唐诗作者不与自己同姓。关于他们4人，已知：（1）如果爱好王维的诗，那么也爱好辛弃疾的词；（2）如果爱好刘禹锡的诗，那么也爱好岳飞的词；（3）如果爱好杜甫的诗，那么也爱好苏轼的词。如果李诗不爱好苏轼和辛弃疾的词，则可以得出以下哪项？A. 杜舒爱好辛弃疾的词B. 王悦爱好苏轼的词C. 刘默爱好苏轼的词D. 李诗爱好岳飞的词E. 杜舒爱好岳飞的词29. 人们一直在争论猫与狗谁更聪明。最近，有些科学家不仅研究了动物脑容量的大小，还研究了大脑皮层神经细胞的数量，发现猫平常似乎总摆出一副智力占优的神态，但猫的大脑皮层神经细胞的数量只有普通金毛犬的一半。由此，他们得出结论：狗比猫更聪明。以下哪项最可能是上述科学家得出结论的假设？A. 狗善于与人类合作，可以充当导盲犬、陪护犬、搜救犬、警犬等，就对人类的贡献而言，狗能做的似乎比猫多。B. 狗可能继承了狼结群捕猎的特点，为了互相配合，它们需要做出一些复杂行为。C. 动物大脑皮层神经细胞的数量与动物的聪明程度呈正相关。D. 猫的神经细胞数量比狗少，是因为猫不想狗那样“爱交际”。E. 棕熊的脑容量是金毛犬的3倍，但其脑神经细胞的数量确少于金毛犬，与猫很接近，而棕熊的脑容量确实猫的10倍。30—31题基于以下题干：某单位拟派遣3名德才兼备的干部到西部山区进行精准扶贫。报名者踊跃，经过考察，最终确定了陈甲、博乙、赵丙、邓丁、刘戊、张己6名候选人。根据工作需要，派遣还需要满足以下条件：（1） 若派遣陈甲，则派遣邓丁但不派遣张己；（2） 若博乙、赵丙至少派遣1人，则不派遣刘戊。30. 以下哪项的派遣人选和上述条件不矛盾？A. 赵丙、邓丁、刘戊B. 陈甲、博乙、赵丙C. 博乙、邓丁、刘戊D. 邓丁、刘戊、张己E. 陈甲、赵丙、刘戊31. 如果陈甲、刘戊至少派遣1人，则可以得出以下哪项？A. 派遣刘戊B. 派遣赵丙C. 派遣陈甲D. 派遣博乙E. 派遣邓丁32. 近年来，手机、电脑的使用导致工作与生活界限日益模糊，人们的平均睡眠时间一直在减少，熬夜已成为现代人生活的常态。科学研究表明，熬夜有损身体健康，睡眠不足不仅仅是多打几个哈欠那么简单。有科学家据此建议，人们应该遵守作息规律。以下哪项如果为真，最能支持上述科学家所作的建议？A. 长期睡眠不足会导致高血压、糖尿病、肥胖症、抑郁症等多种疾病，严重时还会造成意外伤害或死亡。B. 缺乏睡眠会降低体内脂肪调解瘦素激素的水平，同时增加饥饿激素，容易导致暴饮暴食、体重增加。C. 熬夜会让人的反应变慢、认知退步、思维能力下降，还会引发情绪失控，影响与他人的交流。D. 所有的生命形式都需要休息与睡眠，在人类进化过程中，睡眠这个让人短暂失去自我意识、变得极其脆弱的过程并未被大自然淘汰。E. 睡眠是身体的自然美容师，与那些睡眠充足的人相比，睡眠不足的人看上去面容憔悴，缺乏魅力。33. 有一论证（相关语句用序号表示）如下：① 今天，我们仍然要提倡勤俭节约。② 节约可以增加社会保障资源，③ 我国尚有不少地区的人民生活贫困，丞需要更多社会保障资源，但也有一些人浪费严重；④ 节约可以减少资源消耗，⑤ 因为被浪费的任何粮食或者物品都是消耗一定得资源得来的。如果用“甲→乙”表示甲支持（或证明）乙，则以下哪项对上述论证基本结构的表示最为准确？A. B.C.D. E.34. 研究人员使用电脑图技术研究了母亲给婴儿唱童谣时两人的大脑活动，发现当母亲与婴儿对视时，双方的脑电波趋于同步，此时婴儿也会发出更多的声音尝试与母亲沟通。他们据此以为，母亲与婴儿对视有助于婴儿的学习和交流。以下哪项为真，最能支持上述研究人员的观点？A. 在两个成年人交流时，如果他们的脑电波同步，交流就会更流畅。B. 当父母与孩子互动时，双方的情绪与心率可能也会同步。C. 当部分学生对某学科感兴趣时，他们的脑电波会渐趋同步，学习效果也随之提升。D. 当母亲和婴儿对视时，她们都在发出信号，表明自己可以且愿意与对方交流。E. 脑电波趋于同步可优化双方对话状态，使交流更加默契，增进彼此了解。35. 本保险柜所有密码都是4个阿拉伯数字和4个英文字母的组合。已知：（1）若4个英文字母不连续排列，则密码组合中的数字之和大于15；（2）若4个英文字母连续排列，则密码组合中的数字之和等于15；（3）密码组合中的数字之和或者等于18，或者小于15.根据上述信息，以下哪项是可能的密码组合？A. Ladbe356B. 37ab26dcC. 2acgf716D. 58bcde32E. 18ac42de36. 有一6x6的方阵，它所含的每个小方格中可填入一个汉字，已有部分汉字填入，现要求该方阵中的每行每列均含有礼、乐、射、御、书、数6个汉字，不能重复也不能遗漏。根据上述要求，以下哪项是方阵底行5个空格中从左至右依次应填入的汉字？A. 数、礼、乐、射、御B. 乐、数、御、射、礼C. 数、礼、乐、御、射D. 乐、礼、射、数、御E. 数、御、乐、射、礼37. 某市音乐节设立了流行、民谣、摇滚、民族、电音、说唱、爵士这7大类的奖项评选。在入围提名中，已知：（1）至少有6类入围；（2）流行、民谣、摇滚中至多有2类入围；（3）如果摇滚和民族类都入围，则电音和说唱中至少有一类没有入围。根据上述信息，可以得出以下哪项？A. 流行类没有入围B. 民谣类没有入围C. 摇滚类没有入围D. 爵士类没有入围E. 电音类没有入围38. 某大学有位女教师默默资助一位偏远山区的贫困家庭长达15年。记者多方打听，发现做好事者是该大学传媒学院甲、乙、丙、丁、戊5位教师中的一位。在接受采访时，5位老师都很谦虚，他们是这么多记者说的：甲：这件事是乙做的。乙：我没有做，是丙做了这件事。丙：我并没有做这件事。丁：我也没有做这件事，是甲做的。戊：如果甲没有做，则丁也不会做。记者后来得知，上述5位老师中只有一人说的话符合真实情况。根据以上信息，可以得出做这件好事的人是?A. 甲B. 乙C. 丙D. 丁E. 戊39. 作为一名环保爱好者，赵博士提倡低碳生活，积极宣传节能减排。但我不赞同她的做法，因为作为一名大学老师，他这样做，占用了大量的科研时间，到现在连副教授都没评上，他的观点怎么能令人信服呢？以下哪项论证中的错误和上述最为相似？A. 张某提出要同工同酬，主张在质量相同的情况下，不分年龄，级别一律按件计酬。她这样说不就是因为她年轻、级别低吗？其实她是在为自己谋利益。B. 公司的绩效奖励制度是为了充分调动广大员工的积极性，它对所有员工都是公平的。如果有人对此有不同意见，则说明他反对公平。C. 最近听说你对单位的管理制度提了不少意见，这真令人那以置信！单位领导对你差吗？你这样做，分明是和单位领导过不去。D. 单位任命李某担任信息科科长，听说你对此有意见。大家都没有提意见，只有你一个人有意见，看来你的意见是有问题的。E. 有一种观点认为，只有直接看到的事物才能确信其存在。但是没有人可以看到质子、电子，而这些都被科学证明是客观存在的。所以，该观点是错误的。40. 下面6张卡片，一面印的是汉字（动物或者花卉），一面印的是数字（奇数或者偶数）。对于上述6张卡片，如果要验证“每张至少有一面印的是偶数或者花卉”。至少需要翻看几张卡片？A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5E. 641. 某地人才市场招聘保洁、物业、网管、销售等4种岗位的从业者，有甲、乙、丙、丁4位年轻人前来应聘。事后得知，每人只能选择一种岗位应聘，且每种岗位都有其中一人应聘。另外，还知道：（1）如果丁应聘网管，那么甲应聘物业；（2）如果乙不应聘保洁，那么甲应聘保洁且丙应聘销售；（3）如果乙不应聘保洁，那么丙应聘销售，丁也应聘保洁。根据以上陈述，可以得出以下哪项？A. 甲应聘网管岗位B. 丙应聘保洁岗位C. 甲应聘物业岗位D. 乙应聘网管岗位E. 丁应聘销售岗位42. 旅游是一种独特的文化体验。游客可以跟团游，也可以自由行。自由行游客虽避免了跟团游的集体束缚，但也放弃了人工导游的全程讲解，而近年来他们了解旅游景点的文化需求却有增无减。为适应这一市场需求，机遇手机平台的多款智能导游APP被开发出来。他们可定位用户位置，自动提供景点讲解、游览问答等功能。有专家就此指出，未来智能导游必然会取代人工导游，传统的导游职业行将消亡。以下哪项如果为真，最能质疑上述专家的论断？A. 至少有95%的国外景点所配备的导游讲解器没有中文语音，中国出境游客因为语言和文化上的差异，对智能导游APP的需求比较强烈。B. 旅行中才会使用的智能导游APP，如何保持用户黏性、未来又如何取得商业价值等都是待解问题。C. 好的人工导游可以根据游客需求进行不同类型的讲解，不仅关注景点，还可表达观点，个性化很强，这是智能导游APP难以企及的。D. 目前发展较好的智能导游APP用户量在百万级左右，这与当前中国旅游人数总量相比还只是一个很小的比例，市场还没有培养出用户的普遍消费习惯。E. 国内景区配备的人工导游需要收费，大部分导游讲解的内容都是事先背好的标准化内容。但是，即便人工导游没有特色，其退出市场也需要一定的时间。43. 甲：上周去医院，给我看病的医生竟然还在抽烟。乙：所有抽烟的医生都不关心自己的健康，而不关心自己健康的人也不会关心他人的健康。甲：是的，不关心他人健康的医生没有医德。我今后再也不会让没有医德的医生给我看病了。根据上述信息，以下除了哪项，其余各项均可得出？A. 甲认为他不会再找抽烟的医生看病。B. 乙认为上周给家看病的医生不会关心乙的健康。C. 甲认为上周给他看病的医生不会关心医生自己的健康。D. 甲认为上周给他看病的医生不关心甲的健康。E. 乙认为上周给甲看病的医生没有医德。44. 得道者多助，失道者寡助。寡助之至，亲戚畔之；多助之至，天下顺之。以天下之所顺，攻亲戚之所畔，故君子有所不战，战必胜矣。以下哪项是上述论证所隐含的前提？A. 得道者多，则天下太平。B. 君子是得道者。C. 得道者必胜失道者。D. 失道者必定得不到帮助。E. 失道者亲戚畔之。45. 如今，孩子写作业不仅仅是他们自己的事，大多数中小学生的家长都要面临陪孩子写作业的任务，包括给孩子听写、检查作业、签字等。据一项针对3000余名家长进行的调查显示，84%的家长每天都会陪孩子写作业，而67%的受访家长会因陪孩子写作业而烦恼。有专家对此指出，家长陪孩子写作业。相当于充当学校老师的助理，让家庭成为课堂的延伸，会对孩子的成长产生不利影响。以下哪项如果为真，最能支持上述专家的论断？A. 家长是最好的老师，家长辅导孩子获得各种知识本来就是家庭教育的应有之义，对于中低年级的孩子，学习过程中的父母陪伴尤为重要。B. 家长通常有自己的本职工作，有的晚上要加班，有的即使晚上回家也需要研究工作、操持家务，一般难有精力认真完成学校老师布置的“家长作业”。C. 家长陪孩子写作业，会使得孩子在学习中缺乏独立性和主动性，整天处于老师和家长的双重压力下，既难生法学习兴趣，更难养成独立人格。D. 大多数家长在孩子教育上并不是行家，他们或者早已遗忘了自己曾学习过的知识，或者根本不知道如何将自己拥有的知识传授给孩子。E. 家长辅导孩子，不应围绕老师布置的作业，而应着重激发孩子的学习兴趣，培养孩子良好的学习习惯，让孩子在成长中感到新奇、快乐。46. 我国天山是垂直地带性的典范，已知天山的植被形态分布具有如下特点;1. 从低到高有荒漠 森林带 冰雪带等2．只有经过山地草原，荒漠才能演变成森林带：3. 如果不经过森林带，山地草原就不会过渡到山地草甸：4.山地草甸的海拔不比山地草甸的低，也不比高寒草甸高。根据以上信息，关于天山植被形态，按照由低到高排列，以下哪项是不可能的？A． 荒漠 山地草原 山地草甸草原 森林带 山地草甸 高寒草甸 冰雪带B． 荒漠 山地草原 山地草甸草原 高寒草甸 森林带 山地草甸 冰雪带C． 荒漠 山地草甸草原 山地草原 森林带 山地草甸 高寒草甸 冰雪带D． 荒漠 山地草原 山地草甸草原 森林带 山地草甸 冰雪带 高寒草甸E． 荒漠 山地草原 森林带 山地草甸草原 山地草甸 高寒草甸 冰雪带47. 某大学读书会开展“一月一带”活动。读书会成员甲乙丙丁戊5人在《论语》《史记》《唐诗三百首》《奥德赛》《资本论》中各选一种阅读，互不重复。已知：1. 甲爱读历史，会在《史记》和《奥德赛》中选一本2. 乙和丁只爱中国古代经典，但现在都没有读诗的心情3. 如果乙选《论语》，则戊选《史记》。事实上，每个人读选了自己喜爱的书目根据以上信息，可以得出哪项？A． 甲选《史记》B． 乙选《奥德赛》C． 丙选《唐诗三百首》D． 丁选《论语》E． 戊选《资本论》48．如果一个人只为自己劳动，他也许能够成为著名学者、大哲人、卓越诗人，然而他永远不能成为完美无暇的伟大人物。如果我们选择了最能为人类福利而劳动的职业，那么，重担就不能把我们压倒,因为这是为大家而献身；那时我们所感到的就不是可怜的、有限的、自私的乐趣,我们的幸福将属于千百万人，我们的事业将默默地、但是永恒发挥作用地存在下去，而面对我们的骨灰，高尚的人们将洒下热泪。根据以上陈述,可以得出以下哪项？A．如果我们只为自己劳动，我们的事业就不会默默地、但是永恒发挥作用地存在下去。B．如果我们为大家而献身，我们的幸福将属于千百万人，面对我们的骨灰，高尚的人们将洒下热泪。C．如果我们没有选择最能为人类福利而劳动的职业,我们所感到的就是可怜的、有限的、自私的乐趣。D．如果一个人只为自己劳动，不是为大家而献身，那么重担就能将他压倒。E．如果选择了最能为人类福利而劳动的职业,我们就不但能够成为著名学者、大哲人、卓越诗人,而且还能够成为完美无瑕的伟大人物。49~50题基于以下题干某食堂采购4类（各蔬菜名称的后一个字相同即为一类）共12种蔬菜：芹菜、菠菜、韭菜、青椒、红椒、黄椒、黄瓜、冬瓜、丝瓜、扁豆、毛豆、豌豆。并根据若干条件将其分成3组，准备在早中晚三餐中分别使用。已知条件如下：（1）同一类别的蔬菜不在一组；（2）芹菜不能跟黄椒一组，冬瓜不能跟扁豆一组；（3）毛豆必须与红椒或韭菜同一组；（4）黄椒必须与豌豆同一组。49.根据以上信息，可以得出以下哪项？A.芹菜与豌豆不在同一组B.芹菜与毛豆不在同一组C.菠菜与豌豆不在同一组D.冬瓜与青椒不在同一组E.丝瓜与韭菜不在同一组50. 如果韭菜、青椒与黄瓜在同一组，则可以得出以下哪项？A. 芹菜、红椒与扁豆在同一组。B. 菠菜、黄椒与豇豆在同一组。C. 韭菜、黄瓜与毛豆在同一组。D. 菠菜、冬瓜与豇豆在同一组。E. 芹菜、红椒与丝瓜在同一组。51．《淮南子·齐俗训》中有曰：“今屠牛而烹其肉，或以为酸，或以为甘，煎熬燎炙，齐味万方，其本一牛之体。”其中的“熬”便是熬牛制汤的意思。这是考证牛肉汤做法的最早文献资料，某民俗专家由此推测，牛肉汤的起源不会晚于春秋战国时期。以下哪项如果为真，最能支持上述推测？A．《淮南子》的作者中有来自齐国故地的人。B．早在春秋战国时期，我国已经开始使用耕牛。C．《淮南子·齐俗训》记述的是春秋张国时期齐国的风俗习惯。D．《淮南子·齐俗训》完成与西汉时期。E．春秋战国时期我国已经有熬汤的鼎器。52．某研究机构以约2万名65岁以上的老人为对象，调查了笑的频率与健康的关系。结果显示，在不苟言笑的老人中，认为自身现在的健康状态“不怎么好”和“不好”的比例分别是几乎每天都笑的老人的1．5倍和1．8倍。爱笑的老人对自我健康状态的评价往往较高。他们由此认为，爱笑的老人更健康。以下哪项如果为真，最能质疑上述调查者的观点？A．病痛的折磨使得部分老人对自我健康状态的评价不高。B．良好的家庭氛围使得老年人生活更乐观，身体更健康。C．身体健康的老年人中，女性爱笑的比例比男性高10个百分点。D．老年人的自我健康评价往往和他们实际的健康状况之间存在一定的差距。E．乐观的老年人比悲观的老年人更长寿。53．阔叶树的降尘优势明显，吸附PM2.5的效果最好。一棵阔叶树一年的平均滞尘量达3.16公斤。针叶树叶面积小，吸附PM2.5功能较弱。全年平均下来，阔叶林的吸尘效果要比针叶林强不少，阔叶林也比灌木和草的吸尘效果好得多。以北京常见的针叶树国槐为例，成片的国槐吸尘效果比同等面积的普通草地约高30%。有些人据此认为，为了降尘，北京应大力推广阔叶林，并尽量减少针叶林面积。以下哪项如果为真，最能削弱上述有关人员的观点？A．植树造林既要治理PM2.5，也要治理其他污染物，需要合理布局。B．阔叶林与针叶林比例失调，不仅极易暴发病虫害、火灾等，还会影响林木的生长和健康。C．建造通风走廊，能把城市和郊区的森林连接起来，让清新的空气吹入，降低城区的PM2.5。D．阔叶树冬天落叶在寒冷的冬季，其养护成本远高于针叶树。E．针叶树冬天虽然不落叶，但基本处于“休眠”状态，生物活性差。54—55题基于以下题干：某园艺公司打算在如下形状的花圃中栽种玫瑰、兰花、菊花三个品种的花卉，该花圃的形状如下所示：拟栽种的玫瑰有紫、红、白3种颜色，兰花有红、白、黄3种颜色，菊花有白、黄、懒3种颜色，栽种需满足如下要求：（1） 每个六边形格子中仅栽种一个品种、一个颜色的花；（2） 每个品种只栽种两种颜色的花；（3） 相邻格子的花，其品种与颜色均不相同。54. 若格子5中是红色的花，则以下哪项是不可能的？A. 格子2中是紫色的玫瑰B. 格子1中是白色的兰花C. 格子1中是白色的菊花。D．格子4中是白色的兰花。E. 格子6中是蓝色的菊花。55．若格子5中是红色的玫瑰，且格子3中是黄色的花，则可以得出以下哪项？A．格子1中是紫色的玫瑰。B．格子4中是白色的菊花。C．格子2中是白色的菊花。D．格子4中是白色的兰花。E．格子6中是蓝色的菊花。四、写作：第56-57小题，共65分。其中论证有效性分析30分，论说文35分。56.论证有效性分析：分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞。选择若干要点，写一篇600字左右的文章，对该论证的有效性进行分析和评论。（论证有效性分析的一般要点是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致。有无各种明显的逻辑错误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分等等。）有人认为选择越多越快乐，其理由是：人的选择越多就越自由，其自主性就越高，就越感到幸福和满足，所以就越快乐。其实，选择越多可能会越痛苦。常言道：“知足常乐。”一个人知足了才会感到快乐。世界上的事物是无穷的，所以选择也是无穷的。所谓“选择越多越快乐”，意味着只有无穷的选择才能使人感到最快乐。而追求无穷的选择就是不知足，不知足者就不会感到快乐，那就只会感到痛苦。再说，在作出每一选择时，首先需要我们对各个选项进行考察分析，然后再进行判断决策。选择越多，我们在考察分析选项时势必付出更多的努力，也就势必带来更多的烦恼和痛苦。事实也正是如此。我们在做考卷中的选择题时，选项越多选择起来就越麻烦，也就越感到痛苦。还有，选择越多，选择时产生失误的概率就越高，由于失误而产生的后悔就越多，因而产生的痛苦也就越多。有人因为飞机晚点而后悔没选坐高铁，就是因为可选交通工具多样而造成的。如果没有高铁可选，就不会有这种后悔和痛苦。退一步说，即使其选择没有绝对的对错之分，也肯定有优劣之分。人们作出某一选择后，可能会觉得自己的选择并非最优而产生懊悔。从这种意义上说，选择越多，懊悔的概率就越大，也就越痛苦。很多股民懊悔自己没有选好股票而未赚到更多的钱，从而痛苦不已，无疑是因为可选购的股票太多造成的。57.论说文：根据下述材料，写一篇700字左右的论说文，题目自拟。知识的真理性只有经过检验才能得到证明，论辩是纠正错误的重要途径之一，不同观点的冲突会暴露错误而发现真理。56.范文一：如此论证，岂能服人？给定题干从理论推演和实践分析两个角度对于“选择”进行了分析，得出了“选择越多，可能会越痛苦”的结论。这一论证过程看似道理充足，事例丰富，实则鱼目混珠，囫囵吞枣，现将其失误之处分析如下：首先，作者偷换了“知足常乐”的真正含义，将其等同于“只有无穷的选择，才能使人感到最快乐”。这一说法明显是不准确的，有偷换概念的嫌疑。事实上，知足常乐是指对现实和既得利益十分满意的精神状态，并非作者所理解的，需要无穷选择才能使人感到快乐。其次，论述者认为：选择越多，付出的精力越多，带来的烦恼和痛苦越多。该推理过程明显与事实背道而驰，有片面看问题的嫌疑。这里只强调了选择多带来的烦恼和痛苦，而忽视了我们应对选择积累经验，提升能力，丰富人生的诸多好处。再次，材料中还提出：选择越多，失误的概率越高，产生的后悔和痛苦也就越多。其观点明显属于因噎废食的片面性结论。难道因为会产生失误，我们就要原地踏步，静止不前了吗？难道错过飞机，如果没有高铁我们就不会后悔、痛苦了吗？又次，题干在最后之处，选择有优劣之分，而人们往往不会做出正确的选择，所以，选择越多，后悔的概率就越大，也就越痛苦。此处的说法也是匪夷所思的，看问题的角度极端片面化。只看到了选择失败的后悔，为何不提选择成功的喜悦呢？最后，在各个分论点中，材料还分别列举了“考卷中的选择题”、“飞机—高铁的替代效应”、“股民的后悔”作为作证自己观点的例子。这明显属于以偏概全的做法。首先，这些例子只是极端个例，不足以说明全体。其次，这些例子和观点之间的关系，都是貌似相同，实则全异的，又岂能得出正确的结论呢？综上所述，这是一份不严密的论证，其得出的结论是不可信的。“选择越多，越痛苦”这个观点，还应该进行更加理性、客观的分析。56.范文二：有的人认为选择越多越快乐，其理由是：人的选择越多就越自由其自主性就越高，就越感到幸福和满足，所以就越快乐，其实选择越多，可能会越痛苦。常言道：“知足常乐”，一个人知足了才会感到快乐，世界上的事物是无穷的。所以选择也是无穷的，所谓：“选择越多越快乐”，意味着只有无穷的选择，才能使人感到最快乐，而追求无穷的选择就是不知足，不知足者就不会感到快乐，那就是只会感到痛苦。再说，在做出每一项选择时，首先需要我们对各个选项进行考察分析，然后再进行判断决策。选择越多，我们在考察分析选项时势必付出更多的精力，也就势必带来更多的烦恼和痛苦。事实也正是如此，我们在做考卷中的选择题时，选项越多，选择起来就越麻烦，也就越感到痛苦。还有选择越多，选择时产生失误的概率就越高，由于选择失误而产生的后悔就越多，因而产生的痛苦也就越多，有人认为飞机晚点而后悔没选择坐高铁，就是因为可选交通工具多样造成的，如果没有高铁可选，就不会有这种后悔和痛苦。退一步说，即使其选择没有绝对的对错之分，也肯定有优劣之分，人们做出某些选择后可能会觉得自己的选择并非最优而产生懊悔。从这种意义上说，选择越多，后悔的概率就越大，也就越痛苦，很多股民懊悔自己没有选择好股票。而未赚到更多的钱，从而痛苦不已。无疑是因为可选股票太多而造成的。57.范文一：论辩的意义知识的真理性只有经过实践才能得到证明。那么，怎么样才能在实践中证明真理呢？论辩无疑是重要途径之一，通过论点可以暴露错误、发现真理、答疑解惑、拨乱反正。论辩可以明义利。“义利之辩”，这个伦理学中道德评价标准的问题，在中国是由孔夫子最先揭举的。他在《论语·里仁》中提出：“君子喻于义，小人喻于利”。孔子身后，孟子积极推行这一学说。翻开《孟子》一书，到出都是“生，亦我所欲也；义，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。”的精辟辩论。也正是这些辩论，让“民为邦本，本固邦宁”的民本思想在中华大地生根，绵延五千年至今。论辩可以别是非。真理的标准，并非是主观臆断，而是需要在辩论中确定是非。1978年5月11日，《光明日报》发表特约评论员文章《实践是检验真理的唯一标准》，由此引发了一场关于真理标准问题的大讨论。在这次讨论中，暴露了我们在前进过程中的缺点、不足、和错误。重新确立了马克思主义的理论、路线、方针、政策和指导思想，开启了改革开放的伟大实践。论辩可以辨正邪。谁对谁错，孰是孰非，都需要通过辩论来阐明。1915年8月31日，梁启超在上海《大中华》月刊发表了明确反对袁世凯称帝的雄文《异哉所谓国体问题者》。《申报》、《时报》等大报迅速转载，风行一时，在全国激起强烈反响。梁启超的《异哉所谓国体问题者》阐述了反对变更共和政体的观点，对袁氏意欲复辟帝制的行径进行猛烈抨击。这篇文章，不但摧毁了袁氏当国的皇帝梦，也唤醒了民众的民主意识。综上所述，论辩可以明义利，别是非，辨正邪，对于我们前进的意义十分重大，在当下我们更应该注重这样的形式，推动我们不断前进。唯有此，才能真正推进我们的伟大事业不断前进。57.范文二：知识的真理性只有经过实践才能得到证明。论辩是纠正错误的重要途径之一，冲突的观点可以暴露错误从而发现真理。高分框架：事莫明于有效，论莫定于有证1.引言，对事物最好的检验是看它是否有效，对理论知识最好的检验是看它是否有证据。那我们怎么看这个理论知识是否对呢？2.冲突发现真理。此处的冲突不是指言语上的龃龉，而是指观点上的相悖。因为真理的唯一性，两种相反的观点不可能同时都对。这时，观点的冲突就显得格外重要。例子：日心说和地心说/光的微粒说和波动说/伏尔泰与尼达姆生命形成之谜/大陆漂移学说/人工智能是福是祸。3.论辩纠正错误。理不辨不明。论辩是什么？是为了自己的观点，寻找充足的论据和更经得起推敲的论证的过程。不能讲获胜的一方就代表了正确，但可以说他们的论据和论证更充分。例子：庄子和惠子鱼之乐/朱熹和陆九渊心学和理学/爱因斯坦和玻儿量子物理/玄奘法师那烂陀寺佛法之辩。4.实践检验双方。耳闻之不如目见之，目见之不如足践之。要想知道梨子的味道，要亲口去尝。实事求是。世间万物，一切在变。只有改变，永远不变。事物无时无刻都在起变化，昨天的正确不代表今天也正确，今天的正确不代表明天还正确。昨天的错误不代表今天还是错误，今天的错误不代表明天还是错误。所以，不断实践，才是检验双方的唯一标准。5.冲突的观点很宝贵，激烈的争辩不足畏，不断的实践最重要。在冲突中发现真理，在论辩中纠正错误，在实践中检验双方。形成一个个良性循环，这样我们也许才能离知识近一点，离无知远一点。离真理近一点，离谬误远一点。最后不管大家考的怎么样，都要积极准备复试，考研英语二答案解析+满分范文，齐辙老师明天给大家送上，欢迎评论区留言！
气之聚也
火之地2021考研政治真题及答案解析（完整版）
2021考研政治初试已经于12月26日上午8点半到11点半结束，文都考研考后为大家整理了2021考研政治初试真题及答案解析，方便考研人在考研结束之后核对估分，下面一起来看下2021考研政治初试真题及答案解析。2021考研政治初试真题及答案解析文都考研也会在考后为大家带来更多2021考研初试真题及答案解析，大家持续关注文都考研资讯，有什么问题大家也可以一起留言讨论。我们也会给大家带来考后名师直播解析和复试相关的备考攻略。
化妆师2020考研英语一真题及答案「完整版」！
2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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