硕士考试题

2021考研数学考试12月27日上午结束，收到很多同学反馈今年考研数学题目不难相对比较简单，为了方便考研人在考研结束之后核对以及2022考研人了解考情，下面和郑州启航考研一起来看下2021考研数学二真题及答案解析(完整版)。由于数学试题的特殊性，一些计算符号和数学单位无法直接在百家号发布，只能以图片版的形式发表。如果看不清楚的话，大家可以给我留言。我单独给你发题。数学二真题解析：#考研数学#

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

一、单项选择题:1~16小题，每小题1分，共16分。下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。1.马克思和恩格斯始终站在世界无产阶级革命的前沿，们的一生都在为推翻旧世界，建立新世界面奋斗马克思和恩格斯建立的第一个无产阶级政党是A.共产主义者同盟B.正义者同盟C.工人国际D.共产国际2.“橘生淮南则为橘，生于淮北则为，叶徒相似其实味不同，所以然者何?”橘途淮为积”说明了A.事物的发展变化，以时间地点和条件为转移B.事物的普遍联系是通过中介来实现的C.任何具体事物都是普遍联系之间的一个网结D.事物的变化和发展是一个过程3.马克思指出，判断一个变革时代不能以该时代的意识为依据，相反，这个意识必须从物质生活的矛盾中去解释。这里的“物质生活的矛盾”从根本上说是A.社会生产力与生产关系的现存冲突B.经济基础与上层建筑的现存冲突C.人类社会与自然界的乡村冲突D.社会存在与社会意识的现存冲突。4.在以私有制为基础的商品经济中，商品生产者的私人劳动生产的产品是否与社会的需求相适应，作为具体劳动的有用性质能否为村会所承认，商品的使用价值和价值之间的矛盾能否得到解决，决定着商品生产者的命运。以私有制为基础的商品经济的基本矛盾是A.使用价值和价值之间的矛盾B.私人劳动和社会劳动的矛盾C.具体劳动和抽象劳动的矛盾D.脑力劳动和体力劳动的矛盾5.习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观的继承和发展，是马克思主义中国化最新理论成果，是党和人民实践经验和集体智慧的结晶，是中国特色社会主义理论体系的重要组成部分，是全党全国人民为实现中华民族伟大复兴而奋斗的行动指南。这一思想的核心要义是A.推进马克思主义中国化时代化大众化B.坚持以经济建设为中心C.坚持和发展中国特色社会主义D.实现社会主义现代化6.党的十八大以来，为了更好适应我国国家安全面临的新形新任务，实现国家长治久安，我们明确提出了总体国家安全观。总体国家安全观的宗旨是A.政治安全B.经济安全C.人民安全D.军事、文化、社会安全7.高度重视和不断加强党的自身建设，是中国共产党从小到大、由弱到强，从控折中奋起，在战胜困难中不断成熟的一大法宝，也是党领导的伟大事业不断取得胜利的根本保证。中国特色社会主义进入新时代，党的建设的根本方针是A.全面加强党的执政本领B.坚持党要管党、全面从严治党C.坚持解放思想、改革创新D.全面推进党的政治建设8.党的十九大提出实施乡村振兴战略为起着眼党和国家事业全局，深刻把握现代化建设规律和城乡关系变化特征，顺应亿万农民对美好生活的向往，对“三农”工作的决部署，是新时代做好“三农”工作的总抓手实施乡村振兴战略的根本目的是A.确保国家粮食安全B.建立新型土地承包关系C.转移农村富余劳动力D.推进农业农村现代化9.戊戊维新是资产阶级性质的改良，是因为变法政令A一定程度上反映了资产阶级政治经济诉求B.纳了维新派开办国会的主张C.触动了封建制度的根本D.具有彻底性和不妥协性10.中共第一次独立领导并完全取胜的斗争是A.京汉铁路工人罢工B.香港海员罢工C，安源各矿工人罢工D开滦五矿工人罢工人11.1936年12月12日，张学良、杨虎城发动“兵诔”，扣留了蒋介石。这就是震惊中外的西安事变。事变发生后，中共中央确定了促成西安事变和平解决的基本方针，其原因是中国共产党A.不赞成张学良、杨虎城的主张B.为了团结国民党共同抗日C.工作重心转向城市斗争D.接受了共产国际的指示12.1945年8月29日，重庆《大公报》毛泽东赴重庆谈判发表了《毛泽东先生来了!》的社评，其中写道:“毛泽东先生来了!中国人听了高兴，世界人了高兴，无疑问的，大家都认为这是中国的一件大喜事。”毛泽东赴重庆谈判的目的是A.结束国共内战B.商讨联合抗日C.寻求外国援助D.争取和平民主13.2015年9月10日，中国教育大会在北京召开，会议上近平指出，培养什么人，是教育的首要问题，我国是共产党领导的社会主义国家，决定了我们的教育要A.推进教育现代化B.培养社会主义建设者和接班人C.全面深化教育体制改革D.建设教育强国14.人只有为同时代人的完，为他们的幸福而工作，自己才能达到完，如果只为自，他也许能成为著名的者，伟大的哲人，卓越的诗人，但永远不能成为完美的，直正伟大的人物这表明A.现自我价值是创造社会价值的原因B.个人价值的取他人的认同C人生社价可代替自我价值D.人生价值是自我价值和社会价值的统一15.2018年9月中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室发布了《关于中美经贸摩擦的事实与中方立场》白皮书。白皮书指出，中美两国经齐发展阶段、经济制度不同，存在经贸摩擦是正常的，关键是A如何增加进口、消除逆差、管控分歧B.如何增加出口、降低关税、管控分歧C.如何增进互信、促进合作、管控分歧D.如何加强合作，加征关税、管控分歧16.2018年4月27日，朝鲜国务委员会委员长金正思与韩国总统文在寅在板门店韩方一侧的“和平之家举行会晤。本次两国首脑会晤最重要的成果是共同签署并发表了A.《<板门店宣言>军事领域履行协议》B.《北南关系发展与和平繁荣宜言》C.《北南共同宣言》D.《为促进朝鲜半岛和平、繁荣、统一的板门店宣言》二、多项选择题:17~33小题，每小题2分，共34分，下列每题给出的四个选项中，至少有两个选项是符合题要求的，请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。多选或少选均不得分。17(暂无）A.信息是独立于物质和意识的第三种形态B.物质世界的多样性C物质世界已经不再具有客观现实性D.人类的实践创造能够创造出现实存在中所存在的一个现实自然社会中所不存在的18.为什么要产格控制DMA的改变A.科学有时候是益它的、敌对的B.突破了伦理道德底线C.实践是真理性和价值性的统一D.合规律性和合目的性的统一19.平均利润A.利润平均在化不同部门的资本家对于加强工人阶级的剥削是有共同的阶级利益的B.不同部门的资本家们的等量价值投入带来的利润都是平均化的C.某企业的工人剩余劳动力可能会被其他的资本家所榨取D.不涉及直接生产的银行资本家，他的利润要低于平均利润20.为什么由资本主义社会转向社会主义社会是一种长期的漫长的历史进程A.资本主义能进行自我调整B.资本主义发展不平衡C.所有的社会形态都是有绝对稳定性的D.资本主义社会对于生产关系还有可容纳的空间21.科学社会主义的启发家习近平的一段话A它是优秀文化的历史传承B.资本主义社会的生产方式与社会主义生产方式没有必然联系C.它是一成不变的教条D.在不同的时代，它的内容与形式是不同的。22.新的主要矛盾的变化为什么没有带来我国社会的历史阶段的发展变化A.我国还是全球最大的发展中国家B.我国还面临着非常复杂的国际环境C我国大体上是不发达的D.这个矛质的转变，仅仅是社会主义初级阶段的历史阶段当中的一个改变23.改革开放40年来，我国民营经济从小到大从弱到强，不断发展壮大。截止2017年底，我民营企数量超过2700万家，个体工商户超过6500万，注册资本超过165万亿元。概括起来说，民营经济具“五六七八九”的特征，即贡献了50%以上的税收，60%以上的国内生产总值，70%以上的技术创新成果，8以上的城镇劳动就业，90%以上的企业数量。我国经济发展能够创造中国奇迹，民营经济功不可没。这表明民营经济已成为A.建设现代化经济体系的重要主体B.推动社会主义市场经济发展的重要力量C.实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的重要力量D.控制国民经济命脉的主导力量24.国家治理体系是在党领导下管理国家的制度体系，是一整套紧密相连、相互协调的国家制度;国家治能力则是运用国家制度管理社会各方面事务的能力。二者的关系主要表现为A提高国家治理能力可以充分发挥国家治理体系的效能B.好的国家治理体系能够提高国家治理能力C.国家治理体系和质量能力是相辅相成的有机整体D.国家治理体系越完备国家治理能力就一定越强25.全面准确地理解和把握“一国”与“两制”的关系，应在坚持“一国”基础上，实现“两制”之间的和谐相处、相互促进。为此，必须做到A.把维护中央权力和保障特别行政区高度自治权有机结合起来B.把坚持“一国”原则和尊重“两制”差异机结合起来C.把利用国际有利条件和发挥港澳优势有有机结合起来D.把发挥祖国内地坚强后盾作用和提高港澳自身竞争力有机结合起来26.坚定文化自信，是事关国运兴衰、事关文化安全、事关民族精神独立性的大问题。坚定中国特色社会主义道路自信、理论自信、制度自信，说到底就是要坚定文化自信。讲文化自信，我们有充分理由和充足底气，因为中国特色社会主义文化A.熔铸于生机勃勃的社会主义先进文化B.承继于激昂向上的革命文化C.源自于博大精深的中华优秀传统文化D.植根于中国特色社会主义伟大实践27.毛泽东在井冈山建立革命根据地，是因为A.有较好的群众基础B.井冈山地势险要易守难攻C.易于部队筹粮出款D.敌人统治力量比较薄弱28.中华人民共和国的建立标志着A.新民主主义革命基本胜利B.半殖民地半封建社会结束C.中共的地位根本性改变根本性变化D.社会主义基本制度确立29.经济体制改革，首先是从农村开始的。当时我国农业农村经济发展面临的主要问题有A.农民温饱上已经完全解决B.农村土地改革尚未完成C.人民公社体制亟待改革D.乡村企业管理体制亟待改革30.2018年4月，第十三届全国人民代表大会第一次会议表决通过了《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》，其中，将社会主义核心价值观写入宪法，凸显了社会主义核心价值观的能要意义，社会主义核心价值观是A.坚持发展中国特色社会主义的价值遵循B.构建人类命共同体的行动指南C.增进社会团结和谐的最大公约数D.提高国家文化软实力的迫切要求31.中国特色社会主义法制坚持将法治与德治相结合法制与德治，是治国理政不可或缺的两种方式。这是因为两者A.发挥作用方式不同B.调整范围不同C.所处地位不同D.实现途径不同32.（暂无）33.（暂无）三。分析题34.(1)如何理解“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”?(5分)(2)从实践标准的绝对性和相对性的关系，谈谈你对“实践没有止境，理论创新也没有止境”的认识。(5分)35.(1)为什么说“改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键抉择”?(5分)(2)如何理解进入新时代必须“以改革开放眼光看待改革开放”?(5分)36.(1)如何理解马克思列宁主义给中国人民“指明了前进方向，提供了全新选择”?(5分)(2)中华民族实现了从东亚病夫到站起来、从站起来到富起来、并迎来了从富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃说明了什么?(5分)37.(1)如何理解“英雄烈士的事迹和精神是中华民族共同的历史记忆和宝贵的精神财富”?(5分)(2)从法律社会作用的角度，分析为什么要以法律的名义保护英雄烈士?(5分)38.(1)为什么说“主场外交已成为全新的‘中国名片’”?(4分)(2)中国主场外交贯穿着怎样的外交关系理念?中国为世界发展提供了哪些智慧和方案?(6分)（文章转载于“思想国”公众号）

2021考研数学一真题解析文档 可私信小编免费领取，请联系：

所有备战研究生的学生听到最多的一句话，就是研究真题。如何做呢？1、英语先声明一点，考研没有强制要求必须过了四六级。所以没有考四六级的同学们大可放心了（有学校明确提出要求的慎重报考）。1.1 背真题中的单词。考研我没有准备单词书，报班了但是效果不太好，最终只有自己学习了。买了套年的真题，把真题上面所有的单词都被过了。查单词的过程是相当的痛苦，但是坚持下来了，然后就是把单词的意思背过，死记硬背，我没有任何技巧。1.2 研究选项。做完题之后，最痛快的时候就是对答案了。相信大部分人是做对了就不管了，只管做错的题。而且也是看为什么选A，不研究为什么不选B。其实研究为什么不选B比知道选A更重要，知其然也知其所以然就是这个道理。保证对试卷上所以的题目、选项无缝隙的覆盖钻研。1.3 翻译。先说一下，不管你翻译得如何，一定要保证卷面整洁。根据买的真题上的参考答案研究，从用词、句型结构等各个角度研究，然后就是自己翻译。详细英语复习建议看：学长带你学考研英语2、数学数学分数一、数二、数三。2.1 基础知识。不建议直接上来做真题，那样会打击到你（大神除外），先把基础知识学一遍，尤其是资料上面的练习题，如果可以全部自己动手做一遍。切忌一看会了就不动手做，这是万万不可取的。买复习全书的人很多，也有用汤老师、张老师的，大家自由选择，这里不做推荐。2.2 做几遍真题。第一遍真题基础好的同学，这一遍真题应该可以做到90分了，我了解到很少，所以如果这一遍没有做到90不要紧张。就研究这一套卷子，把卷子上面涉及到的知识点全部在学习一遍，然后隔上两天再做一遍。第二遍一定要做到90分以上，最基本的如何破题，答题，技巧要形成体系。2.3 总结。不管你有是否有这样的习惯，现在一定要养成做总结的习惯，把试卷上的知识点做总结，做题的破题点做总结，答题的技巧做总结，甚至答题的顺序都要有总结。详细数学复习建议看：学长带你学考研数学3、政治很多人觉着政治的大纲每年变化最大，没有必要研究真题，其实非也。3.1 利用真题总结知识点。虽然每年大纲变化很大，但是还是有很多主干知识不会变化，利用真题先把主干知识总结出来，先复习这个，不要老说政治考前突击就行。3.2 真题参考答案的答题思路。先研究政治主观题的答题套路，了解套路后才能走好下一步。这样做一来找到答题的套路，二来复习了知识点。详细政治复习建议看：学长带你学考研政治4、专业课很多学校的专业课会有很多的重复的，所以建议把专业课的试题都要背过。专业课就不再多说了。最后祝大家考上理想院校。

本报讯 （记者 李星婷）12月26日，2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试开考。全国共377万余名考生参考，重庆市有8万余名考生参考。由于疫情防控的需要，各考点考场均按重庆市考试院的统一要求，进行防疫部署。当日上午，进行的是思想政治和管理类联考。重庆日报记者了解到，在重庆大学、西南大学、重庆邮电大学、重庆工商大学等多个考点，均按市教育考试院的统一要求，进行了防疫部署。如考生在进入考场大门时须检查健康码、提供防疫承诺书、接受红外仪体温检测。考生进入每个考室时，还有第二次体温检测。每个考室也都备有口罩、洗手液等防疫物资。今年很多重大的事件，进入了考研试题。比如，在思想政治试题中，给出抗美援朝70周年、全面建成小康社会的相关材料，让考生分析历史意义、形势与政策等等。抗击新冠肺炎疫情无疑也是今年的考点。此外，考生也需用辩证法的方法，去阐释“危机与新机，在变局中开新局”的关系。【来源：重庆日报】声明：转载此文是出于传递更多信息之目的。若有来源标注错误或侵犯了您的合法权益，请作者持权属证明与本网联系，我们将及时更正、删除，谢谢。 邮箱地址：newmedia@xxcb.cn

对于真题考试题型不固定的院校应该如何复习？文都比邻带来20年华中师范大学教育硕士考研真题分析。每年考研初试结束之后我们会对历年真题进行收集整理并进行详细的分析，为了提供给考生们提供更多备考资料。一、院系解读华中师范大学是教育部直属重点综合性大学，是“211工程”、“985工程优势学科创新平台”重点建设院校，是国家教育部本科教学评估“优秀”高校、国家师范生免费教育试点高校。学校2005年进入“211工程”重点建设高校名单，2017年入选国家“双一流”世界一流学科建设高校名单，2019年入选首批国家教材建设重点研究基地。华中师范大学教育学院形成了从本科生到博士后完整的人才培养体系。现有教育学、学前教育和特殊教育三个本科专业，其中教育学专业被评为湖北省本科品牌专业，也是教育部、财政部批准的高等学校特色专业建设点；学前教育专业属国家卓越幼儿园教师培养计划改革项目和湖北省专业综合改革试点；特殊教育专业属湖北省荆楚卓越计划改革项目。二、华中师范大学教育硕士考研参考书目三、考研真题分析（一）题型变化【文都比邻解读】华中师大333真题的题型不固定，时而会增加选择题，时而又全是主观题。例如，2012年只以“名词解释、简答题、论述题”三种形式考查，但2013年、2014年增加了选择题题型，2015年、2016年继续回归传统题型即名词解释、简答题和论述题，之后2017年又增加了选择题，而2018年又继续回归传统题型即名词解释、简答题和论述题，2019年又添加了选择题，2020年呈现的仍是传统的三大题型（即名词解释、简答题和论述题）。（二）科目分值按题型分布明细表（2020）【文都比邻解读】通过分析华中师范大学真题，可知：华中师范大学333教育专硕综合试题中，每个科目对应的分值较为固定。其中，教育学原理的分值比重最大且波动幅度最小，约为60分；教育心理学和中国教育史的比重稍大于外国教育史，但同时外国教育史的分值比重也在上升。（三）命题规律1.题量相对较少，答题时间很宽裕，且简答题题量相对固定。2.名词解释题中，2020年真题与2018、2019年相比，未考查到教育心理学的相关内容。其他三门科目均考查了2道题目，且题目较为常规，容易作答。3.简答题中，题目的难度系数中等。“赫尔巴特的课程论”“不同归因对学生有什么影响，如何指导学生正确归因”等不能直接作答，需要整合所学知识点进行作答，有一定难度。4.论述题中，题目的难度系数在整个试卷中最大。作答此类题目既需要掌握知识的宏观框架，也需要对具体的知识点进行准确记忆。比如，“论述新文化教育思潮（写任意五个）”，既要对新文化教育思潮的整体内容有所了解，又要能够准确写出每一个教育思潮的相关知识点。（四）复试建议1.尽早核对答案，进行估分。2.尽早规划复习时间，准备复试，赢在起跑线上。3.切记按照复试指定书目进行复习。四、真题早知道2020年真题（部分）一、名词解释：每题5分，共30分4.社学6.现代人文主义教育思潮二、简答：每题10分，共40分3.赫尔巴特的课程论4.不同归因对学生有什么影响，如何指导学生正确归因三、分析论述题：每题20分，共80分1.结合教育实际，德育过程培养学生知情意行发展过程。4.分析论述信息加工学习理论及其对教学的启示。

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交白卷和看到答案的考生2019年研究生考试各种奇葩新闻2019年的硕士研究生考试已经结束，然而在网络中曝光的各种奇葩新闻却有点让人拉眼睛，辛苦一年努力复习的考生们在普通高校山东师大遇到了带答案的试卷，而985高校的电子科技大学居然把专业课的试卷发错，面对发错的试卷，考生们只能枯坐3小时，最后无奈交白卷，从中国的普通高校到985高校，都已经把说硕士研究生考试不当回事，用中国的依据俗语，当你对别人不当回事的时候，别人也会对你不当回事，当高校自己都对研究生考试不当回事的时候，那么如何要求高校的导师们对研究生培育当回事？中国高等教育堪忧中国的高等教育堪忧最近几年，中国的全国研究生统考频繁出现泄题事件，那么对于高校的专业考试来说，那么更是一种敷衍差事，山西师范大学的老师们甚至懒得去重新出题，直接把去年的试卷拿来直接对考生进行考核，当被网络曝光时，校方才无奈地通知考生在12月26日重新考试，高校的教授们遇到不断扩招的生源，以及高校的各种变态考核制度，在年底疲于应付各项考核的老师们只能通过敷衍试卷来变相地抗议，不在高校的人们，不会感受到高校的各种考核评价体系的变态，从财务审核报销到繁忙的各种会晤，加上年底的科研考核申报，中国高校的教授们都疲于应对，严进宽出的硕士研究生已经成为常态，自从研究生自费开始，高校都通过各种手段想要提高研究生的招收数量，清华和北大等很多高校研究生数量早已超越了本科生数量，清华北大金本科、银硕士、铜博士并不是没有道理，中国的高等教育质量堪忧！高校研究生和导师们的相互吐槽高校研究生和导师们的相互吐槽最近针对研究生考试，小编写了大量文章，通过高校和社会的一些现象来探讨目前中国研究生学位的含金量，针对网红考研教师张雪峰的言论写过《中国高等教育的悲哀：把考研辅导班竟然办成了一项产业！》的文章，也根据中国就业市场报告写过《高校辅导员也要求博士毕业！难道中国高学历就业市场已经饱和？》的文章，更多的是针对目前中国高等教育体系内研究生和导师们的相互吐槽，中国应试教育培养的研究生们认为自己被导师当成佣人，处处为难自己，以至于中国的研究生都称自己的导师为老板，而中国的高校的教授们却吐槽中国的研究生生源质量太差，需要导师当保姆式的帮助，本来可以自己查文献的事情，也需要导师去帮着找资料，实验需要导师催促着去做，甚至连毕业论文都需要导师帮着去写。很多人在小编文章下留言说小编观点的错误，其实这是由于中国高校研究生教育质量差异造成的，很多不具备研究生导师资格的导师靠着压迫学生去完成工作，而很多名校的导师们都具备有海外留学宽进严出的经历，他们对比自己在海外全靠自己的主动时学习，国内的研究生们面对严进宽出，他们对待科研实验失去热情，只想获得一纸名校的毕业证，这也是为何江苏一名高校教授痛心疾首地说：“自己花费20多万培养的研究生却去苏宁当了销售！”因此，当你觉得某些观点不正确的时候，也许你观察事物站的角度可能不同，当你换一个角度，重新审视某一事物时，你就会发现自己曾今的错误观点，欢迎大家留言吐槽！