生理考研试题

上个周末，一年一度的考研终于结束，这是290万考研学子辛苦准备了很长时间的一场检验。在考试前，今年就被广大网友称为今年是史上考研最难的一年，报考总人数已经超过历年，考研压力可想而知。随着现在就业压力的增大，越来越多的人在本科毕业后选择了读研这条路，据不完全统计，目前很多学校的读研率高达50%以上。除了保送之外，大部分学生不得不通过考研这条路。所以事关290万人的考研公平就非常受到大家的期待和关注。而今年，注定是考研史上最不凡的一年，网友称之为“史上考研最乱的一年”。正常来说，考研跟高考一样，由于涉及面广，所以考试相对还是比较公平公正，这种级别的考试不是普通的期末考试，需要经过层层把关和审核，一般很难出现各种低级错误。然而今年却不一样。相信很多人都知道，根据最新的山东省教育厅公告，山东师范大学、青岛理工大学等2所大学，由于在考研时出现试题错将，将答案直接发给了考生，出现了这种低级错误，而且造成了大面积考生的考试受影响，这属于严重的责任事故。虽然目前，山东省教育厅已经对相关责任人进行了停职处理，下一步的调查还有进行当中。真是让人大跌眼镜，考研这么重要的考试，能够将试题装错，这恐怕是史上第一次闹这么大笑话。可见相关学校在对待考试这件事情上的态度是很有问题。无独有偶，除了山东的2所大学出现这种低级错误，网络上还曝光出电子科技大学这所985高校的考研试题《固体物理》试题出现偏差，将统一组织补考。考研试题出现错误，这将会严重影响考生的情绪，就算是重新补考，多多少少也会受到影响，这种损失谁来弥补？除了上述3所大学将试题弄错，网络上又曝出一则消息，西南大学疑似考研试题泄露。相信，我们每年都能听到这种新闻，不管是高考还是考研，总有不法分子喜欢铤而走险，将本来一场公平的考试硬生生在利益面前被打破。目前，西南大学针对这起事件，正在调查，不管真实与否，调查结果将及时向社会公布。2019年的考研，是将近300万学子实现梦想的一场考试，希望有关部门高度重视，还这场考试一个公平，还考试一个蓝天。对于2019年考研，你们有什么想说的？欢迎交流

考试是一件非常严肃、紧张、正经的事情，但是毕竟人都会犯错，有时候考官或监考老师也会出现错误，刚刚过去的考研就出现把答案当试卷发的情况，下面一起来看看考场上还出现哪些失误呢？惊呆1. 山东高校试题错装，答案当试卷发刚刚过去的考研发生了“不可思议”的错误，山东师范大学自命题科目《外语教学理论基础》考试把答案当试卷发了。后来发现是印刷封装错误，相关人员表示抱歉，然后学生要补考。网友表示“电视剧都不敢这么演”，也有网友表示同情，“太扎心了，心态崩了”。答案当试题答案当试题答案当试题2. 四六级放错4遍听力前不久，郑州某高校四六级考试上放错了听力，放的听力竟然是去年的，而且放错了4遍，让考试时间延长了13分钟，实在是影响了很多考生的心态。那些听出来错了的考生真的是厉害了，但也有网友说，听力如听天书，其实我的内心毫无波澜。还有网友说“放了一半才告诉我放错了，啥？那我前面那么有信心选的是什么鬼”。这就非常尴尬了，很扎“学渣”的心啊！放错听力3. 高考考场钟停了约20分钟高考是举国瞩目的考试，不管是考生、家长还是老师都非常看重，但是在这么重要的场合上也出现过失误--考场钟停了约20分钟（有说17分钟）。这事可大可小，很多学生都是看着时间做题的，以为时间充裕，突然就要交卷，心里不慌是假的。后续该不该延长时间也是个问题，对于考场内的学生来说，钟停走不是他们的错，理应延时，而对于考场外的学生来说，大家时间其实是一样的，延长时间不够公平。时钟停走最近流行一句话，“你只管努力，其他的交给天意”，虽然有道理，但是也要有应对突发情况的心理素质，在出现这些情况时，尽量先让自己平静下来，保持好心态，然后看监考老师的安排，一般学校是会负责的。每一场考试对努力准备的考生来说都是至关重要的，所以考场相关人员应该要做全面的检查和准备，对考生负责，出现问题也应及时补救，让考生尽量得到公平的对待。对于考场出现的失误，你有什么看法呢？你自己有没有遇到这些情况呢？惊呆了（图片来源网络，如有侵权，请联系作者删除！）

交白卷和看到答案的考生2019年研究生考试各种奇葩新闻2019年的硕士研究生考试已经结束，然而在网络中曝光的各种奇葩新闻却有点让人拉眼睛，辛苦一年努力复习的考生们在普通高校山东师大遇到了带答案的试卷，而985高校的电子科技大学居然把专业课的试卷发错，面对发错的试卷，考生们只能枯坐3小时，最后无奈交白卷，从中国的普通高校到985高校，都已经把说硕士研究生考试不当回事，用中国的依据俗语，当你对别人不当回事的时候，别人也会对你不当回事，当高校自己都对研究生考试不当回事的时候，那么如何要求高校的导师们对研究生培育当回事？中国高等教育堪忧中国的高等教育堪忧最近几年，中国的全国研究生统考频繁出现泄题事件，那么对于高校的专业考试来说，那么更是一种敷衍差事，山西师范大学的老师们甚至懒得去重新出题，直接把去年的试卷拿来直接对考生进行考核，当被网络曝光时，校方才无奈地通知考生在12月26日重新考试，高校的教授们遇到不断扩招的生源，以及高校的各种变态考核制度，在年底疲于应付各项考核的老师们只能通过敷衍试卷来变相地抗议，不在高校的人们，不会感受到高校的各种考核评价体系的变态，从财务审核报销到繁忙的各种会晤，加上年底的科研考核申报，中国高校的教授们都疲于应对，严进宽出的硕士研究生已经成为常态，自从研究生自费开始，高校都通过各种手段想要提高研究生的招收数量，清华和北大等很多高校研究生数量早已超越了本科生数量，清华北大金本科、银硕士、铜博士并不是没有道理，中国的高等教育质量堪忧！高校研究生和导师们的相互吐槽高校研究生和导师们的相互吐槽最近针对研究生考试，小编写了大量文章，通过高校和社会的一些现象来探讨目前中国研究生学位的含金量，针对网红考研教师张雪峰的言论写过《中国高等教育的悲哀：把考研辅导班竟然办成了一项产业！》的文章，也根据中国就业市场报告写过《高校辅导员也要求博士毕业！难道中国高学历就业市场已经饱和？》的文章，更多的是针对目前中国高等教育体系内研究生和导师们的相互吐槽，中国应试教育培养的研究生们认为自己被导师当成佣人，处处为难自己，以至于中国的研究生都称自己的导师为老板，而中国的高校的教授们却吐槽中国的研究生生源质量太差，需要导师当保姆式的帮助，本来可以自己查文献的事情，也需要导师去帮着找资料，实验需要导师催促着去做，甚至连毕业论文都需要导师帮着去写。很多人在小编文章下留言说小编观点的错误，其实这是由于中国高校研究生教育质量差异造成的，很多不具备研究生导师资格的导师靠着压迫学生去完成工作，而很多名校的导师们都具备有海外留学宽进严出的经历，他们对比自己在海外全靠自己的主动时学习，国内的研究生们面对严进宽出，他们对待科研实验失去热情，只想获得一纸名校的毕业证，这也是为何江苏一名高校教授痛心疾首地说：“自己花费20多万培养的研究生却去苏宁当了销售！”因此，当你觉得某些观点不正确的时候，也许你观察事物站的角度可能不同，当你换一个角度，重新审视某一事物时，你就会发现自己曾今的错误观点，欢迎大家留言吐槽！

现在对于参加考研的学生来说，最关注的就是今年的考研究竟难不难呢？因此你便会看到很多学生自从考场回到学校讨论的问题都是以今年的考研难度为主线，有的学生表示今年的考研试题是真的难，但也有一部分考生表示今年的试题还是相对来说比较容易一些，那么到底是难还是不难呢？或许我们那些二战考研的学生更加有发言权吧！据了解很多二战考研的学生表示，今年的考研试题相对于去年的考研试题来说还是要容易很多的。我想凡是关注考研的学生来说，都清楚18考研的试题难度，拿数学来说，18考研的数学试题所考察的知识点都有超纲的知识点，这难倒了诸多的考生，所以18考研数学考试结束后，是真的有很多学生便放弃了后续的考试了，选择放弃了，因为数学这一单科成绩已经是没戏了。更为重要的是在2月公布的研究生招生考试的最低分数线中，数学的最低分数线下降了非常的多，所以这足以说明18考研数学试题非常的难。但对于今年的数学试题来说，二战考研的学生表示难度不是没有但是相对于去年的考研数学已经是简单了很多了，所以他们认为今年的数学相对容易一些。此外，今年的英语试题上，虽然有几个单词考研学生表示不认识，阅读理解不会做，新题型不会做等诸多情况，但是从目前的情况来看今年的英语试题相对于去年的英语试题还是有一定的下降。二战考研的学生也表示，今年的英语试题有难度，但是绝对没有18考研的难，因为去年他们在做英语的时候不管是作文还是阅读，或者还是新题型都是非常的难，最后在所公布的英语单科国家线上也明显的体现了出来，18英语单科线相对于17年英语单科线整整下降了两分。所以，从那些二战考研的学生得出的结论是相对于去年的考研来说，今年的考研还是比较容易的，但是依然非常的有一定的难度。或许这些二战考研的学生，对于今年的考研试题会更加的有清晰的认识，毕竟参加了去年的硕士研究生招生考试，有了一定的对比，因此大致可以确定今年 的考研试题相对于去年的考研试题还是比较简单一些的。

让不少学生紧张了好久的一年一度的考研，终于在上周落下了帷幕，不少学生纷纷表示自己终于可以歇息两天了。接近三百万的考研学生，为了这一场考试早起晚睡几个月。在考试前，这一次的考试还被评为是史上考研最难的一年，报考人数比往年多得多，可想而知压力会有多大了，但是今年却不是最难的考研年，而是最乱的考研年。按理来说，考研的重要性不亚于高考，所以每年的考试也是很公平公正的，因为这种考试跟普通的期末考试不一样，这是需要经过层层筛选和把关的，按理说是不允许出现有答案、考题泄露的，更别说连试卷都印刷错的这种低级错误了。然后今年倒好，不该出现的通通出现了 。相信刷微博的大家都知道了，前几天山东省教育厅在微博发了公告，由于考研时出现试题错误，山东师范大学和青岛理工大学不小心将答案发给了考生，造成了这种低级错误的发生，对考生造成了很大程度的影响，这属于严重的事故，虽然目前，山东教育厅已经对相关负责人停职了，但是这件事目前为止还在调查当中。考研这场考试有多重要相信大家都知道，能够将试题泄露试题印错，只能证明那个考场的学校对这件事有多么的敷衍，这恐怕可以算是考研史上第一次闹出的大笑话了，可见学校在对待考研考试的态度是很有问题的。但是你以为就山东出错了？Nonono，还有呢，网上曝出电子科技大学这所985大学也出现了《固体物理》试题出现偏差，将重新组织补考，不少考生表示自己只能在考场呆坐三小时。这种低级错误都能犯，影响考生情绪谁负责呢？就算是可以重新补考，但这件事对考生或者以后的考生造成了多大的心理负担？谁去了这所大学考试不害怕呢？这还不算完，网上再次曝出西南大学的考研试题早已泄露，每年这种新闻其实都很多，每次大型考试总有不法分子以为可以从中赚取利润，不惜铤而走险，让一场公平的考试变成利益的趋势。目前西南大学也已经发出公告，针对此事件开始着手调查，不管事情是真是假，还是希望西南大学可以将结果及时得告诉人民群众，也给所有在西南大学考研的学生一个公平的回答。这场考研是接近三百万学子实现自己学业梦想的一个考试，还是希望有关部门可以重视，还考生们一个公平，还考研一片蓝天，不过也有知情微博表示已有五所大学出现类似问题，也不知道究竟是否属实，对于今年这场考研，你有什么想说的吗？

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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毫无意外，自从有了热搜，对“考研试题难度大”的吐槽准时准点地出现在榜单前列。考研英语基本是年年在榜，管综逻辑今年如黑马一般，率先杀到吐槽榜首。看到走出考场的考生，有的面色凝重，有的仍旧气定神闲，有的疾步匆匆离去，有的拿出手机可能正在吐槽。但要问谁考得好，看面相很难知晓。为何每年研究生考试的试题难度都这么大呢？我们就来聊聊它“背后的原因”。01研究生考试的本质（目的）在我的文章史上最难的考研初试将于26日开考，多方原因造就377万考研大军里有明确讲过，2021年考研人数为377万，这里面有一大半的考生将被淘汰。2020年考生增加了140万，但是录取名额只增加了40万，增加的招录比仅为28.57%。虽然研究生已经扩招了几年，但事实上，被淘汰的考生数量更大。作为选拔性考试，要从这377万的考研大军里合法、合理、合规地遴选出计划数量的优秀考生，就是研究生考试存在的意义和目的。换言之，研究生考试的本质就是“劝退”。02“有水平”的研究生考试教育界人士通常会评价一套试卷是否“有水平”，意思就是这套试题能不能有效地拉开考生的差距，测试出考生的实力。要想拉开差距，必然要设置合理的试题难度。就好比马拉松长跑比赛，5公里的亲子跑绝大多数人都能办到；10公里的欢乐跑，有一部人就难以坚持；能够跑完半马的最多能有半数；能够完成全马的运动员才是专业选手。研究生考试也是同样道理，它的难度一定与当年的招录比有关系。报考的人数越多，录取的人数越低，那考题的难度就会越大。这就是为何每年考生总感叹试题难度大的原因之一。此外，试题难度大也是对硕士研究生学历含金量的一种保护。不论是技术认证还是职业资格证，但凡含金量高的证书必定都难考，这是一条铁律。10%的录取率和50%的录取率的考试试题难度肯定不同，它们所对应的结果含金量必定也不同，稀缺就是价值。因此，考生和家长应该为考研试题难度大感到欣慰，这说明硕士学历还没那么快贬值。如果考研初试每道题大家都会，就无法达到拉开考生差距的目的。难度小，分差就小，每一分都会对应许多考生。作为迄今为止录取率都低于33%的选拔性考试，初试难度小，复试就一定会增加难度，最终都有异曲同工之效，完成一个选拔性考试基本使命。因此，导师们都不愿听到初试难度小，这必定会增加复试的工作量和工作难度。那些热门高校如中国人民大学，今年增加了6580名考生，那么人大的复试试题难度可想而知，人大研究生导师在复试时的工作任务也一定苦不堪言。如果一半的考生都说试题难度大，就说明考研试题“有水平”，足够淘汰掉一半的考生，有助于高校和导师从另一半选择优秀学子。03试题难，这样办考研试题难度大，考生应该怎么办呢？请记住4件事：1、不论当年的试题到底有多难，大家都是同一套试题，题目和难度系数都是一样的。你难，他（她）也难，大家都一样。不难的是学霸，但是学霸绝大部分都已经享受了推免名额，能感觉不难的考生真是极少数。所有的考生还是在同一考核和评判标准下，考试没有针对任何个人，并不有失公允。所以有的考生感觉自己答得一团糟，最终反而成功上岸。2、需要弄清楚考研试题是否真是难题。到底是考生的实力不够，水平有限，还是题目难度太大，内容奇葩。举个例子：复试成绩公告以后，总会有个别考生认为面试导师针对个人，提出的面试问题难度比别的考生更大，导致复试成绩不好，有失公平，要求调取面试录像重新评定。但实际上复试面试成绩能够被重新评定的情况几乎为0。这是由于考生对自身实力水平的认知度不够而产生了误解。如果考生实力水平普通，且能幸运通过初试的话，在复试时就需要再努把力，拉拉分；如果遗憾未能通过初试，那就回家继续修炼，下一次肯定更强，因为经验值增加了。如果是考题确实难度很大，请参见第一条。3、考试之前，对试题的难度做好一定的心理准备。年年都上热搜的事情早该料到。试题难度大不是意外，难度小才是。考完之后，不论试卷做得如何，题目答得怎样，心态都不能崩。考完一科，就放下一科，不要再纠结做不出的题，懊恼没答好的内容，或者抱怨吐槽题目奇葩。反正已经交卷，听天由命的事就无需再劳心费神，全力专注下一科考试。全部考完之后，你可以发长文，用24小时来一吐为快，如果你愿意的话。4、提前告知家长不要反复询问考试内容，一切都待考完后再议。关心心切的家长们刨根究底的其实是影响考生心态的重要原因之一。“今天试题难度大不大？考得好不好？你做得怎么样？”夺命连环问经常上演。孩子好不容易在回家路上调整好了心态，一被，就功亏一篑。有人说考研不是一个人的事，而是一家人的事。既然是一个团队，那家长也要做好备考准备。孩子考试需要家长帮助他们卸下心中负担，告诉他们“辛苦了！”；告诉他们“放心大胆去考，别太在意结果，努力了就行。”；告诉他们“你已经足够努力，考上了全家大庆三天，没考上也不要紧。想要再战全家支持，不想再考，就找自己喜欢的工作，爸爸妈妈都支持你。”做好一个心理压力“卸货员”是家长应该扮演的角色和完成的任务。考研大军的人数一年更比一年多，考题的难度只会一年更比一年大。没有最难只有更难。热搜年年预定，习惯就好，没有什么好抱怨的。既然不能左右出题的难度，那就勇做“跑得过半马，熬得完全马”的人吧！考研初试干过50%的考生，考研复试再干过另外25%就完成目标！来吧，废话少说，撸起袖子，开干！请点蓝色的字关注!!!考研面试技巧：“老师大二就教过考研面试的应对方法，我在复试结束时才意识到”导师：“考研复试面试的难题都是陷阱，就看谁先抓住本质得分”3分钟的自我介绍是考研复试面试的重要环节，可别答作“流水账”今日龙门阵：您认为考研试题该不该难？欢迎留言探讨。

因为考研试题出错误，电子科技大学的材料学院的院长被停职，副院长被查，负责招生和就业的老师也被处罚，而这一切都来源于这次考研期间一个《固体物理》试卷超纲的问题。因为一次考试，最终整个学院都发生动荡，这或许是多年来这所大学第一次。作为一所具备研究生自主招生和命题权限的高校，电子科技大学这些年一直以来都没有出过问题，毕竟有权限来根据自己的需要出题招收合适的学生，这一直以来都是部分985高校的权利和福利，只是在权力的背后也对应着责任，出现事故之后就需要承担责任。只是这个责任到现在电子科技大学才明白，而付出的代价是他们的一个院长。考试事故并非个案，虽然对电子科技大学而言是第一次，但是单单今年研究生考试就出现了三起事故，山东师范大学的老师在研究生考试期间，居然把答案当成试卷发给那些考生，最终导致那些获得试卷的考生们不得不参加补考。山西师范大学则因为今年某学科考题和去年的大面积雷同而引发巨大的争议，相关责任人虽然被处理，但是这门考试到现在也没有给出处理的结果，到底需不需要补考，需不需要取消类似的成绩，到现在也没有结果。硕士研究生招生考试出问题不是第一次，原本是决定一个学生未来人生走向的重要考试，却频繁出事故。为什么会出现这样的问题呢？这背后或许就是那些获得了自主招生命题权限的学校，实际上没有准备好！目前研究生考试中全国联考的科目是由教育部负责，而非全国联考的专业性科目则由招生单位负责。不像高考那样拥有严格的出题要求和审核制度，研究生考试很多时候靠的就是学校老师们短时间内闭门造车。既没有人来测试这些试卷到底合不合适，也没有能够针对试卷进行审核，这或许是事故发生的主要原因。面对这样的情况，或许有关部门应该考虑一下是不是要取消某些招生单位自主命题的权限，强制他们使用其他更靠谱的高校的试卷，免得给考生们带来影响，比较那些老师们的一次失误，给学生们带来的影响实在是太大了。对于电子科技大学这样的高校，或许需要要求更严格一些，比较类似的高校不只是有自主命题的权限，还是拥有独立研究生院的单位，类似的高校原本应该是研究生教育的标杆性机构，现在出现这样的事故，则无疑需要更严重的打击才可以。

因为考研试题出错误，电子科技大学的材料学院的院长被停职，副院长被查，负责招生和就业的老师也被处罚，而这一切都来源于这次考研期间一个《固体物理》试卷超纲的问题。因为一次考试，最终整个学院都发生动荡，这或许是多年来这所大学第一次。作为一所具备研究生自主招生和命题权限的高校，电子科技大学这些年一直以来都没有出过问题，毕竟有权限来根据自己的需要出题招收合适的学生，这一直以来都是部分985高校的权利和福利，只是在权力的背后也对应着责任，出现事故之后就需要承担责任。只是这个责任到现在电子科技大学才明白，而付出的代价是他们的一个院长。考试事故并非个案，虽然对电子科技大学而言是第一次，但是单单今年研究生考试就出现了三起事故，山东师范大学的老师在研究生考试期间，居然把答案当成试卷发给那些考生，最终导致那些获得试卷的考生们不得不参加补考。山西师范大学则因为今年某学科考题和去年的大面积雷同而引发巨大的争议，相关责任人虽然被处理，但是这门考试到现在也没有给出处理的结果，到底需不需要补考，需不需要取消类似的成绩，到现在也没有结果。硕士研究生招生考试出问题不是第一次，原本是决定一个学生未来人生走向的重要考试，却频繁出事故。为什么会出现这样的问题呢？这背后或许就是那些获得了自主招生命题权限的学校，实际上没有准备好！目前研究生考试中全国联考的科目是由教育部负责，而非全国联考的专业性科目则由招生单位负责。不像高考那样拥有严格的出题要求和审核制度，研究生考试很多时候靠的就是学校老师们短时间内闭门造车。既没有人来测试这些试卷到底合不合适，也没有能够针对试卷进行审核，这或许是事故发生的主要原因。面对这样的情况，或许有关部门应该考虑一下是不是要取消某些招生单位自主命题的权限，强制他们使用其他更靠谱的高校的试卷，免得给考生们带来影响，比较那些老师们的一次失误，给学生们带来的影响实在是太大了。对于电子科技大学这样的高校，或许需要要求更严格一些，比较类似的高校不只是有自主命题的权限，还是拥有独立研究生院的单位，类似的高校原本应该是研究生教育的标杆性机构，现在出现这样的事故，则无疑需要更严重的打击才可以。