1998年英语考研真题解析

原题：Directions:[A] Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.[B] Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2. Give your comments.注：图片上的文字是： 本母鸡承诺：①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角②保证有蛋皮，蛋黄和蛋清审题谋篇本题为漫画加提纲式作文。文章的主题应该落在讽刺虚假承诺上，即：承诺自己分内之事这一不良现象。考生在审题时，从漫画和旁边的打油诗可以看出该文章的关键词为虚假承诺（false promise或empty promise）。提纲有两点要求：写出漫画所要表达的信息；进行评论。由此可见，这是一篇描写加议论的文章。文章第一段可以从描写漫画入手。漫画题材的写作，应着重抓住漫画本身所传达的信息，即漫画的寓意，对漫画本身不用拘泥于细节。考生可以在段尾点明该漫画所要表达的信息：虚假承诺。由于提纲的第二点要求比较泛，因此，考生可以根据各自的思路展开。第二段可以针对主题进一步讨论，既可以列举社会上众多的虚假承诺的不良现象，也可以着重讨论虚假承诺的危害，亦或追寻虚假承诺的根源。在第三段中考生可提出自己的观点，即，解决该问题的方法。参考范文Whoever sees this cartoon can’t help laughing. How funny it is-A hen is holding a notice promising that her eggs would be round and surely would contain everything a normal egg contains. But at second thought, it is anything but funny because the picture reveals a prevalent phenomenon in our society: Many of these promises are meaningless since the promise provided is nothing but the normal responsibility of the promise maker.Odd and funny as they sound，such false promises are so prevalent that we cannot afford to ignore them. Manufacturing units guarantee to turn out procts of good quality; commercial enterprises swear to provide genuine commodities and enthusiastic services; administration departments assure to perform their tasks effectively and fairly without taking any bribery. As a matter of fact，these cannot be called promises at all since they are no more than their normal ties and obligations. It seems that we should be grateful to them because they just do what they are supposed to do.I dare say these empty promises are causing great damage to our society both materially and morally. But the hen and her likes should know that by dishonest words no one could survive the intense competition under market economy system. People engaged in providing all kinds of services should honestly inform their customers of the service that they can enjoy because mutual trust is the foundation of business. They should remember the old saying，"Honesty is the best policy."On the other hand, necessary laws and regulations should be adopted and enforced to ensure a trust worthy economic and social environment. Only in this way, can both parties, service providers and those served, enjoy a healthy atmosphere of mutual trust.范文点评文章结构：从结构上看，该范文对提纲做出适当调整，分为三段而不是两段。第一段采用了先总后分再总的写作方法，段首先用Whoever sees this cartoon cant help laughing一句话对图画做出总体评价，进而描写图画，在段末指出：这幅画实际并不可笑，而是讽刺了社会上非常普遍的虚假承诺现象。这句话也是文章的中心所在。第二段段首承接上段，指出这种现象不容忽视，进而使用列举的方法举了三个例子，说明其普遍性并与第一段呼应，指出这些现象都是在承诺本职所在的工作。第三段段首为主体句，段落中从两个方面提出改变这种现象的措施，段尾进行总结，与段首形成呼应。

原文+翻译：Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. 地球上散落分布着一百多个互不相连的小火山活动区，被地质学家称为热点。Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.和世界上大多数火山不同的是，它们并不总是在构成地球表面的巨大漂流板块之间的边界上被发现；相反，许多热点深藏于板块内部。Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.大多数热点只缓慢地移动，有时，经过这些热点的板块运动留下了死火山的痕迹。热点及其火山痕迹是标志板块迁移的里程碑。That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.板块漂移这一理论现在是毋庸置疑的。Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them.以非洲和南美洲为例，由于有新的物质注入二者之间的海底，两大洲正在彼此分离。The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.但互相吻合的海岸线和某些似乎跨越海洋的地质特征会使人想到这两个大陆曾经是连在一起的。The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail,携带这些大陆的板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地阐述出来，but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior.但一个板块相对另一板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为相对于地球内部的运动。It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved ring the past 30 million years.人们不能确定两个大陆是在朝相反的方向运动，还是一个大陆停止不动而另一个从它身边漂移开去。位于地球更深层的热点提供了解决该问题所需要的测量仪器。从热点地区的人口情况分析来看，非洲板块似乎是静止不动的，在过去3000万年里都没有移动过。The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference.热点的重要性不仅限于作为参照体系这一作用。It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe.现在看来，它们还对推动板块在地球表面漂移这一地球物理过程有重要影响。When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks);当大陆板块漂移到热点上方，来自地球深层的物质便形成了巨大的圆顶状隆起物。随着这个圆顶的增长，板块出现深深的裂缝。in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).至少有几次，大陆可能会沿着其中的一些裂缝完全裂开了，因此这个热点就引发了一个新的海洋的形成。这样，正像早期的理论解释了大陆的移动性一样，热点理论或许能解释大陆板块的不稳定性。试题：51. The author believes that.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart52. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deced from the fact that.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe53. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining. [A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans54. The passage is mainly about.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoes答案：BBDC

这一篇小文，小编就给大家解析一下1994~1999年考研英语的六篇作文，帮助大家更好地把握考研英语的写作思路和选题走向。#考研英语#1994年真题作文部分1994年这一年考察的是提纲作文。不仅给出了文章的题目、时间要求（40分钟）、字数要求（120~150词），还给出了首段（As a human being,one can hardly do without a friend.）和内容提纲，所以从这个角度来看，难度不是特别大。文章的话题是：“友情”；标题是“On Making Friends”；主题词是“friendship”。文章结构大体可以分为三段：其一是“朋友的重要性”，其二是“真正的友谊”，其三是“我交朋友的原则”。作文分值15分。Ture friendship lies in sincerity of both parts,and only sincere friends will give us a hand when we need help.真正的友谊是建立在相互真诚的基础上，也只有真诚的朋友才会在我们需要帮助的时候伸出援助之手。 1995年真题作文部分1995年这一年考察的也是提纲作文。同样给出了文章的题目、时间要求（40分钟）、字数要求（120~150词），也给出了文章的第一句话（ecational plays a very important role in the modernization of our country.）和内容提纲。文章的话题是“希望工程”；标题和主题词都是“Project Hope”。文章的结构可以分为三段：其一是“教育的现状”，其二是“希望工程的必要性”，其三是“我的看法和建议”。作文分值15分。The government should take effective measures and people should give more support to ensure that every child can receive elementary ecation.政府应该采取有效的措施，人们也应该给予更多的支持，从未让每一个孩子都能接受到基础教育。 1996年真题作文部分1996年这一年考察的是提纲作文。给出了作文的标题、时间要求（40分钟）、字数要求（120~150词），文章的首句（The desire for good health is universal.）和内容提纲。文章的话题是“保持健康”；标题是“Good Health”，主题词是“keep healthy”。文章的结构可以分为三段：其一是“保持健康的重要性”，其二是“保持健康的方法”，其三是“我的保持健康的建议”。作文分值15分。In a way,keeping healthy is not very hard.从某种程度上说，保持健康并不是非常困难的事情。 1997年真题作文部分1997年这一年考察的是图表作文。题目除了图表和漫画外，还给出了写作的思路。不过没有了时间的要求，字数要求是不得少于120词。文章的话题是“吸烟”；标题自拟，主题词是“smoking、cigarette”。图表作文的结构一般也是固定的，以这篇文章为例，一般分为三段：第一段是图表的内容进行简单描述，第二段是对图表反映的现象或情况进行说明，阐明重要性或者危害性，第三段是给出看法和建议。作文分值15分。Smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such as lung cancer，heart disease and so on.吸烟会导致诸如肺癌、心脏病等很多致命性的疾病。1998年真题作文部分1998年这一年考察的是漫画作文。值得一提的是要求中字数由之前的不少于120词变成了不少于150词。除了漫画，照样给出了写作的思路。这篇文章的话题是“虚假广告”；标题自拟，主题词是“misleading and cheating advertisements”。文章的结构可以分为三段：第一段对漫画的内容进行描述，第二段指出这一问题的现状，即当今存在很多这样“虚假广告”的问题，一直在欺骗和误导消费者，第三段指出自己的建议，可以从政府、社会、个人三个角度简单地说一说。作文分值15分。Doing more is better than promising more.做比承诺更为重要。1999年真题作文部分1999年这一年考察的是图表作文。写作的相关要求和去年是一致的，即不少于150词的字数要求。文章的话题是“人口数量和物种灭绝数量的关系”；标题自拟，主题词图表中已经给出，分别是“the ups and downs of population growth”和“species extinction over time”。文章的结构可以分为三段：第一段通过表格指出人口数量和物种灭绝数量的关系，即如图所示，美国人口数量的增长导致了物种数量的急剧下降，一些物种已经灭绝；第二段说一说造成这种现象的可能原因，比如全球变暖、人类的猎杀等等；第三段提出自己的一些建议，也可以从国家、社会、个人三个角度来谈。作文分值15分。what is worse,with the development of instrialization,the natural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed,which will make some of the wildlife become homeless and extinct.更严重的是，伴随着工业化的发展，自然的平衡和生态环境被破坏，从而导致许多的野生动物无家可归，甚至走向灭亡。考研英语是很难的早期的真题其实没必要太抠细节，但是出题者的思路和技法还是可以了解了解的，这毕竟是真题，肯定比市面上任何一位老师的模拟题要好，所以建议同学们可以在复习的初期做一做，或者在最后无题可做的时候做一做。（推荐陈正康老师的《真题超精读》，讲得很细致，不过买的时候一定要看清楚自己考的是英语一还是英语二，2004年是不分一二的。）“满大街都是本科生！”你凭什么这么说？考研政治，“反对外国侵略的斗争”专项选择题易错考点汇总

原文+翻译：Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. 科学与文化其他方面的关系一直都很紧张。想想看，17世纪伽利略为他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教会的审判，还有诗人威廉·布莱克对艾萨克·牛顿的机械论世界观所发表的尖锐批判。The schismbetween science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.本世纪，（自然）科学与人文科学之间如果说有什么的话，那就是分裂更深了。Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer.以前，科学界如此之强大以至于可以对批评者置之不理--但现在不同了。As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.由于科研基金减少，科学家开始在几本著作中抨击"反科学"势力，特别是弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗·R·格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺曼·莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔·萨根著的《鬼怪出没的世界》。Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.科学的捍卫者们也在一些会议上表示了他们的担忧。比如，1995年在纽约举行的"远离科学和理性"会议，以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的"（伪）信息时代的科学"会议。Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.显然，反科学对不同的人有不同的含义。格罗斯和莱维特主要挑那些质疑科学客观性的社会学家、哲学家和其他学者的毛病。而萨根则更关注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物论和其他违背科学世界观的现象的人。A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.1996年对新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体上，从提倡消灭最后残存的天花病毒库的官方人士到倡议削减基础研究基金的共和党人。Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled instrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.将该词用在在美国制造一连串类似炸弹爆炸事件的人身上，也不会引起多大争议，他在1995年公开发表蔑视科学、渴望回到前技术时代的理想社会的声明。当然，这并不意味着，对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环保主义者也是反科学的，而去年5月份刊登在《美国新闻和世界报导》的一篇文章却似乎暗示是这么回事。The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of instrial growth.环保主义者必定会对这些批评做出反应。作为环境研究的先驱者，斯坦福大学的保罗·埃利希认为，科学的真正的敌人是那些对全球变暖、臭氧层稀薄和其他由于工业增长带来的后果的证据提出质疑的人。Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science.“They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”的确，一些观察者担心反科学这个称号面临失去意义的危险。"'反科学'一词可以涵盖很多截然不同的东西"，哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德·霍尔顿在其1993年的著作《科学与反科学》中写道："它们惟一的共同之处就是会激怒或威胁那些自以为比别人更有见识的人。"试题：51. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt52. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities53. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.54. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzling答案：C D A A

原题：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Instrial Revolution. They 1 that in the long run instrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results ring the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population.5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, whenwas still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 7 ， is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that instrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. ［A］ admitted ［B］ believed ［C］ claimed ［D］ predicted2. ［A］ plain ［B］ average ［C］ mean ［D］ normal3. ［A］ momentary ［B］ prompt ［C］ instant ［D］ immediate4. ［A］ bulk ［B］ host ［C］ gross ［D］ magnitude5. ［A］ On ［B］ With ［C］ For ［D］ By6. ［A］ broadly ［B］ thoroughly ［C］ generally ［D］ completely7. ［A］ however ［B］ meanwhile ［C］ therefore ［D］ moreover8. ［A］ at ［B］ in ［C］ about ［D］ for9. ［A］ manifested ［B］ approved ［C］ shown ［D］ speculated10. ［A］ noted ［B］ impressed ［C］ labeled［D］ marked全文翻译直到最近，大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍然颇有微词。尽管他们承认从长远角度讲，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。然而他们坚持认为，工业革命在1750和1850年间引起的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。相比之下，他们把在此之前从1650到1750的一百年看成是一个繁荣富足的时期。尽管那个时候英国还是一个完全意义上的农业国家。然而，人们通常认为这种观点是错误的。历史和经济学专家已指出两件事情：一是1650至1750年间以显著的贫困为特征；二是工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。答案：ABDAD DABCD

原文+翻译：Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams.在重大技术所创造的东西中很少能像大型水坝这样激起人们想象力的。Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得人们治理江河、供我驱策的理想如此令人痴迷。But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.但让人着迷有时也就使人盲目。有几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利的危险。The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful.建造大坝的教训是：大的未必总是美的。It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.但这个教训也无法阻止修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为那些力争得到自我肯定的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam.埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在阿拉伯世界的领导地位。Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.土耳其在力图跻身第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大坝。But big dams tend not to work as intended.但大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果。The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.以阿斯旺大坝为例，它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的肥沃土壤，换回来的却是一个疾病滋生的水库。现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists.不过，控制水的神话还在继续。This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.本周，在文明的欧洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的一处水坝引起争端，差点动用了军队。The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.这个大型工程可能会出现大坝所有的常见问题。但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立，现在它们需要建一个大坝来证明自己的实力。Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam.与此同时，世界银行已经贷款给印度来建造问题更多的纳尔马达大坝。And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.尽管世界银行的顾问指出，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且会破坏那里的环境，但世界银行依然一意孤行。大坝只会给有权有势者带来利益，而且这种利益也远远得不到保障。Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究能够有助于解决这些冲突。Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams.水力发电，治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的。But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.但当你相信神话时就很难做到合理或科学。现在是世界吸取阿斯旺大坝教训的时候了。我们未必要通过大坝来拯救自己。试题：51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”答案：C D D C

原文+翻译：Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.1980年美国人口普查显示出这样一幅图像：随着东北部和中西部人口增长近乎停止，地区间的竞争越来越激烈了。This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead-- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.这一发展--以及它对今后美国政治和经济的强大影响--使南部地区在美国人口普查史上首次成为人口最密集的地区。Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade.20世纪70年代，美国人口总共增长了2 320万--从数字上看，这是有历史记载以来10年期间内人口增长的第三高。Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.即使如此，人口总数也只增加了11.4%，除了大萧条时期，这是美国年度记录中最低的增长率。Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.第二次世界大战以来，美国人口大量向南部和西部地区迁移，而且这种趋势如今仍然盛行。Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.佛罗里达、得克萨斯和加利福尼亚这三个阳光地带的州，1980年的人口比前10年增加了近1 000万。在大城市排行榜上，圣地亚哥从第14位上升到第8位，圣安东尼奥从第15位升到第10位，而克利夫兰和华盛顿特区则被挤出了前10位。Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say.人口普查官员说，并非所有这些人口迁移都是为了离开寒冷地带。Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.不断涌入的移民，还有往昔"生育高峰"时期出生的一代也已到了生育年龄，生育了大批婴儿，这些都发挥着作用。Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—而且，人口学家发现，向南部和西部地区的不断迁移还伴随着一种相关却又较新的现象：显然，越来越多的美国人不再只是寻找提供更多工作机会的地方，而是人口密度较小的地方。例证如下：■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.·从区域上看，洛基山脉各州上报了自1970年以来最高的人口增长率--37.1%,而以前这片广阔的土地上的人口仅占美国总人口的5%。■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.·从各州情况看，内华达和亚利桑那是增长最快的两个州：其增长率分别为63.5%和53.1%。除了佛罗里达州和得克萨斯州外，处于人口增长率前10位的都是西部各州，共有750万人--每平方英里约9个人。The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.从人口过度稠密地区的逃离，影响了以前那种从寒冷地带到气候宜人地区的迁徙趋势。Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.1980年美国人口统计更能显示出，美国人迁往最西部（而不是其他地方）是为了寻找更广阔的生活空间。There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.最西部的加利福尼亚州在70年代人口增加了370万，比其他任何州都多。In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.同时，70年代也有大量的人从加利福尼亚迁出，大多数去了西部其他的地方。他们常常选择--现在依然这样选择--气候较冷的地区，如俄勒冈、爱达荷和阿拉斯加，为的是躲开"黄金州"（加利福尼亚）的烟雾、犯罪和城市化带来的其他问题。As a result, California’s growth rate dropped ring the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在70年代降到了18.5%--略高于60年代增长率的2/3，但大大低于西部其他各州。试题：51. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II52. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”53. We can see from the available statistics that.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population54. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life答案：DCDC

作者简介：20考研，报考东南大学劳动卫生与环境卫生专业（学硕），已被拟录取。初试总分386分，英语79分，政治76分，专业课231分。前 言我的本科学校吧，普通的不能再普通的二本院校，曾经一度因此而自卑，经常自我否定，我相信很多考研的孩子们，肯定和我一样，抓住考研这根“救命稻草”，拼命的往岸上爬，就为了能够向所有人证明：我是可以做到的！而我，也是怀揣着这份心情，在这条并不一帆风顺的旅途中，坚持了下来。我是2019年3月份开始准备考研的，同年2月-10月，还必须要实习。每个学校实习情况可能不同，所以如何平衡实习和考研，建议大家询问下自己的学长学姐。我想说的是，千万不要忽视你实习的这段经历，只要你参与了，就会变成你独有的经历，在复试中有些老师还是很看中你的实习经历的，到时候一句话都说不出来，那就不太好了。以下是我的备考经验，希望对你们有所帮助！英 语我的英语基础一般，四六级虽然一次通过了，但是成绩不高，四级:529，六级:463。下面的备考方案很细，是我个人的经验，可能不一定适合所有同学，所以仅供参考。单 词软件: 墨墨/百词斩(我用的是百词斩)，从3月到考试前，每天都要背，第一轮可以50-100/天，后面可适当增加。真题词汇: 把真题中生词和词组积累下来，反复看积累的词汇本。词汇书：我建议买唐迟的词汇的逻辑，全是真题里的词汇，我是在11月才发现有这本好词汇书的。当然，也可以看朱伟的恋恋有词，我看了10个单元就看不下去了，如果要看我觉得一定要尽快看完，不能拖。长难句早期英语复习除了单词，最重要的就是长难句，看唐迟的长难句课，可以看基础的几节课就可以，不用全部看。关注“何凯文考研英语”，早期每天花半个小时去剖析他的每日一句，用专门的笔记本摘抄，后期觉得自己句子可以一下子看明白了就可以不用抄了。阅 读主要就是练真题，先把真题备齐，买张剑的真题，从1998-2020全备齐，我是在长难句弄明白了，差不多开始练真题。4、5月差不多就可以开始练了。第一轮阅读一定要精读！一篇阅读可能需要花2个小时，先计时25-30分钟。我觉得第一轮阅读可以先不看阅读视频，先对每篇文章有了初步了解之后，第二轮可以开始看唐迟的阅读视频了，每一年每一篇都有对应的讲解，如果第二轮的正确率还是不高，可以集中挑比较难理解的或者自己错误率高的文章去看唐迟的视频，做总结。阅读把真题参透真的足够了，多练几轮（我大概过了四轮），如果还想在练，可以买朱伟的精读30篇，真题第二轮做完差不多可以买了，11月会有冲刺押题卷，我买了何凯文的6套卷，这些模拟卷其实都和真题有很大差距，可以练练手，其实不买也行。出题人思路真的很重要！因为考场那种高压情况下，不可能说每篇文章都能读懂，但懂出题人套路并且会一些技巧，就算看不懂也能把题做对！至于这个出题人的套路是什么，真的不好说，但是踏踏实实把真题过下来，你就会慢慢懂了。完 型我没有看任何视频，也没买书。关键就是要保持手感，真题晚点开始没事，可以阅读两轮之后再开始写真题，写完之后，可以去买英语二的真题（某宝上有那种10块钱左右的试卷，没有答案解析），这主要就是后期保持完型的手感，如果要看视频可以看刘晓燕的。翻 译其实在阅读第一轮翻译全文就已经算是在练翻译了，基础不好可以看视频，不用全部看完，看几节课就可以了，推荐唐静或者刘晓燕。真题翻译和完型差不多时间开始，不着急。作 文5月份可以看刘晓燕的作文视频，大概13节课，做好笔记，按模板练真题，可以2周一篇，按自己计划来。写好之后结合张剑的范文，去背他的范文，或者找里面与主题词相关的比较好的话背。我个人不建议买作文书，因为我买的王江涛的作文书最后根本没用上，他的范文例子太多，不好背。在后期，也就是作文真题一轮差不多练完之后，一定要整理自己的模板，刘晓燕模板固然好用，但你想想每年有多少人会看她的视频，分肯定不会高。所以一定要有自己的模板，可以对真题的主题词进行分类。新题型我是放最后准备的，先看刘晓燕视频，三类新题型的做题技巧掌握后，开始练真题。每个人的情况都不同的，准备考研不可能有一种复习模板适合所有的人，都是需要经过自己反复摸索最终形成专属自己的复习模板，一路顺风顺水更是不可能的哦。但是我相信踏踏实实复习下来，分数一定不会差的！对了对了，各位小伙伴千万不能太依赖网课啊，网课只是辅助，学习的过程一定要有自己思考和感悟！政 治开始复习的时间我认为最佳时间是7月左右，政治我全程跟了腿姐，大家一定要去听听她的基础课啊，肯定会爱上这个女人的，我觉得她的课应该是所有老师中最生动的了。资料推荐如果你跟了徐涛或者腿姐，可以买他们的材料，但1000题以及肖四肖八是必须要买的。基本上11月之前复习的重点都是在选择题的，11之后就要快马加鞭的背肖八肖四大题啦，肖八背的时候可以采取关键词记忆法，肖四的话就是全部都背！大题的背诵是很难的一个过程，特别是在开始时，可能会没有方向，不过熬过去了就是最靓的仔。专业课专业课的复习可以按照公卫考研研习社的课程来，因为东南的题型只有简答和名词解释，所以前期主要是理解、练题，后期就是背。统计和流行病怎么复习我就不多说了。主要说一下毒理学吧，东南毒理的参考书目是复旦大学出版社的毒理学基础，还是一样，开始很难，打开书一遍看过去可能啥也没记住。我个人面对这种情况是选择整理笔记，在抄写的过程中可以有自己的理解，还可以加深记忆！后期在研习社老师划完重点后，我将所有知识点整理在了一个文档中，之后就按照这个文档反复的背。我建议大家可以在专业课背诵过程中将每个知识点用纸写下来，背完一遍就划掉，这样后面就可以清楚的看到自己哪个知识点没掌握好。虽然东南不考选择题，但是每个知识点都要踏踏实实地过哦！今年东南学硕的试题还是有一定难度的，特别是流行病学，考题越来越新颖，不仅仅拘泥于基础知识，例如今年试题中出现了“大数据在流行病学应用中的优缺点”。题目再怎么难都是要有基础知识做支撑的，如果真的遇到完全不会的题目，把自己知道的，一股脑往上搬，准没错，因为你要相信你不会的，别人也肯定不会，自信很重要。总之，无论大家选择专硕还是学硕，只要决定下来了就别动摇了，三心二意只会浪费自己的时间，倒不如把这个时间利用起来多背点书！复 试受疫情影响，今年复试程序有了很大的变化。网络复试，一个人20min左右。由三部分内容组成:自我介绍和专家自由提问(英文) 、专业课部分、专家自由问答部分。自我介绍和专家自由提问（英文）: 英语的自我介绍是有模板的，可以在微博上找找，结合自身情况写。我是按照研习社复试课程里老师说的模板再结合自己的情况写的。自我介绍切忌冗长，也不用想着加一些长难句来体现自己英语水平。通俗易懂最好，最重要的是，自己要背起来方便，如果读都读不通顺，怎么背？自由问答部分也需要提前准备，提前准备30-40个问题就差不多了，还是一样，通俗易懂即可。专业课部分: 东南的复试笔试每年都是要考四大卫生的，题型也是名词解释和简答。今年受疫情影响笔试取消，笔试内容面试体现，但我还是按照笔试的要求准备的。四大卫生的背诵就是结合真题、重点章节、配套练习册的简答题和名词解释，如果时间充足其实可以将书从头到尾过一遍的。还是和初试的专业课复习一样，将每个知识点罗列起来，一个个的过。我大概过了四遍，然后其实还是感觉不是特别熟，临复试前我就把真题多过了几遍。专家自由提问: 这部分应该最不好把握了，因为老师可能会根据你提供的资料来问，比如成绩啊、科研情况、毕业论文什么的。其中也会穿插基础知识的。这部分相对来说比较轻松，问题也都是开放性的，主要想考察同学们的逻辑思维、综合素质、表现大方自信即可。结尾语2020考研也接近尾声啦，各位2021考研的小伙伴们应该也在为梦想奋斗着，不管这条路有多难，选择了就不要后悔！特别是那些没有研友或男/女朋友的小伙伴们，一定要好好爱自己，心情不好的时候可以去运动一下，也可以和自己的朋友家人宣泄一下，千万不要把不良情绪闷在心里。最后借用我在微博上看到的一句话鼓励一下大家：少年你别着急，你在为自己的未来踏踏实实努力的时候，那些你原本以为不会看到的景色，终生不会遇到的人，正一步步向你走来！END（本文为公卫研习社征文大赛参赛作品，未经同意，不接受转载）公卫考研研习社友情提醒：他人的成功经验可以借鉴，但是一定要根据自身情况合理调整，适合自己的才是最好的哦～猜你想看如果你想与更多和你一样在路上的同学一起分享你的考研故事，我们在这里等你......

考研英语的复习，大部分都会先从单词开始准备，除了背单词还有很大的一部分是做真题，大家都知道要做真题，但是很多同学都有疑问，真题早早就买了，什么时候开始做呢？真题要怎么利用起来呢？今天学姐就来给大家说道说道。做英语真题分为两个阶段：一个是精读，一个是精做。精读：基本上记完必考词就可以开始精读真题了精做：一般都是在6月之前语法词汇过至少过完1-2遍了开始，最晚不能超过暑假。一、具体规划时间安排考研英语真题可以使用的范围：英语一：1998年-2020年，一共23年英语二：2010年-2020年，一共11年二、阅读如何精读：第一步：通读全文，了解全文的主旨意思，圈出文章不认识的词，先把中文意思查出来，不要标记在文中第二步：梳理出每句的主干以及其他成分，先口译主干部分，然后再口译其他成分，最后把其他成分放入主干中，按照翻译顺序翻译整个句子第三步：对比解析，查漏补缺。根据答案解析，看看问题在哪，在6月之前就主要看结构方面，尤其是句子其他定语成分，状语成分位置顺序是否正确第四步：摘抄文章中不熟悉的词汇。三、真题如何选择市场上现在光考研英语就不下数十个品牌，那究竟应该如何选择真题呢？学姐当时因为英语基础比较差，所以报了巨微考研英语全程班，全程班会附赠《考 研 真相》（英语一）/《考 研 圣经》（英语二），书的主编和课程的主讲人都是张 国静老师，张老师的课程和书都是专门针对英语渣的，课程内容干货满满，课时短小精悍，非常适合考研英语基础差的学子。四、真题如何精做：考英语一：在6-11月期间精做英语一（05-15）年的真题。考英语二：在6-11月期间精做英语一（05-09），英语二（10-15）年的真题（一）第一阶段：3-4天定时（3h）做真题（2个月）1.第一天定时（3h）做一套真题，前两周里面可以不用写作文，只需要摘抄作文里面的词组和作文框架。做题的时候，按照先看问题标记关键词→粗读文章掌握主旨→细读文章，扣细节做题的顺序2.第二天核对答案，摘录文章中的陌生单词，标记出线索句，根据答案解析做好错题笔记，比如这道题的出题类型主要是为了熟悉历年来的阅读文章类型，熟悉真题阅读出题的方向；3.第三天翻译阅读中的线索句，错误率比较高的文章尽量全文翻译，还有翻译题中错了的句子。做完之后再比对解析，看翻译的译文结构上是否有问题，如果问题比较大，再用一天的时间回到长难句书上再做类似的题或看阅读课。（二）第二阶段：研究阅读错题原因（1个月）研究自己做错的原因，记录问题（重点），并标记每道错题的所属题型看解析重点看题型正确答案的分析思路。然后继续重复第一遍精析句子和查词背单词的步骤。总结完做的11年真题之后，看看自己常错的题型有哪些，原因有哪些。（三）第三阶段：分题型练习真题（3个月）阅读20天：每天一套真题阅读，并标记错误题型，10天之后，研究这期间错误最多的题型，可花1-2天看视频课学这类题型的解题方法，剩10天按照自己理解的方法做。新题型10天：前6天把（05-15年）真题的新题型做完，做完之后总结小标题和多项对应这两类题型错题原因以及解题方法，后面可以做做模拟题的新题型练手。翻译15天：前8天把（01-15）年的翻译做完，做完了总结一下自己的问题，不懂的地方可以回到长难句解析书上巩固一下，后面可以拿长难句部分练手。小作文15天/大作文20天：关于作文的复习，背任何模板都没有自己上手练的效果来得快，建议大家自己上手练习根据答案解析的模板，整理适合自己的模板。最后祝各位考研党们成功上岸，金榜题名！