2003年英语考研阅读翻译

#考研英语#图片来源：网络考研英语翻译练习5：Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ingnore.句子结构分析-尽管教会试图去阻止新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但是却涌现出更多对于宇宙是如何运转的探索及发现，其速度之快，不得不引起人们的注意。-尽管教会试图去阻止新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但是更多对于宇宙是如何运转的探索及发现正在以人们无法忽视的速度进行着。在翻译的时候，有几点要注意：1.介词短语作后置定语，翻译时放到名词前面。即 by the Church 放在 attempts 的前面。2.修饰 rate 的定语从句，翻译时可放到 rate 前面。图片来源：网络单词、短语：suppress —— 抑制；压制；阻止；控制logicians —— 逻辑学家rationalists —— 理性主义者at a rate —— 一阵风的；以……的速度[原创作品，欢迎分享、点赞、评论，请勿转载]

本文说明了水对于生长的植物的重要作用。第一段：Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined.大部分生长的植物，其水的含量超过其他所有物质的含量总和。C. R. Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building.C·R·巴恩斯认为，把植物叫做水结构就如同把主要用砖盖成的房子叫做砖建筑一样恰当。Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.当然，植物生长的一切必要过程都发生于水中。The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.来自于土壤的矿物质在被植物根茎吸收之前，必须先溶解于水。They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state.它们在溶解状态被输送到植物的全身并构成基本的植物材料。The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars -- the base material from which the plant body is mainly built.空气中的二氧化碳能以气体的形式进入叶子，但在和一部分水结合生成单糖（构成植物体最基本的材料）之前也必须先溶于水。Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water.植物生长活跃部分的含水量一般高达75-90%。Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues.植物的结构部分（如生长不活跃的木质茎）的含水量可能大大少于生长活跃的组织。第二段：The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it ring its development.但是，植物任何时候的实际含水量都只是其生长期间通过它全身水量的很小一部分。The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined -- in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light -- to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant.借助叶绿素和光能量发生光合作用（二氧化碳和水结合）以形成单糖的过程要求二氧化碳从空气中进入植物。This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters.这一过程主要发生在叶子上。叶子表面并非固体，而是有大量的小口。二氧化碳通过这些小口进入植物。The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas -- water vapor -- to be lost from it.这些允许二氧化碳进入叶子的小口却让另一种气体——水蒸气散失。Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80℉, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake.由于二氧化碳在空气中的含量非常少（3-4‰），且叶子内部空气空间的水蒸气含量接近饱和状态（80F时，饱和状态下的每10000份空气中含186份水汽），所以，植物失去的水蒸气的量是吸收的二氧化碳量的许多倍。Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases.实际上，因为风和其他因素的影响，损失掉的水和吸入二氧化碳的比甚至可能大于这两种气体的相对浓度。Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物).另外，并非所有进入叶子的二氧化碳都可以被合成碳水化合物。19. A growing plant needs water for all of the following except .[A] forming sugars[B] sustaining woody stems[C] keeping green[D] procing carbon dioxide[分析] 本题考核知识点：事实细节题。第一段第六句（the carbon dioxide…mainly built）和第二段第二句说明：二氧化碳可以直接从空气中进入植物的叶子里，所以不需要水。[D]选项正确。同时这两句还说明：生成糖的过程需要二氧化碳先溶于水，然后和水结合，所以[A]不是正确选项。第一段最后一句说明：（尽管木质茎比活跃组织需要的水少得多），但还是需要一定量的水。所以，[B]非正确选项。[C]文中未提及。20. The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is .[A] to form sugars[B] to derive energy from light[C] to preserve water[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water[分析]本题考核知识点：文中细节推理题。第一段第五句说明：二氧化的作用主要是生成植物体最需要的材料——单糖。第二段第二句说明：植物的光合作用（二氧化碳和水结合）形成单糖。所以，光合作用能够提供植物需要的（单）糖。[A]为正确选项。[B]的干扰来自于第二段第二句，但该句提到的是从光中获取能量是光合作用的条件之一，而不是反过来通过光合作用去获取能量。[C]文中未提及。[D]是光合作用的过程，而不是作用。21. The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that.[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development[C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition[D] the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss[分析] 本题考核知识点：段落主旨题。解此题需要分析第二段的结构。本段第一句为段落主题句：植物的含水量只是其需水量很小的一部分。然后用事实说明为什么会出现这种情况（植物叶子允许二氧化碳进入，却让水蒸气散失。再加上风和其他因素的作用，大部分的水都损失掉了）。所以，[C]为正确选项。[A]“有效利用水”不是本文涉及的内容；[B]只在第一段有所提及。第二段提到风等因素造成水的损失，但并未提到风的大小与损失的水蒸汽的量相关。所以，[D]排除。22. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?[A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root.[B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.[分析] 本题考核知识点：文中多处细节理解题。文章第二段最后一句指出：并非所有进入叶子的二氧化碳都被合成了碳水化合物。这说明[D]选项正确。[A]的干扰来自于第一段第四句。该句说明，来自于土壤中的矿物质元素只有先溶于“土壤溶液”才能被“根部”吸收，而非溶解于“根部”。[B]与原文内容相反：从第一段最后一句可知，生长不活跃的木质茎含水量可能远远小于生长活跃的叶子。[C]与文中内容不符：第二段第五句给出的信息是：“叶子内部”空气中的水蒸气含量“接近”饱和状态，而非“叶子周围”的空气“处于”饱和状态。23. This passage is mainly about.[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water[B] the role of water in a growing plant[C] the process of simple sugar formation[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxide[分析] 本题考核知识点：文章主旨题。本文第一段首先通过类比开门见山地说明水对于生长中植物的重要作用。然后通过水对植物生长的各种功能（溶解矿物质元素、溶解二氧化碳并和二氧化碳结合生成单糖）说明植物生长中的一切重要过程都离不开水。第二段用事实说明：（尽管植物含水量相当高），但植物生长所需要的水远远大于其本身所所含有的水。所以，整篇文章说围绕的中心是：水对于植物生长的重要作用。[B]为正确选项。考生误选[A]、[C]、[D]都是因为对光合作用在全文中作用的理解错误：文中提到关于二氧化碳（光合作用）是为了用事实说明水对植物生长的重要作用，而并非为了说明二氧化碳本身或光合作用（生成单糖）的作用，所以[A]、[C]都不正确；同样也不是为了说明光合作用的过程，所以[D]错误。

#考研英语#图片来源：网络考研英语翻译练习4：Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.句子结构分析-在每个启示之前，当时的许多思想家还是沿用了古老的思维方式，包括以地球是宇宙中心的地心说观点。 -在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家还是沿用了古老的思维方式，包括以地球是宇宙中心的地心说观点。在翻译的时候，有几点要注意：状语前置。即翻译时，at the time 放到前面。分词作后置定语，比较长，可以顺译。图片来源：网络单词、短语：revelation —— 天启，圣经，（圣经中的）《启示录》；暴露真相；泄露消息；揭发；意外的发现（新事、新经验）*revolution —— 革命；大变革；巨变sustain —— 支持；支撑；遭受；证实；使保持；使稳定持续geocentric —— 以地球为中心的[原创作品，欢迎分享、点赞、评论，请勿转载]

大家好，咱们来看一篇阅读，这篇阅读是1996年考研英语试卷一的第五篇阅读，介绍了一本关于批评创世论的著作，原文如下，并把原文内的中文翻译也一并给出，方便理解。原文：Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared.有传言说，有20多本关于创世论与进化论之争的书即将出版，其中有几本已经面世。The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.出版所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓：就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened.对于所发生的一切，宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。“Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.而“科学”创世论——当课堂上讲授进化论时，有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释它——是基于宗教，而非科学的。Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.实际上，所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将“科学”创世论看作是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introction to evolution.金切尔这本书的前四章简要地介绍了进化论。At appropriate places, he introces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers.在适当的地方，作者引入了对创世论的非难并提供了回答。In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating.在书的后三章，他毫不客气地对创世论者进行了猛烈抨击。He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.他揭露了这些人的行动计划和骗人手段，对那些不了解创世论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会令人感到气愤和震惊。When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.由于他们的基本动机是宗教，人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的行为。Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments.金切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory.非专业人士起码可以从中了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all.关于创世论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。On the st jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.”这部优秀作品的护封上，斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德这样写道：“本书代表了理性”。And so it does -- and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.的确如此——如果理性是创世论和进化论之争的唯一评判标准，一切问题就已解决了。试题：51. “Creationism” in the passage refers to.[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe[B] a notion of the creation of religion[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe52. Kitcher’s book is intended to.[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists[B] expose the true features of creationists[C] curse bitterly at this opponents[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists53. From the passage we can infer that.[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings54. This passage appears to be a digest of.[A] a book review[B] a scientific paper[C] a magazine feature[D] a newspaper editorial简单介绍几个单词的含义：creationism 创世论st jacket（n.）（精装书的）护封deceptive 骗人的，迷惑人的；误导的newspaper editorial 报纸社论答案：D B B A你做对了吗？

Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full alt potential, their ecation must be adapted to those differences.特殊儿童在一些重要的方面不同于其他同龄的孩子。对于这些孩子来说，要把他们全部的成熟的潜力开发出来，他们所受的教育就必须适应那些差异。Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.虽然我们关注的是特殊儿童的需要，但却发现我们也在描述他们的生活环境。当舞台上的主角吸引了我们的注意力后，我们也意识到配角及戏剧场景的重要性。Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding -- the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.特殊儿童所处的家庭及社会环境常常是他们成长和发展的关键。正是在公立学校里我们感受到了社会知性的充分体现——向下一代传授知识、希望和恐惧。Ecation in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.任何社会的教育都是反映该社会的一面镜子。在这面镜子里，我们可以看到优点、弱点、希望、偏见，以及文化本身的核心价值。The great interest in exceptional children shown in public ecation over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.过去30年间公共教育表现出的对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈情绪，即所有公民，不论情况怎么特殊，都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for ecation in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity.“人人生来平等”。这句话我们已听过无数次，但在民主社会它对教育仍然有着极其重要的寓意。尽管这句话被国家建立者们用来表示法律面前人人平等，它也被解释为机会面前人人平等。That concept implies ecational opportunity for all children -- the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.这个概念暗示了所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每个儿童，不管其本身的能力大小与否，都有权利在学习上最大限度地得到帮助。Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children -- disabled or not-- to an appropriate ecation, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that ecation. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.最近的法庭裁决已再次确定了所有儿童——不论残疾与否——都有接受适当的教育的权利，并已命令公立学校采取必要的措施来提供这种教育。作为回应，学校也在调整课程安排，使授课能够适应特殊儿童，适应那些不能从常规课程中真正获益的儿童的需要。19.[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。该段第二句为了进一步说明第一句而打了个比方，把exceptional children 比喻成leading actor，把their environment比做supporting players and the scenery of the play。作者引用这个例子是为了从舞台主角的魅力离不开配角和场景的支持这一事实引出一个观点，也就是第三句：“特殊儿童所处的家庭和社会常常是他们成长和发展的关键”。[A]选项和这个思想吻合，为正确答案。文章第一段指出特殊儿童与正常儿童相比有许多不同，但是并没有具体就某方面的不同进行比较，而[B]选项中出现了原文不存在的“家庭影响”比较，所以不对。[C]选项中的干扰词有key、exceptional children和family and society，它们出现在该段第三句，但是[C]选项的含义与原文已大相径庭。[D]选项也出现了文中未有的“比较”。weigh much heavier than意思为：比……分量重得多，比……重要得多。注意：对于文中的比喻和类比，最重要的一点是弄清楚它们说明的对象。20.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：因果关系题。第三段最后一句指出“公共教育对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明所有公民不管情况特殊与否，都应该有机会全面发展自己的能力”，言下之意就是，特殊儿童在教育上受关注是因为他们尽管不同于一般儿童，却有全面发展的权利。[C]选项与此意相同，是原文的合理改写。fully develop their potentials与原文fully develop their capabilities同义。故[C]为正确答案。[A]选项和[B]选项在原文中均未述及。[D]选项读起来似乎合理，但是实际上是答非所问，没有给出任何实在的原因。21.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。文章第一段为主题段，先引出话题“特殊儿童”，指出他们与同龄儿童相比有许多明显的不同之处；接着给出主旨句“为使特殊儿童的全部潜力得到开发，教育必须适应他们的不同需要”；在随后的段落里，作者主要通过阐述“人人都享有接受教育的平等机会”的观点，充分论证主题的合理性。因此[D]选项符合主题思想，是正确答案。[A]选项中的对象是children，而非文中的exceptional children。此外，本文并未说明儿童在学习能力方面存在哪些差异。[B]选项原文没有提及。[C]选项虽然在最后一段被简略提及，但是它是学校在“教育机会人人平等”的观念影响下的具体措施，不是全文的主要内容。命题意图是要求考生找出文章的主旨句。22.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。最后一段第四句recent count decision have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate ecation…说明特殊儿童接受适应其特点的教育的权利已经得到法律的保护。[A]选项符合此意。该段第二句表明国家缔造者最初只提到法律面前人人平等，他们并未有论述教育平等的观念，因此[C]选项与原文不符。[B]选项与该段内容也不符。该段第一句和第二句表明“人人生来平等”的思想自建国就已提出，因此教育平等并不违背本国传统。[D]选项的时态为将来时，而原文的court decision之事早已成为事实。二者时间不符。

#考研#图片来源：网络考研英语翻译练习13：The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to the UK's providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader ecation business sectors.句子结构分析-大卫格拉多尔所发现的这些变化，都给教授他国人士英语的英国机构，以及广大教育行业带来了一些明确而巨大的挑战。在翻译的时候，要注意：1.identified by David Graddol 修饰前面的changes，翻译时放在changes 前面。图片来源：网络单词、短语：identify —— 鉴定；确认；发现；找到*define —— 界定；明确；阐明；下定义present —— 出现；提出；显示；提交major —— 严重；主要的；重要的；大的broad —— 广大；宽阔的；普遍的[原创作品，欢迎关注、分享、点赞、评论，请勿转载]

When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.当发明家创造了一件发明，他可能做三件事情：他可能将这件发明公诸于世，也可能保守秘密，或者也可能为这件发明申请专利权。A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.批准了的专利是发明家和国家讨价还价的结果，发明家享受一段时间的垄断权，在这段时间之后，他必须公布其发明的所有细节。Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.只有在极特殊的情况下专利的期限才可能被延长以改变事件的正常过程。The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.迄令为止批准的最长的延期授予了乔治瓦伦西，他1939年的彩色电视接收机电路系统的专利被延长至1971年，因为在该专利的大部分有效期里根本没有彩色电视节目，因此该发明没有获利的希望。Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent.由于一项专利在其有效期终止后将永远公之于众，因此附属于专利机构的图书馆的书架上收藏有至少上百万种发明想法供任何人免费使用，如果它们已经存在半个多世纪，有时候甚至被人们用于重新申请专利。Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of concting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s right is to plagiarize a dead patent.事实上，专利专家经常向希望避开使用有效专利的高昂代价的人们建议，避免侵犯任何其他发明者权利的一个万无一失的办法就是剽窃一个已经失效的专利。Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.同样，由于已经以任何其他形式发表的想法不能再用于申请专利，因此保守的做法是从其他公开的相关领域获得灵感。许多现代技术的突破就是基于这样的法律保障前提。Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new” ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills.任何密切参与专利和发明工作的人都很快了解到大部分“新”思想实际上都很陈旧。It is their rection to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money.正是出于需要或奉献，或由于得到新技术而使构想转换为商业行为，它们创造了新闻和经济效益。The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.磁记录理论的基本专利要追溯到1886年。许多关于电视机的最初想法都来自于19世纪末20世纪初。甚至1904年一项马在后面的马车专利就预示了大众后置发动机汽车的诞生。 26.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨文章先在第二、三段介绍了专利的一些特点，又在第四段说明特殊情况下专利期限的延长，然后用大量篇幅说明怎样利用一些他人已有的但不再受保护的想法来进行新的发明创造，并进而取得专利或专利权，也就是谈论如何接近并有效利用专利。[D]选项是对文章主旨的概括，是正确答案。[A]、[B]选项不是文章主要论述的话题。[C]选项中use不如access to 精确。access to 意为“接近（进入，取得）……的机会或权利”，use只有“使用”之意。27.[答案] C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：细节是非判断。对于是非题，可采取排除法。[A]选项中if necessary与第五段第一句话指出的重新申请专利的条件if older than half a century不符。[B]选项与首段所指的当发明问世时，发明者可以有三种选择相悖。[C]选项与第二段中the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes all the details of his invention to the public after that period terminates内容一致，为正确答案。[D]选项错在patented invention，第五段第一句话中a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated强调只有专利权失效后才会公之于众。28.[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章细节文章第三段指出在特殊情况下可延长专利期限。然后在第四段作者以乔治瓦伦西为例，对“极其特殊”这个条件进行解释。他的专利获得延期的原因是：because for most of the patents’ normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention，也就是说在他的发明专利的大部分有效期内，该专利没有得到应用。[B]选项与原文相符，为正确答案。[A]选项虽然出现了原文中的词语reward，但原文指的是“不能获利”，而该项指的是“别人购买他的专利”。[C]选项将原文中的“根本没有彩色电视节目”偷换成“很少有电视台提供彩色节目”。[D]选项时间错误，乔治瓦伦西在1939年就获得了彩电接收器的专利权。29.[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词语释义 第五段第二句指出与使用有效专利（live patent）相比，失效的专利（dead patent）可以节省高额费用，还不会带来侵权的麻烦。[A]选项为正确答案。plagiarize是“剽窃，抄袭”的意思，与选项中的steal是近义词。其他选项都没有体现plagiarize的含义。30.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申本题可通过排除法解题。[A]选项与第六段第二句It is their rection to commercial practice… that makes news and money内容一致，是正确选项。[B]选项中的“产品”与“发明”之间的关系文中没有涉及。[C]选项中对不同专利购买费用的比较在文章中没有涉及。[D]选项与文章第五段第二句…patent experts often advise anyone …不符，从该句可知，对过期专利进行研究的人是听取专家意见的人，而不是专家本人，[D]选项搞错了动作的施动者，故不正确。

“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct -- the meaning of the word has never been clear. 智力充其量只是一个假设性的概念，因为智力的含义从来就是模糊的。There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term thanthere is on how to interpret or classify them.人们对智力这个词所指的各种表现意见比较一致，而对这些表现的解释或分类则有不同的看法。But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.但普遍认为，智力高的人是能指那些够迅速领会思想、区分事物、进行逻辑推理并运用文字和数字符号来解决问题的人。An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school.智力测验只是粗略衡量一个儿童学习的能力，尤其是学习学校所要求的各种知识的能力。It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical enrance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to -- it was not designed for such purposes.智力测验并不测定人的个性、社会适应能力、身体耐力、手工技能或艺术才能。其设计初衷也并非为了测定这些方面。To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.我们要注意的另一件事是，对任何测试对象的智力评估都是比较而言的。Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供有效的或公平的比较。It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one’s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it.正是基于这一点，产生了一些让我们关注的问题。进行任何测试至少要包含三个因素：尽力考好的意向，理解考试要求所需要的知识，以及做这件事情所需的智能。The first two must be equalfor all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.如果从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有的被比较者来说，前两个因素必须是一样的。In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly.在我们的文化培养的学生中，上述设想可以公平合理。这就完全证明了智力测试的价值。Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction.它的价值当然就在它对预测提供了令人满意的依据。No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test;没有人会对一个儿童在测试中所取得的分数感兴趣。what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence.”我们感兴趣的是，我们能否从他测试的成绩中得出结论：与同龄人相比，这个儿童在完成我们认为需要“一般智力”的任务时，他会做的更好还是更差。On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定把握的，但前提是必须两个假定成立：这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比较的孩子对测试的态度相同；他没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

本文是2013年考研英语试卷阅读理解Part A的Text 2部分。本文主要讲述了网络隐私问题，就“在线行为广告”引发的争议展开论述，随后追溯了争议的相关解决方案。An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half.老话说的好，广告费的一半是浪费了的——问题是，没人知道哪一半浪费掉的。In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reced.在互联网时代，至少在理论上，这一浪费的部分能够减少。By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.通过观察人们搜索什么，点击什么，在网络上说什么，公司能够瞄准那些更容易购买的客户投放“行为”广告。26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:第一段表明，“行为”广告帮助广告商：[A] ease competition among themselves缓和他们之间的竞争[B] lower their operational costs降低运营成本[C] avoid complaints from consumers避免消费者的抱怨[D] provide better online services提供更好的网络服务答案：B。解析：第一句就指出了，广告费花费了有一半被浪费掉了。后面指出互联网时代广告费用大幅减少，因为公司（广告商）能够将“行为”广告投放给最有可能购买的人群。由此可知，“行为广告”能帮助广告商“降低运营成本”这句话最符合题意。In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?在过去几周，一场争论表明这些精准信息对于广告商的价值：广告商应该假定用户乐于被追踪并且收到这些广告吗？或者应该获得用户明确的准许？In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .在2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会建议提出一个“禁止追踪”的选项加入到网络浏览器中，以便用户能告诉广告商他们不想被“追踪”。Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is e to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the instry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.微软的IE浏览器和苹果的Safari浏览器提供了“禁止追踪”选项；谷歌的Chrome浏览器在今年准备提供这样的功能。2月，联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟同意该行业尽快对“禁止追踪”这一请求作出回应。27. “The instry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers to:“该行业”指的是：[A] online advertisers在线广告商[B] e-commerce conctors电子商务运营[C] digital information analysis数字信息分析者[D] internet browser developers网络浏览器开发商答案：D。解析：FTC和DAA一致认为the instry会对DNT要求迅速做出回应。前面又指出FTC提议在浏览器上添加DNT选项，可见这个提议的动作执行者在浏览器开发商。可见FTC和DAA提议的the instry就是浏览器开发商。On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version e to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.微软在五月31日率先发起讨论，它表明随windows8一起发布的IE 10，将把“禁止追踪”选项设为默认状态。Advertisers are horrified .广告商慌神了。Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.人性本质上是，大多数人还是坚持默认设置的。Few switch DNT on now,but if tracking is off it will stay off.很少人会打开DNT选项，但是如果“追踪”是关闭的那么它就一直关闭了。Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,says consumers will be worse off if the instry cannot collect information about their preferences.国家广告协会会长Bob Liodice 表示，如果这个行业不能收集消费者们的偏好信息，消费者的情况将会更糟。People will not get fewer ads,he says.“They’ll get less meaningful,less targeted ads.人们看到的广告不会更少，他们会得到更多的“无意义的”、更不精确的目标广告。28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultBob Liodice坚称设置“禁止追踪”为默认选项[A] may cut the number of junk ads可能减少垃圾广告[B] fails to affect the ad instry对这个行业没有影响[C] will not benefit consumers对消费者不利[D] goes against human nature违反人性答案：C。解析：Bob Liodice指出了消费者的情况会更糟糕，收到的广告不会变少，反而会出现更多无意义的广告。所以C正确。It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.还不清楚广告商怎么回应。Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.收到“DNT”信号并不能迫使企业去停止追踪，尽管一些企业承诺会这么做。Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.由于不能分辨出用户是拒绝“行为”广告还是他们只是坚持微软的默认选项，一些企业可能忽略“禁止追踪”的信号并且继续追踪。29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?根据第六段，下面哪一个是正确的？[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose“禁止追踪”可能不能取得预期目标[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT广告商更希望执行“禁止追踪”选项[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers“禁止追踪”在消费者之中并不流行[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads广告商有责任提供“行为”广告答案：A。解析：公司收到DNT信号并不意味着一定要求停止追踪，而且由于他们不清楚消费者心理，可能也会对DNT默认信号加以忽略。由此，DNT并不能达到限制公司获取用户在线行为信息的目的。所以A合适。Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.并且也不清楚为什么微软一意孤行的发起行动。After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.毕竟，它也有商业广告业务。据称这些业务也遵守“禁止追踪”选项设定。不过还在具体怎样实施还在研究当中。If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising，it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.如果它是想让谷歌不高兴，谷歌的业务几乎全靠广告支持。它选择了一个不太直接的方式，没有保证说能将“‘禁止追踪’设为默认状态”成为行业规范。DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other procts favorably with Google's on that count before.“禁止追踪”看起来也不能成为Windows 8的巨大卖点，尽管此前这个公司将旗下一些产品与谷歌的进行了有利对比。Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged:" we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?Brendon Lynch，微软首席隐私官，在博客中写道：我们相信消费者将有更多的控制权。真的那么简单吗？30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:作者对Brendon Lynch在博客中所说的态度是：[A] inlgence纵容[B] understanding理解[C] appreciation欣赏[D] skepticism怀疑答案：D。解析：Brendon Lynch说消费者应该拥有更多控制权，但是作者后面又反问：真的那么简单吗？可见，作者对Brendon Lynch的观点是怀疑的。