2016年英语考研题目

01这几年，「外刊题源」这个概念特别火。很多考研英语阅读书都冠上了「题源」这样的字眼儿，好像有这两个字背书，书的可信度就大了。那「题源」到底是什么呢？说白了，「题源」就是命题专家取材的地方。猫叔通过对最近15年真题题源的搜索整理，发现命题人主要从三个地方选材：英美主流报刊杂志、英文专著和英美网站。有题源可追溯的最早一年真题是1999年真题，这一年有两篇阅读理解选自两本英文图书:Text 1主要讲法庭在个人伤害索赔案中态度的转变，选自图书《职场女性》(Working Women)；Text 5主要讲不可预测性是科学研究的基本特征，选自图书《先知》（Seer）。而命题人大范围引入英美报刊杂志作为题源最早是在2002年，4篇阅读理解有3篇选自英美报刊，一篇选自英文图书。也就是说，以2002年为分水岭，2002年之前的真题基本上无题源可查，偶尔几篇可查的文章都出自图书，2002年往后的真题题源以主流报刊杂志为主。题源选取的这种转变有以下两个原因：第一，图书的出版时间大都比较久远，时效性不强。而且一本书篇幅很长，只截取其中的几段文字作阅读文章会有「见得了树木，不得见森林」的局促感。第二，英美报刊信息来源宽泛，时效性强，而且涉及领域广泛，内容丰富多彩，是最佳的阅读素材。通过整理近15年真题题源猫叔发现，完形和新题型两个题型大多选自英美报刊杂志，偶尔从英美网站取材，而翻译题型90%取材于英文专著，这也是由翻译的学术性特点决定的。阅读理解几乎全部选自英美报刊杂志，由于阅读的选材和出题稳定性是最高的，所以本文将主要分析阅读的题源选取特点和规律。近15年真题共计60篇阅读理解文章，选自22种报刊杂志。1. 从选取次数上看，仅选自《经济学人》的文章就高达11篇，占18%。可见，命题人是有多么钟爱《经济学人》。其他使用频率比较高的报刊有：《卫报》（5篇），《新闻周刊》（4篇），《科学美国人》（4篇），《华盛顿邮报》（3篇），《基督教科学箴言报》（3篇），《美国新闻与世界报道》（3篇），《商业周刊》（3篇），《时代周刊》（2篇）等。2. 从选取规律上看，命题人从2013年开始陆续启用新题源，比如之前从未选材过的《卫报》《华盛顿邮报》等，而以前常备题源有好几个被打入冷宫，比如大热的《经济学人》《纽约时报》等。《经济学人》的井喷式使用主要集中在2004年—2014年。从2015年开始，命题人几乎停用了《经济学人》，仅有2016年的第三篇阅读选自该题源。也是从2015年这一年，新晋题源《卫报》《华盛顿邮报》《基督教科学箴言报》开始受宠。3. 从文章发表时间上看，从2012年开始，选取的题源文章时效性越来越强，选的都是考试当年发表的文章，大多数于当年6、7月份发表。而在这之前，很多真题文章选取的是几年前发表的文章。02研究真题题源的特点和规律，并不是鼓励大家盲目地上网搜索这些题源网站，然后毫无头绪地开始阅读这些英美报刊文章，也不是鼓励大家去购买题源类阅读辅导书。为什么呢？第一，考研复习的时间紧张且宝贵，花大把时间在搜索与考研难度相当的题源文章上得不偿失。命题小组每年从题源库中只选取4篇文章作为阅读，我们要想找到这样的文章好比海底捞针。如果你在大二大三就有了考研的打算，时间充裕的前提下，提前研究这样的报刊文章才有意义。第二，市面上到处是打着题源旗号的阅读类辅导书，文章篇数动辄上百篇甚至两百篇，虽然文章确实是从这些真题题源中选取的，但是质量参差不齐，无法和真题水平相提并论。出的题目也是惨不忍睹，根本不得真题出题的精髓。而真题是命题人优中选优的题源文章，是最具研究价值的复习资料。在没有吃透真题之前，不要买预测类书籍和卷子。03那我们应该如何合理利用题源呢？看完这篇文章之后，你已经了解了题源是什么、命题人选取题源的规律。了解这一点足矣。不过，如果确实想通过阅读题源文章，扩充知识面也不是不可以，但必须满足以下两个条件：第一，至少已经研究三遍考研真题。我们复习的最终目的是能考个好成绩，而要想拿下考研英语，必须先研究真题。精研三遍以上真题后，就可以掌握考研文章的特点、选材倾向、出题规律，也就具备了初步的考研文章鉴别能力。这样，什么样的题源文章可读性高适合精读， 什么样的文章适合泛泛而读，就有自己的判断能力了。再遇到号称与真题相当的辅导书时，就能识破他们的“谎言”了。第二，词汇量至少在5000以上，会分析长难句结构。有前面精读真题打下比较扎实的基础后，语法也具备一定水平了，就算遇到生词，也能够通过分析结构知道文章大意了。否则，即使词汇量达到一万，没有一定的语法基础，照样读起来很吃力。“练习一万小时成天才”这个口号现在是尽人皆知，这就是大火的“刻意练习（Deliberate Practice)”概念推崇的。2007年有一篇阅读理解还讲过这个概念，这套练习方法的核心假设是，大神不是天生的，而是辛苦练出来的。而在备考过程中，研究真题就是”刻意练习“的过程，量变引起质变，在大量的练习之后，我们都能成为个中高手。考试在即，猫叔祝每个考研人都能追梦成功！如果觉得猫叔的这篇文章不错，记得点赞转发支持我哦，我需要你们的帮助，感谢大家！

TIPS：下划线部分是模板句，下文是小作文写作高频使用模板句38句。其中7种礼貌体句型在写作中间段时高频使用，一定要有意识的应用! 可体现对小作文“语域”的掌握，属加分句型。文章来源于网络，如有侵权请在后台联系我删除。热文推荐速看！！！21考研报考人数最新统计！2016-2020年专硕研究生录取国家线对比！4所院校公布禁考名单，2所热门211临考突换初试参考书，甚至全改这些学校不提供研究生宿舍，读研成本一下子涨了！百万考研人成长加油站

2020考研再有十天左右就要开考，现在考研已经进入了最后复习阶段。很多考研学生都在担心今年的考研试题难度会不会变，怕试题难度加大自己考试成绩分数低过不了国家线，因此心理压力有些大。那么2020考研考试试题难度可能会哪些变化呢？作为老师，结合自己近几年对考研的观察，认为考生需要注意这四点变化。具体内容如下。第一，考研英语一阅读难度可能会提高。2019考研英语一的阅读理解和新题型的难度比2018年的难度相差无几，2019年全国英语一的平均分是48.59分，2018年的平均分是48.61分，因此二者难度持平。但是考虑到2019年的考研英语国家线很多专业已经提高了5分左右，而随着今年考研报考人数的继续增加，如果难度不变，那么考研英语国家线还会继续提高，因此意味着2020考研英语试题难度将会提高，以发挥考研英语的门槛作用。第二，政治选择题难度略有提高，材料题难度一般。从2019考研政治试题分析来看，单选题的难度并不大，而多选题的个别题有一定的难度，材料题难度一般，考生结合平时学习的内容就可以轻松得分。而从2020考研来看，考研政治更会侧重时事政治类试题的考察，这类试题内容多，考生不容易区分，因此在多选题部分难度会有所提高。而在单选部分政治经济学内容的考察可能会难度加大。而材料题的难度预计和往年持平。第三，数学难度可能会提高。从近五年的考研数学分数线来看，无论是数一、数二，还是数三，试题难度大概都是偶数年份难度略高，而奇数年份难度低一些。这一点可以从数学全国平均分可以看出来，2016年数学平均分比2015年低，2017年数学平均分又比2016年高，而2018年的数学平均分又比2017年分数要低，2019年数学平均分要比2018年数学平均分高。结合这几年的分数线变化来看，预计2020考研数学的难度将会略有提高，数学平均分将会比2019年的分数要低一些。第四，专业课难度呈现“两极分化”。回顾2019考研，可以看到一些自主划线的大学，他们的专业课分数线不是特别高，而且很多学生的专业课考试成绩甚至低于学校规定的分数线。但是反观一些普通大学的专业课考试，可以发现这些学校的专业课考试成绩都特别的高，而且随着招生难度的加大，预计2020考研普通大学的专业课考试难度不会太高，但是985等大学的考研专业课试题难度将会有一定的难度。对于2020考研，大家还有哪些问题和看法呢？

阅读方法的正确运用在真题泛读中能够有效地节省时间，提高正确率。这里为大家归纳了三种考研英语真题泛读中常用的方法：1.寻读法此方法多用在例证题，指代题，判断题和句意理解题的解题过程中。例如2016年英语二真题中的一道例证题，题干：The “empty bottles” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to . 根据题干中的关键词“empty bottles” 定位至文中信息Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. “The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes）as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them”。此段话例证部分为““The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes）as they pass”，例子只是为论点服务的，运用寻读法上下找论点，例证题的答案90%向例子上方找，Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind.通过此句话可知作者强调的是 the most fulfilling kind，例子下方的解释“for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them”也验证了the most fulfilling的表达，因此正确选项一定是有关the most fulfilling的表达，[A] update their to-do lists [B] make passing time fulfilling[C] carry their plans through[D] pursue carefree reading，通过以上分析，便可得出D选项为正确答案。2.跳读法此方法在主旨题中的运用最多，比如段落主旨题，核心观点往往在句首或者句尾，或者段中带有结论性的语句，段中的正反论证，举例论证的内容就可以略读了。例如2016年英语二有这样一道主旨题，The best title for this text could be . [A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading [B] How to Find Time to Read [C] How to Set Reading Goals [D] How to Read Extensively，在解题过程中如果再一次通读全文就很浪费时间了，需要运用跳读法解题，抓住每段段落主旨：There’s never any time to read.（一段末）What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient.（二段初）Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.（二段末）In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally.(三段初）So what does work? (四段初）On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.(四段末）可以知道通篇讲的就是time 和read的关系，因此答案就一目了然了。3.猜读法此方法多用于词汇题。在真题阅读中词汇题的含义往往在原文中有轨迹可寻。例如通过上下文的正义表达与反义表达猜词义；通过标点符号（破折号，冒号）；定义、重述、解释、举例；单词用法等猜测词义。例如2019年英语二的真题中考察了这样一道题，The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to .根据题干定位至文中Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. 根据句中的 feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. 可以看到negative emotions来源于transgressions. 而negative emotions表示负面情绪是贬义的，因此对比4个选项，可以得出答案是D选项wrongdoings坏事；不道德的行为.而A. teachings 教导；教义B. discussions 讨论；论述 C. restrictions 限制；限制条件，均不符合题意。这三种真题泛读方法使用在真题练习中可以有效的提高效率和正确率，但在基础复习阶段，初次考研的同学还是以复习词汇和语法为主，可以先熟悉这些方法，到了后期再使用。关于考研英语复习技巧，同学们可以在恩波学习群中向恩波英语老师提问学习。

小编根据历年考研英语的题型、特点及考场上容易出现的缺漏，总结了各题型答题技巧、答题顺序及时间安排，为你量身定制了考研英语的答题技巧，助你在最后的考试中厚积薄发。小编希望你能将考研英语斩于马下！答题顺序及时间安排一、答题顺序从分值来看，考研英语一阅读理解和作文总共70分，英语二是65分，由此可见阅读和作文是考研英语的重头戏。英语一翻译、新题型和完形填空各10分，英语二则为15分、10分、10分，属于非重点题型。如果阅读和作文能够顺利完成，考研英语可以说已经成功了一大半，接下来做其他题目便可以信心十足，甚至可能超常发挥。如果大家按照试卷上的题目顺序做题，到最后有可能做完了完形填空、新题型、翻译，但是作文没写完，因小失大，损失惨重。同时，帮帮根据往年的考试情况分析发现完形填空得分率都比较低，因此可以放到最后做。因为很多考生到最后根本没有足够的时间仔细分析完形填空，一般都是大概看一看，直接填涂答题卡，运气好还能蒙对几个。即使得了低分，跟其他同学相比差距不会很大。综上，我们需要把有限的时间用在刀刃上，在最佳的精神状态下产生最佳的结果。具体到实际考试过程中，帮帮建议按照作文、阅读理解、翻译、新题型、完形填空这个顺序来答题。二、时间分配在做题时间的安排上，我们必须要遵守的一大原则是：时间分配与题目分值成正比。分值越高的题目，得分的机会相应也较大，若能留足时间，认真作答，自然更易摘得高分，与其他考生拉开差距。与此相对的，在一些分值相对较低的题型中，考生们的得分普遍相近，得分率较低，在此类题型上花费太多时间是极不明智的。作文时间应该控制在40分钟之内，小作文写15分钟，6--8句话；大作文25分钟，写3个自然段，12-15句话，其关键是要紧扣题目、层次清晰、思路明确，并辅以标准的语言表达。四篇阅读理解文章，时间在60分钟到80分钟之间。建议视文章难度每篇文章花费15-20分钟时间。一定不能在一篇文章上耽误太久，到点做下一篇，不确定的选项做好标记，如果最后有时间，可以再来详细检查。翻译部分是对阅读理解和翻译综合能力的考查，题目较难，建议大家把时间控制在20分钟内。新题型部分，从这几年的真题走势来看，这部分的难度不是很大，建议考生时间控制在15-20分钟。完形填空最后做，花5-10分钟时间，如果最后没有时间仔细看题，就适度放弃完形填空，而是认真涂好答题卡。当然，上述时间分配不是固定不变的，考生可以根据自己答题情况灵活调整，关键是牢牢把握住核心原则，把时间花在最容易产生效益的地方。上述时间安排及做题顺序，考生在考前模拟时就应反复操练，形成稳定、精确的习惯，到了正式考试时才不会陷入漏做、少做、时间不够用的窘境，才能真正决胜于考场。阅读答题技巧诀窍一：一个中心，牢记心中做阅读题时要从整体把握，阅读每一段的中心句，找出这个中心句的关键词。解题时要谨记文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，任何迷惑到大家的选项看似十分正确，但仔细推敲往往就偏离了文章中心。诀窍二：按序出题，迅速定位每一个问题在原文中都要有一个定位，而且命题人是按顺序出题的。如果你认为不是，很有可能就是你做错了。文章基本以5段为主（也有6段、7段的），要把握每段之间的关系。一般来说，一段一个题，只是一般来说哦。诀窍三：按题型，找诀窍我们把阅读理解题型分为10 种。下面就有一套命题规律小结：1、 推理题推理题一般包括数字推理，知识推断和逻辑推理，它主要考察我们理清上下逻辑关系的能力，可以算是各类题型中最难的一种。推理题常常考查考生有关的判断、推理和引申理解作者的意图、观点或态度等，逻辑词常用的有："infer、imply、suggest、conclude"等。解题诀窍：1、看是否通过题干返回原文(或根据选项返回)2、依据原文的意思进行：三错一对"的判断3、注意推理时的"最近答案"原则注意：不要想的太多，推得太远，推理题的答案很大程度上是原文的重现不易定非要经过逻辑推理从原文得出。2、例证题例证题要求考生：区分论点和论据；理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系：主要是考察考生通过段落，句子来推测文章的主旨，支持的观点等.标记词有："example、illustrate、case、exemplify、illustration"等。诀窍：1、返回原文，找出该例证出现，即给该例证定位2、90%向上，10%向下，搜索该例证周围的区域，找出例证支持的观点.找出该论点，并与四个选项进行比较，的出选项中与该论点最一致的正确答案.注意：举例的目的是为了支持论点，例子看不懂也没关系3、错误选项特征就是就事论事！4、常识判断如果一个选项仅仅符合常识，不一定是answer，如果不符合常识，一定不是answer3、词汇题词汇题主要测试考生⑤根据上下文正确推测判断词义的能力。标志是：Theword"…"inline…refersto…诀窍：1、返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方2、注意结合上下文，理解该词的意思3、可判断该词汇是否超纲，如果是纲内词汇，则字面意思，必然不是正确答案4、词汇的正确答案，经常蕴藏在原文该词出现的前后4、句子理解题句子理解题要求考生：理解文中的具体信息；理解文中的概念性含义诀窍：1、返回原文，找到该句子。2、对原句进行语法和词义上的精确剖析，应该重点抓原句的字面含义，不要进行归纳，演绎，推理.3、一般说来，选项中的正确答案意思与原句完全相同，只不过是用其他英语词汇表达而已.正确选项与原句之间没有任何推理关系。5、指代题指代题主要考察考生整体理解文章的能力，并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。诀窍：1、返回原文，找出题的指代词.2、向上搜索，找最近的名词，名词性词组或句子.3、将找到的词，词组或句子代入，替换该指代词，看意思是否通顺.4、将找到的词，词组与四个选项想比较，找出最佳答案.6、主旨题主旨题：理解主旨要义，主要测试考生对短文整体理解概括的能力。一般是第一或最后一个题。标志词有："mainlyabout、mainlydiscuss、besttitle、digest"等。诀窍：1、注意首段和各段第一句话，将其含义连接成一个整体2、小心"首段陷阱"，不要一看开头就选择答案(参考94年第2篇最后一题)3、快速作文法解题.做题前可以自己思考一下"如果是我写这个题目，我会怎么写？"7、态度题态度观点题主要考察考生：理解作者的意图，观点或态度的能力.标志词：attitude、purpose等。诀窍：1、精确理解四个选项词语的含义表示作者态度的词：（一）常作为正确答案的态度词汇：1、表肯定态度：positive adj.肯定的、实际的，积极的、确实的favorable adj.赞成的、有利的、赞许的、良好的approval n.赞成、承认、正式批准enthusiasm n.狂热、热心、积极性supportive adj.支持的、支援的 defensive 为……而辩护2、表积极的态度：objective 客观的 concerned关注的confident adj.自信的、确信的 interested adj.感兴趣的、有成见的、有权益的optimistic adj.乐观的 positive 正面的impressive adj.给人深刻印象的、感人的3、表否定态度：negative adj.否定的、消极的、负的、阴性的 disapproval 不赞成objection 异议 opposition 反对critical 批评的 criticism 批评批判disgust vi.令人厌恶、令人反感 vt.使作呕 detestation n.憎恶、厌恶的人、嫌恶indignation 愤慨 contempt n.轻视、轻蔑、耻辱、不尊敬compromising n.妥协、折衷 v.妥协、折衷 worried adj.闷闷不乐的、焦虑的4、表怀疑态度：suspicion n.猜疑、怀疑 suspicious adj.(～of)可疑的、怀疑的doubt v.怀疑 doubtful adj.可疑的、不确的、疑心的question v.怀疑 puzzling adj.使迷惑的、使莫明其妙的5、表中立态度：impartial adj.公平的、不偏不倚的 neutral adj.中立的impersonal adj.非个人的 factual adj.事实的、实际的、根据事实的detached adj. 不含个人偏见的（二）不太可能选为正确答案的态度词汇：subjective adj.主观的，个人的 indifference n.不关心tolerance n.宽容，容忍，忍受 pessimism n.悲观，悲观主义gloomy adj.黑暗的，阴沉的，令人沮丧的，阴郁的 optimistic adj.乐观的sensitive有感觉的，敏感[锐]的、易受伤害的 scared adj.恐惧的reserved adj.保留的、租的radical adj.激进的ironic adj.说反话的、讽刺的confused adj.困惑的、烦恼的amazed adj.吃惊的、惊奇的concerned adj.关心的、有关的apprehensive adj.担忧、担心mixed adj.喜忧参半的 biased adj.有偏见的（三）态度题新趋势1、现在题目的考察不仅仅局限于作者的态度，也开始考察文章中某人的观点和态度，做题时特别应该注意看清楚题目考察的是谁对谁的态度。2、选项可能不在是态度明确的肯定或者否定的词，而是改为带有程度限制的词语，带有如下词语的选项往往是正确的：guarded（慎重的）、qualified（有条件的）、tempered（缓和的）。因为带有保留态度的观点比较客观，一般带有绝对化或者过于强烈的词的选项必然是错误的，如：strongly、compeletly、entirely。8、细节题1、题干上有五个W一个H提问。2、题干中明确会提到的时间、地点、人物或者事物等细节信息。3、有可能针对文章中的一句话或者几句话发问。4、题干和选项有可能考察一种因果关系。5、解题关键：返回原文，准确定位。做题依据一定要紧扣文章本身。返回原文：1、可以根据题干所列的地点、时间、人物、事物返回原文。2、根据出题的顺序返回原文。3、根据题干中或四个选项中的重点词或同义词返回原文。4、通过长难句返回原文。9、列举题1、标志：example、exemplify、illustration、demonstration2、解题关键：不在于是否看懂了例子，而在于是否找到了例子所支持的观点。3、步骤：（1）返回原文，找出该例子支持的观点。80%向上，20%向下。（2）在四个选项中寻找与找到的论点表达最一致、意思最接近的一个。注意：有时候例证题所支持的观点需要归纳总结。4、错误答案的论述方式：混淆论点与论据；列举无关常识。10、判断题1、标志：which of the following statement is not ture？ All of the following is ture except...2、 诀窍：1、首先判断是三对一错还是三错一对，所谓对是符合原文或者符合作者态度的。所谓错是指原文有矛盾或者原文未提及的概念，或者与作者态度相反的内容。2、每个选项力争返回原文，与原文信息进行一一比较排除。3、注意这种题目的选项，有时候会集中于某段的信息或者各具一些共同特征，所以做题时可以先对比一下四个选项，找出其中可能存在的共同点，再回到原文定位。诀窍四：阅读技巧，突破难关1、标点符号在阅读中的作用 ：① 句号。用来分割句子 ，以句号为单位，把段分隔成块，逐个击破。团？条② 逗号。在两个逗号中间是一个补充说明成分时，在阅读过程中可以献跳过去不读。③ 冒号。冒号的后面进一步补充说明前面的内容，冒号的前后有一个从抽象到具体的过程。④ 分号。分号是用来分隔句子的，并列结构：语意上的并列、结构上的并列。⑤ 破折号。两个破折号之间是补充说明成分，在阅读中可以先不读。如果不能读懂破折号之前的句子的意思可借助破折号间的内容加以理解。⑥ 引号。引用和讽刺两种作用：⑴引用某人的观点（是支持还是反对）；⑵用来反讽，讽刺。引用的目的：不论是正面还是反面引述都是为了说明核心概念、中心思想，否则就没有意义。⑦括号。两种作用：补充说明、解释生词。2、微观阅读的技巧 ：① 抓主干。② 看标点符号。③ 被动变主动。④ 消减否定法。⑤ 重新断句。⑥ 对照法。抓一些重点词：⑴ 解释词：namely（即，也就是）、likewise（同样的）、in other word（换句话说）、that is to say（那就是说）、⑵ 转折词：体会一种逻辑关系，也是经常出题的地方。but、yet、although、however、in contrast（与之形成对照的是）⑶ 表示结果的词：thus、as a result、consequence⑷ 表示递进的词：further more、 in addition to⑸ 表示重要的词：prime（首要的）、above all（最重要的）、first of all3、宏观阅读的方法 ：怎样对待一篇文章：① 一般来说，任何一篇文章都讲一个主题。② 注意抓两类文体：一个是议论文，抓作者中心观点和作者态度；二是说明文，抓说明对象和作者态度。③ 注意看清楚文章是由几个自然段构成，同时要注意看清楚文章的段落与段落之间是顺承结构还是转折结构。④ 注意文章的一些固有模式：第一类型：启承传合型，要特别注意启和合的前后呼应。第二类型：花开两朵型，要注意两个核心概念的区别和联系。第三类型：问题答案型，一般来说问题就是文章的中心，阅读的目的就是为了寻找问题的答案。第四类型：平铺直叙型，注意抓首段和中心。第五类型：开门见山型。4、总结段落的固有模式 ：① 中心句（段首句）——具体论述② 中心句（段首句）——具体论述——中心句（段尾句）如果段首句和段尾句是呼应的话，那么其之间的话必然是支持句，也可能反着说一下，但最终还是支持段首或段首主题句的。③ 过渡句（段首句）——具体论述④ 中心句（段首句）——具体论述——转折——具体论述⑤ 具体论述——中心句（段尾句）⑥ 句句展开式（无明显主题句）指比较短的段落。如只有三、四行的段落。这样就没有必要在段首给出一个中心，后面再展开。而是直接把事情给描述一下就可以了。5、读文章时需特别留意的细节 ：① 举例、打比喻处② 人物论段③ 转折处后④ 复杂句⑤ 因果句⑥ 特殊标点⑦ 段首段尾句最常出题的地方是：中心思想或核心概念。中心思想+细节=文章6、独句段在文章中的作用：① 文尾的独句段所起的作用是总结全文；② 文章中间的独句段的作用是承上启下。诀窍五：正确选项与错误选项的特征正确选项特征：1、正确答案经常与中心思想有关。2、正确答案的位置，最常见的三个位置是：段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。3、正确答案经常运用的原则是：同义替换、正话反说、反话正说。4、从语气角度来看，正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。如：can、may、might、possible、not necessarily、some.5、正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只见树木不见森林。错误选项特征：1、无中生有(未提及的概念);2、正反混淆(选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反);3、所答非所问(虽然选项的说法没有问题，符合原文，但和题干搭不上边)4、过分绝对5、扩大范围(注意隐蔽型的扩大范围mostly)6、因果倒置;7、常识判断8、推得过远9、偏离中心10、变换词性如果一个选项仅仅符合常识，不一定是正确答案，还要看文章中类似的意思有没有出现;如果一个选项不符合常识，一定不是正答案。能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。完型答题技巧完形常考八大考点1、引语文章中出现的引语基本上都是考点，只是采用不同的题型而已，如推理引申题、句意理解题、作者意图题等等。特别注意首段引语的三种作用：第一，作为支持作者观点的论据；第二，作为作者批判的靶子；第三，给出文章大背景。2、例子例子经常出现在命题中，而且题型多为作者观点态度题。此类题型主要针对文章中所举之例的作用进行发问。我们应该注意例子的出现无非有两种情况：一是先提观点后举例；二是先举例后提出观点。而该观点就是作者引用例子所要说明或反驳的。因此见到例子后，我们应该迅速查找其上下文，目的必在其中。通过历年真题分析，发现先提观点后举例的情况占多数。3、长难句考点一般集中在长难句上。这些句子的共同点就是同位语、定语和分句很多；主语和谓语之间的距离很远，还时常伴有插入成分。主要考查句子之间的指代或逻辑关系，以引申推理题、事实细节题等多种形式出现。理解长难句的要领就是先找出主干，化繁为简，然后再看各个分句或修饰成分与它的关系。4、转折处或对比处在历年考题中，转折和对比一直受到命题者的青睐。文章通过however、but、infact、yet等逻辑词进行转折，转折后的内容常常是作者真正表达的内容。对比常用unlike、different from、until、not so much as等词语引导，考的是对比双方的属性。对转折题，我们要着重把握作者转折后的观点。对于文章中出现的将两种人或两种观点进行对比时，我们要准确把握每一种的特点，避免被张冠李戴的选项迷惑。5、因果句(1)出这类题时，文章中一般都since、for、because、as、therefore、resultin、originate from这些标志词。没有标志词的就需要通过上下文推出二者的因果关系。(2)当有多种原因时，主要原因常考。6、段首段尾常考考点一般是段首句的总览全局，段尾句的提炼、理解，或者段首段尾相呼应表达的文章主题。7、类比比喻议论文和说明文在论证说明事理的时候均很抽象。为了让读者更形象地理解一些抽象的内容，文章常采用类比的手法。形象的类比不仅有助于将抽象的道理阐释清楚，更可以让读者加深印象。类比在文中有两种体现方式，一是明喻，即A像B一样；二是暗喻，说A是B，由于暗喻更加隐蔽，近年来命题专家越来越趋向于在暗喻内容上设问。8、复指处考点是复指代词或与复指副词作用相同的词。1996以前此类题目大多是直接问考生文章某句中的it或that指代什么。近几年此类题目的问法开始转向隐蔽。我们在遇到此类题时应该记住，题目的答案所在位置必定在复指词的上文中。因此，只需返回原文，在复指词上方扫描即可找到正确答案。获取解题信息的5种方法1、从主题句中获取解题信息一般情况下，考研英语完形填空题在设计试题时总是会保留一个完整的主旨表达句以便于考生能够更加易于理解文章的内容。主旨句一般设于文章开头，因此考生要充分的利用段首句提供的信息，找到文章的主要线索和大体的脉络，挖掘文章的思路，才能准确答题。2、从上下文中获取解题信息完形填空的文章一般是围绕着一个话题进行论述的，是一个意义相关联的语篇，文章中的词语会有重复、替代以及同现现象。因此相对应的答案也就可能是上下文中复现或同现的相关词，考生在解题的过程中就应该联系上下文来找到相关的线索，如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括词等。3、从文章各部分、各层次之间的逻辑关系获取解题信息要想深入理解文章，就得理清文章的结构以及文章各段落之间的关系，每个部分是如何表现出文章主题思想的，这样才能更加准确把握带空句子所需要的是什么内容。当然这就要求考生对英语词组、短语、习惯用法等等的英语搭配具有扎实的功底。4、从背景、社会常识获取解题信息一般来说最佳答案都是符合常识的，有时候文章中所提供的信息也许不足以帮助到考生找到答案，此时就需要考生把一些符合常识的知识信息结合起来看了，因此考生的知识范围越广，就越容易理解文章的内容，答题起来也就会相对的得心应手起来。5、从词汇、语法等知识及搭配关系中获取解题信息一般需要注意的文章中出现的搭配关系：逻辑搭配：包括过渡词、连接手段、指代关系、肯定、否定等；语义搭配：包括区别同义词、近义词、反义词、形近异义词、同形异义词；结构搭配：指名词、动词、形容词等在句中或文中与其他词的搭配；惯用搭配：即通常所说的固定短语。攻克完形的解题技巧：1、常作为正确选项出现的词汇：however、although、yet、because、but、by、capacity、however、of、moreover、offer、onlyif、that、which、against、any、apparent、asif、available、frequently、message、nevertheless、nor、publication、suchas、something、upon等；常作为错误选项出现的词汇：about、since、at、ifonly、if、nowthat、restrict、provided、similar、since、stimulate、unless、what、incase等。2、同现和复现是词汇的衔接手段。完形填空所给出的文章往往有明确的主线，作者会使用一些关键词围绕主线贯穿全文。这些关键词可能会原封不动地重复出现，也可能会以其他形式出现(例如同义词、近义词、上义词等)。我们可以根据文章的关键词和文章的导向来解答一下题目，例如，如果判断出一个空格是上下文关键词的复现，那么我们只要从选项中选出与关键词意义相同的表达即可。3、记住"态度一致"原则。考研完型填空文章通常"完美"，通篇作者态度一致，从一个高度去指导整个行文。所以当有些题目没有具体线索可以找到时，可以从作者态度去判断答案。4、选项里面有任何修辞意义的词汇，基本上是正确答案。5、如出现陌生的选项词汇，选择相对简单的词汇，不要选择偏的怪的词汇。6、选项特点。绝对同义选项两个都错：11%的分数，也就是1.1分；相对同义选项，也就是约等于选项，这就是出题点或是题眼，细微的差别就是考试的考点；二选一，其中一个必须对：18%的分数，也就是1.8分。大家还是要认真的思考。而所谓的"反义选项"，理论上应该是二选一，但是实际有反例，请大家注意。当四个选项都有一个共同意义时，该意义往往不能入选，要看选项的特殊含义。7、有时会遇到这样的情况，大部分词都填出来了，只有一、两个难词绞尽脑汁仍不得要领，如果考试时间允许，不要轻易放弃，要穷追不舍，先从语法角度考虑，再从逻辑角度考虑是否有隐含意思、作者的情感以及背景文化和习俗等。有时句子好像什么也不缺，读上去很完整，就必须考虑，很可能缺的就是连词and，副词then、always、sometimes等，如果还未填出，应反复默念几遍，有些词就会悄然而至，在你的记忆中浮现出来。8、如果同学在考场上最后做完形时实在没有时间了，可以快速浏览文章，把自己能快速判断答案的题目做出来，然后剩下的其他题目蒙同一个选项(要蒙已经做出的确定对的答案中没有或很少的选项)。A作为正确选项的个数最多，没有连续三个答案都一样的情况。以上这些解题技巧，可以帮助大家在有富余的时间里尽可能多地拿分，当然各位考生还是要以阅读和作文为重，当时间所剩不多时，完形的20道填空确保你的每个答案都在答题卡上涂好了，而不是过分地去纠结其中的个别选项，要知道一个空才0.5分，千万不要因小失大哦！作文答题技巧一、考研英语作文命题特点从题型上来看，小作文以信函为主，但也必须掌握“备忘录、通知、摘要、报告、便笺”等工作和生活中常用的应用文体写法。大作文以图表作文为主。（英一以图为主，英二以表为主，但也有少数年份例外）从话题上来看，考研英语作文也显示出一些特点：1、与往年真题交集不断。例如2016年与2003年都涉及“子女教育”问题；2015年与2009年主题都是“网络对人际关系的影响”，前者强调“反面”，或者强调“正反两面”；2、考研英语作文大致可分为两类，“热点现象”和“人生哲理”类。真题作文命题即使有时候切入点很小，但是主题往往很宏大；3、题目或者是图画通俗易懂。从历年图画以及题目来看，内容贴近日常生活或生活基本常识，话题容易把握，并不存在偏题或者是政治敏感内容；4、切身关系所有年轻人。无论是社会热议现象，还是永恒哲理问题，都与年轻大学生息息相关。二、作文写作注意事项题目的写法在考研作文中，大作文的写作（包括英一和英二）类型是不需要题目的，只有一些小作文也就是应英文写作（例如：报告、备忘录、告示、失物招领等）需要题目。因为题目是首先映入读者眼帘的，所以要注意题目的书写位置。一定要在试卷作文纸上的上方中间位置书写。同时还应在话题和正文之间留出一定的距离，即比正文行距稍宽一些。其次，要注意题目的大小写，实词的首字母一定要大写。其它虚词如冠词、连词（但如连词的字母多于5个时则大写)和介词首字母不需要大写。文章的格式1、四边留空：卷面的四边一定要留出适当的空白。这样的文章才能整齐、美观，给人以清晰、明快的感觉。2、空格：文章的每段的首行一定要有统一的空格（一般缩进4-6个字节）。词汇方面的错误Ａ.大小写在考研文章的评改过程中，有关大小写方面的错误层出不穷，这是考生的一个弱点。一般来说，大写规则有以下几条：1、大写每句话的第一个字母和直接引语的第一字母,如：He said,"He is going to Shanghai nextweek".2、大写专有名词，或用作专有名词的部分普通名词，通常是缩略形式。如：DrG.G.East3、大写缩写字母。如：MPA,MBA,BBC4、文章标题要大写。5、头衔在专有名词前要大写，在专有名词后就小写。例如：Captain Smith--Smith,the captain；UncleGeorge--George,my uncleＢ.词汇的书写①单词间的间隙，单词于单词之间，一个单词中的字母之间②单词要写得清晰易懂，不要模棱两可2.词汇的拼写，或少写，或多写，或换写字母3.词汇的重复，就像汉语里的病句4.词汇或词组的遗漏，使句子成分不完整Ｃ.词性及变式，出错较多①将动词原形直接做主语的情况较为严重②名词和名词所有格意义不同，不能混用，且所有格的表达形式会有所不同③单词变式，名词性，动词性，形容词性，副词性，形容词加后缀变名词，动词加后缀边名词等④第三人称单数，容易被忽略的点，这是个普遍容易犯的错误Ｄ．词汇的恰当使用与表达，基本只考虑汉语字面翻译，不考虑内涵所指意义，搭配不当，容易出现中文式英文，比如”...have far-reaching on our futures”，这里就同时体现了词性理解与使用搭配的问题。标点符号错误及分析考生在写文章时，一定要注意正确使用标点符号，切忌从头到尾只用逗号的现象。一定要熟练掌握常用标点符号的基本用法，尤其要正确使用逗号和分号。三段式作文注意事项1、作文卷面要保持整洁，不要连笔，不要涂改。这是获取印象分的重点!很多考生由于在考场过于紧张导致作文的单词老是写错，这是致命伤啊，会直接让你越写越没感觉就越没信心了。所以平常要加强练笔！2、全文的第一句和各段的第一句必须是文章的中心句，最好能用复杂句表达。这是因为阅卷老师一般没有那么多的时间去看作文，所以只能大概浏览下各段的首句，这是获得高分的关键！3、全文结构布局：全文分为三段，第一段3句，第二段5句，第三段4句，可根据具体情况调整!段落中，第一句是topic，第二三句是detail，第三句是conclusion。四、考研英语作文中的几大忌讳(1)不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题(2)笑料多，出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误过多(3)不达意，词汇量很小，一些连词反复出现，缺乏丰富的英语表达能力(4)乱堆砌，不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起(5) 书写差，以致影响阅读，作文分数会降低一个档次五、考研英语作文的34个常用句式1.The cartoon vividly shows an important truth that…漫画生动地揭示了一个重要的道理2.As is vividly depicted in the drawings 漫画生动地描述了3.Clearly, the cartoon reveals a very common problem in our society 很明显，漫画揭示了我们社会的一个普遍现象4.The implied meaning of the drawings is that 漫画的寓意是5.As is manifested in the cartoon 如漫画所示6.The two drawings stand in a sharp contrast 两幅图形成了鲜明的对比7.A ridiculous situation 一个可笑的场景8.To grasp the full implication 充分理解寓意9.There is no denying that… 毋庸置疑……10.There is a general assumption that 人们普遍认为11.It is quite obvious that 很明显12.To draw our attention to 关注13.Few people could pay attention to… 关注……的人寥寥无几14.We can often encounter a scene where 我们经常碰到……的现象15.from all spheres of life 来自生活的方方面面16. from the opposite perspective of 从相反的角度17. It is of great importance that… 重要的是18. It is worrisome that… 令人担心的是19. Predictably, and regrettably 可以预见的且遗憾的是20. In response to this 鉴于此21. It is no surprise that …不足为奇22. In today’s society filled with intense competition 在今天充满竞争的社会里23. There are signs that the situation is turning from bad to worse 种种迹象表明，这种情况正在恶化24. There is no evidence that 没有证据表明25. To be a good case in point 是一个好的例证26. With a positive attitude 持积极的态度27. It is high time that measures be taken to alleviate the syndrome of such a universal ill 现在是采取措施以减轻这种……通病的时候了28. To arouse the attention of the society 引起全社会的关注29. To attach e weight to 给予应有的注意30. To place a high value upon 注重，侧重31. Of all basic elements of success, …is probably the most crucial在所有成功要素中，……是最重要的32. only in this way, can we address the problem of只有通过这种方式我们才能解决……的问题33. The whole society should take joint efforts to better the atmosphere of …and steer … to the right track of…全社会应该共同努力，改善……的氛围，引导……走上正轨34. It is our urgent task to do我们的当务之急是......翻译答题技巧考研英语翻译：在一篇近400词的文章中用下划线标出5个长句，要求考生用精确地道的汉语进行翻译。从词汇和句法的要求上看，词汇要根据上下文的段落内容确定词性和词义，而复杂长难句是考生面对的最大障碍。考生需要具备较强的从句句法知识，迅速拆分长句，确定主谓宾，再将定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句、平行结构、倒装结构、分词、代词指代、被动语态、特殊句型、词组一一击破。同时，汉语表达的流畅性、准确性和灵活性也是得分的关键。翻译评分关键：按点给分，整体扣分。每一句话有四个知识点，每个0.5分。四个知识点都写出来是2分。但是，整体读的时候，如果不通顺，则会扣0.5分。翻译时间分配：考场上做翻译的时间在20分钟左右，所以平时做练习，每句话大概4-5分钟的时间。翻译答题总策略：英语1：只读划线的句子，看不懂句子可看划线前后句。英语2：先将文章读一遍，在逐句翻译。做翻译的基本思路一、理解英语原文，拆分语法结构由于英语语言具有"形合"的特点，也就是说，英语句子无论多么复杂，都是通过一些语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的"像葡萄藤一样"的结构。如果搞不清楚句子的语法结构，考生是很难做出正确的翻译的。因此在翻译句子之前，必须先通读全句，一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构，这是正式动笔翻译之前的一项重要准备工作。怎么拆分呢？具体来讲，考生可以寻找下面一些"信号词"来对英语句子进行拆分，进而更加有效地理解英语原文。1、基本原则把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。2、连词如and、or、but、yet、for等并列连词连接着并列句；还有连接状语从句的连接词，如：when、as、since、until、before、after、where、because、since、thought、although、so that 等等，它们是考生要寻找的第一大拆分点。3、关系词如连接名词性从句的 who、whom、whose、what、which、whatever、whichever等关系代词和when、where、how、why 等关系副词；还有连接定语从句的关系代词，如who、which、that、whom、whose等等，它们是考生要寻找的第二大拆分点。4、标点符号标点符号常常断开句子的主干和修饰部分，也是一个明显的拆分点。5、除此之外，介词on、in、with、at、of、to等引导的介词短语，不定式符号to，分词结构也可以作为拆分点。例如：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.（35词，2003年62题）拆分本句的信号词有：which、in、that。注意本句出现的两个and连接的是几个词汇，并非句子，所以不用作为拆分点。因此这个句子可以拆分成四个片段。拆分后句子的总结构是：（1）主干Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry；（2）定语从句which seeks to study humans and their endeavors；（3）方式状语in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner；（4）定语从句that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena。二、运用翻译策略，组合汉语译文正确理解原文并准确拆分句子后，接下来就是翻译。翻译时，关键是综合运用各种翻译方法将英文的原意如实表达。主要有如下翻译方法：1、 词类转译法由于英语和汉语是两中悬殊甚大的不同的语言体系，所以在语言结构与表达方式上都存在很大的差异，这就要求我们对原文中的一些词语的词性进行转化（如：动词转化为名词，形容词转化为名词等），才能使译文畅通。例如：The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology.当今世界的科学技术正在迅速地发展。分析：将句中的形容词 rapid 转译为汉语中的副词。2、 增补法有些英语字句如果照字面的意思翻译，意念是不完整的，必须根据意义、修辞或句法的需要增补一些汉语，才能更加忠实于原文，使原文的思想更完整地再现。例如：We need clean air, but unfortunately, air pollution is generally present, especially in cities.我们需要清新的空气，但遗憾的是，空气污染普遍存在，在城市中尤其如此。分析：本句为了避免“尤其是在城市里”的表达不完整，增加了“如此”。3、 省译法由于英语和汉语在用词和语法结构上的差异，原文中的某些词如果直译出来会使译文显得累赘，不符合汉语的表达习惯。在这种情况下，就要省略一些冠词、代词、介词或连词等省去不译，但是不能影响原文的意义表达。例如：There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.天未下雪，但叶落草枯。分析：在汉语中“叶落”的概念非常清楚，所以省译了 from the trees 。4、 顺译法也就是说按照英语表达的层次顺序，依次翻译英语句子，从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一致。例如：He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were set in a gentle and saintly smile.他看得出，她一生含辛茹苦，如今苦尽甘来，嘴边总是带着温柔、圣洁的微笑。分析：英语句子的顺序，从意思上讲，与汉语句子的顺序是一致的。5、 逆译法也就是对于句子结构复杂的英语句子，可以先翻译全句的后部，在依次向前逆序翻译前面的句子。例如：It is our task to build up a nuclear power station somewhere by the end of this year.我们的任务是于今年年底在某地建成一座原子能发电站。分析：翻译英语里面的一系列状语时，必须按照时间状语、地点状语和方式状语的顺序汉语习惯表达习惯来组织语句。6、 分译法也就是采取化整为零的方法将整个英语长句翻译为几个独立的句子，顺序基本不变，前后保持连贯。例如：At the meeting decision was made to transfer a part of the students to another school.会议上作出一项决定，把一部分学生转到另一所学校去。分析：本句的主语的后置定语比较长，而谓语很短，为了使句子结构匀称，避免头重脚轻的现象，就把后面的不定式与主句分开翻译了。7、 综合法也就是说翻译时经过仔细推敲，或按照时间先后，或按照逻辑顺序，有顺有逆、有主有次地对全句进行综合处理，英语和汉语的字面意思不完全对应，但是内涵是相同的。例如：One can perhaps get a clearer picture of Japan’s acute population pressure by imagining what Switzerland would be like if that small and mountainous country were inhabited by 28 million people instead of the 5.7 million at present.只要设想一下，假若那小小的瑞士居住的人口不是现在的五百七十万，而是两千八百万，瑞士会是什么情景，人民便会清楚地理解日本所面临的人口压力是多么大。分析：原文的重点在于 One can...population pressure，按照汉语习惯，应该先叙事，后总结，所以翻译时从中间by imagining...入手，最后回到句首，译出One can...。而且汉语句子的意思也有“意译”的成分。1、词汇的增减转由于英汉两种语言的差异，在英文看上去比较正常的句子，译成汉语时，如果不增或减一些词可能无法把英文的原意表达出来，这样就需要适当地运用添减词法。词本无意，意由境生，翻译时考生需要注意词性的转化，经常碰到将名词转化成动词翻译，将具体名词转化成抽象名词进行翻译的情况。8、代词的译法代词一般需要转译成名词，即把其所指代的意义译出。9、人名地名的译法知道的可以译出来，不知道可以音译，再将英语原词抄写一遍，用括号括起来，比如Whorf可以处理为：沃尔夫（Whorf）10、被动转主动很多被动语态如果机械的翻成被动语态，可能会让人看了觉得别扭，因此需要转为主动语态。可以增加万能逻辑主语“人们”，可以选取中文特有的表示被动的词汇，比如"得以"，"使得"，"将"等，英文中出现by，可将by后面的名词作为主语翻译。11、主语从句：翻译时主语从句单独成句，然后在主句主语的位置加上“这”或者“这件事”，其余内容正常翻译。eg: That John is coming to Lian Yungang is agood news. 约翰要来连云港了，这是个好消息。注意：主语从句常常变成有形式主语的结构：It be+n/adj+that+完整句It be+n/adj+to do将后面真正的主语翻译到句首，主句部分的主语加“这”或者“这件事”，其余内容正常翻译。Eg: It is a goodnews that John is coming to New York.约翰要来纽约了，这是个好消息。It be+过去分词+that完整句（此处的过去分词常常有：said, reported, argued, estimated, rumored, believed）译法：据“过去分词”怎么样Eg: It is reported that John is coming.据报道，约翰要来了。12、宾语从句：从前往后直接翻译Eg: He said that John is coming. 他说约翰要来了。13、表语从句：和宾语从句一样，从前往后直接翻译。Eg: This is what I want. 这就是我想要的14、同位语从句：主句部分正常翻译，同位语从句句首加上“即”，“也就是说”。Eg: He got anexciting news that John is coming. 他有一个令人兴奋的消息，即，约翰要来了。15、定语从句：长的定语从句，单独成句翻译，翻译时句首主语为“它”或“这件事”。短的定语从句翻译成先行词的“前置定语”。Eg: He got anexciting news that is so important to the students going abroad next year.他得到了一个让人兴奋的消息，它对于明年要出国的学生很重要。Eg: He got anexciting news that is so important.他得到了一个让人兴奋的很重要的消息。16、状语从句：先直接翻译，然后根据汉语表达习惯进行语序调整。状语一般位于汉语的句首或者句中。17、特殊结构：比如倒装结构，分隔结构，应对策略在于调整原文的顺序，找到成分搭配关系。三、校核，调整，成文组合成中文之后，考生一定要再检查一遍，做出相应的调整，最终成文。校核主要有三个方面：一是检查译文是否忠实于原文。通过把译文和原文对照比较往往能发现问题；二是检查译文本身是否通顺或表达清楚。把译文通读一遍，如果觉得读起来很别扭或者有歧义，那很有可能是翻译不通或表达不清楚，适当增减词或调整语序通常能解决这一问题；三是检查译文是否有笔误，是否有漏洞，是否有代词未转译，时态是否译出，数字、日期是否译错，标点符号是否用错等。做翻译的解题步骤第一步：浏览全文大意在考研英语试卷中，翻译文章的次数约400词左右，而我们只需翻译出画线的5个句子。所以在解题时应首先浏览一下全文，从全文首句中重点推断一下文章的所涉及的话题类型和范围，以便在翻译句子选词时有所参考，建议大家，最好能在1分钟内完成这个步骤。第二步：画出句中所有的谓语成分中文是意合的语言，英文是形合的语言。在理解一个英语句子的过程中，考生们要做的事将形合的语言转化为意合的语言，在考研这种从句丛生的考试中，分解句型祝词修饰关系则为重中之重。英语句型的特点在于每一个分句中谓语动词是绝对不可缺少且单一的，因此，能快速有效地找出句子中做谓语的成分及其个数是理解并翻译长难句的第一步。第三步：进行全句的各个分句切分当我们能够准确的找出整句中的谓语成分后，句子当中到底有几个分句就一目了然了。对付长难句，我们要化繁为简，化长为短，化复合句为多个简单句。在这一步中，从句的引导词是切割标志。引导词分为以下几种情况：1、连词均可以作为引导词引导从句，比如that/if/as等；2、疑问副词通常也会充当引导词引导从句，比如what/where/when/which等；3、引导词会在口语中被省略，如果遇到这种情况，可以通过英语句子中谓语动词结构的个数来判断是否应该断句。总之，在结构比较复杂的英语句子中，识别谓语成分是识别句子存在的标志，而识别从句中的引导词是识别一个新的从句开始的标志。第四步：逐步理解并翻译各个分句当很长的一个考研英语句子被切割成无数个小短句时，考生的心态就较为平和，不至于像刚看到句子时那么无从下手，接下来要做的就是将各分句逐个理解并翻译成汉语。这时，咱们平时的词汇基本功就起着至关重要的作用了。第五步：进行各个分句的添加、删减和排列组合这个步骤的意思是，将各个分句的翻译出来的意思进行整合，然后统一出一个完整的长难句的句子意思来。比如定语从句中，被修饰的名词在从句中重复使用时，可考虑使用代词以避免语言的重叠累赘感；分句之间可适当添加或删减连接词，使其符合中文的语言表达方式和习惯。做翻译的答题技巧翻译过程中包括两个阶段：正确理解和充分表达。理解是表达的前提，而表达是理解的目的和结果，二者缺一不可，因此，考生在做英译汉部分试题时：1、切记不可急躁，一定要先通读全文，把握全文的主旨、内容，把握划线部分的语境；2、在着重理解划线部分时，首先要在语义上理清全句的整体意思和每个单词的意思；其次要分析清楚句子结构，理出句群，找出各分句之间的关系；3、可考虑先打一份翻译草稿，再根据文章意义和汉语结构进行调整。由于英语中一词多义的现象十分普遍，且英汉词典中给出的汉语解释未必全面，未必与英文的意思完全对等，这就给我们带来两方面的问题：（1）我们需要根据该多义词在其语言环境中的词类、搭配关系甚至是单复数形式来确定其基本意思；（2）在"忠实"的原则下，如果词典上的释义显得不"通顺"，那么为了"忠实"与"通顺"的统一，我们必须立足于原意，对其加以适当的引申。选择词义的时候，要根据词在句中的词类及上下文的搭配关系来确定。翻译中常考十大句式1. leave sb. the choice of … or … 要么…，要么… (选择类经典句)Our cruel and unrelenting enemy leaves us the choice of brave resistance or the most abject submission.敌人冷酷无情/铁石心肠，我们要么顽强抵抗，要么屈膝投降。The age of 30s leaves you the choice of marriage or remaining a bachelor.年过三十，要么成婚，要么单身。2. be the instrument of sth. 引来某事物的人或事 (使动类经典句)If I can be the instrument of your happiness，I will sacrifice all my belongings.能够让你幸福，我愿意付出我的一切。3. it was the memory / memories of 追溯到… (回忆类经典句)Perhaps it was the memories of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and the 1988 Seoul Olympics，which were considered turning points in their nations' development.追溯到1964年东京及1988年汉城举办的奥运会，可能分别被视为日韩两国发展的转折点。It was the memory of 1945 Hiroshima and Nagasaki suffered from the attacks of atomic bomb，from which originated the term of "Zero Ground".追溯到1945年广岛和长崎遭受原子弹攻击，从而形成了"零地带"这个术语。4. on the premise/ground/prerequisite/proposition/hypothesis/presuposition that 基于一个前提… (假设类经典句)The Chinese declared to implement the policy of peaceful reunification on the premise that the then Taiwan authorities maintained that there is only one China in the world and Taiwan is only one part of China.中国政府在宣布实行和平统一的方针时，是基于一个前提，即当时的台湾当局坚持世界上只有一个中国，台湾是中国的一部分。Advice to investors was based on the premise that interest rates would continue to fall.对投资者的建议是以利率会继续下跌为根据的。5. be bound to 必定…；一定… (意愿类经典句)The Great Western Development is bound to be a bridge between China and the rest world，promoting the common economic development and prosperity of China and the world at large.西部大开发一定能成为沟通世界各国和中国的一座桥梁，促进中国和世界经济共同发展，共同繁荣。Just wars are bound to triumph over wars of aggression.正义战争必然要战胜侵略战争。6. a matter of sth./doing sth. 与…有关的情况或问题 (描述类经典句)Considering the following statements，made by the same man eight years apart."Eventually，being 'poor' won't be as much a matter of living in a poor country as it will be a matter of having poor skills."请思考一下同一个人现在及八年前说的话。"说到底，'贫穷'与其说是生活在贫穷的国家里，还不如说是技艺不精。"Dealing with these problems is all a matter of experience.处理这些问题全凭经验。7. This is the similar case with/when 这恰如；正如；也会 (比较类经典句)This is the similar case when the main melody can evoke a strong echo for us to clap our hands in admiration despite our disability to understand the score of Mozart's musical pieces.这恰如我们虽然看不懂莫扎特乐曲的总谱，却照样能同它的主旋律产生共鸣，击节称赞。除此以外，老百姓的服务性消费，如教育，信息，旅游等消费也会大量增长。Besides，this is also the case with the citizen's expenditure such as ecation，information，traveling.8. be exemplified by 这一点也证明了…；这点反映在以下事实：… (举例类经典句)This American desire to keep the children's world separate from that of the alt is exemplified also by the practice of delaying transmission of the news to children when their parents have been killed in an accident.如果父母在事故中丧生，人们总是晚些时候才告诉孩子们，这一点也证实了美国人想把儿童的世界和成人的世界隔离开的愿望。(美国人想把儿童和成人的世界划清界限，这一愿望还反映在以下事实：如果父母在事故中丧生，人们总是设法晚点将消息告诉他们的子女。)9. constitute… (不用于进行式)是；认为 (判断类经典句)History has proved eloquently that the division of labor based on equality and mutual benefit between China and USA constitutes the most reasonable and practical international relationship.历史说明，中美之间建立在平等互利基础上的劳动分工是最为合理和实用的国际关系。My decision does not constitute a precedent.我的决定不应视为先例。The defeat constitutes a major set-back for our diplomacy.这一失败是我们外交上的一次较大的挫折。10. witness… 见证… (发生类经典句)a time or event witnesses sth./sb. in a particular situation or doing a particular thing.经过二十多年的快速发展，中国西部地区已奠定了一定的物质技术基础，社会保持稳定，市场经济体制正在逐步建立和完善，为西部经济持续快速增长创造了有利的市场环境。The rapid development in the past 20-plus years witnesses a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology in the western region of China在下一轮的会谈中，我们将宣布中东地区永久停火协议，对此我抱有乐观态度并充满希望。I am optimistic and hopeful that the next round of talk will witness a permanent cease-fire in the Middle East.新题型之七选五解题思路新题型"七选五"试题模式为：给出一篇缺少5个句子或段落的文章，对应有七个选项，要求同学们根据文章结构、内容，选出正确的句子或段落，填入相应的空白处。《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述为"主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。"尝试之后不难发现，"七选五"其实跟传统题型完形填空有相似之处，完形填空空出的是词，而七选五空出的是句子或段落，但是他们的考察方式都是一样的，只要考生选择的答案能够使行文连贯，符合英文的语法以及习惯表达就行，因此，这两类题型在做题方法上有共通之处。另外，从该题型给出的选项中我们可以发现一些特点：该题型选项大致可分为主旨概括句段（文章整体内容）、过渡性句段（文章结构）和注释性句段（上下文逻辑意义、举例子）三类。另外两个多余的干扰项也可以通过这三个特点来排除，例如主旨概括句段要么过于宽泛要么以偏概全或偏离主题，过渡性句段不能反映文章的行文结构，注释性句段与上文脱节等。根据这些，我们总结一些关于"七选五"的做题方法供大家参考。先看选项跟完形填空不一样，"七选五"的答案选项较少，因此，我们可以通过句段的完整性或者句子后面的标点符号来判断其在文章中的位置。另外，通过阅读选项，有可能找出跟其他选项表达完全不同意思的句子或段落，这样的话我们就可以直接将该选项排除。再看空前空后由于"七选五"空出的是整个句子或段落，而这些句段之间，必然有一种联系，因此我们可以通过选项中某个名词或动词跟空前或空后的一致性或者逻辑相关性来确定这两个句段之间有一种关联性，从而选择正确的答案。注意代词或定冠词在做这类题目的时候，一定要注意文中出现的人称代词或者指示代词，因为我们知道，代词是指代一个名词或者一个句子的，然后通过代词在句子中所做的成分我们可以推断出它指代的内容，我们要做的就是从选项中找出含有相应内容的句段。注意特殊疑问词如果选项中或空前出现特殊疑问词，一定要把这句话仔细读几遍，因为对于不同特殊疑问词的回答方式是不一样的，比如对why的回答，后面要有because等表原因的词，对when的回答，后面要有表时间的状语，对where的回答，后面要有表地点的名词，对how的回答，后面要有方式状语等。注意关系连词如一些表示转折的连词，but，however，yet，though，nevertheless等，另外还有一些表示并列关系的连词如and，also，aswellas，neither…nor，either…or，notonly...butalso，ononehand....ontheotherhand等。通过不同的连词我们可以推知句段与句段之间不同的逻辑关系，从而找出在最符合行文逻辑的正确选项。新题型之段落排序解题法阅读给定段落理解给定的段落内容，了解文章是围绕何话题、何对象展开。阅读过程中要着重留意一些关键词句，如：段落中间若有转折词，要关注转折词及其所在句子；无转折词则应看段首句、第二句及段尾句；重点关注名词、代词等。１、如何选首段①首句不含有代词，不含有总结性、过渡性词(转折、因果、顺延等)②一般不含有最高级、第一或最后意思的词语，因为首段没有比较的对象。２、阅读选项，尤其是首尾句给段落作初步的位置预知和组块 考生做不到一次性排出来，能排出来的就排，一时定不了的，做如下工作：①位置预知：含so， conclude等表示结束的词，可能作为尾段。但是也要警惕未必，总之还是要综合看。②组块：有些段一看就觉得应该一个前一个后，比如A段末提到... there are two branches.F段末提到了，the first one is...。那么A和F就属于明显的总分关系，应该前后连贯。③精确排列各个段落的顺序，利用其它关联词进行验证。判断文章体裁给定文章无非为记叙文、议论文或说明文三类，文章的体裁决定了文章本身的有一定的叙述和展开方式可循。准确判断文章体裁，把握住该类文章的典型结构就能在段落排序时轻松许多。下面列出以上三类文章的常见结构作为大家排序时的依据：议论文1、议题--问题--原因--对策2、议题--问题--对策--结论（未来）3、议题--问题--对策--结论（过去）4、反面话题--驳斥观点--原因--观点--展望未来说明文1、积极事物--优点--缺点--展望未来2、消极事物--缺点--优点--回顾过去3、记叙文按照时间先后顺序排序，主要留意时间，时态和动作。聚焦逻辑关系一篇文章的记叙或说明往往有着一定的逻辑关系，或是依照事件发展的先后顺序，或者是按照因果顺序、递进关系、转折关系、解释关系、例证关系、定义关系等等。这些逻辑关系是有一定的词汇规律的，有些标志性连词、副词等，若能关注这些线索，考生就能用最短理清不同段落间的承接顺序。以下是做题时应重点留意的、象征逻辑关系的关键词：1、因果关系：标志词汇有for，because，since，therefore等；2、转折关系：标志词汇有but，yet，although，however，onthecontrary，ontheotherhand，instead等；3、并列递进关系：标志词汇有and，indeed，also，besides，similarly，like，accordingly，inthesameway，meanwhile，furthermore，moreover等；4、解释关系：标志词汇有thatis，thatistosay，forexample，suchas，namely，inotherwords等。通读全文检查在完成排序后，一定要抛弃之前解题时头脑中的主观认识，以尽量客观的视角通读全文，感知文章是否通顺，是否存在内容上的跳跃，逻辑上的硬伤等。总而言之，段落排序题的做法可以归纳为：从文章的整体出发，抓住细节，回到整体。考生在考前应做大量练习，只有熟能生巧，才能真正掌握段落排序的规律。新题型之小标题选择提分解题步骤第一步：阅读题目要求，找准段落主题句位置，确定文章主题。很多考生都会忽略这一步，但这恰恰是让你在最短时间内了解文章内容的重要方法。第二步：找出各个选项中的实词1、排除选项中重复出现的实词2、实词：名词、动词、形容词（名词优先）第三步：看选项、找答案1、完全同词复现2、同词不同形式复现3、同意不同词复现第四步：通看全文，对答案进行检验，看是否存在段落与标题不够匹配的情况。解题技巧小标题的解题技巧主要集中在段落和小标题关联性的比对上：1、关注段落首句、第二句，看是否有没有关键词和短语和待选小标题的词相同，若有，列为重点，再进一步比对详细内容；2、快速扫视段落，有无某词或事物反复提到多次，再看该词或该事物是否有在小标题中出现，若有，则列为重点，再进一步比对详细内容；3、若前面两项都没有，则回到段落首末句，看看小标题中出现了首末句重点词的同义替换表达，若有，则该项就是答案。总的来说，小标题中一般包含对某一段落核心内容的再现，只是再现的方式不同，一般包括原词再现、同义词再现、词义再现三种形式，第一种在解题过程中很容易就能看出，后两种则需要细心比对。新题型之多项对应快速解题近年来英语二新题型的真题中，多项对应出现的比例相当高，其考查方式主要为：给定一篇长度为450-550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右栏一栏为7项选项，要求考生在阅读后根据文章的内容和左栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。其难度不是很大，主要考查考生的理解和判断能力。下面，我们便就该类题型为大家讲解解题技巧。首先：考生需要通读题目和选项，题目一般含有文中的关键词，选项一般是对某一个段落或某几个段落的概括总结。通读题目和选项后，会对文章的主题和大概内容有所了解。其次：通读文章，进一步了解文章的主题、结构安排和段落关系。然后，带着问题阅读文章，找出题目的关键词所在的段落，找出选项中与关键词所在段落同义、近义或相关性的词语，实现关键词的对接，确定句子间的关联性，从而选出正确答案。另外，通过阅读选项，有可能找出跟其他选项表达完全不同意思的句子，通过阅读文章，我们就可以直接将该选项排除，进一步降低选项的难度。最后：把选出的选项同题目连在一起阅读，查看内容是否连贯，前后是否一致。其中，关键词的确定无疑是解决该题的首要步骤。在历年的多项对应中，题干中的关键词多为一些专有名词。例如，在2011年的五个题干中就出现了四个人名，一个机构名。在2012年的多项对应中，五个题干中的关键词都是人名。在2014年的多项对应中，五个题干都是专有名词。因此，锁定关键词也就显得尤为重要。一篇文章中，关键词多包括以下几类：大写词、数字、时间、合成词、陌生词、名词短语等。考生可以从这几点入手以实现快速解题。

考研英语作文在最后几个月里，大家都在搜集并背诵了一些核心话题的作文模板，文都网校也给同学们分享过不同热点的作文模板，但是，文都网校提醒大家，模板不是直接背诵的，是当作范文，给大家提供指引的，意思就是让大家根据模板和写作规律，去总结自己的话题作文。考研英语作文一、考研英语作文的规律1.大作文类型：以图表作文为主，英语一以图为主；英语二以表为主；其他类型占少数。2.小作文类型：以信函为主；其他类型：备忘录、报告、通知、摘要、便笺等应用文体。3.历年真题与最新真题的作文出题会有一定的交集，如，2003年与2016年的作文都涉及到了子女教育问题。所以，历年真题中的作文命题，大家都要准备一份自写模板做备用。4.考研英语作文大致方向不是当前热点现象，就是有关人生哲理的话题，因此双语英文外刊有关类似的都可以看看，万变不离其宗。5.考研英语作文的题目或是图画，其中内容都是我们日常生活中基本的常识，不会出现过于敏感的政治内容，也不会出很偏的题型，这个大家在准备模板的时候，一些内容就可以直接排除了。6.考研的作文大都是与大学生相关的，不在这个范围的基本可以放弃了，因为你时间不够了。考研英语作文二、考研英语作文要注意的问题1.考研英语作文题目要注意写作规范，大作文和小作文的题目注意事项不同，英语一和英语二的大作文是不需要题目的，只有小作文中一些应用文需要用到，且题目要注意大小写（大小写用法要清楚），以及排版位置，建议对比一下高分范文。2.写作文的时候要注意排版，文章四面要留有空间，段首要缩进，这样会让卷面整洁、有序。考研英语作文3.写作过程中，注意标点符号的用法，不要千篇一律的都是“逗号”。4.注意卷面的整洁、注意文章结构的布局，并记得在作文的第一句和各个段落的第一句要尽量作为文章的内容中心概括句，这样方便阅卷老师打分，如果没有大问题，基本会得高分。考研英语作文最后，文都网校在给大家说一些考研英语写作最忌讳的事儿，如，文章的三无，无主题、无结构、五段落；两种错误，基本语法错误、拼写错误；词汇量太少，反复使用；胡乱堆砌，文章内容不连贯。这些都最致命的错误，这也是为什么要大家去看范文，自己去练习写作，积累自己的模板，就是减少错误，只有错误少，才能得高分啊。

1, We don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone.1，我们不必学习如何保持心理健康，它植入在我们身上，就像我们的身体知道如何治愈伤口或修复骨折一样。2, Our mental health doesn't go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.2，我们的心理健康不会去任何地方；像云后面的太阳一样，它可以暂时隐藏起来，但它完全能够瞬间恢复。3, Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.3，心理健康让我们能够待遭遇困难之人以同情，待痛苦之人以善意，无论是谁，都以无条件的爱待之。4, Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.4，尽管心理健康是治愈我们生活的良药，它让我们平凡的生活变得完美，正如你所见，它一直在指引你度过所有艰难的决定。5, As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.5，正如你将明白，知道心理健康是永远触手可及并值得信任，会让我们放慢脚步，活在当下，过得幸福。

The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.超市的设计目的是吸引顾客在超市内尽可能长时间的停留。The reason for this is simple:原因很简单The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy.你在店里待的时间越长，你看到的东西就越多，你看到的东西越多，你买的东西就越多。And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.超市里有很多东西。The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more.根据食品营销协会的数据，平均每家超市有大约44，000种不同的商品，而且有很多超市有比这多数万件。The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload.可供选择的数量之多足以使购物者陷入信息过载的状态。According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.根据脑部扫描实验，如此多的决策要求使我们很快承受不了。After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective,在大约40分钟的购物之后，大多数人不再挣扎于理性的选择，and instead began shopping emotionally-which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.而是开始冲动性购物，在这时候，我们把50%从来不打算买的东西放进购物车里。

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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