96年考研英语真题解析

In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. 19世纪后半叶，“资方”和“劳方”按现代方式不断扩大并各自完善相互对立的组织。Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers.许多旧式企业被有限责任公司所取代，由领薪经理构成其管理机构。The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。It was moreover a step away from indivial initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business.而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造力，向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business.铁路公司，虽然仍是为股东谋利的私有企业，但还是与旧家族企业大不相同了。At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.与此同时，大城市的市政府也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人提供照明、电车及其他服务。The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences.有限责任公司及市政企业的发展带来了重大变化。Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and instry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the ties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了持股人作为一个阶层的数量及其重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着不承担责任的财富，与土地及土地所有者责任相分离，几乎也同样与企业的经营责任相分离。All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards instrialization.整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都是靠英国的资本发展起来，而英国股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management.像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起，原因在于给大批“享乐”阶层提供居住场所，这些人不工作却有丰厚的收入，除了领取红利，偶尔参加股东会议向管理人员发号施令外，他们与外界几乎没有任何联系。On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.另一方面，“持股”就意味着悠闲和自由，维多利亚后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.这种股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求,他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.领取报酬后代表公司经营的经理与工人以及工人需求的关系更加直接，但甚至他也不像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样熟悉了解工人的情况。Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible.的确，单就公司的经营规模和雇佣的工人数量而言，就使得建立这种私人关系不再可能。Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.然而，幸运的是，工会的势力和组织在日益壮大，至少在各个技术行业情况如此，这就使工人与雇用他们的公司经理们处于平等的地位。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量，理解公正谈判的含义。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。第一段第二、三句介绍了旧式家族企业的情况。文中指出，许多旧式公司被有限责任公司代替。这一变化防止了效率的下降，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代手中破产倒闭。由此可以推知旧式家族企业缺乏效率。C选项正确。A选项属于过度推理，文中提到的是decline in efficiency commonly spoiled the fourtunes of family firms，可见家族企业败坏在晚辈手中的根本原因还是效率低下。该段第四句表明，（由家族企业到有限责任公司）这一变化也是由个人独创到集体创业迈出的一步，由此推知家族企业并不缺乏个人独创精神，故B选项与原文不符。D选项属于张冠李戴，该段最后一句只提到，市政当局也开始为纳税人提供各种服务，和旧式家族企业无关。技巧：解此题重在对长难句的结构分析与理解。第二段前两句指出，有限责任公司及市政企业的发展引起了重大变化。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着非责任性的财富，与土地和土地所有者责任分离，几乎也同样与企业的责任经营分离。接着文章以英国持股人为例子进行说明。由此可推知，有限公司的发展引起了财富或资本与经营管理分离；投资者并不实际参加经营，而是坐吃红利（dividends）或有时参加些间接管理；真正的管理者未必再是公司的拥有者。因此A选项与原文内容相符，为正确答案。文章第一段第二句指出有限责任公司中领取薪金的经理构成管理体系。因此，经理只是经营者，并不是公司的所有者。B选项与此不符。文章首句表明劳资两个阶级早在有限责任公司出现之前就已经存在，由责任有限公司导致出现的是持股人这一新的阶层。因此，C选项也不对。D选项与原文不符。从第二段倒数第二句可知，股东们只是享受红利，偶尔开会给经营者发布指令。从文中无法知道他们参与市政企业。技巧：根据题干关键词和先读各段首句迅速定位答案所在句（第二段首句）。此题考查对细节的综合概括能力。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。对于正误判断题，可以采取排除法解题。A选项在文章第三段首句中涉及：“这种股东不了解持股公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求”；B选项在该段第二句涉及：“．．．但是甚至他——经理也很少像现在正在消失的世袭的旧式家族企业中的雇主那样对工人有着亲近的、个人化的了解；D选项也可以从文章最后两句得出：值得庆幸的是，工会与日俱增的力量使工人与他们的雇主可以平起平坐。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重，明白了公平协商的价值。可见，在这方面，工会起到了保护工人的积极作用。而C选项在文章中未涉及。技巧：Except类型的题目可能涉及一段或数段，考点范围广泛，此题目就几乎涉及到第三段每句话。因此考生该尽量将每个选项都对照原文，找到相关内容，确认该选项正确与否。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：作者态度题。通观全文，发现文章花了许多笔墨描述股东阶层。如第二段第四句中说他们是comfortable class。他们与别人的关系仅仅限于抽取红利，偶尔参加股东会议对企业管理指手画脚，shareholding 意味着悠闲和自由；第三段首句也提到股东不了解工人们的生活、思想和需求。引号的多次使用表示作者对这个称号的否定。由此推知，作者对股东阶层持强烈的批评态度。因此，D选项为正确答案。作者对其他选项中的人群则没有明显的批评。技巧：纵览全篇，体会字里行间流露的语气和注意most关键词。此题实际上也考查了文章主旨。

What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出，其原因何在？Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.在诸多形成因素中，我想特别指出如下因素：这个国家优异的小学教育；欢迎新技术的劳动大军；对发明者进行奖励的做法；尤其是美国人在处理技术性事物时所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.为什么要提小学教育？正是因为有了这些学校，我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写，并精通算术及部分几何和三角，这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this ecational advantage.目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样，“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑，美国小伙子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度，它产生于我们的专利制度之前，且多年来与后者一同实施。这种做法起源于国外，做法是为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the instrial fairs in major cities.在美国，大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机器，因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology.有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度，美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”正如尤金·弗格森曾指出的：“技术人员思考那些不能被简化为用明确的语言进行描述的物体；这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工…设计者和发明者…能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特·法欧曾写道：“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，如同一位诗人处在词汇之中，应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达，每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they proced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在富饶的美国大陆上相互作用时，便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示“模仿”（取其仿效之意），而在早期美国，它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。文章首句是个设问句，题干是对它的改写，其中e to和account for是同义短语。第二段对此设问予以回答，给出的原因有：优秀的初等教育；欢迎新技术的劳动力；给发明者以奖励的制度；而最重要的是美国人对技术性事物进行非语言的、“空间”思维的才能。前面三个原因之间的分号表明一种并列关系，说明分号前后是同等重要的原因，而最后一个分号后的above all（最重要）一词，与题干中的in a large part同义，显示它后面的内容与前面所列原因相比，更具重要性。因此D选项为正确答案。其他选项都是次要原因。技巧：文章首句出现问句一般是设问句，即有问必有答，而且它的回答往往是文章中心句或表明作者态度的句子。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。根据题干中关键词adaptiveness and inventiveness定位到文章第四段首句，该句指出：敏锐的外国观察家将美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这个教育优势（this ecational advantage）联系在一起。解题的关键在于找到“这个教育优势”指的是什么。This作为代词，一般往回复指前述的最后内容，也就是第三段末句谈到的“早期技工们有文化并且熟知算术（arithmetic），还通晓一些几何学（geometry）和三角学（trigonometry）”，从而可知这种教育优势就是熟练掌握数学。因而A选项为正确答案。B选项的干扰来自第四段末句，该句提到彻底的学校训练（school discipline）让美国小伙子迅速成长为技术人员，这里的学校训练就是指上文中的“数学教育优势”，而非选项中的“学校管理”。C选项中的home training 是对第三段at home in...（熟知）进行断章取义。D选项在文中未提及。技巧：指代关系是常考点。代词指代的位置原则是就近指代，即在上下文中，指代内容可以是一个词或句子。代词指代体现的是句子之间的关系，正确答案从意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上而言都应该通顺。第七段中引用Eugene Ferguson的话说明技术专家以非语言的方式进行思考。第八段首句指出：这种非语言的“空间”思维在创造力上可以与绘画和写作相比。接着文章又引用Robert Fulton的话说明a mechanic和a poet在使用“空间”思维方面的相通之处。因此，B选项为正确答案。此题还可以通过排除法求答。A选项无中生有，难道所有的技术专家和艺术家都是获奖者吗？C选项过度推断，显然不适用于艺术家。试问放弃语言描述的文字作品会是如何？况且进行非语言的空间思维不等于说放弃语言表达。D选项缺乏比较力度。若以使用多种工具为比较基础，岂不是各行各业的人都可以认为相似？技巧：类比可以看作是特殊的例证，但常使用比喻手法，用熟悉的、具体的、简单的事物来说明陌生的、抽象的、复杂的事物，目的不在比较，而在说明。考生关键要找出它所说明的论点或找出类比双方的相似性。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。总结主旨需要通观全文：文章一开始通过设问句点明主题，指出美国初期出现大量发明创造的众多原因。从第三段开始文章就各个原因分别论述。最后一段是全文的总结。可见，本文主要探讨早期美国人的发明创造热及其根源。因此A选项为最佳答案。也可用排除法解题。B、C选项都是部分原因，不能概括全文主旨；D选项太泛，文章只探究了引起发明热的原因。技巧：主旨题旨在考查考生对全篇文章信息综合归纳的能力。首先，文章开头部分对设问的回答往往是文章中心所在。其次，还应注意：(1)片面性、细节性的选项不能作题目。(2)可以假设某选项为题，然后试想在这样的题目下，应该写的内容。若与文章内容相悖，则不能作为题目。

With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it.随着BBC（英国广播公司）国际电视频道的开播，现在亚洲和美洲数以百万计的人不仅可以听到广播，也能看到它的电视新闻报道了。And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, ecation, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of ￡83 per household.当然，英国听众和观众可以收到两个BBC电视频道，五个BBC全国广播电台和几十个地方电台。(佳句)每户每年交83英镑的收视费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years -- yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt.延续七十多年，BBC可谓历程辉煌，然而现在，BBC的未来却令人疑虑。The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.虽然至少目前，它仍可以以公办广播机构的身份生存下去，但它的作用、规模和节目类型却成了全英国争论的话题。The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-- including ordinary listeners and viewers -- to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.英国政府发起了这场讨论，它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通的听众和观众——对公司好坏进行评说，甚至可以评说他们是否认为公司值得办下去。The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.这样做的原因是BBC所持的皇家特许证于1996年到期，政府必须决定是让公司维持原状还是进行变革。Defenders of the Corporation -- of whom there are many -- are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” The BBC “ain’t broke,” they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?公司的捍卫者为数不少，他们喜欢引用美国的广告口号：“如果没坏（broke），就不要修。”这里说英国广播公司还没有“broke”，意思相当于既然没有“broken”（跨掉）（它区别于broke的意思，broke表示“没有钱”），那为什么还要自找麻烦去改变它呢？Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels – ITV and Channel 4 -- were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels -- funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions -- which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.然而BBC将不得不进行变革，因为周围的广播世界正发生变化。商业电视频道——ITV和第四频道——应撒切尔政府广播法案的要求进一步商业化，彼此竞争广告业务，降低成本，裁减劳务。但从长远来看会引起最大变化的是新的卫星频道的出现，它们的部分资金来自广告收入，部分来自用户收视费。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。文章第一、二段描述BBC自开播以来其接收范围和节目类型已经非常广泛，这两段间用and 相连，表明一种顺承、并列关系，都介绍了BBC令人乐观的一面。接着第三段首句用yet表明与前两段有转折关系，yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt（BBC前景不明）说明了它现在面临的情况。因此，B选项为正确答案，其中原文的future和in doubt对应选项中的prospect和uncertain。新闻报道覆盖范围在第一段提到，是BBC值得骄傲的方面，而不是“问题”，故排除A选项。第四段提到，政府对公众进行调查，即邀请人们对BBC做出评价。而C选项则成了公众对BBC的调查。D选项在原文中未出现。技巧：议论文非常强调逻辑的严谨性，因此考生应特别注意表示逻辑关系的关联词或短语，如：although， though， but, yet, however等，从而把握作者的思路。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。解此题可采用排除法。A选项在文章第一段提到，“成千上万的亚美观众现在都能观看和收听该公司的新闻报道”，选项中的Far East就是西方国家对亚洲最东部国家的称呼。B选项和D选项都在文章第三段第二句提到，“BBC公司将作为国家赞助的广播机构而存在，至少暂时会是这样，但其地位、规模和节目类型却已经成为全英国谈论的话题”。文章只提到BBC自身的变革，而未涉及国际合作问题。故C选项为答案。技巧：原文中没有涉及的细节一般包括两种：一是文中根本没有提到；二是与文中其他内容相冲突。解此类题时常将选项和原文对号入座，将原文中提到的内容划线，表示是排除的内容；无法对号的即是答案。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。第四段末句提到政府进行民意调查的原因是：the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes，可见，royal charter和BBS的存在大有关联。解此题的关键是了解run out 的含义。run out 多表示“被用完，到期”之意，能和它构成主谓搭配的只有C选项。英国是君主立宪制国家，与女王签约表明BBC是国家办的广播公司，而非私营企业。技巧：对句中词汇或短语的释义，要根据上下文所给的信息进行推理和判断。文章第六段首先指出BBC不得不进行改革，接着陆续给出原因：它周边的广播业正在发生变化；政府广播法的实施迫使电视商业频道进一步商业化，进而使广告业相互竞争，降低成本，减少劳务；但是从长远看，带来最大变化的将是新的卫星频道。实际上，原因可归纳为两点：电视频道进一步商业化的趋势和卫星电视频道的出现。最后一句使用强调句型It is the arrival...which will...the biggest changes...，强调后一原因更具重要性，其中biggest与选项中的foremost同义。因此D选项是正确答案。A、B和C选项都是和前一原因相关的内容，但不是最主要原因。技巧：因果关系中的主要原因也是常考点。考生需要在众多原因中辨别主次，注意词汇（如mainy, chief）和句型结构（如强调句）的暗示。补充：no other than意为“就是，正是”。如：He is no other than my old friend Jones.他就是我的老友琼斯。

Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”出言谨慎的年长者过去总说：“重要的不是在这个世界上你想要什么，而是你得到了什么。”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.心理学教导人们，如果你知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理，你就能得到它。You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.你可以在头脑里勾画出愿望的蓝图，如同设计房屋的蓝图一样。而我们每个人在日常生活中都在不停地勾画着这样的愿望蓝图。比方说，想请朋友吃晚餐，我们就会筹划菜谱、列购物单、决定先煮什么菜等，这样的筹划对于举行任何形式的宴请都是必不可少的。Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.同样，如果你想找一份工作，那就拿一张纸，写一份对自我的简单描述吧。为找工作制订计划蓝图时，要从你自己开始，因为只有当确切知道你可以提供什么服务时，你才能明智地筹划到哪儿去推销它们。This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include ecation, experience and references.对自我的描述实际上是对你的职业生涯的简介，它应包括教育背景、经验和证明材料。Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews.这样的描述是很有价值的，在填写标准的申请表格时可作为参照，在面试时更是尤为有用。While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your ecation, your experience, and other qualifications, will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.在与你面谈时，你未来的雇主将根据你的教育背景、经验和其他的资历来确定雇用你是否值得，因此你必须把你“待售的物品”和能力以有序而合理连贯的方式呈现出来。When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell.当你为自己的能力和愿望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后，你就有实在的东西可以推销了。Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment.那时你就准备去找工作，先搜集所有与你可能选择的工作相关的信息，对工作和公司的详情进行调查，留心看，留意听，使用你的判断力。Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.每天花一定的时间寻找你想要的工作，请记住：找工作就是你现在的工作。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：句意题。原句it’s not...but...结构否定的是“你所想”，肯定的是“你所得”。即，得到什么比想要什么重要。B选项较好地概括了原文意思，为正确答案。A选项强调“所想就一定所得”，其中certainly一词过于绝对，而且第二段提到，得到“所想”的条件是：知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理。C选项中“不满足”是文中没有的内容。D选项强调“所想”的重要性，与原句意思相反。技巧：本题属于句子理解题，考生需反复琢磨句意，并注意选项中将what you want 和what you get具体化后的含义。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。题干的内容是第三段中的举例，举例是为了说明论点，上文即该段第一句中作者表述的观点是：在日常生活中我们每个人都在不停地勾画这样的（愿望）蓝图。因此，“请人吃饭前制定计划”是说明人们勾画“愿望的蓝图”的一个例子。第四段首的逻辑词likewise （同样地，照样地）表明，后面提到的内容和“请朋友吃饭前制定计划”一样，也是在勾画“愿望的蓝图”。整个第四段主要介绍了找工作前应写简历，故A选项是举例所要说明的内容。B、C和D选项中分别出现good job、job description、job evaluation这些原文未有的内容。技巧：对于涉及举例的题，上下文的阅读甚为重要。考生关键要通过句子间的逻辑关系准确把握作者的写作意图。此外，要熟悉段落关联词和短语的用法，如：likewise表并列，暗示不同成分间的平等和相似。例句：This place is pretty beautiful, likewise the people here. 这地方美，人也美。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。根据题干关键词before starting to find a job定位到第四段第二句。该句中for引导的原因状语从句对该题作了回答：当确切知道你自己能够提供什么服务时，你才能明智地筹划到哪里去推销它们。D选项是对此句的改写，其中exactly与clearly相对应，know what you have to offer与become aware of himself 一致。C选项偷梁换柱，将该原因从句中的where换成了when。文章第五段第四句提到写明个人情况只是利于雇主做出选择，并非取悦，因此A选项不正确。B选项属常识项，但文中未提及。技巧：细节的因果关系处是常考点。本题的考点是第四段第二句。题干加正确选项就是它的改写。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。本题题干和文章最后一段第一句几乎一模一样，除了sell在四个选项中分别换成了同义词offer、provide、supply和present。故本题考点是对文中tangible一词的理解。可联系上文第五段中提到的“简历中的教育背景、工作经历、证明材料”这些求职硬件，来推测tangible的含义。tangible意为clear and definite（明确的，确实的），因此A选项为正确答案。B容易排除，Practical意为workable, useful（可行的，有用的），计划蓝图中的东西不一定就可行或令人满意，排除C和D。

写作要求：Directions:[A] Title: GOOD HEALTH[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “The desire for good health is universal.”[E] Your composition should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) OUTLINE:1. Importance of good health2. Ways to keep fit3. My own practices审题与谋篇本文命题形式为提纲式控制性写作，提纲有三点要求：健康的重要性；保持健康身体的方法；我自己的实践。并给出了起始句The desire for good health is universal。文章内容以健康为中心，而且从提纲也可看出，本文首段重在议论，后两段重在说明，整体为议论和说明相结合。根据提纲所示，本文分三段展开。第一段，突出健康的重要性。第二段，说明保持身体健康的途径，可用列举的方法进行说明，必要时稍加展开。第三段，描述自己的切身经历。但应注意，第三段的自身做法应呼应第二段的举例，这样文章结构会比较严谨。参考范文GOOD HEALTHThe desire for good health is universal. Wherever you are and whatever you do，staying healthy precedes a successful career and a happy life. People with good health can do work with full energy and confidence and their progress in turn contributes to their health and happiness. On the contrary, a sick one usually lacks the vigor and interest to fulfill his or her role in life, which deprives him or her of many opportunities to become successful and happy.Realizing the importance of good health is far from being enough. We must do something effective to keep fit. The best place to begin is at the dinner table. Eating less junk food and having a balanced diet is the first step for most people. The next step is to exercise regularly. Vigorous exercise can benefit not only the muscles but also the organs. Last but not the least, don’t damage the body with drugs，including cigarettes and too much alcohol.As far as I am is concerned，I am neither inlged in food nor in such harmful substances as cigarettes or alcohol. Moreover, doing exercises is part of my routine life. Therefore, I am in good shape and always energetic.范文点评文章结构：从结构上看，该范文按照提纲要求，分为三段论述。第一段采用了先总后分的写作方法，段首为题目中给出的主题句，接下来用正反对比的写法进行论证，使人印象深刻。第二段段首也是主题句，并用The best place to begin、The next step、和Last but not the least分别引导对保持身体健康提出的三点建议，段落内部层次分明。第三段采用先分后总的写作方法，呼应上段的建议，谈了自己的实际情况，并在段尾进行了总结。语言亮点：1. universal：普遍的。例如：It is a universally accepted idea that …（…是一个普遍接受的观点）。2. precede：在…之前。可代替的表达有：is the basis of或is the foundation of。3. in turn：反过来。类似用法的词还有consequently（因而）。4. On the contrary：“与此相反”，类似表示对照的短语有：unlike, in contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, by contrast等。5. deprive sb. of sth.：剥夺某人某物（或某种权利）。例如：Many children are deprived of their rights to receive ecation because of poverty.（很多孩子由于贫穷而被剥夺了受教育的权利）。6. is far from：原不…，远非…。例如：The present situation is far from being satisfying.（目前的情况远非令人满意）。7. junk food：“垃圾食品”（指一些没有营养的食物）。考生注意收集有关食物的词汇，如：take out（外卖）, fast food（快餐）8. a balanced diet：一个均衡的饮食。9. Last but not the least：最后一点，但并不是最不重要的一点。10. As far as I am is concerned：“至于我自己”，as far as … be concerned谈到…，至于…。用于提起话题。11. inlge：be inlged in …沉湎于…。12. routine life：日常生活。routine为regular的近义词。写作误区篇章结构误区：考生需要避免的第一个写作误区是跑题。本题在第三段中，跑题现象较为明显，本段要求考生谈谈自己的做法，但有的考生对practices产生误解，把它当作“实践（与理论相对应）”，而写成“实践是很重要的”或“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”，结果跑题了。还有的考生在谋篇上不够周全，将第一段写得过于庞大，而末段又过于简短，造成文章整体比例失调，头重脚轻，因此丢分。也有的同学将第二段写得过于详尽，举例过细，重在描写刻画，而非说明，也是误解本题初衷的表现。语言表达错误：①词义冗余：In my opinion, I think a good diet is the most important thing. (In my opinion / I think a good diet is the most important thing.)②词义错误：Practice is very important to health. (Exercise is very important to health.)③句子结构混乱：So careful the health, not just think medicine can care for all the illness.（So pay attention to your health, and do not just think medicine can cure all the illness.）④累赘：Eating no food shouldn’t be considered as the only way to solve the problem of keeping health.（Eating little is not the only way to keep health.）⑤句子结构不平行：We should try our best to keep healthy by taking exercises and don’t eat too much or too little.（We should try our best to keep healthy by taking exercises and having a balanced diet.）⑥不间断句子：People’s living standard improved, more and more people began to worry about their health. （As people’s living standard improved, more and more people began to care about their health.）⑦残句：I think, to have both physical and mental health to succeed in the competitive society.（Both physical and mental health are the key to success in the competitive society.）

大家好，咱们来看一篇阅读，这篇阅读是1996年考研英语试卷一的第五篇阅读，介绍了一本关于批评创世论的著作，原文如下，并把原文内的中文翻译也一并给出，方便理解。原文：Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared.有传言说，有20多本关于创世论与进化论之争的书即将出版，其中有几本已经面世。The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.出版所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓：就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened.对于所发生的一切，宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。“Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.而“科学”创世论——当课堂上讲授进化论时，有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释它——是基于宗教，而非科学的。Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.实际上，所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将“科学”创世论看作是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introction to evolution.金切尔这本书的前四章简要地介绍了进化论。At appropriate places, he introces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers.在适当的地方，作者引入了对创世论的非难并提供了回答。In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating.在书的后三章，他毫不客气地对创世论者进行了猛烈抨击。He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.他揭露了这些人的行动计划和骗人手段，对那些不了解创世论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会令人感到气愤和震惊。When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.由于他们的基本动机是宗教，人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的行为。Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments.金切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory.非专业人士起码可以从中了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all.关于创世论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。On the st jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.”这部优秀作品的护封上，斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德这样写道：“本书代表了理性”。And so it does -- and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.的确如此——如果理性是创世论和进化论之争的唯一评判标准，一切问题就已解决了。试题：51. “Creationism” in the passage refers to.[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe[B] a notion of the creation of religion[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe52. Kitcher’s book is intended to.[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists[B] expose the true features of creationists[C] curse bitterly at this opponents[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists53. From the passage we can infer that.[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings54. This passage appears to be a digest of.[A] a book review[B] a scientific paper[C] a magazine feature[D] a newspaper editorial简单介绍几个单词的含义：creationism 创世论st jacket（n.）（精装书的）护封deceptive 骗人的，迷惑人的；误导的newspaper editorial 报纸社论答案：D B B A你做对了吗？

原文+翻译：科学研究的各个领域相对发展速度各不相同，其中有若干原因。71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others arereasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extentself-accelerating.在这些原因中，有些纯属社会需求；另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.然而，有些产生发展速度差异的原因就不尽合理，仅是因为某些权威人士对科学理论究竟应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法，这些想法改变了不同学科领域的发展模式。This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.这是一个新问题，虽然可以避免，但其趋势却令人担忧。72) This trend began ring the Second World War, when severalgovernments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to makeof its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向其科研机构提出具体的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。It can be predicted, however, that from time to time, questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.然而，可以预见的是，往往会出现一些问题，要求有具体科学的解答。It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.因此，把科研机构看作一种资源或一台机器，应维持其良好的运行状态，这种做法通常很有价值。73) This seems mostly effectively done by supportinga certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in thefuture.给某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研予以支持，看来能够有效地解决这个问题。This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds.与所有政府资助项目一样，这种资助需要确定合适的资金接受对象。Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward.根据某一项目是否具有效用做出决策直接明了。But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult.但是在若干没有直接效用的项目中，要做出抉择就困难得多。The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science, but a valid determination is difficult to make.资助机构的目标是支持“好”的学科，而不资助“坏”的学科，这一点值得赞扬，然而要做出正确的抉择却很困难。Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.人们往往将好学科与该学科是否能够提出一套完美的理论混淆起来。74） However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects.然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.同过去一样，将来必然出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。

这一篇小文，小编就给大家解析一下1994~1999年考研英语的六篇作文，帮助大家更好地把握考研英语的写作思路和选题走向。#考研英语#1994年真题作文部分1994年这一年考察的是提纲作文。不仅给出了文章的题目、时间要求（40分钟）、字数要求（120~150词），还给出了首段（As a human being,one can hardly do without a friend.）和内容提纲，所以从这个角度来看，难度不是特别大。文章的话题是：“友情”；标题是“On Making Friends”；主题词是“friendship”。文章结构大体可以分为三段：其一是“朋友的重要性”，其二是“真正的友谊”，其三是“我交朋友的原则”。作文分值15分。Ture friendship lies in sincerity of both parts,and only sincere friends will give us a hand when we need help.真正的友谊是建立在相互真诚的基础上，也只有真诚的朋友才会在我们需要帮助的时候伸出援助之手。 1995年真题作文部分1995年这一年考察的也是提纲作文。同样给出了文章的题目、时间要求（40分钟）、字数要求（120~150词），也给出了文章的第一句话（ecational plays a very important role in the modernization of our country.）和内容提纲。文章的话题是“希望工程”；标题和主题词都是“Project Hope”。文章的结构可以分为三段：其一是“教育的现状”，其二是“希望工程的必要性”，其三是“我的看法和建议”。作文分值15分。The government should take effective measures and people should give more support to ensure that every child can receive elementary ecation.政府应该采取有效的措施，人们也应该给予更多的支持，从未让每一个孩子都能接受到基础教育。 1996年真题作文部分1996年这一年考察的是提纲作文。给出了作文的标题、时间要求（40分钟）、字数要求（120~150词），文章的首句（The desire for good health is universal.）和内容提纲。文章的话题是“保持健康”；标题是“Good Health”，主题词是“keep healthy”。文章的结构可以分为三段：其一是“保持健康的重要性”，其二是“保持健康的方法”，其三是“我的保持健康的建议”。作文分值15分。In a way,keeping healthy is not very hard.从某种程度上说，保持健康并不是非常困难的事情。 1997年真题作文部分1997年这一年考察的是图表作文。题目除了图表和漫画外，还给出了写作的思路。不过没有了时间的要求，字数要求是不得少于120词。文章的话题是“吸烟”；标题自拟，主题词是“smoking、cigarette”。图表作文的结构一般也是固定的，以这篇文章为例，一般分为三段：第一段是图表的内容进行简单描述，第二段是对图表反映的现象或情况进行说明，阐明重要性或者危害性，第三段是给出看法和建议。作文分值15分。Smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such as lung cancer，heart disease and so on.吸烟会导致诸如肺癌、心脏病等很多致命性的疾病。1998年真题作文部分1998年这一年考察的是漫画作文。值得一提的是要求中字数由之前的不少于120词变成了不少于150词。除了漫画，照样给出了写作的思路。这篇文章的话题是“虚假广告”；标题自拟，主题词是“misleading and cheating advertisements”。文章的结构可以分为三段：第一段对漫画的内容进行描述，第二段指出这一问题的现状，即当今存在很多这样“虚假广告”的问题，一直在欺骗和误导消费者，第三段指出自己的建议，可以从政府、社会、个人三个角度简单地说一说。作文分值15分。Doing more is better than promising more.做比承诺更为重要。1999年真题作文部分1999年这一年考察的是图表作文。写作的相关要求和去年是一致的，即不少于150词的字数要求。文章的话题是“人口数量和物种灭绝数量的关系”；标题自拟，主题词图表中已经给出，分别是“the ups and downs of population growth”和“species extinction over time”。文章的结构可以分为三段：第一段通过表格指出人口数量和物种灭绝数量的关系，即如图所示，美国人口数量的增长导致了物种数量的急剧下降，一些物种已经灭绝；第二段说一说造成这种现象的可能原因，比如全球变暖、人类的猎杀等等；第三段提出自己的一些建议，也可以从国家、社会、个人三个角度来谈。作文分值15分。what is worse,with the development of instrialization,the natural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed,which will make some of the wildlife become homeless and extinct.更严重的是，伴随着工业化的发展，自然的平衡和生态环境被破坏，从而导致许多的野生动物无家可归，甚至走向灭亡。考研英语是很难的早期的真题其实没必要太抠细节，但是出题者的思路和技法还是可以了解了解的，这毕竟是真题，肯定比市面上任何一位老师的模拟题要好，所以建议同学们可以在复习的初期做一做，或者在最后无题可做的时候做一做。（推荐陈正康老师的《真题超精读》，讲得很细致，不过买的时候一定要看清楚自己考的是英语一还是英语二，2004年是不分一二的。）“满大街都是本科生！”你凭什么这么说？考研政治，“反对外国侵略的斗争”专项选择题易错考点汇总

2020考研英语已经结束，2020考研英语真题已经公布，以下是金程考研第一时间为大家带来2020考研英语一真题，看看自己考得怎么样！剩下的考试加油呀，在考研路上，金程考研与大家并肩前行！2020年考研英语一真题及答案解析（完整版）