94年考研英语真题

The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. 关于语言，首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance.说话的时候，选词是至关重要的。Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle.恰当的选词可以消除交流过程中可能出现的障碍。Too often, careless use of words__3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. 通常，不慎重的词语使用将阻碍说话者和听话者之间的思想交流。The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.说话者使用的词语可能会引起听者不愉快的反应，干扰他的理解，因此，“传送—接收”系统出现故障。6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.此外，不准确或不明确的词语会使听者难以理解正在传递给他的信息。说话人的常用词汇中如果没有详细而精确的词，就不可能用听话人能理解的方式进行解释或描述。1.[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：介词的用法。本文第一句提出，对于语言来说，首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。First和smallest两个形容词已经道出单词在语言中的重要地位。此后，文章进一步指出，说话时选择词语非常重要。我们看到，空格后是一个名词性短语utmost importance，而所给的四个选项全是介词，也就是说所选的介词应该与这个名词性短语组合在一起，做be动词的表语。of的一个特定用法是：of+表示评估意义的抽象名词=该名词对应的形容词，可做表语，表示具有某种性质、状况。如：of great use=great useful, of importance=important, 所以A为正确选项。2. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语意搭配+形容词词义辨析。前面已经提到，单词在语言中占有首要地位，因此，说话时对词语的选用就变得非常重要。本句大意为：恰当的选词可以消除交流过程中......的障碍。likely意为“可能发生的”，不论从语法角度，还是从逻辑角度讲都非常恰当。inaccessible表示“难以达到的，难以接近的”，如：This novel seems to me among the most inaccessible.这本书对我来说是最难懂的小说之一。我们知道，说话过程中完全可能出现交流的障碍，所以inaccessible不恰当。timely意为“及时的，准时的”，如：a timely treatment及时的治疗。invalid意为“无效的”，如：an invalid license作废的执照，都不符合句意。3. [答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语意搭配。上文一直是从正面角度谈论单词在交流中所处的地位，以及它起到的积极作用；本句开始文章从反面角度来讨论这一点。前面已经提到，恰当的选词可以消除交流障碍，由此可以推出，乱用词语将会增加这种障碍。prevent意为“防止，阻碍”，用在文中表示“词语使用不当阻碍了说话双方思想的交流”，正好描述了这种增加障碍的反作用，所以是正确答案。encourage表示“鼓励，怂恿”，有促进之意，如：I encouraged her to work hard and to try for the examinations.我鼓励她用功并为这次考试做努力。offer意为“提供，出价”，如：I offered him some money for his help.因为他帮了忙，我给了他一些钱。以上两个词语与文意要求的含义正好相反。destroy意为“毁灭，破坏，消灭”，它虽然是贬义词，但一般是对已经存在的事物而言，且语气很强烈，放在此处不合适。4. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词短语语意辨析。空格所在句子由存在因果关系的两个分句构成。前一分句的主语是the words，宾语是unfavorable reactions in the listener（听者不愉快的反应）；后一分句的含义是“因此，这种说话者和听者的发送—接收系统就会中断”。从句意判断空格处应该填入一个表达“造成，引起”含义的短语。stir up 表示“引起，激起”，为正确选项。pass out做及物动词时，意为“分发，分配”；take away意为“取走”，back up 意为“支持，倒退”，均不符合文意。5. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句。从上一题的分析可知，The words…in the listener是一个语法结构完整的句子，因此我们可以推测listener之后的部分为一个定语从句。但要弄清楚的是，这个定语从句修饰的不是listener，因为interfere with his comprehension(干扰他的理解)中his指代的只能是“听者”，那么interfere的主语应该是前面的unfavorable reactions。因此，我们可能确定这个定语从句的先行词为reactions，which可引导先行词为事物的定语从句，为正确选项。who 引导先行词为人的定语从句；as引导限制性定语从句需要与such结合在一起使用；what只能引导名词性从句，不能引导定语从句。6. [答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。前文一直在讨论不恰当使用词语的害处，本句的主语是inaccurate or indefinite words，意为“不准确或不明确的词语”，可见还是在谈论这种害处，也就是说，与上一句之间仍然是承接或递进的关系。moreover意为“此外”，表示递进关系，符合题意。该句可译为“此外，不准确或不明确的词语会使听者难以理解传递给他的信息”。however意为“但是”，表示转折；preliminarily意为“首先，起初”，不表示承接关系；unexpectedly意为“出乎意料地，想不到地”，有转折的含义。7. [答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：句子的平衡。英语句中为了保持句子的平衡，常常使用it作为形式宾语或形式主语。动词make后面的宾语是不定式时，就常常用it做形式宾语，代替后面的不定式。本题空格处填入it，指代的就是下文的to understand the …。that不能做形式宾语；如果使用so，则全句找不到make的宾语，语法结构不完整；this不能做形式宾语。8. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语意搭配+名词词义辨析。本题空格处填入一名词，紧跟其后的是which引导的定语从句。显然，填入的名词在该从句中做主语，由于该从句使用了被动语态，因此我们要选择的是能够与transmit搭配，做其宾语的名词。transmit的含义为“发送，传达”，四个选项中只有message可以与之搭配，表示“传达信息”。speech意为“演说，讲话”；sense意为“感官，感觉”；meaning表示“意思，含义”，一般不与transmit搭配。9. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词辨析。本句的主语是the speaker, who 引导了一个定语从句，修饰speaker。大意是：一个常用词汇中没有详细而精确词语的人可能……将事情解释或描述得足以让听者听懂。由此看出，这里还是在讨论不正确使用词语的害处。填入的词既能修饰人，又有否定句义。unable表示“不能的，不会的”，可以修饰人，为正确选项。obscure意为“暗的，朦胧的，模糊的”，一般不修饰人，如：an obscure sound模糊的声音；an obscure passage 一段难懂的文章。difficult和impossible都不使用本句型，如果使用这两个词可以把句子转变为：It is difficult/impossible for the speaker to explain…10. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语意搭配+名词词义辨析。空格处的名词构成介词短语in a …，修饰动词explain or describe，在文中的含义是“说话人不可能……解释或描述”。in a way是习惯搭配，表示“以某种方式、方法”，语法意义都正确。in a case表示“在某种情况下”，不符合句意。means意为“方法、手段”，method意为“方法，方式”，都不与in a搭配，而与介词by连用，如：The load was lifted by means of a crane.重物是用起重机吊起来的。They did it by a new method.他们用一种新方法做的。

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be proced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 美国的经济体制是在基本上由私营企业组成并以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这个经济体制里，需要生产什么主要是由消费者在市场上花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务决定的。Private businessmen, striving to make profits, proce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are proced.为了获取利润，私有企业主之间互相竞争，来生产这些产品和提供这些服务。在竞争的压力下运作，追求利润的动机很大程度上决定了生产商品和提供服务的方式。Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of indivial consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of indivials to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be proced and how resources are used to proce it.因此，在美国的经济体制中，消费者个人的需求、商人对获取最大利润的追求以及消费者渴望最大化自己的收入，所有这些共同决定了应该生产什么和如何利用资源去生产这些产品。An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by procers.在以市场为导向的经济中的一个重要因素是反映消费者需求以及生产者对消费者需求作出反应的机制。In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-procers.在美国经济中，这一机制是由价格体制提供，在价格体系中，价格随消费者的相对需求和出售者及生产者的供应情况而上下浮动。If the proct is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.如果产品相对供不应求，价格就会抬升，从而使一些消费者从市场上消失。If, on the other hand, procing more of a commodity results in recing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-procers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the proct.另一方面，如果商品的大量生产导致成本的降低，这会促使销售商和生产商供给的增加，从而反过来导致价格下降，致使更多的消费者购买产品。Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.因此，价格是美国经济体制中的调节机制。The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that indivials are allowed to own proctive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and proce goods and services for sale at a profit.私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资料（私有财产），允许他们雇用劳动力，控制自然资源，以及生产产品、提供服务以获取利润。In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of proctive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a proct or to make a free contract with another private indivial.在美国经济中，私人财产的概念不仅仅包含对生产资料的所有权，还包含某些其他权利，其中包括确定产品的价格或与另一私营者签订自由合同。11.[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：句题题。先定位到第一段末句。解题的关键是看对maximize的理解。原文所在句“coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of indivials to maximize their incomes”将生产者和消费者的愿望对照来说。句中的两个maximize平衡并列，作用、意义完全相同。因此知道maximize在第一处的意义即可知道第二处之意。众所周知，商人总是想用最少的投入取得最大的利润，这就是maximize的意义。由此可知，消费者希望使一定的收入取得最大限度的效益，即用现有收入买到更多更好的商品。而[D]选项恰是此意。[A]和[B]选项未在原文提及。[C]选项反映的是劳资双方的关系，而不是生产者与消费者之间的关系。12.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。[D]选项就是该段第二句“prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-procers”的概括，为正确答案。[A]选项在这两句中并未涉及。注意文中第一句的mechanism意为“机制”，而该选项中的mechanized意为“机械化”，二者含义不同。误选[B]选项的考生是对该段首句的语法成分分析错误。它是一个省略句，补全后应该是“An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and (by which consumer demands can be) responded to by procers”。由此可知，消费者通过这一机制表达他们的需求，而生产者则通过这一机制对他们的需求作出反应。[B]选项理解成consumer demands can be expressed…by procers。[C]选项与第二句“供求关系决定价格”不符，也应该排除。此题亦可通过经济常识解答。注意：干扰选项经常使用原文中出现的词语或类似的结构伪造，所以对那些出现了原词的选项一定要仔细辨认真伪。13.[答案]A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：段落主旨题。题干要求考生回答私营企业经济的特点，即第三段的主题。该段只有两句。第一句强调的是私营企业最重要的因素是个人拥有生产资料（私人财产）、允许个人雇用劳动力和控制自然资源。第二句是指私人财产的概念还包含某些其他权利，如：产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。尤其第二句的not only… but also…更表明了此段主旨。[A]选项是对上述内容的概括，为正确答案。而[B]、[C]和[D]选项虽然都在第三段述及，但是都是[A]选项下的具体内容，缺乏概括性，不应该入选。命题意图要求考生区分段落细节与段落中心是局部与整体的关系。14.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。解此题需要了解文章各段的主旨。第一段论述美国经济体制的构成；第二段介绍市场经济的运行方式；第三段介绍私营经济的特点。后两段是对第一段的进一步论述。由此可见，美国经济体制的构成和运作是本文论述的中心。[C]选项正反映了这一主题。[A]、[B]和[D]选项都在文中有所涉及，但都是具体细节，比较片面，应该排除。此题还可以通过直接对选项进行比较排除来解题。[A]、[B]和[D]都在文中述及，分属于三个独立的、不同的概念。其中任意一个可代表其他两个，而[C]选项概括性强，可以包括[A]、[B]和[D]，故[C]为正确答案。

According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 新学派的科学家认为，技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。Science moves forward, they say, not so much throughthe insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniquesand tools.他们说，科学的进步与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。“In short,” a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution,as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instrumentsthat expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”“简言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物主张：“我们所称的科学革命，主要是指一系列工具的改进、发明和应用，这些改进、发明和应用扩大了科学在各个方向上的发展”。Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被史学家和哲学家忽视了。The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.鼓吹技术、否认天才的支持者的论据核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪明才智来源于第二世纪的天文学家托勒密，他创立了详尽的太空体系，该体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he wasthe first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planetsrevolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.伽利略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，旨在证实行星围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转。But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eye-glasses.但是，在新学派科学家看来，这件事件真正成功的因素是镜片制造机械长期以来不断的改进和发展。Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.联邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技术与天才之争中去。Whetherthe Government’s should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technologyor vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。试题分析31.[解析]本题考核的知识点是：not so much…的译法。这个句子的主干是Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of… as because of…。 这个句子的难点在于not so much… as 的译法。实际上它是对两种事物做比较，否定前者，肯定后者，这里是否定through the insights of great men of genius，肯定because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools，一般译为“与其……不如”，相类似的表达还有：more… than…, less… than…, not…but rather…等等。它们都是对一个事物的肯定和对另一个事物的否定。like在这里表示举例或列举的意思，译为“像”或“比如”。译文：他们（新学派科学家们）说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。32. [解析]本题考核的知识点是：定语从句先行词的判断和翻译时的前置和后置。句中的主句是a leader…contends; in short 至句末是contends的宾语从句。在这个从句中，主语是the scientific revolution, was是系动词，the improvement and invention and use of instruments是表语。as we call it意为“我们称之的”，it指revolution。表语the improvement and invention and use由介词词组of instruments和一个that引导的定语从句修饰。of短语一般译作前置定语。虽然离that 引导的定语从句最近的名词是instruments，但是此定语从句从意思上看并不是修饰instruments，而是修饰the improvement and invention and use。类似的这种情况经常可见，再例如：In fact a basic amount of movement occurs ring sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.事实上，在睡眠期间仍然有一个基本的活动量，这种活动量特别与防止肌肉活动中断有关。which 引导的定语从句不修饰靠它最近的sleep,而是修饰a basic amount of movement.如果一个词有多重定语，很难按中文的习惯把它们都译作前置定语。在这个情况下，可以根据通顺的原则将其简短地译作前置定语，而其他的则灵活处理。一般用“这”来代替先行词，或用重复先行词的方法。词汇方面：school 在这里意为“学派”；in short意为“简单地说，简而言之”。译文：“简言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物主张：“我们所称的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和应用使科学向各个方向发展发展。”33. [解析]本题考核的知识点是：as的用法和被动语态。这个句子是主干是tools and technology… have largely been ignored by…。被动句的完成时态，强调被动意义，可以译成汉语的被动语态。as的用法灵活，意思多样，出现频率也很高。它可以做连词、介词和副词，还有一系列的含as的短语。as在本题中后面带一个名词性的结构，因此是介词，意为“作为”。词汇方面：over the year意为“多年来”。themselves意为“本身”。译文：工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被史学家和哲学家忽视了。34.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：抽象名词、目的状语从句和rather than的译法。这是一个简单复合句。句子的主语是glory,谓语是was,表语由that引导的表语从句构成，基本符合中文的语序，可以顺译。表语从句中he是主语，was是系动词，the first person是表语。to turn the newly invented是不定式做定语修饰the first person。to prove that… 是目的状语，可以前置译作“为了……”，亦可以后置译作“以……”；prove后的that从句做动词prove的宾语。rather than 一般译作“而不是”。主语glory是一个抽象名词。翻译某些抽象名词时，在符合含义的情况下可以增词把它具体化，glory可译作“光辉的业绩”。译文：伽利略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，旨在证实行星围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转。35.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：at the expense of 和whether… or…的含义。这是一个简单复合句。句子的主干是Whether… or… often depends on…。主语是whether… or vice versa“是……还是相反”。Whether…or…一般译成“是……还是”，表示两者选择，因此or后头的vice versa表达的即是“以减少对纯科学的投入来增加对技术的投入”。谓语是depend on…。 宾语部分the issue意为“问题”，它表达的事情就是后面of加which从句的内容，即“把哪一方看做是驱动力量的问题”。词汇方面：financing显然是由动词finance变过来的动名词，其意思可以由动词或名词的意思猜出来。at the expense of 意为“以……为代价”。“以技术为代价去资助科学”的意思是“以减少对技术的投入来增加对科学的资助”。译文：政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入而增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看做是驱动力量。

原题：Section V WritingDirections:[A] Title: ON MAKING FRIENDS[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend.”[E] Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) OUTLINE:1. The need for friends2. True friendship3. My principle in making friends解析：Part ⅣWriting (15 points)一、审题本文题目是我们较为常见的关于交友的议论文。虽然关于友谊的文章很多，但要结构清晰仍需要解析友谊的真正内涵，指出友谊就是彼此帮助，互相促进学习。二、谋篇本文应按提纲所示分为三段：第一段为朋友的重要性。第二段解释友谊的含义。第三段说明自己的择友观。本文虽条理比较明了，但应注意呼应。三、写作误区1.跑题：本文虽与友谊有关，但不是单纯赞扬友谊的。有的考生忽略了“交友”，而把笔墨浪费在赞扬友谊的珍贵上，因此被扣分也在情理之中。2.谋篇：本文应以说明议论为主，如果过多地举例描写，又无适当回扣主题，就会出现结构上的偏差，或者字数过多。四、范文评分标准115~13分：内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点；表达清楚，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。Sample 1 (14 points)On Making FriendsAs a human being, one can hardly do without a friend and the fact has been self-evident. Without the help of honest friends, we can hardly get over the difficulties and hardships we come across. Moreover, having no friends also means that there is nobody in the world with whom we can share our joy and sorrow. Thus loneliness is the only ting left for us. So making friends is a very indispensable part in our life.But not all who are friendly to each other and enjoy each other’s company, in the social gatherings can be called true friends. Based on mutual understanding instead of on mutual benefit, true friendship must be sincere and unconditional. It consists in sincerity, mutual trust, and self-sacrifice, both in times of happiness and at moments of crisis. A true friend does not just tell us what we want to hear but will do what he thinks is best for us in the long run. False friendship, however, will flatter us when we are crowned with success while desert us when we are in deep waters. Therefore, true friendship is to make people help each other and learn from each other.My principle in making friendsis to make as many good friends as possible. So when I make a friend, I first of all make sure whether he is honest or wicked. As long as he is honest and sincere, I know that I find another a company in the way of improving.例文分析1．提纲（1）论证并得出结论：朋友为生活中不可缺少的一别分；（2）朋友的真正含义：真诚，互助互勉；（3）交友之道：真心，真诚。2．论点与谋篇本文以提纲为依据，层次清晰。首段采用先解释首句，而后自然引出论题——交友的方式，内容自然流畅。第二段的优点在于以总—分—总的方法写作，并采用正反论证，条理清晰。第三段直接点明交友之道。3．连贯性本文连词使用广泛，比如：第二段末Therefore这一连词的应用，起到收尾的作用，自然引出该段的结论，使行文连贯。倒数第二句中while的使用，使句子前后既形成了鲜明的对比，又过渡自然。又如第三段的so使句子间因果关系更为明了，as long as顺接上文，并再次强调中心。4．句式及用词句式变化多样是本文另一特点，在文中已标出。评分标准212~10分：内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点；表达比较清楚，文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。Sample 2 (10 points)On Making FriendsAs a human being, one can hardly do without a friend. We need friends to share our happiness and sad. We go to friends for help when we are in trouble. We consult with friends if there are problems we cannot handle alone. In a sense, friends are often more important to us than relatives.As the proverb goes, a friend in need is a friend indeed. True friend means when you are in good condition, they are happy for you, and hope you could be better. When you are in trouble, they help you without complain. Also, they should treat you sincerely and not cheat you.When I choose friends, I do not care what work they do or where they are from, but I care those little things which shows one’s characters. I would make sure that we really care for each other. Sometimes we cannot see each other often. But I know my friends will always be there, ready to help if I need them. And I know we are true friends indeed.例文分析1．论点与谋篇题目的中心得到贯穿。结尾ready to help if I need them与we are true friends indeed既呼应全文，又暗指谚语a friend in need is a friend indeed，语意准确。2．连贯性与用词第二段的人称与其他段不一致，如能相同，语意更连贯。使用了一定的连词。短文中用词有一些错误，如：典型错误：动词complain的名词形式为complaint。

Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.“无知者”认为科学技术上的发明创造来自灵感的眩目闪现或戏剧性的事件。亚历山大·弗莱明爵士可不像传说中的那样，看了一眼奶酪上的霉就立刻想到了青霉素的发明。He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.他是对抗菌物质进行了长达九年的实验才有了这项发明的。发明及创新几乎都来自于反复尝试和失败。创新就像踢足球，即使是最出色的球员也会痛失进球机会，其射门被挡住的机会大大多于进球的机会。The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal-- and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise.问题在于得分最多者正是那些射门最多的球员，任何领域的创新亦如此。创新者与其他人的主要区别在于处理问题的方法。每个人都有想法，但是创新者会自觉地钻研自己的想法，并且不断努力直到证明想法切实可行，或不可实现为止。What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.普通人视为凭空想像的抽象概念在职业创新者眼里却具有充分的可能性。“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority.“造创性的思维方式也许只不过意味着意识到以其一贯的方式去做事并不一定有什么道理”，语言专家鲁道夫写道。This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?”这解释了我们对塑料垃圾袋和带轮箱包之类看似简单却令生活更便利的发明的反应：“为什么以前没有人想到那个方法呢？”The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears.创造性方法始于“一切不可貌相”的主张。Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.创新者不会接受办事只有一种方法的事实。面对从A到B，普通人会自动踏上一条最为人熟悉、显然最简单的路径。创新者则探寻另外不同的道路，它们最终被证实更为简单、更为有趣、更富挑战性，即使有时也会失败。Highly creative indivials really do march to a different drummer.极富创造性的人的确是标新立异的。27.[答案]A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。untaught原意为“未受教育的，无知的”，理解它的确切含义要通过语境。第一段首句指出具有untaught mind这类人的想法：discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds”to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents他们认为发明创造是灵感或戏剧性事件的产物；继而第二句以青霉素发明者弗莱明爵士为例，对首句进行反驳，从而说明科技发明的取得都是经过长期的艰苦实验，从失败走向成功的。由此推断，只有那些不明真相、不知其艰辛的人才会把发明创造想像为灵感或戏剧性事件的产物，因此[A]为正确答案。[B]选项内容与第一段无关。[C]选项只说出untaught mind 的字面意思，文中提到的这类人未必没有知识，没有文化。[D]选项本身存在理解上的错误。原文是说“untaught mind这类人以为发明总是由于偶然原因被创造出来”，并不是指“他们自己由于某种偶然原因创造出新想法”。Come up with意思是：产生，发现（解决办法、方案）。例如：For years Jones Kept working hard, coming up with new and good ideas. 几年来琼斯一直努力工作，总是提出新的见解。注意：一般词语释义考的都是文中的具体含义，而不一定是它的本来意思。28.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。第二段第二句指出“创新者与普通人的主要区别是对待事物的方法不同”，这是approach意为：（处理问题的）方法、态度，与way 同义。接着后面的文章详细阐述这两类人在看待和处理问题方面的差异。故[C]选项最为贴切。本题也可以采取排除法。[A]选项和[B]选项都不是文中强调的特点。而[D]选项在文中未提及，故都不是正确答案。29.[答案]B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。第三段引用的引言意为“创造性思维往往只起源于一种认识：做事情的传统的方法未必是好的”。根据常识，引言一般旨在借名家之口增强说服力。作者引用Flesch的话当然是为了支持自己的观点：有创造力的人经常探索做事的新方法。由此可知，[B]选项为正确答案。[A]选项无法得知，因为文中只提到他是一位语言权威（language authority），即使[A]所述正确，也不是作者引用其言的目的。[C]选项也无法支持文章的主旨。[D]选项不对，其实Flesch的话与作者的看法是一致的，并未添加新的观点和思想。注意：同举例一样，引用其他人的观点，无论是正面引述还是反面引述，都是为了说明文章的主旨或主题，否则引述就没有必要了。30.此短语被作者放在全文的结束句，自成一段，是对全文中心思想的精辟概括，因此必须联系全文的中心思想去理解。march to a different drummer是一个比喻， drummer意为“鼓手”，to是介词，意为“伴着”，整个词组的意思是：伴着一个不同的鼓手敲出的节奏（鼓点）前进。按一个鼓点前进显单调，这里意味着“不随波逐流，与其他人所走的道路或所持的思路不同”。这是对文章主旨的一个形象总结。而[B]选项正合此意。[A]强调的是毅力；[C]、[D]选项强调的是社会责任心，都与原文主旨不符。注意：march to a different drummer为美语习惯用法，意为“独树一帜、标新立异”。

“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer.“But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”“我有极大的信心相信到这个十年期结束时我们将会详尽地知晓癌细胞的生成原因，”一位癌症专家和微生物学家罗伯特·温伯格说道。“但是，”他告诫说，“有些人认为一旦人们弄清了病因，治疗方法很快就会跟上。例如法国细菌学家巴斯德，他发现了许多传染病的成因，但治疗方法却在五六十年后才问世。”This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging -- 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (胰腺).今年，91万癌症患者中有一半将至少再活5年。国家癌症研究所估计，到2000年存活率将升至75％。现在对于一些皮肤癌来说，5年期的存活率高达90％，但其他类型癌症的存活数据却仍令人沮丧——肺癌13％，胰腺癌2％。With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes (基因), are inactive in normal cells.癌症种类现有多达120多种，发现其规律实属不易。研究者在70年代取得了很大的进展。当时他们发现致癌基因，即那些可以引起癌症的基因，在正常细胞中是不活动的。Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.从宇宙射线到辐射到日常饮食，任何东西都有可能激活处于沉寂状态中的致癌基因，但是如何激活不为人所知。如果若干致癌基因被激活，而细胞无力排除，它们就演变成了癌细胞。The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. 导致癌变的确切机制仍然是个谜，但是许多癌症始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远不能预防所有癌症。“Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”“变化是进化过程中的一个正常部分，”肿瘤专家威廉·海沃德说道。环境因素永远无法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那样：“我们无法准备出一种抗宇宙射线的药。”The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”治癌前景虽然遥远，但却越来越明朗了。“首先，我们需要了解正常细胞如何控制其本身。其次，我们必须查明细胞中是否有一定数量的基因总是造成至少部分麻烦的原因。如果我们能弄清癌症的原理，我们就能采取相应的措施。”23.[答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。本题考查第一段末句在文中的作用：he (指Pasteur)discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available。这句话说明发现病因并不意味着一定能够很快找到治疗方法。同时结合该段第一句中对即将了解癌细胞成因的肯定态度以及第二句but的转折，可知作者用Pasteur之例对but后人们的态度进行反驳，提醒人们找到治癌症的方法仍然需要一段漫长的时间。由此可知，[D]选项为正确答案。该段中Weinberg只认为人们在近十年内会对癌症的病因有很深的了解，但是这并不意味着会彻底揭开癌症的秘密，因此[A]选项不正确。[B]选项刚好与Pasteur的例子要说明的问题相反。[C]选项是草率结论。Pasteur发现传染病病因后五六十年才找到治疗方法，这并不意味着癌症亦如此。命题意图是要求考生了解文章中例证方法的写作思路。这里是先提出观点，后举例说明。24.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。本题考查到2000年癌症患者的情况。根据第二段内容，今年（1994）有50%的癌症患者可存活5年。至2000年（6年后），此存活率将升到75%。对于一些皮肤癌患者来说，目前的5年存活率已高达90%。但是其他类型的存活数据却很让人沮丧——肺癌13%、胰腺癌2%。由此可见，存活率的稳步上升是大趋势。一些皮肤癌的存活比率已相当高但是也有些类型的癌症仍难以攻克。因此[D]选项合乎情理。为正确答案。[A]选项不对。文中第三句指出皮肤癌患者目前的存活率已相当高，达到90%，增长余地已很少，不会再有急剧增长。[B]选项若对，则与5年存活率不符。从1994年~2000年已经有6年时间，无法确保这些人仍然在世。[C]选项与文章内容相悖。命题意图要求考生根据原文所给数据和事实信息进行逻辑推理，排除错误选项。25.[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。第三段第二句和第四句oncogenes which are cancer causing genes are inactive in normal cells… If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous说明致癌基因在正常细胞中是不活跃的，但是如果被激活，正常细胞无力排除，它们就会转化为癌细胞，造成伤害。由此可见，[B]选项的内容与此相符，为正确答案。[A]选项与第二句的inactive in normal cells不符。该段第四句提到“一旦被激活，健康细胞就根本起不了排斥作用”，因此[C]、[D]选项都不对，它们都忽视了“一旦被激活”这个条件。activate意思是“使活动，起动”。drive into action的意思是“迫使……行动、生效、起作用”。命题意图要求考生准确理解第三段的内容。注意第四句中的条件句的作用是限制事情发生的条件。26.[答案] C解释词语要结合语境和上下文。从第三段第二句和第三句… oncogenes are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation may activate a dormant oncogene…可以分析出致癌基因原本是不活跃的，外在因素激活的只能是“不活跃，静止状态下的”致癌基因。也就是说activate的对象指的仍然应该是前一句中的inactive oncogenes，因此dormant具有与activate相反意义的特点。[C]选项为正确答案。dormant本身词义为“休眠期的、暂停活动的、潜伏的”（in a state of inactivity but awaiting development or activity），这里与inactive同义，没有二次使用是为了避免语言的重复。[A]选项和[B]选项都不含该词义。[D]选项potential的英文含义是existing in possibility, that can or may come into existence or action，即表示可能出现的东西，而oncogene是已经存在之物，故不对。况且potential与同一句中的activate(make… active)的意思也不搭配。

Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full alt potential, their ecation must be adapted to those differences.特殊儿童在一些重要的方面不同于其他同龄的孩子。对于这些孩子来说，要把他们全部的成熟的潜力开发出来，他们所受的教育就必须适应那些差异。Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.虽然我们关注的是特殊儿童的需要，但却发现我们也在描述他们的生活环境。当舞台上的主角吸引了我们的注意力后，我们也意识到配角及戏剧场景的重要性。Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding -- the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.特殊儿童所处的家庭及社会环境常常是他们成长和发展的关键。正是在公立学校里我们感受到了社会知性的充分体现——向下一代传授知识、希望和恐惧。Ecation in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.任何社会的教育都是反映该社会的一面镜子。在这面镜子里，我们可以看到优点、弱点、希望、偏见，以及文化本身的核心价值。The great interest in exceptional children shown in public ecation over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.过去30年间公共教育表现出的对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈情绪，即所有公民，不论情况怎么特殊，都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for ecation in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity.“人人生来平等”。这句话我们已听过无数次，但在民主社会它对教育仍然有着极其重要的寓意。尽管这句话被国家建立者们用来表示法律面前人人平等，它也被解释为机会面前人人平等。That concept implies ecational opportunity for all children -- the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.这个概念暗示了所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每个儿童，不管其本身的能力大小与否，都有权利在学习上最大限度地得到帮助。Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children -- disabled or not-- to an appropriate ecation, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that ecation. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.最近的法庭裁决已再次确定了所有儿童——不论残疾与否——都有接受适当的教育的权利，并已命令公立学校采取必要的措施来提供这种教育。作为回应，学校也在调整课程安排，使授课能够适应特殊儿童，适应那些不能从常规课程中真正获益的儿童的需要。19.[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。该段第二句为了进一步说明第一句而打了个比方，把exceptional children 比喻成leading actor，把their environment比做supporting players and the scenery of the play。作者引用这个例子是为了从舞台主角的魅力离不开配角和场景的支持这一事实引出一个观点，也就是第三句：“特殊儿童所处的家庭和社会常常是他们成长和发展的关键”。[A]选项和这个思想吻合，为正确答案。文章第一段指出特殊儿童与正常儿童相比有许多不同，但是并没有具体就某方面的不同进行比较，而[B]选项中出现了原文不存在的“家庭影响”比较，所以不对。[C]选项中的干扰词有key、exceptional children和family and society，它们出现在该段第三句，但是[C]选项的含义与原文已大相径庭。[D]选项也出现了文中未有的“比较”。weigh much heavier than意思为：比……分量重得多，比……重要得多。注意：对于文中的比喻和类比，最重要的一点是弄清楚它们说明的对象。20.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：因果关系题。第三段最后一句指出“公共教育对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明所有公民不管情况特殊与否，都应该有机会全面发展自己的能力”，言下之意就是，特殊儿童在教育上受关注是因为他们尽管不同于一般儿童，却有全面发展的权利。[C]选项与此意相同，是原文的合理改写。fully develop their potentials与原文fully develop their capabilities同义。故[C]为正确答案。[A]选项和[B]选项在原文中均未述及。[D]选项读起来似乎合理，但是实际上是答非所问，没有给出任何实在的原因。21.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。文章第一段为主题段，先引出话题“特殊儿童”，指出他们与同龄儿童相比有许多明显的不同之处；接着给出主旨句“为使特殊儿童的全部潜力得到开发，教育必须适应他们的不同需要”；在随后的段落里，作者主要通过阐述“人人都享有接受教育的平等机会”的观点，充分论证主题的合理性。因此[D]选项符合主题思想，是正确答案。[A]选项中的对象是children，而非文中的exceptional children。此外，本文并未说明儿童在学习能力方面存在哪些差异。[B]选项原文没有提及。[C]选项虽然在最后一段被简略提及，但是它是学校在“教育机会人人平等”的观念影响下的具体措施，不是全文的主要内容。命题意图是要求考生找出文章的主旨句。22.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。最后一段第四句recent count decision have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate ecation…说明特殊儿童接受适应其特点的教育的权利已经得到法律的保护。[A]选项符合此意。该段第二句表明国家缔造者最初只提到法律面前人人平等，他们并未有论述教育平等的观念，因此[C]选项与原文不符。[B]选项与该段内容也不符。该段第一句和第二句表明“人人生来平等”的思想自建国就已提出，因此教育平等并不违背本国传统。[D]选项的时态为将来时，而原文的court decision之事早已成为事实。二者时间不符。

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. 1.3亿美国人的手中至少持有一家银行发行的信用卡。信用卡持有者可在商店、饭店、宾馆，当地、外地甚至国外赊购货物，同时信用卡还可以使他们享受银行提供的许多服务。More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon -- it’s already here.越来越多的信用卡可以自动读取，于是持卡人就可以在不同地方存取，不管本地支行是否营业。对于我们很多人来说，“无现钞的社会”不是即将来临，而是已经到来。While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom.计算机为消费者提供诸多便利的同时，也给商家带来了很多优势。电子收银机能做的远不止记录销售额，它们可进行各种各样的记录，包括谁卖了什么，何时卖的，卖给了谁。This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made.通过被售商品的种类及其销售速度等信息的显示，商家能够随时了解其商品的情况。然后卖家便可以做出是再定货还是把商品退给供应商的决定。At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.同时这些计算机记录哪些时间段是销售高峰和哪些员工最有效率，从而可以相应地调整员工工作任务的分派。此外，他们还可以确定偏爱的顾客群进行促销活动。Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons.基于同样的原因，生产商们也依赖计算机。Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which procts to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the proction process itself.计算机分析的营销报告能有助于决定目前应重点生产哪些商品，将来开发哪些产品，应停止生产哪些产品。计算机跟踪库存商品，现有原材料甚至生产过程本身。Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.许多其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志社、从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供更好、更高效的服务。15.[答案]B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。本文第一段通过一系列的实例说明信用卡（credit card）给其使用者带来的诸多方便。通过该段第二句“信用卡持有者可以在商店、饭店、宾馆，在当地、外地甚至在国外自动刷卡，同时信用卡还可以使他们得到银行提供的许多服务”可以看出，[B]选项全面准确地归纳和概括了原文思想，因此为正确答案。虽然原文指出信用卡持有者可以不受地域和时间的限制去存钱取钱，但是这并不意味着愿取多少就取多少。因此[A]选项不正确。[C]选项是文中未提及的内容，原文中未对持卡者和未持卡者的信誉度进行比较。况且，这也不符合事实。无论是持信用卡还是支付现金，顾客在购物时都享受同等的信誉。[D]选项错在wherever(无论在什么地方)，试问在没有银行的地方或是未开通信用卡的地方怎能够兑取现金呢？注意：解此题的关键是定位到具体的一句话。16.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：句意题。本题考查考生对第一段最后一句的理解。该段最后一句指出“对于我们很多人来说，’无现钞的社会’不是即将来临，而是已经到来”。[C]选项是对此句的改写，nowadays与原句时态相符，many Americans与for many of us一致，do not pay in cash与cashless society一致，因此[C]为正确答案。[A]选项中的in the future与原句时间it is already here不符；况且all the Americans也过于绝对。[B]选项的内容原文未提及；而且它与本段第二句谈到的可以在国外使用信用卡的事实相悖。[D]选项亦无法从该句推论。命题意图要求考生理解某句话的内涵，弄清楚它的每个单词、表达方式和整句话传达的信息。有时可以借助离得不远的上下文的句子去理解。17.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。该短语出现在第二段第二句electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales。第二段主要列举了电子收银机（cash register）的用途。第三句提到电子收银机可以进行各种各样的记录。从上下文我们可以知道ring up sales是电子收银机的基本工作，即“将销售情况记入收款机”，这与[B]选项相符。在不知ring up 意思的情况，也可以通过sales去排除选项。sales为“销售商品”，而不是“商品贸易”、“销售经理”或“库存商品”，因此[B]选项最可能正确，[A]、[C]和[D]选项都相差太远。命题意图要求考生根据上下文判断生词的含义。18.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。本题同样要求首先了解各段主旨，以便总结概括文章中心。本文首先从信用卡的应用谈论计算机给消费者带来的便利，随后述及计算机给销售商带来的便利，最后指出计算机的应用范围很广。因此[B]选项是文章主要讨论的话题，为正确答案。[A]选项和[C]选项中的“应用方法”和“意义”都不是本文探讨的对象。[D]选项仅仅是文章第一段的内容，作者通过它是想说明计算机的应用给消费者带来的诸多方便这一主旨，因此[A]不具有概括性。