1999年考研英语阅读理解

原文+译文：When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an alt sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. 三个月前，当一个苏格兰研究小组宣布他们克隆了一只成年绵羊时，世界为之震惊，克林顿总统迅速做出反应。Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.他宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止联邦资金用于此类实验——尽管还没有人提议要那样做——并要求一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德·夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在九十天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议，向白宫汇报。That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”（NBAC）的小组一直在非常积极地工作，集思广益，并诉诸笔端；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.NBAC将要求克林顿总统禁止联邦资金用于克隆人的九十天禁令无限期地延长，并且还可能要求将之立法。But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology.但是，NBAC成员们正计划在建议的措辞上更为严谨，以避免给克隆人体DNA或细胞等研究带来更多的限制——（这属于）分子生物研究中的常规课题。The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.然而，该小组尚未在一个关键问题上达成一致，即是否建议立法机关将私人资金用于克隆人的行为法定为犯罪。In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by alt nuclear cloning.”在5月17日会议上讨论的建议序言草案中，夏皮罗表示，专家组已取得广泛的共识，认为“试图利用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿将是违背道德伦理的”。Shapiro explained ring the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.夏皮罗解释说在与会期间，道德上的怀疑主要源于对婴儿健康的担忧。随后，该小组非正式地接受了几项概括性的结论，尽管有些细节尚无定论。NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC计划呼吁继续禁止为任何企图利用人体细胞核去制造婴孩的做法提供联邦政府基金资助。因为现行的联邦法律已经禁止联邦基金用于制造研究用的胚胎(人类后代出生前的最早阶段)或有意识地危及胚胎的生命，所以NBAC在胚胎研究这一问题上将保持沉默。NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. NBAC的成员明确表示，他们将呼吁受私人基金资助的研究人员和诊所不要尝试通过人体细胞核转移来克隆人。But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”但他们在是否进一步要求联邦立法强令完全禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧。夏皮罗和大多数委员赞成将此立法，但在电话采访中，他透露这一议题仍“悬而未决”。试题：51. We can learn from the first paragraph that.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning52. The panel agreed on all of the following except that.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being53. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because_.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law54. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settled答案：B C D A

原文+翻译：It’s a rough world out there.外面是一个危险的世界。Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat.迈出家门时，你可能会滑倒在门垫上，而摔伤一条腿。Light up the stove and you could burn down the house.点燃炉灶时，你可能会把房子烧掉。Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles.不过还算幸运的是，如果门垫或炉灶上没有警示语提醒你可能发生的危险，那么一场成功的诉讼或许可以补偿你所受的伤害。Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.这种想法大约自20世纪80年代初开始传播，那时陪审团开始认为更多的公司应对其客户所遭受的不幸负责。Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.由于感到了威胁，公司方面做出了反应：写出越来越长的警示语，力图预先标明种种可能发生的事故。Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”如今，活梯上贴着几英寸长的警告标签，除了其他警告事项外，还警告你可能会摔下来，简直是莫名其妙！贴在儿童的蝙蝠侠披风上的标签也告诫说，本玩具“无法让用户飞行”。While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的（如警告药物有相互作用的危险），并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当消费者受伤时，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于承担责任，却还很难说,被受伤的消费者告上法庭的公司中，大约一半会败诉。Now the tide appears to be turning.现在这种趋势似乎正在转变。As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything.尽管个人伤害索赔案件如以往一样不断发生，但有些法庭已开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警告标签也可能无法避免伤害的案件时。In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.五月份,伊利诺斯州的Schutt体育公司总裁朱利·尼蒙斯就成功地打赢了这样一场官司。一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，遂将该公司告上法庭。“We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury.尼蒙斯说：“他成了瘫痪，我们非常难过，但我们设计头盔不是为了预防这类伤害的。”陪审团也认为造成该运动员受伤的是这项运动本身的危险性，而不是头盔。At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.与此同时，美国法学会——一群说话举足轻重的法官、律师、学者——发布了新的侵权法指导原则，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能遇到的危险的清单。“Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on procts might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新指导原则的教授说，“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中”。如果该法律团体的这一适中的目标能够实现，产品上提供的警示信息就不再是为回避法律责任而设，而是为保护消费者利益而提供了。试题：51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on procts[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their procts[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] proct labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be.[A] biased[B] indifferent[C] puzzling[D] objective答案：B C A D

原文+译文：An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical ecational reform.有人以学生的就业前景为理由主张将计算机引入课堂，有人则因彻底的教育改革这样更宽泛的原因主张将计算机引入课堂。Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction-- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.在这两类人中存在着一条无形的界限。很少有人就这一差别—实际上是矛盾—撰文进行探讨，但它却是将计算机引入课堂这一活动的关键所在。An ecation that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical ecation, justified for reasons radically different from why ecation is universally required by law.旨在使学生胜任某种工作的教育是职业教育，它存在的理由与法律所规定的普及教育之间有很大差别。It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens.根据法律要求，所有儿童都必须上学至十几岁，其目的并非单纯地为了扩大其就业前景。Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.而是，我们对美国公民有这样一种概念：如果他不能准确地判断自身的生活及幸福如何受外界影响，他就是一个不完善的公民。But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of ecation.但是情况并不总是如此；在法律要求所有儿童必须上学至一定年龄之前，人们普遍认为有些儿童天生就不适合接受这种教育。With optimism characteristic of all instrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be ecated.工业化国家特有的乐观精神使我们开始接受这样一种观念：人人都适合受教育。Computer-ecation advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook.倡导计算机教育的人抛弃了这一乐观理念，代之的是与他们乐观外表相悖的悲观论调。Banking on the confusion between ecational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graates over their ecational achievement.基于将计算机引入学校的“教育理由”和“谋职理由”的混淆，计算机教育倡导者常常只强调毕业生的就业前景，而忽略了他们的教育成就。There are some good arguments for a technical ecation given the right kind of student.对适当的学生实施职业教育也是合理的。Many European schools introce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join.欧洲的许多学校很早就引进职业培训的概念，以确保儿童具备欲从事的职业所需的技能。It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants.然而，去臆断会有这么多的工作给予这么多的科学家、商人、会计是武断的。Besides, this is unlikely to proce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.此外，在我们这么大的一个国家里，经济拓展到这么多的州，涉及到这么多的国际公司，这种做法（欧洲式的职业教育）不大可能按照数量培养出所需要的各类专业人员。But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.但是对少数学生而言，职业培训也许是可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，熟练的技能是能否得到工作的关键。Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple.当然，目前使用计算机的基本操作非常简单。It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story.不需要花毕生的时间去熟悉各种不同的软件程序的使用。当然如果想成为一名计算机工程师，那就是另外一回事了。Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional.基本的计算机技能最长也只需一两个月即能学会。不管怎样，基本的计算机技能只是对成为专业技术人员所需的各种实际技能的补充。It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.当然应该看到的是，职业学校也好，普通学校也罢，混淆计算机教学的目的，都不会有何益处。试题：51. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is.[A] far-reaching[B] biously oriented[C] self-contradictory [D] radically reformatory52. The belief that ecation is indispensable to all children.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of instrialized countries53. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional training is.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional54. According to the author, basic computer skills should be.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise答案：B D C A

原文+译文：In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market.网上商务开始的第一年左右，大部分活动都围绕着开拓消费者市场而进行。More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell procts and services with one another.最近，随着网络被证实不仅仅是一种时尚，公司便开始（在网上）相互交易产品和服务。Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what proct they’re looking for.公司之间的这种交易非常合理，因为商人都清楚地知道他们需要的是产品。Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by concting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.不过，由于怀疑网络的可靠性，许多公司仍对网络的使用犹豫不决。弗瑞斯特研究所的资深分析员布兰·欧文说，“商家需要感受到，他们可以信赖自己和供应商之间的这种沟通途径”。有些公司为了降低风险，只与固定的贸易伙伴进行在线贸易，给予这些伙伴进入本公司局域网的权利。Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing.网络商业模式的另一个重大变化与可用于营销的技术有关。Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites.直到最近，因特网上的营销活动还集中在使用将用户“拉进”网站的策略上。In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.然而去年，软件公司开发出新的技术，使公司可以将信息直接“推出”给消费者，直接把营销信息传送给特定的用户。Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors.最突出的例子是Pointcast网络，该网络使用一种屏幕保护系统，将最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的计算机显示器上。Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site.用户可以量身设定自己想要接收的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网址。Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, proct offerings, or other events.像Virtual Vineyards这样的公司业已开始采用类似的技术将有关特价销售、产品促销或其他活动的信息“推”向用户。But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users.但这种“推”的技术遭到许多网上用户的鄙视。Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.在线文化推崇这样一个理念：流动到屏幕上的信息应是在专门的请求之后才出现。Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.一旦商业促销不请自来地充斥着电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视就没多大差别了。这种前景让网络净化者感到不安。But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money.公司在网上并不是非得依靠“推”的策略方能挣钱。The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of procts with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.像Virtual Vineyards 和Amazon.Com及其他开拓者的例子表明：一个销售适类商品的网站，如果将互动、热情服务、安全相结合，肯定会吸引网上用户的。And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.计算机计算能力的成本持续下降，对任何建立了网上销售点的企业来说都是个好的征兆。回顾过去的5年或10年，人们或许会感到奇怪。为什么只有这么少的公司尝试网上销售呢？试题：51. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so52. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners53. In the view of Net purists,.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests54. We learn from the last paragraph that.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power答案：A C D B

原文：Instrial safety does not just happen. Companies 1 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 2 and active. When the work is well done, a 3 of accident free operations is established 4 time lost e to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 5 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 6 rules or regulations. 7 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 8 . The fewer the injury 9 ， the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 10 or at a loss.1.［A］ at ［B］ in ［C］ on ［D］ with2.［A］ alive ［B］ vivid ［C］ mobile ［D］ diverse3.［A］ regulation ［B］ climate ［C］ circumstance ［D］ requirement4.［A］ where ［B］ how ［C］ what ［D］ unless5.［A］ alter ［B］ differ ［C］ shift ［D］ distinguish6.［A］ constituting ［B］ aggravating ［C］ observing［D］ justifying7.［A］ Some ［B］ Many ［C］ Even ［D］ Still8.［A］ comes off ［B］ turns up ［C］ pays off ［D］ holds up9.［A］ claims ［B］ reports ［C］ declarations［D］ proclamations10.［A］ an advantage ［B］ a benefit ［C］ an interest［D］ a profit答案：DABAB CDCAD全文翻译：安全生产并不是偶然事件：事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力付诸实施，并且不断使之发挥持久效力。如果这项工作做得好，就会建立一个无事故的工作氛围。在这种环境里，因工伤损失的时间会被保持在最低限度。成功的安全计划强调的重点可能大不相同。有些计划强调机械防护。另一些强调通过遵守规章制度来实施安全作业。还有一些靠的是对工人的感情投入。但是，要获得最好的效果，每一个计划当中都会遵循某些基本的思想。安全计划的价值不容置疑。单从财政的角度来说，安全计划花钱值得。工伤索赔越少，工人的保险率也就越高。这可能就决定着工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损。

这一篇小文，小编就给大家解析一下1994~1999年考研英语的六篇作文，帮助大家更好地把握考研英语的写作思路和选题走向。#考研英语#1994年真题作文部分1994年这一年考察的是提纲作文。不仅给出了文章的题目、时间要求（40分钟）、字数要求（120~150词），还给出了首段（As a human being,one can hardly do without a friend.）和内容提纲，所以从这个角度来看，难度不是特别大。文章的话题是：“友情”；标题是“On Making Friends”；主题词是“friendship”。文章结构大体可以分为三段：其一是“朋友的重要性”，其二是“真正的友谊”，其三是“我交朋友的原则”。作文分值15分。Ture friendship lies in sincerity of both parts,and only sincere friends will give us a hand when we need help.真正的友谊是建立在相互真诚的基础上，也只有真诚的朋友才会在我们需要帮助的时候伸出援助之手。 1995年真题作文部分1995年这一年考察的也是提纲作文。同样给出了文章的题目、时间要求（40分钟）、字数要求（120~150词），也给出了文章的第一句话（ecational plays a very important role in the modernization of our country.）和内容提纲。文章的话题是“希望工程”；标题和主题词都是“Project Hope”。文章的结构可以分为三段：其一是“教育的现状”，其二是“希望工程的必要性”，其三是“我的看法和建议”。作文分值15分。The government should take effective measures and people should give more support to ensure that every child can receive elementary ecation.政府应该采取有效的措施，人们也应该给予更多的支持，从未让每一个孩子都能接受到基础教育。 1996年真题作文部分1996年这一年考察的是提纲作文。给出了作文的标题、时间要求（40分钟）、字数要求（120~150词），文章的首句（The desire for good health is universal.）和内容提纲。文章的话题是“保持健康”；标题是“Good Health”，主题词是“keep healthy”。文章的结构可以分为三段：其一是“保持健康的重要性”，其二是“保持健康的方法”，其三是“我的保持健康的建议”。作文分值15分。In a way,keeping healthy is not very hard.从某种程度上说，保持健康并不是非常困难的事情。 1997年真题作文部分1997年这一年考察的是图表作文。题目除了图表和漫画外，还给出了写作的思路。不过没有了时间的要求，字数要求是不得少于120词。文章的话题是“吸烟”；标题自拟，主题词是“smoking、cigarette”。图表作文的结构一般也是固定的，以这篇文章为例，一般分为三段：第一段是图表的内容进行简单描述，第二段是对图表反映的现象或情况进行说明，阐明重要性或者危害性，第三段是给出看法和建议。作文分值15分。Smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such as lung cancer，heart disease and so on.吸烟会导致诸如肺癌、心脏病等很多致命性的疾病。1998年真题作文部分1998年这一年考察的是漫画作文。值得一提的是要求中字数由之前的不少于120词变成了不少于150词。除了漫画，照样给出了写作的思路。这篇文章的话题是“虚假广告”；标题自拟，主题词是“misleading and cheating advertisements”。文章的结构可以分为三段：第一段对漫画的内容进行描述，第二段指出这一问题的现状，即当今存在很多这样“虚假广告”的问题，一直在欺骗和误导消费者，第三段指出自己的建议，可以从政府、社会、个人三个角度简单地说一说。作文分值15分。Doing more is better than promising more.做比承诺更为重要。1999年真题作文部分1999年这一年考察的是图表作文。写作的相关要求和去年是一致的，即不少于150词的字数要求。文章的话题是“人口数量和物种灭绝数量的关系”；标题自拟，主题词图表中已经给出，分别是“the ups and downs of population growth”和“species extinction over time”。文章的结构可以分为三段：第一段通过表格指出人口数量和物种灭绝数量的关系，即如图所示，美国人口数量的增长导致了物种数量的急剧下降，一些物种已经灭绝；第二段说一说造成这种现象的可能原因，比如全球变暖、人类的猎杀等等；第三段提出自己的一些建议，也可以从国家、社会、个人三个角度来谈。作文分值15分。what is worse,with the development of instrialization,the natural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed,which will make some of the wildlife become homeless and extinct.更严重的是，伴随着工业化的发展，自然的平衡和生态环境被破坏，从而导致许多的野生动物无家可归，甚至走向灭亡。考研英语是很难的早期的真题其实没必要太抠细节，但是出题者的思路和技法还是可以了解了解的，这毕竟是真题，肯定比市面上任何一位老师的模拟题要好，所以建议同学们可以在复习的初期做一做，或者在最后无题可做的时候做一做。（推荐陈正康老师的《真题超精读》，讲得很细致，不过买的时候一定要看清楚自己考的是英语一还是英语二，2004年是不分一二的。）“满大街都是本科生！”你凭什么这么说？考研政治，“反对外国侵略的斗争”专项选择题易错考点汇总

While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但是现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.由于受其所处时间和地点的限制，每一代史学家都要重新判断过去哪些史料对他们具有重要价值。In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan.在这种探索中，所发现的证据总是不完全的、零散的，而且常常是不全面的或带有派别色彩的。The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.历史研究这个行当的讽刺意味在于，从事研究的人一直知道，他们的努力只不过是为永无止境的过程添砖加瓦而已。Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.尽管历史学一度崇尚它与文学和哲学的相似之处，但新兴的社会科学似乎提供了更多机会，以便人们能够提出新问题，有了解过去的有效途径。Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.社会科学研究的方法论必须进行改变以适应这样一个学科，其基础是史料，而不是当代社会的需要。During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.在历史学界，方法论这个词从来都是模棱两可的。There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical workin general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historicalinquiry.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.”史学家，尤其是那些单纯局限于他们研究兴趣的史学家，被指责为使用“单方向研究法”，他们常常成为“纯技术方法论”的牺牲品。Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.纯技术方法论错误地把整个学科与学科研究的某些操作方法等同起来，这种情况在自然科学领域里也屡见不鲜。It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者则认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

许多老师都说过这样一句话：一定要用考研英语真题来练习。但真正的问题是，如何用好考研真题呢？我为大家安排了一些真正的方法，让我们一起看看吧！（1）我们何时做真题是最好的时机？真题什么时候做，非常多的学长学姐告诉我们，一定要尽快做！现在开始做！马上开始做！是不是觉得这句话有点过头了？你觉得你还没准备好？英语复习的最早准备是什么呢？每个人都会有自己的理解。事实上，在实际准备时，记忆单词是最有效的方法。英语阅读中所包含的词汇是研究生入学考试的关键词。在真题阅读中学习单词不仅可以理解词义，还可以理解上下文的使用，可以说是一举两得。有些学生害怕浪费考研真题，并希望在使用考研真题之前使用模拟题来练习。对于模拟题，可以使用来背诵单词并找到语言意义。这很好，但请不要太过认真。用一句学长的话，“如果你总结模拟题的解题思路，那就真的悲剧了。”因为模拟题类似于真题，但绝对相差很远，所以如果你把大量时间浪费在模拟题，就吃大亏了。（2）考研真题太少，要是做完了怎么办？首先，这就不是个问题。有个考研名师说，大多数英语得分超过75分的考生至少三次研究过考研真题。这个问题的答案是“再做一次”。什么时候结束不再做考研真题了呢？当你能从每一组测验中找到命题老师的命题，每一组考题的出题逻辑，每一问题的陷阱设置，你就算是真正的完成了。在此之前，不管你做了多少次，考研真题都是你最好的选择。（3）记忆力很好。如果你在做了一次之后记住了答案，该怎么办呢？当然，如果你今天完成一份考研英语真题，明天再做，答案当然会被清楚地记住。但如果过3周呢？过了10周呢？你还会记得吗？通过之前同学的经验，我们知道每一份考研英语真题的重点都是不同的，虽然当你再次讨论这个话题时，你隐约记得一些文章的含义和选择，但这也并不重要了。（4）考研英语真题从哪年的开始做？考研英语真题从2000年到2019年，都是可以准备的。从1997年到1999年，精力充沛的学生也可以尝试。最重要的是，你能真正理解每一组考研英语真题。在暑假前，你就应把2005年前的考研真题都完成，因为这些年的考研英语真题相对简单，可以放在复习阶段使用。可以让你用来复习：核心词汇、核心语法、长难句，掌握命题思想和考试技巧。暑假过后，仔细研究06-19年的考研英语真题。具体的做题顺序及安排，我们可以根据每个人不同的基础和复习进度来调整。

9月，大学生们终于迎来久违的校园生活，安静的大学校园终于热闹了起来。从以高考和升学为目标、统一管理的高中生活，跳跃到自由度和自主支配权极高的大学校园，这种突然的环境转换，让不少缺乏目标感和自律精神的同学陷入焦虑和迷茫。刚上大学时不知道怎么设立目标、大二大三无所事事、大四焦急准备考研或出国……这三个场景几乎覆盖了大部分当代大学生在20岁左右会经历的成长困惑期。特别是对于今年经历漫长的学习空窗期的大学生而言，这种“迷茫症候群”似乎比往届还要更严重了一些。为此，从9月1日起，新东方在线以“赢在新学期，全场High不停”为主题，将今年的“99在线学习节”打造成大学生群体的专属盛会。活动期间，新东方在线不仅给大学生群体提供包括国内考试、出国留学等海量好课优惠，还专门邀请了王江涛、董仲蠡、田静、舒叶、褚进、张瑞芫等在内的新东方名师天团做客直播间，以“我的20！怎样能不惑？”为话题，与同学们聊聊20岁遇到的那些事，帮助同学们化迷茫为动力，携手备战新学年。9月1日晚7点，新东方20周年功勋教师、新东方教育科技集团教学培训师，主授国内考试英语学科，横跨综合、词汇和阅读各类课程的董仲蠡老师作为首发阵容，率先亮相。直播中，董仲蠡老师以自己20岁时的亲身经历为引子，和同学们畅谈了自己对20岁的感悟。他表示，几乎每位同学在进入大学后都会有一段迷茫期，他本人也不例外。在他看来，迷茫其实是聪明人的特权，建议大学期间不知道做什么的同学们勇于走出舒适圈，抓住每一个机会去尝试新的可能。因为只有尝试了，才知道自己真正喜欢和想要的是什么。同时，董仲蠡老师也表示，20岁是人生中非常美好的阶段，这个阶段的大家都会有各种天马行空的奇思妙想，内心也怀揣着对生活的无限期待与憧憬。所以，同学们要抓住每一次人生出彩的机会，尽可能去展现自己，多参加一些社团活动，多发展一些兴趣爱好，也许就能在其中找到日后的人生方向。对于人生方向，20岁的同学们大多开始纠结：在工作、考研和出国之间作何选择？董仲蠡老师的回答是：人生不是考试，没有对错之分，只有左右之别。每一个人都是独立的个体，选择也应该是多样化的，没有一定之规。做决定时，切莫人云亦云，不顾实际地去从众。在大学期间，同学们应该具备独立的意识，要从自身的个性出发，选择最适合自己的道路。直播最后，董仲蠡老师还和荧幕对面热情的“弹幕大军”进行了即时互动，针对“上大学后发现不满意，是否要复读？”“大学谈恋爱是否影响学习？”“上大学后发现与群体不融合怎么办？”等同学们比较关心的共性问题，给出了自己的独到见解，收获了大学生朋友们的阵阵好评。在9月3日晚上，新东方考研英语首席主讲、写作辅导实力教师、新东方20周年功勋教师、英语学习畅销书作者王江涛老师，为同学们带来了第二场直播，从另一个角度带大家认识大学生活。直播中，王江涛老师以“谁的大学不迷茫”为题，从“专业”这个角度切入，结合自身的大学生活与同学们进行了对谈。王江涛开门见山地指出：很多同学不会选专业，要么过于随意，要么刻意追求金融、计算机等所谓的“热门专业”。在他看来，这都是填报专业的大忌。热门专业之所以热，是因为报选的人太多，但不代表适合自己。即使适合，也不代表好就业或者好考研。所以，王江涛老师提醒那些准大学生们，在报选专业时，一定要慎之又慎，要综合自己的性格、志向、兴趣、爱好等因素进行选择。王江涛老师表示，能够选中自己喜欢的专业是一件很幸运、幸福的事情。但由于各种原因，很多同学可能一开始没能如愿学习心仪的专业。对此，他的建议是可以考虑换专业，但在此之前，要想清楚两个问题：一是当前所读专业未来就业前景如何？二是虽然不喜欢这个专业，但是学起来不算吃力？如果两个问题的答案都是否定的，那么就可以坚定的换专业了。对于那些不能换专业的同学，王江涛老师也有另一条建议。如果现在就读大一或者大二，可以边学习现有专业内容，在保证不挂科的前提下，利用课余时间学习感兴趣的专业知识，尽力拓宽自己的知识面，为将来跨专业就业或考研打好基础。如果已经就读大三或者大四，那么可以选择考研来换专业，这是一个很好的途径。每年都有很大一部分同学，通过考研实现了在自己喜欢的专业领域继续深造的梦想。除董仲蠡、王江涛二位老师外，99在线学习节还安排了2场大咖老师的视频直播，将重点解读学习规划、细化大学阶段学习内容，并与同学们进行对话，为大家答疑解惑。9月7日19:00-20:00，新东方教育科技集团教学培训师、集团优秀教师、考研英语阅读和语法主讲老师田静，将以考研&出国基本介绍规划为主要内容与同学们进行互动交流。9月9日19:00-20:00，则有新东方在线考研天团舒叶、褚进、张瑞芫三位老师共同携手，为同学们带来新东方在线好课推荐，介绍全新的考研好课，助力同学们提前备考。同时，同学们还可以享受到99在线学习节的专属优惠福利。目前新东方在线考研全线产品87折，多科联报更优惠，两科联报减300，三科联报减500，全科联报减800。出国考试、小语种课程等均享88折优惠。详细信息请见新东方在线官网。多年来，新东方在线致力于通过丰富有趣的线上线下活动，鼓励更多年轻人参与到在线学习中。自2016年开始，新东方在线就在每年9月1日-9月10日的开学季，以年度网络学习盛宴的形式为大家奉上一场大型名师直播互动秀，创造性地摸索出了一套帮助学员从认知到了解再到使用最终爱上在线学习的全流程解决方案，深受业界的广泛认可。今年的99在线学习节，则更深刻地关注到特殊环境下的大学生心理变化，发起了“我的20！怎样能不惑？”话题，请新东方名师以“过来人”的身份直接与同学们对话。可以说，在提供海量课程优惠的同时，新东方在线开始给予大学生群体精神价值上的共振和鼓舞。