2013年考研英语阅读

本文是2013年考研英语试卷阅读理解Part A的Text 2部分。本文主要讲述了网络隐私问题，就“在线行为广告”引发的争议展开论述，随后追溯了争议的相关解决方案。An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half.老话说的好，广告费的一半是浪费了的——问题是，没人知道哪一半浪费掉的。In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reced.在互联网时代，至少在理论上，这一浪费的部分能够减少。By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.通过观察人们搜索什么，点击什么，在网络上说什么，公司能够瞄准那些更容易购买的客户投放“行为”广告。26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:第一段表明，“行为”广告帮助广告商：[A] ease competition among themselves缓和他们之间的竞争[B] lower their operational costs降低运营成本[C] avoid complaints from consumers避免消费者的抱怨[D] provide better online services提供更好的网络服务答案：B。解析：第一句就指出了，广告费花费了有一半被浪费掉了。后面指出互联网时代广告费用大幅减少，因为公司（广告商）能够将“行为”广告投放给最有可能购买的人群。由此可知，“行为广告”能帮助广告商“降低运营成本”这句话最符合题意。In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?在过去几周，一场争论表明这些精准信息对于广告商的价值：广告商应该假定用户乐于被追踪并且收到这些广告吗？或者应该获得用户明确的准许？In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .在2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会建议提出一个“禁止追踪”的选项加入到网络浏览器中，以便用户能告诉广告商他们不想被“追踪”。Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is e to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the instry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.微软的IE浏览器和苹果的Safari浏览器提供了“禁止追踪”选项；谷歌的Chrome浏览器在今年准备提供这样的功能。2月，联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟同意该行业尽快对“禁止追踪”这一请求作出回应。27. “The instry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers to:“该行业”指的是：[A] online advertisers在线广告商[B] e-commerce conctors电子商务运营[C] digital information analysis数字信息分析者[D] internet browser developers网络浏览器开发商答案：D。解析：FTC和DAA一致认为the instry会对DNT要求迅速做出回应。前面又指出FTC提议在浏览器上添加DNT选项，可见这个提议的动作执行者在浏览器开发商。可见FTC和DAA提议的the instry就是浏览器开发商。On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version e to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.微软在五月31日率先发起讨论，它表明随windows8一起发布的IE 10，将把“禁止追踪”选项设为默认状态。Advertisers are horrified .广告商慌神了。Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.人性本质上是，大多数人还是坚持默认设置的。Few switch DNT on now,but if tracking is off it will stay off.很少人会打开DNT选项，但是如果“追踪”是关闭的那么它就一直关闭了。Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,says consumers will be worse off if the instry cannot collect information about their preferences.国家广告协会会长Bob Liodice 表示，如果这个行业不能收集消费者们的偏好信息，消费者的情况将会更糟。People will not get fewer ads,he says.“They’ll get less meaningful,less targeted ads.人们看到的广告不会更少，他们会得到更多的“无意义的”、更不精确的目标广告。28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultBob Liodice坚称设置“禁止追踪”为默认选项[A] may cut the number of junk ads可能减少垃圾广告[B] fails to affect the ad instry对这个行业没有影响[C] will not benefit consumers对消费者不利[D] goes against human nature违反人性答案：C。解析：Bob Liodice指出了消费者的情况会更糟糕，收到的广告不会变少，反而会出现更多无意义的广告。所以C正确。It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.还不清楚广告商怎么回应。Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.收到“DNT”信号并不能迫使企业去停止追踪，尽管一些企业承诺会这么做。Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.由于不能分辨出用户是拒绝“行为”广告还是他们只是坚持微软的默认选项，一些企业可能忽略“禁止追踪”的信号并且继续追踪。29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?根据第六段，下面哪一个是正确的？[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose“禁止追踪”可能不能取得预期目标[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT广告商更希望执行“禁止追踪”选项[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers“禁止追踪”在消费者之中并不流行[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads广告商有责任提供“行为”广告答案：A。解析：公司收到DNT信号并不意味着一定要求停止追踪，而且由于他们不清楚消费者心理，可能也会对DNT默认信号加以忽略。由此，DNT并不能达到限制公司获取用户在线行为信息的目的。所以A合适。Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.并且也不清楚为什么微软一意孤行的发起行动。After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.毕竟，它也有商业广告业务。据称这些业务也遵守“禁止追踪”选项设定。不过还在具体怎样实施还在研究当中。If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising，it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.如果它是想让谷歌不高兴，谷歌的业务几乎全靠广告支持。它选择了一个不太直接的方式，没有保证说能将“‘禁止追踪’设为默认状态”成为行业规范。DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other procts favorably with Google's on that count before.“禁止追踪”看起来也不能成为Windows 8的巨大卖点，尽管此前这个公司将旗下一些产品与谷歌的进行了有利对比。Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged:" we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?Brendon Lynch，微软首席隐私官，在博客中写道：我们相信消费者将有更多的控制权。真的那么简单吗？30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:作者对Brendon Lynch在博客中所说的态度是：[A] inlgence纵容[B] understanding理解[C] appreciation欣赏[D] skepticism怀疑答案：D。解析：Brendon Lynch说消费者应该拥有更多控制权，但是作者后面又反问：真的那么简单吗？可见，作者对Brendon Lynch的观点是怀疑的。

People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making indivial decisions.人们大多在做决策的时候并不擅长考虑背景信息。At first glancethis might seem like a strength that __1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by _2_ factors.1. A grants B submits C transmits D delivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective乍一看，这似乎是个优势，使判断看起来不受外界信息所影响。解析：答案1：A。A grant:授予，赋予；赋予了某种特殊的能力，符合逻辑；B submits 提交，呈递：提交给上级C transmits发送，传送D delivers给指定的人或者目的地，或者发表（言论、看法）答案2：B。文中讲述的是这种能力不受外来因素影响，并非客观或者重要因素A minor 较小的B external 外部的C crucial 重要的D objective客观的But Dr Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big _3_ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.3. A issue B vision C picture D moment但是，Simonsohn博士推测，不能考虑全局使决定者因他们经手的日常信息样本所而产生了偏见。解析：答案3：C。big picture 整体情形与“背景信息”吻合big issue 重要议题；big vision 远见；big picture 整体情形；big moment重要时刻；_4_, he theorized that a judge _5_ of appearing too soft _6_crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7_he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless例如，他提出理论，一名法官因为害怕对犯罪表现的过于宽容，更可能会把某个罪犯送到监狱，如果那天他已经把五六个被告人判处强制社区劳动之后。解析：答案4：D。本句以法官判案的案例来论证，所以选择D。A Above all 最重要的是，尤其，表强调B On average 平均C In principle 原则上，理论上D For example例如，表举例，有递进的关系答案5：B。法官在轻判之后害怕表现的心慈手软，后面会重罚，所以选择BA fond of喜欢B fearful of 害怕C capable 能够做……D thoughtless考虑不周的6：D。固定搭配 too soft on sth/with sb.对……同情的，心肠软的7：A。通过时态考查虚拟语气，考查上下文的衔接和逻辑。To __8__this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process.8. A. test B.emphasize C.share D.promote为了检验这个想法，他们把注意力放在了大学招生录取过程中。解析：答案8：A。检验In theory, the ____9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10____ randomly for interview ring the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was____11____.9. A.decision B.quality C.status D.success10. A.found B.studied C.chosen D.identified11. A.otherwise B.defensible C.replaceable D.exceptional理论上，一位申请人的成功不应该依赖于其他在同一天被随机抽取的参加面试的其他申请者，但是Simonsohn博士怀疑事实并非如此。解析：答案9：D。考生被成功录取，品质、地位没有关系。答案10：C。申请者不是被找到found,被研究studied或者被指认的identified，只能是随机抽取的。答案11：A。下文中说：申请者的分数会受到其他人的影响。所以，理论与实情不符合。选择A.otherwise不这样，并非如此的B.defensible 可辩解的C.replaceable 可代替的D.exceptional异常的，罕见的He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews _12_ by 31 admissions officers.12. A. inspired B. expressed C. concted D. secured他研究了31位招生负责人进行的9323场MBA面试。解析：答案12：C。组织，安排，执行。A. inspired 激励B. expressed 表达C. concted 执行D. secured 保护，努力得到The interviewers had _13_ applicants on a scale of one to five.13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged面试官给给申请者分1到5个等级。解析：答案13：B。分级，rate合适A. assigned 分配，指派B. rated 分级C. matched 匹配D. arranged 安排This scale _14_ numerous factors into consideration.14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave这个分级将许多要素考虑其中。解析：答案14：C。固定搭配。take sth into consideration.将…考虑其中The scores were _15_ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is _16_out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introced这些分数然后被用来和申请者的GMAT分数联系起来（GMAT:从一个满分800分标准化的考试中评分），以决定是否接受他或她。解析：答案15：B。表顺承。A. instead 代替B. then 然后C. ever 曾经D. rather相反，而是答案16：C。为（测试等）打分。只能选MarkedA. selected 选择B. passed 通过，合格C. marked 评分D. introced介绍，引入Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one _17__ that, then the score for the next applicant would_18_ by an average of 0.075 points.17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D dropSimonsohn博士发现如果在同一天，一个申请人的分数比前一个高0.75分，那么下一个申请者的分数将平均下降0.075分。解析：答案17：D。句中逻辑the previous….before that…..the next，所以before答案18：D。前面是增加，后面自然是减少，所以选择drop。A jump 暴涨B float 漂浮C fluctuate 波动D drop下降，减少This might sound small, but to_19_the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been _20__.19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpful这个分数听起来很小，但是要抵消它的影响申请人需要在GMAT中比正常情况下高出30分。解析：答案19：B。使无效，废除A achieve 获得，实现C maintain 保持D disregard不理会答案20：A。这里指的是，正常情况下和受偏见影响下所需的分数的差异。而非可能的分数，有希望的分数，有帮助的分数。

(44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher ecation, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the indivials who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see basophilic- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter which is a distinctly animal need.48. The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such49 . Most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming “instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly.2) interpret its intended meaning ,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)Section I Use of English1．【答案】A grants【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。”第二句顺接上文，“乍一看这是一种优势”，that引起定语从句，这种优势使人们具有一种能力，即能够做出不受外界因素影响的不带偏见的决定。B选项submit “服从，提交”，不能与ability连用，C选项transmit “传输，发射”，也不能与ability 搭配，D选项deliver “传递”，同样不能与ability搭配。A, C, D无论从搭配上还是意思上都不合适。A选项grant本身具有赋予，授予的意思。故答案选A。2．【答案】D external【解析】external外部因素和上文的background information同义复现，不考虑背景信息，不受外界因素影响。A选项minor 次要的，B选项objective 客观的，C选项crucial 残酷的，D选项external 外部的，故答案选D。3．【答案】C picture【解析】第三题本句but引起句意转折。“但是XX推测不考虑大局会导致决策者被日常接触的信息影响而带有偏见。”首先注意到空前面有定冠词the，指代上文信息，即不考虑背景信息、不考虑大环境。而大局，大环境的表达，此处选择picture是最贴切的。A选项 issue 问题，B选项vision 想象力，美景都不合适，故答案选C。4．【答案】A For example【解析】通读后面的句子，提到了法官与被告，这明显是生活当中的一个具体的实例，故答案选A。而B选项 on average “平均，通常”，出现的话，周围往往应该要出现数字。C选项in principle“大体上，原则上”，后面需要出现的是总结性的话语，D选项above all“首先”是用来列举条目，将BCD排除。5．【答案】B fearful【解析】从句意上来看“例如，他们提出理论，认为法官不敢在罪行面前表现得太软弱，如果当天已经宣判五六名被告执行缓刑，那么他很有可能将下一个人送入监狱。A选项fond of 喜欢，B选项 fear of 惧怕，C选项capable of 有能力，D选项thoughtless of 考虑不周，故答案选B。6．【答案】B on【解析】根据句内的逻辑关系，在对待犯罪行为方面害怕表现出太软弱，在。。。方面，关于。。。的表达应该用介词on，故答案为B。7．【答案】A if【解析】A if 表条件。B选项 until 表时间，往往跟not连用，直接排除。C选项though表让步，D选项unless 相当于 if...not 。通读空格所在的前后句子，得出这两句之间的逻辑关系是表示条件的。8．【答案】D test【解析】首先注意到idea前面有定冠词this，很明显指代上文提出的观点。而且跟上文以法官为例一样，下文“他们把注意力转向大学录取过程”也是上文观点的例证，目的是对上文的观点进行检验，而不是A选项“促进”，B选项“强调”或C选项“分享”，故答案选D。9．【答案】D success【解析】A选项decision“决定”，B 选项quality“质量，品质”，C选项status“地位”，D选项success“成功”。申请者的____不应该取决于同一天随机选到的其他几名申请者。接着下文讲到面试官面试MBA申请者的结果results，因此第9题应该也有结果的意思，与下文结合是达到正面的结果，因此答案是即“申请者的成功”。其它选项带入原文重叠答案，与原义不符合10．【答案】A chosen【解析】空格后面有一个副词为randomly，随机地，既然是随机，那么选项B选项studied“研究过的”，C选项found “找到的” D选项identified“经鉴定的”就与randomly是相矛盾的，全部排除。11．【答案】D otherwise【解析】本题解题关键在于but，通过suspect可以看出Dr. Simonton与前文意思相反，因此otherwise正好符合题意。12．【答案】C concted【解析】此外明显缺一个过去分词作interviews的定语，再看by后面的officers，只有concted（执行），符合语境，故为正确答案。13．【答案】B rated【解析】本题末尾one to five（从一到五），前面又有一个on a scale（…的范围）, A分配，D排列语义上说不通，再综合后面的factor（因素），对比一下，只有B（划分等级），整合起来，即划分成一到五个等级，合情合理C match看似与to搭配，但也不符合文意，故正确答案为B.14．【答案】D took【解析】本题需联系整句话，take…into consideration（考虑，涉及），从形式上来说没有问题，再从意义上来看，说“这个等级考虑了几种因素…”，是对上文评级的进一步解释，也没有问题。15．【答案】B then【解析】还是承接上文讲到的评级得分，后半句讲到的是（平时学校等级）考试得分，再结合中间conjunction一词（联接），可以推断为then（具有承接之意），因此为正确答案，而A和D为同一意义和用法（代替），与conjunction相冲突，C说不通，故也为错误选项。16．【答案】C marked【解析】本题出在一个非限定性定语从句上，先行词为a standardized exam, 后半句是800分，考试和分数之间首选marked，选项B通过具有一定的干扰性，但注意主语是考试，所以正确选项为C。A为无关选项。17．【答案】A before【解析】本句属于比较级，对比的是几个面试者的分数，C、D是空间上的上下，而这里缺的时间上的先后，故排除C和D，B是“之后”，不符合语言先后逻辑，故正确答案为A.18．【答案】C drop【解析】解本题需往下看，to…the effects of such a decrease, 由此可以判断接下来那个应聘者的分数是出现了下降，故正确选项C.19．【答案】B undo【解析】该句为不定式作主语，“（面试考官可能给）更低的分数”所带来的影响，可以推断，是消除或是抵消这种不利结果，应聘者需要在GMAT中多拿30分，A “达到”，C “保持”D“漠视”明显不符，故B为正确答案。20．【答案】C necessary【解析】该题难度较大，需把句意弄懂，也就是“这30分是比…所多的”建议把四个选项分别代入空格处，A有前途的，B可能的，C必须的，D有帮助的，对比之后，只有C最合逻辑 Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121．【答案】（insensitivity to fashion）【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，首先定位到首段。由文章第一句后半句“…scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.”意思是：“……批评她没有魅力的助理，因为助理认为高级时尚对她的生活影响不大”。可知criticize是对scolds的同义替换，B项中的“insensitivity to fashion”是“imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.”的同义替换。所以B项为正确答案。A项在文中并未提及，属于无中生有。C项和D项是对文章第一句的曲解。22．【答案】（shop for their garments more frequently）【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，首先定位到第二段。由倒数第二句“these labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable, ……, and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.”意思是“这些商标（畅销商标）促使有时尚意识的消费者将服装看成是用完就可以丢弃的，……，并且每周更新他们的衣橱。”D选项“shop for their garments more frequently”的意思是“更加频繁地购买服装”，正好是“renew their wardrobe every few weeks”的同义替换。A，B，C项均属于无中生有项。23．【答案】（accusation）【解析】词义题。题干中需要猜测词义的单词出现在第二段的第一句“……the feverish world described inOverdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of ‘fast fashion’”。再结合选项可知，“indictment”是Elizabeth Cline对“快时尚”的一种态度。因此，解答此题的关键在于联系上下文语境，找到Elizabeth Cline对“快时尚”的态度。由第二段最后一句“By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an instry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.”，意思是“Cline说，通过以特别低的价格销售潮流物品，这些品牌破坏了潮流周期，动摇了这个长久以来习惯于季节周期的产业”。由“hijack”和“shaking”可知，Cline对“快时尚”应该是持否定态度的，所以选项A“accusation （谴责）”是正确选项。24．【答案】（pricing is vital to environmental-friendly purchasing）【解析】推理判断题。根据题干，可定位到最后一段。解题关键在于“Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to”，意思是“每个人都很虚荣，这很常见。但消费者付不起太多东西的时候，他们才会以更加可持续的方式去购物。”这句的关键词是“afford”和“shop more sustainably”，对应于D项中的“pricing”和“environmental-friendly purchasing”。A项对于本段的曲解。B项说的是“忽视环境的可持续发展”，与文中“several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment…”（一些时尚服饰公司已经做出努力减少对劳动力和环境）意思相悖。C项文中未提及。25．【答案】（criticism of the fast-fashion instry）【解析】主旨大意题。此题考查对全文主旨大意的准确归纳。从整个文章脉络来看，文章的第一段用事例引入，第二段讲到文章的主题“快时尚”，并指出它破坏了时尚周期，动摇了时尚产业。第三四段指出“快时尚”这种变革的弊端，比如：给自然资源造成压力、使用大量有害的化学物质、浪费现象。最后两段提到针对“快时尚”的不良影响，可以采取的解决办法。由此可知，C项统领全文，为正确答案。A, B,D项都不是文章所论述的中心主题。Text 226．【答案】（lower their operational costs）【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，首先定位到首段。这段的大意是广告经费的一半都浪费掉了，但是通过“behavioral ads”可以追踪购买者的搜索习惯和评价，使得广告更有针对性，从而降低预算成本，也就是“this fraction can be much reced”。 A、B和C选项文中并未提及，属于无中生有。27．【答案】（internet browser developers）【解析】词义句意题。the instry在语篇中是指代前面的出现内容，而前面出现的Microsoft Internet Explorer，Apple’s Safair 和Google’s Chrome都是D选项中中的“Internet browser developers”。 B和C选项文中并未提及，属于无中生有。A选项并非本段中谈论的核心。28．【答案】（will not benefit consumers）【解析】推理判断题。解题关键在于“… consumers will be worse off if the instry cannot collect information about their preferences”，也就是说，当浏览器开发者不能收集消费者网上购物倾向时，消费并不能从中受益。B、C和D选项文中并未提及，属于无中生有。29．【答案】（DNT may not serve its intended purpose）【解析】推理判断题。根据题干，可以定位到第六段。解题关键在于理解本段的行文逻辑，即“unable to tell whether…or whether, some may ignore…”。也就是说“由于不能辨别有些主体是真正反对行为广告，也不能辨别它们支持微软的做法，有些人甚至忽视DNT，继续先前的做法。”可此可见，B项符合题意。A、C和D选项内容在本段中均没有提及。30．【答案】（skepticism）【解析】观点态度题。根据题干，可以定位到文章最后一段倒数第二句，Brendon Lynch的博客中评论道：“我们认为消费者应该有更大的自主权（或掌控权）”。解题关键在于最后一句“Could it be really that simple?”，从中可明显看出作者的怀疑态度。A项是“理解”，B项是“赞成”，D选项是“纵容”的意思。Text 331.【答案】 our faith in science and technology 【解析】事实细节题。根据出题的顺序性原则,可回文定位到文章第一段。该段落共计两句话。第一句总体交代了过去人们对未来的畅想总体是积极，正面的（were largely positive）。本题的正确答案就隐含在第二句话中。第二个句子实际上紧接着第一句话，交代了积极畅想的原因在于“科学和技术能治愈人类的一切疾病”，由此可确定本题的正确答案为B。选项A、D都错在因果倒置，“ lives of fulfillment”以及“opportunity for all”都是科学、技术带来的结果，并非原因。选项C属于无中生有，本段并没有提及任何与“ potential risks”相关内容，故排除。32. 【答案】a sustained species 【解析】题干问的是“濒危物种名单（Red List）”意味着人类怎么样了？我们根据“IUCN”和“Red List”很容易定位到第三段。首段说的是几十年前至今人们对未来所持的态度，第二段出现转折，表明目前人们对于未来的危机意识加重。第三段再次转折，表示第二段中人们所持态度是错误的，即“人类未来不会有太大的生存危机”，并且在此段首句表明观点后，用各种信息去论证和支持这一观点。“Red List”很显然也是用来说明这个观点的，并且指出人类这个物种是widely distributed，adaptable，currently increasing，说的都是人类进化积极的一面。A选项说：濒危物种名单意味着人类是可以持久生存的物种，显然是正确选项。33. 【答案】Our Immediate future is hard to conceive. 【解析】段落推断题。由本题的题干可以锁定本题的答案在文章的第五段。该段首句为段落中心句，“与思考眼前的未来相比，对如此之长的时间跨度进行思考似乎更为容易”，反过来思考也就是说，眼前的未来更难思考，符合D选项含义“我们眼前的未来很难去设想”。A选项“Arc 帮助缩小了未来学研究的范围”，该选项在文中出现在该段的最后一句话“这就是为什么我们可以发行Arc这样一个致力于研究近期未来的全新出版物”，和题目含义有很大出入，故排除。B选项“技术为社会问题提供了解决方法”，段中并未提到。C选项“对科幻小说的兴趣与日俱增”，该段中虽在第二句提到科幻小说家，但并未提及对科幻小说的兴趣，故排除。正确答案为D项“Our immediate future is hard to conceive”。34．【答案】 draw on our experience from the past【解析】段落细节题。由本题的题干可以锁定本题的答案在倒数第二自然段第二句，“As so often , the past holds the key to the future . ”此题就是考查对这句话的理解，“未来是掌握过去的关键。”由此确定正确答案为B。选项A 、C、D 与题干无关，在原文中无直接体现，也不能归纳得出，故排除。35.【答案】The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind【解析】全文的主旨题。考查考生对全文主题的把握。通观全文，我们可发现作者对未来是十分看好的，尤其在文章最后一段最后一句“But we are now knowledgeable enough to rece many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. ”作者直接借助这句话重申主题。由此，本题正确答案应既包含“未来”，也应能体现出作者对未来的态度。确定选项C为正确答案。选项A错在无中生有，全文当中对于未来，并无体现出对于其的不确定；本文讲的是人类对于未来的看法，而不是讲人类的进化史，因此B错误；D选项过于笼统，并未体现出作者的乐观态度，因此不对。Text 436．【答案】 overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.【解析】事实细节题。principles that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial are noncontroversial.说明联邦法律高于州的法律是无可争辩的。答案选项they“overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.”---他们（亚利桑那州的法案）逾越了联邦法案。就是对文中这句话的反义改写。Overstep 为同义替换原文中的intrude, authority 同义替换了privileged powers.属于同义置换。37．【答案】States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.州政府在移民法案实施中的合法地位。【解析】第四段主要说明了，州警察依然可以核实移民的法律地位。国会设想joint federal-state immigration enforcement联合实施移民法案。同时，encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.国会鼓励州警察与联邦同事分享信息以及相互合作。其他选项的withhold，independence，intervention文中也没有提到。属于过度推断。38．【答案】（Stood in favor of the states）【解析】第五段最后一句：唯一的最主要的反对来自法官Antonino Scalia, 这个法官“defense”是支持州的权利的，“going back to”可追溯到Alien and Sedition Acts，证明这个法案是支持州的权利的。39．【答案】（outweighs that held by the states.）联邦政府的权利大过州的实施权利【解析】第六段The White House 认为亚利桑那州的法律跟白宫的法律实施权利冲突。In effect后面表达的是重点：如果这些州的法律跟它有冲突的话，白宫声明它有权利宣布其它州的法律无效。40．【答案】（The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.）(政府在移民问题上占据着主导地位)【解析】本段第一句话，联邦政府确实有一些exclusively（专门地）权利，比如控制居民以及边界。这就暗示了移民问题上，政府当局是具有主导权利的。Part B41．【答案】G (These issues all have root causes in human behavior...)【解析】此题可以通过上下文的衔接和代词指代来确定答案。空格前一句谈到“这种巨大的能源不是当今全球问题的主要影响因素，这些问题包括气候变化、安全、可持续发展和健康问题”，空后谈到“人类有必要的农业技术工具来消除饥饿”，空格处应该填入的选项可以连接前后句的内容，既包括谈及到全球问题，又谈及到解决问题的选项只有G项。该项首句提到的these issues即指代空前所提及的全球问题，以及该项第二句的climate change举例说明即是空前所列出的问题之一，并且该项提及解决气候变化的问题，很好的启示了下文。42．【答案】C (Despite these factors...)【解析】本题可以通过连贯性原则和代词指代来确定答案。上段末句提到“问题也带有社会因素：对食物的组织和分配，财产和财富”，空格后谈到“这是一种耻辱，社会应该抓住机会提升它在真实世界中的影响”，并且应用了社会科学家的话语来表明应该采取行动，即：上段末句提到的问题，空前谈到存在问题，那么接下来应该解决问题，但是空后谈到这是一种耻辱，然后纠正应该解决问题，所以空格处应该承上启下，表达没有解决问题这个含义，因此C项“尽管存在这些因素，很多社会科学家不愿意解决此问题”即为正确选项，该项中these factors指代上段末句提到的社会因素，而“很多科学家不愿意解决此问题”就是下文提及的this。43．【答案】B (However, the numbers are still small...)【解析】本题可以通过原词复现和逻辑关系来确定答案。空前一句讲到“ the number of papers including.....have increased rapidly ...”，紧接着在选项B中也出现了“the number”，属于原词复现。从逻辑关系的角度来看，选项B有一个明显的转折词“however”，这说明其表达的含义与空前信息相反，该选项提到“the numbers are still small”（数量非常小），空前信息是“the number ... increased rapidly”（数量增长非常迅速），两者在语意上构成了明显的转折关系。所以正确答案为B。44．【答案】D (During the late 1990s...)【解析】本题设在段落中间，可以通过段落一致性代词指代来确定答案。该段第一句提到：“The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding”,其表达的含义是：事情的问题不是可用资金的数目。那接下来要讲的内容一定和资金有关系。空后出现了代词“this is an adequate amount”其含义是：这个资金数目是足够的。那么this指代的内容一定和adequate amount相关，而选项D的题干是“national spending varied from 4% to 25%”，其表述的内容正是资金的总量。因此选项D为正确答案。45．【答案】E (The idea is to force social to integrate...)【解析】本题设空在段落中间，应瞻前顾后地依据连贯性原则确定答案。空前的信息是指欧盟提议取消了之前设定的专门投资支持社会科学家的专栏项目，其目的不是为了忽略社会科学家，而是完全相反，即文章中的“complete opposite”，根据语意衔接，接下来会说明欧盟这一做法的真正目的，并且这一目的对于社会科学家一定是积极的。选项E中的the idea指代空前出现的“it was proposed that...”，即欧盟的提案。除此之外，空后提到了collaborative endeavors，与选项E中的短语integrate with构成了同义替换。空后信息中的global problems与选项E中的health and demographic change, food security, ... and secure societies构成上下义的关系，这也是解题的一道线索，因此，正确答案为选项E。Section III Translation46. yet, when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.【参考译文】然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的花园图片时，人们会突然想到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和创造性表达之外的其他各种基本诉求47. A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.【参考译文】无论地方多么简陋不堪，寻求一片静谧圣土是人类特有的需求，而动物需要的仅是仅是避难栖息之地。48. The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such.【参考译文】无家可归者的乐园,实际上是一个毫无家庭气息的地方,给城市环境带来了一种新的形式。。无家可归者描绘的花园实质上是无所依附的,这些花园把一种形式引入城市环境中，而这样的城市环境中，形式要么根本不存在, 要么就完全不是以这种明显的方式存在。49. Most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.【参考译文】我们大多数人会深陷于精神萎靡的状态，并常常将此归咎为一些心理原因，直到某天我们发现自己置身花园中，感到如魔法般烦闷尽消50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.【参考译文】正是对自然的这种或隐晦含蓄或清晰直白的提及，充分证实了用“花园”一词来描述这些虚拟建筑是合乎情理的，即使是从毫无拘泥的意义来讲的。Section IV Writing51．【参考范文】Dear Mr. Wilson,I am writing on behalf of the Student’ Union to invite you to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. It will be held in ROOM304, the North Building next Friday.This contest aims at improving our abilities in practical English. We know that you are admired by all the students. We would be grateful if you could be the judge for this contest. The participants are mainly the seniors and the theme is concerning the importance of environmental protection.It’s our greatest pleasure that you can present yourself in this great event. We are looking forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.Yours sincerely,Li Ming52．【参考范文】Emerging from the cartoon is an eye-catching scene that college graates are at a turning point on the way to choose their future destination. When stepping out of the campus, a variety of choices, such as finding a job, going further ecation or abroad, and doing pioneering work, lie in front of these young people.The implication echoed by this drawing remind us the great importance of a philosophic topic in our daily life：a successful life is directly related to the choice made by oneself. Nevertheless, we cherish a belief that we cannot tell whether the selection is good or not, and as long as we adhere to our decision success will be realized step by step. Making choice is essential to help determine the direction of our way, and persistence functions as an indispensable driving force to keep up our spirit and to assist us to fulfill our study and work. Only those who are hard-working and brave enough to encounter obstacles of all sorts are most likely to reach the summit of success.Positive mental guidance should be popularized among the young people to help them make wise decision in their life. Besides, the youngster should be ecated to realize the reality. Only in this way, can they make the right choice and shoulder the real success.

今天小编给大家分享“考研英语阅读技巧总结”，希望有需要的朋友能够认真阅读，有所收获！更多问题可以咨询小编。1. 两个选项语义相反或一致，一般二选一2. 定位句的态度一般和选项态度一致(积极或是消极)，所以定位句即使看不懂，也要大概判断是态度是积极还是消极，排除一些选项。3. 态度题定位到原文附近一两句有疑问句或者转折句，如果看不懂情况下，首选负态度。如 2011 年 25 题定位处附近有转折，2012 年25 题定位处有转折，2013 年 30 题定位处有疑问句，2014 年 36 题定位处有转折，2016 年 31 题定位处有转折，以上态度题有转折或者疑问句的全部选择了负态度。4. 态度题基本每年出一道题，大部分是选择负态度。(比如 2010-2019 年十年题中， 除了 2010 年 40 题；2017 年 30 题，40 题；2019 年选择正态度；2018 年中态度；2011-2016 年一直连着选择负态度)5. 很多词义句意题考单词或短语的意思，考察句子相对较少。而且最常通过语义一致中来解题，因此如果没有看到明显转折词都理解为语义一致(如 2012 年 26;2013 年 23,27;2015 年 32;2016 年 22，33;2017 年 33 全部根据语义一致解题，无一例外)6. 另外词义句意题可直接通过给的单词词汇词缀解题，再用文章验证。比如 2006 年的 homogenizing(homo 相同，选择 assimilating; 2013 年 23 indictment;2015 年 32flagged up; 2016 年 22 题 Impinging on 根据 im 可猜出是否定，负的等)7. 题干问到原因的一般定位到句子只是重述了题干，往往要往后看一句。 同时注意有没有提示选主要原因的词(most, mainly…)，表原因的词有 e to ， in that, because, because of, owing to, be inspired by, be spurred by8. 题干问 be characterized by, feature, be described as，要重点关注定位句修饰性词语比如形容词，或者找这个名词后 who/which/that 引导的定语从句，比如 2010 年 22 题；2011 年 22，26, 32, 39 题等等。9. 文中有 now, today,recent 这样的句子比较重要，往往是文章中心或者重要考察点(如 2010 年 26 题答案定位句；2011 年 27,35 等等等);同样，题干有 now, today, recently 很可能回去定位句是过去时，要找到现在时的句子解题， 过去式的部分往往是干扰项。比如 2010 年 26 题，2016 年 27 题等10. 首段首句只有一句，一般这句是文章中心11. 符合生活常识的选项不一定对，但是不符合常识的选项一般不对。如 2017 年 25 的 Less screening for more safety, 2009 年第一篇 4 题干扰项 Innovativeness could be taught 不符合常识。问两个段落的题，一般考察两段共同强调的问题，同时发现一般第一个段落就能解题。比如 2010 年 21 题，24 题；2015 年 21 题，29 题；2015 年 36 题；除了 2016 年 38 题定位 5 段，解题 6 段。

来源MR产老师2013Text41、核心词1.vote[vot]v.投票,表决n.投票,表决n.选票,选票数2.supreme[sprim]adj.最高的,至上的adj.最优的,卓越的adj.极度的,最重要的3.policy[pɑlsi]n.政策,方针4.administration[dmnstre()n]n.管理,经营n.政府,行政(机关)5.constitution [kɑnsttu()n]n.构成,构造n.体格,体质n.宪法,法规,章程6.upset[pset]v.使心烦意乱,使苦恼v.打乱,搅乱v.弄翻,打翻7.balance[blns]v.(使)平衡n.天平,秤(c)n.平衡,均衡(u)n.差额,结余,余款(c)8.federal [fed()rl]adj.联邦的9.majority[mdrti]n.多数,大多数;半数以上n.票数差距,多得的票数n.法定年龄;成年10.controversial [kɑntrvr()l]adj.引起争论的,有争议的11.enforce[nfrs]vt.(on,upon)强迫,强加vt.实施,使生效vt.加强,坚持12.precede[prsid]vt.在(…之)前,先于13.parallel [perlel]n.平行线,平行面n.相似物,相似处n.显示相似处的比较,比拟n.纬线,平行圈adj.平行的adj.类似的,相同的14.justice [dsts]n.公平,公正,合理(u)n.审判,司法15.congress [kɑɡrs]n.(代表)大会;(美国等国的)国会,议会16.legal[liɡ()l]adj.法律的,法定的adj.合法的,正当的17.status [stts]n.地位,身份,职业n.情形,状况18.joint[dnt]n.接头,接缝,接合处n.关节adj.共同的,联合的19cooperate[koɑpret]vi.(with)合作,协作20.statute [sttut]n.法令,法规,规则,章程,条例(c)21.objection[bdek()n]n.反对,异议22.executive [ɡzekjtv]adj实行的,执行的,行政的n.总经理,董事,行政负责人23.legitimate[ldtmt]adj.合法的,合理的,正统的24.essence[esns]n.本质,实质;要素25.remarkable[rmɑrkb()l]adj值得注意的,非凡的,卓越的26.claim[klem]n.要求,主张;索赔;权利(c)vt.要求vt.声称;主张vt.索赔27.defeat[dfit]V.战胜,击败n.击败,失败(c/u)28overturn [ovrtrn]v.使某人(某物)翻转,颠倒n.倾覆,破灭,垮台,革命,毁灭29.contest[kntest]n.竞赛,比赛v.争夺,竟争,争论30provision [prv()n]n.供应,提供,给养n.准备,预备n.条款,规定n.粮食,食物v.为提供所需物品(尤指食物)31.fashion [f()n]n.方式,样子32deliberately[dlb()rtli]adv.故意地;谨慎地33intrude[ntrud]v.侵入,打搅,把观点等强加于他人34.verify [verfa]vt.查对,查清35.enforcement [nfrsmnt]n.执行36.conflict[kɑnflkt]n.(尤指长期的)战争,战斗n冲突,抵触vi.冲突,抵触37.robust[robst]adj有活力的;强健的38.assertion[sr()n]n.断言39invalidate[nvldet]v.证明错误,使站不住脚,使无效,使作废40.rightly[ratli]adv.正当地;理由充分地;正确地;恰当地;精确地——————————————————————2、长难句1.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.解析:本句主干为 The Constitutional principles… are noncontroversial. “that Washington alone has the power toestablish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”和“That federal laws precede state laws”是并列的同位语从句解释 principles的内容.译文:宪法规定，只有华盛顿才有权“建立全国统一的旧化条例”；联邦法先于州法，这些原则都是无可争议的.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress' s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either.解析:本句主干 The administration was asserting that…引导宾语从句，because引导的原因状语从句嵌套在that引导的宾语从句中，no state should be allowed to do so either是that引导的宾语从句的主干部分.译文:事实上政府声称，因为它不想执行国会的移民意愿，因此也不允许任何州这么做.

上世纪30年代的《江湖丛谈》一书是这样说的：“黑话也就是黑社会的行话，行话也叫切口，切口是指清末流行的跑江湖人之间的暗语。”话说，在清朝民间，跑江湖经商之人游走于灰色地带时，往往需要且只需要与接头人心照不宣，为了规避风险，尤其善于使用一些避免被外人听懂的暗语，也就是某种黑话。《功夫》（2004）剧照。圈内人心领神会，圈外人一脸懵。这大概就是黑话最显著的特征。然而，照此说来，“文科黑话”仿佛便是文科人懂而非文科人就不懂的了（当然，此处的文科还得是高等教育中的专业学科才有“资格”）。有意思的是，“文科黑话”是连文科人也未必懂的，而稍微懂得点的文科人反而瞧不起对一些术语的使用。在很长一段时间里，人们可能都习惯将“文科黑话”归因于翻译腔，以及受英语结构影响的遣词造句。而其实，这些弊端可能只是中文差的表现。将一个句子的结构去掉，那些剩下的看似高深却与上下文不搭的词语，多半就是“文科黑话”了。它们泛滥于各式文章、社交媒体和日常聊天。而在“文科黑话”流行的过程中，其实也从来不缺乏对它的吐槽和批判。在《安妮·霍尔》（1977）中，一路人（左一）高谈阔论，其实并不真正理解麦克卢汉（真人出演，右一）。麦克卢汉为传播学家，著有《机器新娘》《理解媒介》等。此前，社交媒体上有一段模仿“文科黑话”的句子在流传：吊诡的是，消费社会在建构符号的过程中，完成了对传统的解构，人们在集体无意识中被异化和规训，成为马尔库塞眼中单向度的人——一个景观社会的赤裸肉身。这种后福特制社会下的迷思，暗含了晚期资本主义社会的新型剥削，它看似解放了人，实则在严密的权力网络里，通过赋能完成了对平民的新型控制术，使我们温和地走入良夜，沉醉于美丽新世界。正如福柯所说，“试图消解欲望的人，最终会成为欲望的奴隶”。这其中的用语其实并不新鲜，不过这些高密度的术语却无时无刻在说，“你懂才能反驳我”。由于生活环境或知识背景的不同，一个人不懂得一件事、一个现象，再寻常不过。可是这里的“懂”指的是懂术语，也就是行话。那么，是不是只有“半吊子”才会炫耀黑话？这些黑话为什么如今尤其不受待见？我们找到上面模仿“文科黑话”造句的作者谈他在网上遇见的诸种见闻，并尝试分析当代青年厌恶的是怎样的“文科黑话”。撰文 | 宗城01并不是学术用语都叫“文科黑话”文科黑话来源自学术话语缠绕，但并不是所有学术话语的使用，我们都说它是文科黑话。准确的学术阐释，即便复杂，也有其重要的价值。但是，如果这学术缠绕无助于知识更新，相反成了阻隔知识流通、圈子内小范围自嗨的形式，它们的泛滥就不再会让知识更平等化地传播，而是造成议题焦点的模糊，以及圈内知识生产者对知识壁垒的加固。首先，并不是所有学术用语都叫文科黑话。那些贴切的理论阐释（比如学人用女权主义理论解读性别议题）不叫文科黑话，而是常规的学术分析。那当代青年厌恶的是怎样的文科黑话呢？举个例子：评论者把一切权力结构里的行为都称之为“规训”，把人文社科领域常见的术语，比如异化、剥削、解构、建构、能指和所指等词汇，不加甄别地运用到所有评论，使这些专业术语在传播中成为了“放之四海而皆准”的空话，也使得不少读者误解了词汇的原意。米歇尔·福柯（Michel Foucault，1926年10月15日－1984年6月25日），法国哲学家，著有《疯癫与文明》《性史》《规训与惩罚》《知识考古学》《词与物》等。福柯的规训是其中的一个代表，其滥用程度在今天仅次于“老师”和“内卷”。仿佛不使用“规训”，就不是一个高深的评论家、当代评论者，上至人文社科教授，下至公众号写手，都争相使用规训这个词。领导打压下属叫规训、老师教育孩子叫规训，国家、制度、法律乃至一切影响人的框架都为规训所解释，规训这个词成了评论者故作高深而不用通俗词汇的常见例子，类似的还有“例外状态”“赤裸肉身”“景观社会”“能指和所指”等。阿甘本提出的“例外状态”（参见《例外状态》一书），本来是指“法律和政治间的一种模糊而不确定的交叉地带”，并且，“构成了公法和政治现实之间的不平衡点”，例如国与国的战争、国家的内战、全球性瘟疫等，都可能演变为“例外状态”，但这个词在后来不断被引用，就连偷情也被人戏称为“例外状态”。《例外状态》，[意] 吉奥乔·阿甘本 著，薛熙平 译，西北大学出版社，2015年1月。又比方说近年来很火的概念“内卷”。这个词出自美国人类学家吉尔茨（Clifford Geertz）的著作《农业内卷化——印度尼西亚的生态变化过程》（Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia），它又被翻译为“过密化”。“农民在人口压力下不断增加水稻种植过程中的劳动投入，以获得较高的产量。”然而，黄宗智注意到，劳动的超密集投入并未带来产出的成比例增长，出现了单位劳动边际报酬的递减，即过密化现象。这个现象叫内卷。但在今天，内卷已经成为对饱和式竞争的形容，它的语意一步步扩大到包括剥削、内斗、内耗等意思。历史社会学家黄宗智将内卷理解为“单位劳动边际报酬的递减”其实也是一种误读，而这一误读源于1985年，并延续至今。误读后的“内卷化”反而展现了令人吃惊的概括能力。图为电视剧《大明王朝1566》（2007）中的水稻农人。文科黑话容易在对文科术语的频繁征用中磨损原意。这方面，现当代学者尤其是后现代主义学者贡献了大头，而左翼学人是其中的佼佼者。在今天，阿甘本、齐泽克乃至朱迪斯·巴特勒是活用话语缠绕的黑话宗师级人物，他们会让你以为领悟了什么，仔细琢磨又好像什么也没说。他们习得了用一篇文章讲一句话又让人读不懂的学术素养，他们明白自己在说什么，但效仿者就很可能掉进坑里。在批评文章《戏仿的教授：朱迪斯·巴特勒著作四种合评》，玛莎·努斯鲍姆就忍不住指出：“要想理解巴特勒的观点非常困难，因为要搞清楚这些观点到底是什么就非常难。巴特勒是个很聪明的人。在公开的讨论场合，她已经证明了她是可以把话说清楚的，并且能够迅速领会别人对她说的话。然而，她的写作风格却是沉闷而晦涩的，充满了对其他理论家的指涉，这些理论家来自许许多多迥然不同的理论传统。……。所以，阅读巴特勒遇到的最初问题就是，要想在她所引为支撑的这么多相互矛盾的概念和学说之中找出她的论点，实在令人犯难。”朱迪斯·巴特勒（Judith Butler），1956年出生，加州大学伯克利分校修辞与比较文学系教授。巴特勒是当代女权的重要人物，她对性别操演的解释启发了这一代年轻学人，但她缠绕、晦涩的语句也跟她的思想一样拒人于千里之外。试看这一段：“从一套结构主义的论述（在这种论述中，资本被理解为以一种相对同源的方式，构造了社会关系）转变为一种关于霸权的观点（在这种观点中，权力关系被迫进行重复、聚合和再接合），这样一个变动就将时间性的问题带入了关于结构的思考之中，并且标志着阿尔都塞理论的形式转换，也就是从一种将结构的总体性当作理论对象的理论，到一种新的理论形式，在这种理论形式中，洞悉了结构的偶然可能性的见解开创了一种新的霸权概念，这种霸权与偶然的地点，以及权力的再接合策略紧密关联。”（见《戏仿的教授：朱迪斯·巴特勒著作四种合评》）努斯鲍姆指出：巴特勒在日常对话中可以很通俗地说话，如果她愿意，她完全可以做流畅明快、雅俗共赏的演说，但她在论文中有意保持晦涩的书写方式，用她那独特的“巴特勒体”召唤她潜在的信徒，这些信徒主要由高校女权主义研究者、青年教师和权威教授组成，它吸引着那些绞尽脑汁给论文凑字数的文科工作者，但只要走出高校，面向公众，巴特勒的用语就成了一道高高的黑话之墙，坚固地阻挡了外界试图理解她思想的通道。巴特勒至少有自己深刻的思想，很多拾人牙慧的生产者是既没有创见，也没有成熟的理论修养，他们就是不想好好说话，用故作高深的词汇召唤同温层的潜在作者，以话语的缠绕来掩饰自我思想的孱弱。到最后，名义上是曲高和寡，实则水平有限，既不接地气又缺乏独到见解，这类黑话继承者其实是很尴尬的，因为他们清楚地意识到自己的空洞，却没有底气承认自己是一台人肉复读机的事实，他们站在圈内的舒适区裹足不前，端出智识上的优越感来打量世界，可惜这些黑话既无助于他们理解世界，也无助于他们被世界理解，最后不过是加固了彼此之间的围墙。“……我感到自己是那么狭隘。”漫画来源@《念书，还是工作？》，[法]蒂菲娜·里维埃尔 著，潘霓 译，拜德雅·西南师范大学出版社，2018年6月。02“文科黑话”对行动力的削弱批评文科黑话的第二点，在于它容易削弱我们在现实中的行动力。很多人沉浸于词汇的复杂游戏，就懒惰于在现实中做出反抗。他们坐在楼上看运动，把一切热情的行动者定义为“激进”。他们能提出各种理性到如同机器人的分析，但既解决不好亲密关系也不爱附近的人。他们一生的依托就是在智慧上得到认可，或者进入权力中心，成为众人簇拥的宠儿，但他们疏远于他们口口声声关怀的群众，看到一个臭熏熏的恶汉就露出鄙夷的眼神。如果思考无法作用于行动，就容易沦为轻飘飘的词汇再生成游戏，并非毫无意义，却也实在不值得夸耀。文科黑话的泛滥与使用者的不加反思，容易形成一个巨大的不做出任何真正抗争的智识傲慢群体，这部分群体缔造学阀，身处高位，影响旗下的青年学人，但凝结成一种表面关心众生实则冷漠自利的风气，知识生产，本来是为了交流思想、传播常识，但今天文科黑话的泛滥已经阻塞了交流、加固了学科内的封闭化。在美国，对高校学科教育也一直不乏反思。图为反思题材电影《录取通知》（2006）剧照。另一层面，在1990年代高校扩招、学科细化、论文指标化的趋势下，文科黑话的泛滥其实也是学历和论文贬值的一个缩影。很多学子习惯讲文科黑话，是因为他们从本科到研究生乃至博士阶段，都面临研究导向的学术论文，在当前的学院评比体系里，将文科黑话活学活用为学术论文，已经是广大文科学子的必备技能。他们年复一年习惯了学术词汇缠绕式的表达，最理想的去处是专攻学术或者称为高校教师，但中国再怎么大，高校职位依旧僧多粥少，剩下大部分学子只能流入市场，面临“话语错位”的窘境，比如新媒体是一套表达、事业编又是一套表达，跟学术话语都不一样，我们的文科教育喜欢强调“无用之用”“无用之美好”，可是现实的骨感迎面敲在毕业生的脸上，如果不被市场认可、无法挣够体面的收入，还有多少勇气能坚持这无用的美好？问题其实不是在于“学术表达”本身有问题，而是首先有两个现实困境：第一，能将学术作为职业的人是极其有限的，大部分人都不得不面对市场筛选；第二，考研考博（或申请硕博）成功并不等于适合学术，在工作越来越不好找的环境下，不少人是“害怕市场竞争”“不知道自己喜欢做什么”“暂时逃避社会压力”“拼一纸好看的文凭”，所以选择考研，一个例子就是，在疫情发生的这一年，考研的人数相比往年是上升的，以至于考研、读博、竞争成为高校教师，也成了一件“内卷”的事情。人们渴望通过考试逃离内卷，却又进入了下一个内卷，如此反复，直到厌倦，才发现自己已经不再年轻。电影《致我们终将逝去的青春》（2013）中的校园招聘画面。在学历通胀、课业任务的压力下，习得文科黑话，应付作业跟论文，成为广大青年心照不宣的默契。其实，文科黑话就像报菜名，看上去很像那么回事，水平很高，但仔细琢磨，你就发现这事跟你报菜名一样，你说异化、剥削、解构、消费社会，浪费的脑细胞甚至不如你记住小区街道有哪些植物。前不久，我的一位豆瓣朋友感慨现在的上海交大附中国际部，小孩子都记得德勒兹的无器官的身体概念，其实，这也不奇怪，国际部本来就是对口留学深造的，能进上海交大附中国际部的孩子，家境一般不会差，在富足、安稳的环境下，孩子们培养哲学的兴趣，记住一些哲学概念，并不是稀奇的事，这本质上跟我们小时候记作文素材一样。但其中令人叹息的，或许是当一线城市国际部的孩子畅谈福柯、德勒兹，四五线的小镇青年、农村青年，却只能继续在题海中苦熬，偶尔读到哲学，能一起交流的也少之又少，换来的更多是冷漠、偏见，眼前是教育资源不均的巨大鸿沟。03“文科黑话”，走向思维的懒惰诚然，一些社会现象的阐释，需要求助于专业词汇才能融会贯通。比如马克斯·韦伯提出的“Charismatic Leadership”（克里斯玛型领袖，亦可通俗理解为超人领袖），对诸如希特勒、斯大林等政治强人，具有高度且准确的概括，并让人理解此类政治人物不断涌现的内在原因，以及其在政治场域中扮演的位置。又例如韩剧《浪漫的体质》里提到的邻避效应（Not-In-My-Back-Yard），“指居民或在地单位因担心邻避设施对身体健康、环境质量和资产价值等带来诸多负面影响，从而激发人们的嫌恶情结，滋生‘不要建在我家后院’的心理现象”，能用它来解释垃圾焚烧厂选址引发争议等社会议题，其实也相当贴切。《浪漫的体质》（2019）剧照。但是在专业词汇过剩堆积，步步发展为文科黑话的过程中，我们应当看到，文科黑话越来越成为思维懒惰的表现。在遇到具体事例时，一些沉浸于学术话语，或者似是而非其实懒于深入思考的人群，习惯于对事情进行简单概括，并使用“文科黑话”加以归纳。比方说，遇到任何存在雇佣关系的案例，都使用剥削、异化、规训。固然，在当下劳工议价权有限的情况下，在许多行业，底层劳工都存在被剥削的状况，但仍存在一些具体事例是不能用剥削来简单概括的，比如出版业常见的独立出版机构与作者、译者的纠纷问题，公益组织与小众青年空间的内部问题等，每一件事都需要具体分析，可如果还没深入分析，就使用文科黑话，讨论的议题焦点就容易被模糊，或者沦为一场符号式的话语狂欢。就像当我们都在说内卷，内卷也是被消解的。调侃文科黑话的人，大部分就是文科从业者或“逃逸”人员。他们调侃乃至批评文科黑话，就是因为曾经深受其害，心知肚明这些黑话的鸡贼和无力，它们无助于解释现实，只会让我们对现实的认知更加混乱。所以，问题不在于“异化”和“规训”这些词汇本身，而是它们如何迅速被滥用，又在被滥用的过程中消解了对现实的反抗力，最后抑制激情、使人倦怠、令人在繁密的词汇之林头昏脑涨。用调侃的话说，文科黑话已经成了注水产业链的一部分，它不是独立思考，恰恰阉割了个人的独立性，所以，反思文科黑话，不仅仅是反思一种陈词滥调，也是在唤起我们对生活的激情、对语言的懒惰和陈旧在根本意义上的拒绝。作者｜宗城编辑｜西西校对｜刘军

2021年4月西城区高三统一测试英语第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节 完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Some dreams take longer to come true than others, but with the help of 21st-century social media and her great-grandson, at the age of 110, one British woman is 1 hers at long last.原文解析：有些梦想要比其他的更久才能实现，但在21世纪的社交媒体和她110岁的曾孙的帮助下，一位英国女性终于实现了自己的梦想。At the end of World War I, Amy Hawkins was a 7-year-old child who loved nothing more than to 2 . As a teen, Hawkins set her 3 on becoming an entertainer. Hawkins was on her way, touring the country with a dance troupe (歌舞团)—until her ambition was 4 by her mom, who didn’t see it as a respectable 5 for a young lady.第一次世界大战结束时，艾米·霍金斯还是个7岁的孩子，她最喜欢的就是唱歌。十几岁时，霍金斯就立志要成为一名艺人。霍金斯当时正在路上，她和一个舞蹈团在全国巡回演出，直到她的梦想被她的母亲终止了，她的母亲认为这不是一个年轻女士应该做的体面职业。All these years later, the 110-year-old lady lives at home in Monmouth, South Wales, surrounded by her loved ones. The four-generation family unit includes her granddaughter, Hannah Freeman, and Freeman’s 14-year-old son, Sacha. Even though she’s no longer doing it 6 , Hawkins has never stopped singing.多年后，这位110岁的老太太住在南威尔士蒙茅斯的家中，身边都是她爱的人。这个家族的四代成员包括她的孙女汉娜·弗里曼和弗里曼14岁的儿子萨沙。尽管她已经不再是职业歌手，但霍金斯从未停止过唱歌。“She’s like a clock, once you wind her up she won’t stop,” Freeman said in an interview. “She just keeps asking, ‘Would you 7 another one?’.”弗里曼在一次采访中说:她就像一个时钟，一旦你给她上发条，她就停不下来。她一直在问，你想再来一杯吗?。On Hawkins’ 110th birthday, Sacha 8 his great-gran singing one of her favorite WWI tunes. When Freeman jokingly suggested Sacha post it to TikTok, neither of them could have 9 the overwhelmingly positive response it would receive, reaching 100,000 views and a large number of emotional praises in just days.在霍金斯110岁生日那天，萨夏拍下了他曾祖母唱她最喜欢的WWI歌曲之一的视频。当弗里曼开玩笑地建议萨沙把它发布到TikTok上时，他们俩谁也没有想到它会在短短几天内得到如此压倒性的积极回应，点击量达到了10万次，还有大量的情感赞扬。Some journeys take longer than others. Sometimes, we’re detoured (绕路) along the way. Dreams can and do come true every day. While it’s been a long time coming, Amy Hawkins is 10 a whole new generation of fans.原文解析：有些旅程比其他旅程花的时间长。有时候，我们会在路上走弯路。梦想每天都会成真。在漫长的等待之后，艾米·霍金斯迎来了新一代的粉丝。1. A. reflecting B. realizingC. recalling D. researching2. A. sing B. studyC. paint D. film3. A. values B. limitsC. sights D. hands4. A. cut back B. cut inC. cut through D. cut short5. A. method B. gradeC. level D. occupation6. A. nervously B. professionallyC. reasonably D. secretly7. A. bring B. haveC. like D. read8. A. caught B. videoedC. reported D. remembered9. A. imagined B. noticedC. missed D. suspected10. A. entertaining B. becomingC. representing D. inviting第二节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。AInvented 11 early twentieth-century America by Richard Drew, Scotch tape can be used to fix almost anything. However, there is more to this fix-it-all than just that. Sticky yet easily removed, Scotch tape was designed for use in painting cars—to mask off areas that should not 12 (paint). The tape soon found other uses. During the 1930s, people didn’t have much money, so they couldn’t throw away damaged things; they had to repair them. Drew’s painting tape became a popular, money-saving fix for everything from torn clothing to broken eggs. Since then, people 13 (find) all sorts of creative ways to use the sticky tape.原文解析：Invented in early twentieth-century America by Richard Drew, Scotch tape can be used to fix almost anything. However, there is more to this fix-it-all than just that. Sticky yet easily removed, Scotch tape was designed for use in painting cars—to mask off areas that should not be painted. The tape soon found other uses. During the 1930s, people didn’t have much money, so they couldn’t throw away damaged things; they had to repair them. Drew’s painting tape became a popular, money-saving fix for everything from torn clothing to broken eggs. Since then, people have found all sorts of creative ways to use the sticky tape.透明胶带是20世纪早期由理查德·德鲁发明的，可以用来固定几乎任何东西。然而，解决这个问题的方法远不止这些。透明胶带很粘，但很容易去除，它被设计用于油漆汽车，以掩盖不应该涂的区域。这种带子很快就有了其他用途。在20世纪30年代，人们没有多少钱，所以他们不能扔掉损坏的东西;他们不得不修理它们。画画胶带成了一种流行的省钱方法，可以修补从破衣服到破鸡蛋的一切东西。从那以后，人们找到了各种有创意的使用胶带的方法。BAfter a lot of preparation, Joseph Lockwood and Philippa Amos were finally ready to start their journey into the Amazon rainforest. They were feeling 14 (cheer) as they sailed down the great river. Eventually, they got out of the boat and walked into the darkness of the jungle. Neither of them had ever been in such an extreme situation before, using just a compass (指南针) to find the area where the kind of frog they wanted to study 15 (live). Suddenly, Joseph, who was holding the compass, tripped and lost it in a river. The situation seemed hopeless—how would they find the frogs now? But just 16 they started to feel really sad and worried that their journey 17 (be) a failure, they saw the frogs they had come to look for.原文解析：After a lot of preparation, Joseph Lockwood and Philippa Amos were finally ready to start their journey into the Amazon rainforest. They were feeling cheerful as they sailed down the great river. Eventually, they got out of the boat and walked into the darkness of the jungle. Neither of them had ever been in such an extreme situation before, using just a compass (指南针) to find the area where the kind of frog they wanted to study lived. Suddenly, Joseph, who was holding the compass, tripped and lost it in a river. The situation seemed hopeless—how would they find the frogs now? But just as they started to feel really sad and worried that their journey would be a failure, they saw the frogs they had come to look for.经过大量的准备工作，约瑟夫·洛克伍德和菲利帕·阿莫斯终于准备好开始他们的亚马逊雨林之旅。他们沿着大河航行，心情很愉快。最后，他们下了船，走进了丛林的黑暗中。他们两人之前曾经在这样一个极端的情况下,仅使用指南针(指南针)找到的青蛙的地方他们想学习生活。突然，拿着指南针的约瑟夫绊了一下，把它掉进了河里。情况似乎没有希望了——现在他们怎样才能找到青蛙呢?但是正当他们开始感到非常难过，担心他们的旅程会失败的时候，他们看到了他们来寻找的青蛙。The Longji Rice Terraces (龙脊梯田) were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people, to whom Guangxi is home. Starting in the Yuan Dynasty, work on the terraces took hundreds of years. The terraces are 18 (clever) designed, with hundreds of waterways that connect with each other. During the rainy season, it is along these waterways that rainwater 19 (move) down the mountains and into the terraces. These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish, some of which feed on insects 20 can harm the rice crops. Today the Longji Rice Terraces attract thousands of visitors who come to admire this great wonder created by people and nature working together.原文解析：The Longji Rice Terraces were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people, to whom Guangxi is home. Starting in the Yuan Dynasty, work on the terraces took hundreds of years. The terraces are cleverly designed, with hundreds of waterways that connect with each other. During the rainy season, it is along these waterways that rainwater moves down the mountains and into the terraces. These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish, some of which feed on insects that can harm the rice crops. Today the Longji Rice Terraces attract thousands of visitors who come to admire this great wonder created by people and nature working together.龙脊梯田是广西壮族、瑶族人建造的。从元朝开始，梯田的建造花费了数百年的时间。梯田设计巧妙，数百条水道相互连接。在雨季，雨水沿着这些水道从山上流下，进入梯田。这些梯田也为鸟类和鱼类提供了完美的环境，其中一些以危害水稻的昆虫为食。今天，龙脊梯田吸引了成千上万的游客前来观赏这一由人类和自然共同创造的伟大奇迹。第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38分）第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AImmersive Van Gogh身临其境的梵高From the creators of the blockbuster show in Paris seen by over two million visitors and still wowing crowds in Toronto, the west coast premiere (首场) of the Immersive Van Gogh Exhibit will bring the art of Vincent to life in Los Angeles.这场在巴黎举行的大型展览吸引了超过200万的游客，在多伦多的观众依然让人惊叹。这场沉浸式梵高作品展在西海岸的首映式将在洛杉矶让文森特的艺术重现人间。Immersive art is not just a technical way to represent video and audio in huge spaces. The word immersive indicates a deep commitment of intentions which connect images and sounds in a way that the audience is able to experience a different way of the art.沉浸式艺术不仅仅是在巨大空间中表现视频和音频的技术方法。沉浸式这个词表明了一种深刻的意图，将图像和声音连接起来，让观众能够体验到一种不同的艺术方式。True to its name, this exhibition transforms the iconic (偶像的) paintings of Vincent van Gogh into moving, wall-filling projections. “Immersive Van Gogh” promises half-a-million cubic feet of projections that pull from some of the post-impressionist’s most recognizable pieces, includingThe Bedroom, Sunflowers and, yes, The Starry Night.正如它的名字一样，这次展览将文森特·梵高的标志性画作变成了移动的、充满墙壁的投影。身临其境的梵高承诺将画出50万立方英尺的投影，借鉴后印象派最著名的作品，包括《卧室》、《向日葵》，没错，还有《星夜》。You will experience art like never before—lose yourself in entrancing, moving images that highlight brushstrokes, detail, and color—truly illuminating (照亮) the mind of the genius.您将体验艺术从未像迷失自己在迷人的，移动图像突出的笔触，细节，和颜色真正照亮天才的头脑。LOCATIONThe Immersive Van Gogh Exhibit is located at a secret place situated in the heart of Los Angeles. To be announced before the exhibit opens, existing ticket holders will receive an email with the place name and location once it is made public.沉浸式梵高展览位于洛杉矶中心的一个秘密地点。在展览开始前宣布，一旦公开，现有的门票持有者将收到一封附有地点和地点的电子邮件。TICKET PRICESGIFT SHOPStop by our Exhibit Gift Shop to take the magic of Van Gogh home with you! From clothing and jewelry to home décor, children’s books, and so much more, you will find unique and thoughtful souvenirs at the Immersive Van Gogh Exhibit. Also be sure to check out at our online store!参观我们的展览礼品店，把梵高的魔力带回家吧!从服装珠宝到家庭décor，儿童书籍，等等，你会在沉浸式的梵高展览中找到独特而贴心的纪念品。也一定要查看我们的在线商店Experience the organic landscapes of Van Gogh’s imagination, and journey through his brilliance and madness in a completely new and unforgettable way.以一种全新而难忘的方式，体验梵高想象中的有机景观，并在他的辉煌和疯狂中旅行。21. According to the passage, the Immersive Van Gogh Exhibit ________.A. presents Van Gogh’s art in a modern wayB. begins a journey to Van Gogh’s hometownC. displays Van Gogh’s paintings on moving wallsD. designs projects on Van Gogh’s learning experience22. From where can people find information about the exact location of the exhibit?A. An email.B. A website.C. The ticket office.D. The gift shop.23. How much should a couple with a 5-year-old child who would like to own a Van Gogh cushion at least pay for the visit?A. $109.98.B. $154.98.C. $159.98.D. $199.98.BIda Nelson and her sister were relaxing and enjoying themselves in the sauna (桑拿室) when she heard a series of long low sounds from a small airplane circling the nearby airport.艾达·纳尔逊和她的妹妹正在桑拿房里放松享受，这时她听到一架小飞机在附近机场盘旋，发出一系列长长的低沉的声音。It was 11:30 at night in the Alaskan village of Igiugig, population 70, and, as she told the reporter, “Any time a plane flies over that late, you know something is wrong.”那是晚上11点半，在阿拉斯加人口70人的igiugg村，正如她对记者说的那样，“只要有飞机这么晚飞过来，你就知道出事了。”Nelson and her sister leaped out of the sauna, ran to the window, and saw the problem: The airport’s runway lights were out.尼尔森和她的妹妹跳出桑拿房，跑到窗前，发现了问题所在:机场的跑道灯熄灭了。Nelson threw on some clothes, jumped into her ATV, and floored it to the airport, where she found a local pilot trying to turn on the lights manually.尼尔森穿上衣服，跳上她的沙滩车，踩着油门驶向机场，在那里她发现一名当地飞行员正试图手动开灯。“Normally, if you push the button 10 or 15 times, the lights will just light up,” Nelson told KTOO out of Juneau. Not this time. Meanwhile, she and the pilot learned of the plane’s urgent mission: It was a medevac (医疗救护直升机), there to transport a seriously ill local girl to the nearest hospital, 280 miles away in Anchorage.通常，如果你按下按钮10或15次，灯就会亮起来，尼尔森在朱诺告诉KTOO。不是这一次。与此同时，她和飞行员得知了这架飞机的紧急任务:它是一架医疗直升机，要把一位当地身患重病的女孩送到280英里外安克雷奇最近的医院。Nelson had a plan. Driving her ATV to the end of the runway, she shone her headlights for the plane to follow. Great idea, but it wasn’t enough. More light was needed, so a neighbor called nearly every home in the village—32 of them.尼尔森有一个计划。她开着她的沙滩车走到跑道的尽头，她点亮车头灯，让后面的飞机跟着。好主意，但还不够。由于需要更多的光线，一位邻居几乎给村里的每户人家都打了电话——一共32户。Within 20 minutes, 20 vehicles arrived at the airport, many of the drivers still in pajamas (睡衣). Following directions from the medevac pilot, the cars lined up on one side of the runway.不到20分钟，就有20辆车抵达机场，许多司机还穿着睡衣。按照救护直升机飞行员的指示，汽车在跑道的一侧排成一排。The medevac made its final approach and, guided by the headlights, landed safely. The young patient was loaded onto the aircraft, and the plane immediately took off again. Her illness was never publicly revealed, but she has since been released from the hospital.救护直升机在前灯的指引下完成了最后的着陆。这位年轻的病人被抬上飞机，飞机立即又起飞了。她的病情从未被公开，但她已经出院。In a world filled with uncertainty, the little community’s positive activism was a big deal. Not so much for Nelson. As she told the reporter, in Igiugig, coming together “is kind of a normal deal.”在一个充满不确定性的世界里，这个小社区的积极行动是一件大事。尼尔森可没那么好。正如她在伊吉吉对记者说的那样，聚在一起“是一种正常的交易”。24. What problem did the medevac have?A. It arrived late.B. Its lights were broken.C. It couldn’t land safely.D. It needed a local pilot.25. What was Nelson’s plan to help?A. Helping the pilot to repair the lights.B. Calling her neighbors to help together.C. Shining the headlights for the plane to follow.D. Sending the seriously ill girl to the hospital in her ATV.26. What does the story intend to tell us?A. Knowledge starts with practice.B. A friend in need is a friend indeed.C. Nothing is impossible to the man who will try.D. A small act of kindness can make a big difference.CHumans’ overconsumption of resources is a leading contributor to global climate change, says University of Arizona researcher Sabrina Helm. Therefore, it’s increasingly important to understand the choices consumers make and how those decisions affect the health of a planet with limited resources. In a new study, published in the journal Young Consumers, Helm and her colleagues explore how materialistic values influence pro-environmental behaviors in millennials, who are now the nation’s most influential group of consumers.亚利桑那大学的研究员Sabrina Helm说，人类过度消耗资源是全球气候变化的主要原因。因此，了解消费者的选择以及这些决定如何影响资源有限的地球的健康变得越来越重要。在《年轻消费者》杂志上发表的一项新研究中，赫尔姆和她的同事探讨了物质主义价值观如何影响千禧一代的环保行为，这一群体现在是美国最具影响力的消费者群体。The researchers focused on two main categories of pro-environmental behaviors: reced consumption, which includes actions like repairing instead of replacing older items; and “green buying,” or purchasing procts designed to limit environmental impacts. The researchers also looked at how engaging in pro-environmental behaviors affects consumer well-being.研究人员主要关注两大类亲环境行为:减少消费，包括修理而不是更换旧物品;以及“绿色购买”，即购买旨在限制对环境影响的产品。研究人员还研究了参与环保行为对消费者福祉的影响。More materialistic participants, the researchers found, were unlikely to engage in reced consumption. However, materialism did not seem to have an effect on their likelihood of practicing “green buying.” That’s probably because “green buying,” unlike reced consumption, still offers a way for materialists to fulfill their desire to get new items, Helm said.研究人员发现，更崇尚物质的参与者不太可能减少消费。然而，物质主义似乎对他们进行“绿色购买”的可能性没有影响。赫尔姆说，这可能是因为“绿色购买”与减少消费不同，它仍然为物质主义者提供了一种满足他们购买新物品欲望的方式。Study participants who reported having fewer materialistic values were much more likely to engage in reced consumption. Consuming less was, in turn, linked to higher personal well-being and lower psychological suffering. Green buying—which may have some positive environmental effects, although to a smaller degree than reced consumption—was not found to improve consumer well-being, Helm said.报告称物质价值较少的研究参与者更有可能减少消费。反之，消费越少，个人幸福感越高，心理痛苦越少。赫尔姆说，绿色购买可能会对环境产生一些积极的影响，尽管与减少消费相比影响较小，但并没有发现它能提高消费者的幸福感。The take-home message for consumers: “The key is to rece consumption and not just buy green stuff. Having less and buying less can actually make us more satisfied and happier,” Helm said. “If you have a lot of stuff, you have a lot on your mind,” she said. “For example, it requires maintenance and there’s a lot of burdens of ownership, and if you relieve yourself of that burden of ownership, most people report feeling a lot better and freer.”对消费者来说，关键是要减少消费，而不仅仅是购买绿色产品。赫尔姆说，拥有更少、购买更少实际上能让我们更满足、更快乐。如果你有很多东西，你的脑海里就会有很多东西，她说。例如，它需要维护，并且有很多所有权的负担，如果你减轻了所有权的负担，大多数人都会感觉好多了，更自由了。Helm and her colleagues additionally looked at how materialism affects millennial consumers’ proactive financial behaviors, such as budgeting and saving. Examining financial behaviors alongside pro-environmental behaviors provides a picture of how young alts proactively deal with resource limitations in two contexts: environmental and financial, Helm said.赫尔姆和她的同事们还研究了物质主义如何影响千禧一代消费者的积极理财行为，如预算和储蓄。赫尔姆说，将财务行为与亲环境行为结合起来考察，可以在环境和财务两种背景下，了解年轻人如何主动应对资源限制。As expected, Helm and her colleagues found that those who reported having more materialistic values engaged in fewer proactive financial behaviors than their less materialistic counterparts (对应的人). The researchers also found that, consistent with previous studies, proactive financial behaviors were associated with better personal well-being, life satisfaction and financial satisfaction, as well as lower psychological suffering.正如所料，赫尔姆和她的同事们发现，那些报告有更多物质价值观的人比那些不那么物质的同行更少地从事积极的财务行为。研究人员还发现，与之前的研究一致，积极的财务行为与更好的个人幸福感、生活满意度和财务满意度，以及较低的心理痛苦有关。Understanding how materialistic values impact consumer behaviors, and how those behaviors in turn affect personal and environmental well-being, is important, Helm said. However, she acknowledges that for many consumers, shifting behaviors to be more financially proactive and consume less will be challenging.赫尔姆说，了解物质价值如何影响消费者行为，以及这些行为如何反过来影响个人和环境福祉，这很重要。不过，她也承认，对许多消费者来说，改变消费行为，在财务上更加主动，减少消费将是一个挑战。27. What do we know about pro-environmental behaviors?A. They are a cause of climate change.B. They lead to a more satisfying life.C. They vary in different age groups.D. They are affected by materialism.28. It can be learned from Helm’s study that .A. ownership of green procts brings a sense of happinessB. materialists prefer practicing green buying to buying lessC. green buying helps control people’s desire to buy new itemsD. buying less and green buying have similar effects on people29. According to the study, which of the following can improve one’s well-being?A. Replacing older items.B. Developing new resources.C. Buying greener procts.D. Being careful with expenses.30. What is Helm probably going to explain in the next paragraph?A. When people develop proactive financial behaviors.B. Which financial behaviors lead to mental well-being.C. Why it is hard to change people’s financial behaviors.D. How materialistic values influence financial behaviors.DPlants, and the insects which rely on them, are the living foundations of our planet. But these foundations are under stress because we have a tendency to replace fields and forests with decorative trees and shrubs imported from around the world. Adding to the problem, our obsession (痴迷) with perfection leads us to use a lot of pesticides (杀虫剂).植物和赖以生存的昆虫是我们这个星球的生存基础。但这些基金会正面临压力，因为我们有一种趋势，用从世界各地进口的装饰性树木和灌木取代农田和森林。雪上加霜的是，我们对完美的执着导致我们使用大量的杀虫剂。These actions are part of the reason global biodiversity is crashing. There are over three billion fewer wild birds in North America than there were in 1970. Recent research shows that insect numbers, even in nature reserves, have fallen, and 40 percent of all insect species may be extinct within a few decades. This is discouraging news; however, there are actions we can take to help bring at least some species back.这些行动是全球生物多样性崩溃的部分原因。与1970年相比，北美的野生鸟类数量减少了超过30亿只。最近的研究表明，即使在自然保护区，昆虫的数量也在下降，40%的昆虫物种可能在几十年内灭绝。这是令人沮丧的消息;然而，我们可以采取一些行动，至少让一些物种回归。The first step is to redefine our concept of “garden” to include more than just plants. We need to intentionally share our space, and not just with the birds, bees and butterflies that visit our flowers, but also with the little insects that may eat a part (very rarely all) of our plants. Therefore, we must limit pesticide use. It’s crucial to support nature’s recovery, and it’s much better for everyone: no doctor has ever recommended long-term exposure to pesticides.Many drought-tolerant plants brought in from across the planet are being passed off as ecofriendly. However, mostly they’re not. Yes, you’re saving water, but these foreign plants can become disasters when they escape our yards. Helping the environment can be about more than saving water. Even in drier areas, like the American West, the selection of attractive native plants to choose from is vast. If dry is your style, there are native wildflowers, flowering bushes and trees that allow you to save water and nature.Xeriscapes (节水型园艺) leave many gardeners thirsting for green, and there’s an important alternative that has been largely ignored. For those disenchanted withdry landscaping, using underappreciated and water-loving native plants to make your garden a real-life oasis (绿洲) could be lifesaving to wildlife. In nature, this unsung group of native plants is limited to riparian zones, the narrow belts of green along water bodies, but if consumers demand them, nurseries will increasingly carry these riparian species, and the presence of such plants in the garden will provide for many animals including not just butterflies and their relatives but also colorful birds.The ideal garden would offer a combination of drought-tolerant native plants and a few species that need a little more water, providing options for little guests and the bigger ones that will come to eat them. As more creatures stop by to share our yards, we will be making nature, and us all, a little healthier.31. What do we know about insect species?A. They have an impact on the diversity of plants.B. They disappear because of lack of nature reserves.C. They decrease partly e to our pursuit for perfection.D. They are the reason why we replace fields and forests.32. The underlined phrase “disenchanted with” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to .A. sick ofB. addicted toC. concerned aboutD. impatient with33. The passage mainly talks about .A. why we need grow native plants in gardensB. how gardening helps with biodiversityC. whether we should redefine “garden”D. what benefits gardening brings34. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point C: Conclusion第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。If you text often, you likely have a “texting style”. Do you often use emojis? Or what about using correct punctuation (标点)? What do all these texting habits say about you? To help you understand yourself, here are some texting styles that can tell you a lot about your personality.如果你经常发短信，你很可能有一种发短信的风格。你经常使用表情符号吗?或者如何使用正确的标点?这些发短信的习惯说明了你什么?为了帮助你了解自己，这里有一些可以反映你性格的短信风格。Do you always use emojis when you’re texting? You’re most likely someone who is open to showing your emotions and is truthful. 35 To make sure the other person doesn’t get the wrong idea about your messages, you make sure to express the tone of messages with an emoji, which can be often used as effective signals in modern social communication.If you like to respond in one-word texts like a quick “Good”, then you most likely have a more reserved personality, and aren’t as open with your true thoughts and feelings. Because you are not as open with your emotions in texts, you may not care how lengthy your response is. But be careful. 36Do you value punctuation and grammar in your writing? This love of grammar goes straight into your texts as well as your emails. This seems like a great thing, doesn’t it? But in texting, people seem to think otherwise. Simply placing a period at the end of sentences in texts can make you come across as untrustworthy to others. 37 With this texting style, you are rooted in logic and always pay attention to the little details.Are your texts lengthy and thoughtful? 38 Similar to someone who texts with perfect grammar, you are a thoughtful and detail-oriented person, who enjoys deep conversations and likes things that are controlled and stable.39 Which texting personality are you? Are you a mix of several types? It’s important to note that everyone has different ways of texting in different situations. Everyone texts their colleagues in a different style from their family or their friends. If you ever think someone may have left you an unclear or rude text, it’s better to just ask them in-person what they meant or what they were feeling.A. Do you relate to any of these texting personalities?B. Do you know that you and your friends may have different styles?C. Such texts may also be rated as less sincere than those that do not.D. You may be the busy type who doesn’t have a lot of time to respond.E. You’re the type of person who understands the importance of context.F. You want others to know how you’re feeling when you’re using a message.G. If you’re texting someone with a different text personality, they may view your text as negative.第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32分）第一节 阅读表达（共4小题；第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分， 共12分）。阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。Is it better for our bodies to work out at certain times of the day? Scientists have known for some time that every tissue in our bodies contains a kind of biological clock that goes off in response to messages related to our daily exposure to light, food and sleep.在一天的特定时间锻炼对我们的身体更好吗?科学家早就知道，我们身体的每个组织都有一种生物钟，它会对我们日常接触光线、食物和睡眠的信息做出反应。However, whether and how exercise timing might influence metabolic (新陈代谢的) health has been less clear, and the results of past experiments have not always agreed. A much-discussed 2019 study found that men with Type 2 diabetes (糖尿病) who completed a few minutes of high-intensity interval (间隔) sessions in the afternoon improved their blood-sugar control after two weeks. Patrick Schrauwen, a professor of nutrition and movement sciences read that 2019 study with interest. He had been studying exercise in people with Type 2 diabetes, but had not considered the possible role of timing. Now, seeing the varying impacts of the intense workouts, he wondered if the timing of workouts might similarly affect how the workouts changed people’s metabolisms.Incidentally, he and his colleagues had a ready-made source of data in their own prior experiment. Several years earlier, they had asked alt men at high risk for Type 2 diabetes to ride stationary bicycles at the lab three times a week for 12 weeks, while the researchers tracked their metabolic health. They also had noted when the riders showed up for their workouts. The researchers pulled data for the 12 men who consistently had worked out between 8 and 10 a.m. and compared them with another 20 who always exercised between 3 and 6 p.m. They found that the benefits of afternoon workouts far outweighed those of morning exercise.He says, “This study does suggest that afternoon exercise may be more beneficial for people with disturbed metabolisms than the same exercise done earlier. The particular and most effective exercise for each of us will line up with our daily routines and exercise tendencies because exercise is good for us at any time of day—but only if we choose to keep doing it.”他说，这项研究确实表明，对于代谢紊乱的人来说，下午锻炼可能比之前做同样的锻炼更有益。对我们每个人来说，特别且最有效的锻炼方式将与我们的日常生活和锻炼倾向相一致，因为锻炼在一天中的任何时候都对我们有好处，但只有当我们选择坚持下去的时候。40. What inspired Professor Schrauwen to carry out the research related to the timing of workouts?41. What did Schrauwen’s new study figure out?42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.Professor Schrauwen and his colleagues carried out the research by using the newly-collected data and making comparisons between two different subject groups.43. When do you think is the best time for you to exercise? Why? (about 40 words)第二节（20分）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你校英国留学生Jim暂时留在英国不能回校，但是他邮寄来的摄影作品“桃花 (peach blossom）”在你校“春天（Spring）”摄影展获得一等奖，请你给他写一封邮件，内容包括：1. 祝贺获奖；2. 介绍展出情况。注意: 1.词数100左右；2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。Dear Jim,Yours,Li Hua（请务必将答案写在答题卡指定区域内）本文属于书信中的介绍信！是我们模拟考试比较高频的文体第二节（20分）One possible version:Dear Jim,How are you getting along in the UK these days? I am writing to tell you some good news: your photograph “peach blossom” has won first prize in the photography exhibition “Spring”! Congratulations!It was your creative composition and the vivid color that made your photograph stand out. Moreover, the bird on the branch was especially impressive because it demonstrated the energetic spring in your hometown and revealed a sense of vigor and hope.All the photographs are now on display in the school gallery, each capturing a unique aspect of spring: some present vibrant scenes; some stress new hope and life and others celebrate true human emotion. What a success!It is really unfortunate that you can’t come to appreciate all the exquisite photographs in person. To remedy this, I’ll attach three pictures to show what the exhibition is like.All the best.Yours,Li Hua西城区高三统一测试英语参考答案2021.4第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节 完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）1．B；2．A；3．C；4．D；5．D；6．B；7．C；8．B；9．A；10．A；第二节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）11. in；12. be painted；13. have found；14. cheerful；15. lived；16. as； 17. would be；18. cleverly ；19. moves；20. that/which；第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38分）第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）21．A；22．A；23．B；24．C；25．C；26．D；27．D；28．B；29．D；30．C；31．C；32．A；33．B；34．D；第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）35．F；36．G ；37．C；38．E；39．A；第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32分）第一节（共4小题；第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分， 共12分）40. The 2019 study.41. For some people, it is better to work out in the afternoon.42. Professor Schrauwen and his colleagues carried out the research by using the newly-collected dataand making comparisons between two different subject groups.According to the passage, Professor Schrauwen and his colleagues didn’t collect any new data to do the research. They made use of the ready-made source of data from their own prior experiment.43. 略刘凯老师介绍刘凯，男，蒙古族，黑龙江省齐齐哈尔人。本科为哈尔滨师范大学英语系，硕士为北京理工大学。2010年赴美国宾夕法尼亚大学交流学习；2013年美国亚利桑那大学访问学者；2015年澳大利亚新南威尔士大学ESL研修；2018年加州理工学院语言学双学位获得者；2019年赴澳大利亚麦考瑞大学交流习；GRE托福考试全球高分获得者；荣获长江商学院EMBA。北京市优秀青年教师，北京市级重点高中示范校骨干教师，多年高中一线执教经验，高三年级把关教师，多次参与东城区模拟试题命题工作，教学理念先进，教学成果突出，多篇教学论文获市区级奖项。多篇文章发表在《中国教育报》《中国考试》《北京教育》等报刊上。多次参加高考阅卷工作，参与人民教育出版社、北京教育出版社、外研社等各类高考教学用书的编写工作，有丰富的备考经验，国际核心期刊发表多篇论文。教育部课题研究员，参与国家十二五课题计划，并作出突出贡献，参与初中、高中各年级区级试题的命制，多次承担区级和市级研究课任务。北京市科技英语优秀指导教师，所带学生在各级英语口语、作文竞赛中多次获奖；将扎实的英语基本功和严谨的学术思想作为教学的基础，课堂上善于寓教于乐，信息量大，内容丰富，使学生在和谐的课堂气氛下欣赏英语、享受英语、掌握英语、运用英语。2009-2012年期间，多次受邀在北京广播电台主持英语高考大纲解析及英语新课程改革节目，学术功底深厚，兼具偶像派与实力派特点，教风亲切洒脱，诙谐幽默，思维开阔，屡有奇思妙想，善于引导学生学以致用，对高考动向把握极其准确，深受学生和家长欢迎。尤其擅长英语语法和单词记忆法。海外生活学习十年，社科人文类学科偏爱者；10年雅思教龄，知名教师培训师；指导上万考生快速冲刺雅思写作、阅读，平均分数7.5分；独创“段落清空”、极简化“针对检索式”阅读法等众多高效技法；每年雅思考试均在10次以上；均分8+；真题回忆准确度97%以上；贴近西式思路和语言指导学生写作；善于帮助学生突破学术写作思维瓶颈。讲授科目有长难句、翻译、四六级考试、阅读和写作；在2014、2015、2017、2019四年考研中，接受其培训的所有考生中有近万名考生取得高分。带给学生的不只是考分的提高，更多的是对英语领悟和感知的突破。纯正的英音、独到的见解、睿智的思维和轻松幽默的语言，为其赢得了广大学生的认同和喜爱。资深考研培训讲师；英语四六级考试天团高级讲师；雅思阅读、雅思写作培训主讲名师；六级考试阅卷组成员；深谙命题规律和解题套路，对英语的学习规律和方法见解独特。呼吁国人学习英语的态度：重复是记忆之母。用听，用看，用心去触摸每个单词，你便会有好的记忆。中国人要学好英语就要有一点点变态。上课特点：课堂从不需点名，却无人缺席教学理念：英语教师很幸运也有责任与学生一同叩响世界之门

12月26日，研究生入学考试中南林业科技大学考点，政治考试结束后一考生开心地走 出考场。图/记者张云峰 12月26日，2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试拉开帷幕。上午的政治科考试结束后，不少考生走出考场时都带着自信的笑容。还有“走运”的考生发微博：“昨天晚上一共背了五道政治大题，猜中了四个。”几家欢喜几家愁，也有部分考生认为下午的英语考试难度颇大，有考生自我调侃说：“老师给我出了四篇我看不懂的阅读，我给老师写了两篇他看不懂的作文，扯平了。”全面建成小康社会、抗美援朝战争胜利70周年、抗疫精神……12月26日，为期3天的2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试拉开帷幕，全国报考人数达377万。我省报考2021年硕士研究生的考生为13.43万人，较去年增加1.15万人。此前，教育部召开视频调度会，部署全国各省（区、市）以最严格的标准、最严密的措施进一步做好考研疫情防控工作。当天，考研政治科考试结束后，有专家分析，政治试题整体呈现出基础性、综合性和紧跟时政的特点，多个时事热点成为考题。中公教育专家分析，政治考题整体上贴近大学本科教材和大纲解析，考查基础性知识和观点。如考查了规律的客观性、人与自然关系、物质观等基础性、人与自然的关系、资本有机构成、第一国际和巴黎公社。考查个人与社会辩证关系、法律权威的来源。这都是该科目中基础性的知识点，是学生反复学习和练习的知识点，但是也是容易被考生所忽略的点。虽然题目的考察注重基础，但并不是原封不动照抄教材；多选题的考查仍然注重综合性，需要灵活理解和掌握各知识点。如第17题考查物质范畴及其理论意义，但并不是单纯考查物质的定义是什么，选项涵盖了时空观、世界的本质、可知论等知识点，综合考查了学生对马克思主义物质观的认识和理解。考研试题的材料和出题点一直以来都关注当年时政热点，今年也不例外。今年试题中涉及了新发展格局、抗日战争胜利75周年、《新时代爱国主义教育实施纲要》、北斗三号、民法典颁布的意义、《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》、全面建成小康社会、抗美援朝战争胜利70周年、抗疫精神和中美关系等。“结合时政热点考查一直是命题的趋势和重点”，专家分析，因此考生在复习中要注重当年重要周年纪念、重大会议、重要文件、重要讲话的内容。学习过程中切忌眼高手低，紧扣大纲解析和本科教材，抓住基础性知识点。注重基础知识时要灵活运用和理解知识点，切不可死记硬背。 记者李柯夫链接想考湖大特意吃了碗湖南米粉“星光不问赶路人，时光不负有心人。”对于报考湖南大学的“二战”考生彭其锋来说，日复一日、披星戴月备考的日子让人印象深刻，“之所以坚持要考研，是因为我想努力让自己变得更加优秀。”开考当天，彭其锋早早地赶到考场附近，吃了一碗“能够带来好运”的湖南米粉。“今年受疫情影响，大家的压力都比较大。”彭其锋指了指自己佩戴的卡通口罩，“但是一切都会好起来的，你看口罩也能做得这么可爱！”和第一次考研的经历不同，今年的备考过程还增加了连续14天的“体温监测”。进入考场时，彭其锋先后出示了健康码和行程码，并在进入考室后将体温监测表上交给监考老师。据新华社 来源：潇湘晨报编辑：彭笑予 【来源：潇湘晨报】声明：转载此文是出于传递更多信息之目的。若有来源标注错误或侵犯了您的合法权益，请作者持权属证明与本网联系，我们将及时更正、删除，谢谢。 邮箱地址：newmedia@xxcb.cn

每日一句：118。A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.词汇：varietyn. 多样；种类；杂耍；变化，多样化；participantadj. 参与的；有关系的；n. 参与者；关系者；let down 指 “让……失望”。a variety of 各种各样。go on to 接着，继续去；转入；延续到。分析： 本句的主干为 A variety of activities should be organized。so that 引导目的状语从句，修饰主语，其中 as long as 引导条件状语从句，修饰 so that 从句。另外，and 连接的两个 without 成分是介词结构作状语，修饰条件状语从句。so that 指 “以便……”，let down 指 “让……失望”。译文：应当组织安排各种活动，以便让参与者随心随意地保持活跃，并且在他们转而从事其他活动时既不感到内疚，也不会让其他参与者失望。每日一句：119。难句：To paraphrase 18th – century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”词汇：paraphrase n. 释义；解释；意译 vt. 释义statesman n. 政治家；国务活动家triumph n. 胜利，凯旋；欢欣vi. 获得胜利，成功causen. 原因；事业；目标vt. 引起；使遭受分析：该句是不定式引导的独立句。引号中的句子主干是 all … is that …。主语 all 后是 that 引导的定语从句，系动词后是 that 引导的表语从句。To paraphrase 18th – century statesman Edmund Burke 是目的状语。cause 在这里意思是“事业”。译文：要解释18世纪的政治家爱德蒙德博克说过的一句话，“被误导的事业要想成功所需的只是好人无所作为。”每日一句:120。难句：For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals – no meat, no fur, no medicines.词汇：staff n. 职员；参谋；棒；支撑adj. 职员的；行政工作的vt. 供给人员；给…配备职员vi. 雇用工作人员booth n. 货摊；公用电话亭brochure n. 手册，小册子fairadj. 公平的；美丽的，白皙的；[气象] 晴朗的adv. 公平地；直接地；清楚地vi. 转晴n. 展览会；市集；美人furn. 皮，皮子；毛皮；软毛n. 水垢vt. 用毛皮覆盖；使穿毛皮服装结构分析：主系表结构。staff加了ing 变成了非谓语动词，所以谓语是is distributing that是定语从句还比较好判断。该句主干是 a grandmotherly woman … was distributing a brochure。句子有三个定语成分修饰：主语 woman 后是现在分词 staffing 引导的定语；在宾语 brochure 后接的是 that 引导的定语从句；在这个定语从句中又含有一个 that 引导的定语从句限制 anything。从句中包含 comes 和 is tested 两个并列的谓语，破折号后的三个并列短语 no meat, no fur, no medicines 是对 anything 的解释说明。a grandmotherly woman 翻译为“一位老太太，一位老奶奶”。译文：比如，在最近的一次街头集市上，一位在动物权利保护摊位服务的老太太在分发小册子，鼓励读者不要使用任何来自于动物或在动物身上做过实验的任何东西——不要吃肉、不要穿毛皮衣服、不要吃药。每日一句：121。难句：We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations and even a pet’s shots.词汇：bypassvt. 绕开；忽视；设旁路；迂回n. 旁路；[公路] 支路vaccinationn. 接种疫苗；种痘hip replacement 髋关节置换手术bypass operation 旁管道手术shotn. 发射；炮弹；射手；镜头adj. 用尽的；破旧的；杂色的，闪光的v. 射击（shoot的过去式和过去分词)分析：该句主干是We need to make clear sth……。宾语是 the connection between animal research and … 。and 后是四个并列成分 a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations 和 even a pet’s shots。要注意几个医学专业用语的翻译如 hip replacement “髋骨更换”和 bypass operation“旁道管手术”。译文：我们必须澄清动物研究与祖母的髋骨更换、父亲的旁道管手术、婴儿的免疫接种甚至宠物的防疫注射之间的关系。每日一句：122。难句：To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to proce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.词汇：unawareadj. 不知道的，无意的；未察觉到的adv. 意外地；不知不觉地crueladj. 残酷的，残忍的；使人痛苦的，让人受难的；无情的，严酷的at best 好一些at worst 坏一些分析：该句主句是 animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。前面是介词 to 引导的状语：在这个状语中，those 后接 who 引导的定语从句，proce 后是 as well as 连接的三个并列名词短语 these treatments, new treatments 和 vaccines。句首 to those 在句子中充当状语，译为 “对于那些……人来说”。译文：对于那些不了解只有通过动物研究才能研制出治疗方案、才能开发出新方案和新疫苗的人来说，动物研究说得好听一点是浪费，说得难听一点是残忍。每日一句：123。难句：Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. 词汇：ultimate adj. 最终的；极限的；根本的n. 终极；根本；基本原则stakeholder n. 利益相关者；赌款保存人recruit n. 招聘；新兵；新成员vt. 补充；聘用；征募；使…恢复健康vi. 复原；征募新兵；得到补充；恢复健康personalities n. 人身攻击；诽谤；人格；个性；名人courageous adj. 有胆量的，勇敢的causen 原因，动机，理由，事业；vt 成为……理由，导致，引起，使遭受。recruit to its cause 是“邀请…参与这项事业”。分析：本句是由 because 连接的两个句子。句子的主干结构是 the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only … but …。such as Stephen Cooper 是 personalities 的同位语。Stephen Cooper 的后边接了一个 who 引导的非限定性定语从句，用来补充说明他的情况。Stakeholders 本意是指 “股东”，句中的意思是 “病人是在捍卫动物实验以促进生物医学发展方面最有发言权的人”。谓语结构recruit…to its cause，意思是“招募…到自己的事业中”。意思是“医院要吸纳…来成为自己事业的支持者”。译文：最后，因为最有利害关系的是病人，所以，医学研究界不仅要积极邀请曾大胆陈述了动物研究价值的名人史蒂芬库柏，还要邀请所有接受过医疗的人来支持自己。