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1999年考研英语阅读理解第四篇答案和全文翻译湛露

1999年考研英语阅读理解第四篇答案和全文翻译

原文+译文:When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an alt sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. 三个月前,当一个苏格兰研究小组宣布他们克隆了一只成年绵羊时,世界为之震惊,克林顿总统迅速做出反应。Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.他宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人,并下令禁止联邦资金用于此类实验——尽管还没有人提议要那样做——并要求一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德·夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组,在九十天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议,向白宫汇报。That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC)的小组一直在非常积极地工作,集思广益,并诉诸笔端;在5月17日的一次会议上,委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.NBAC将要求克林顿总统禁止联邦资金用于克隆人的九十天禁令无限期地延长,并且还可能要求将之立法。But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology.但是,NBAC成员们正计划在建议的措辞上更为严谨,以避免给克隆人体DNA或细胞等研究带来更多的限制——(这属于)分子生物研究中的常规课题。The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.然而,该小组尚未在一个关键问题上达成一致,即是否建议立法机关将私人资金用于克隆人的行为法定为犯罪。In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by alt nuclear cloning.”在5月17日会议上讨论的建议序言草案中,夏皮罗表示,专家组已取得广泛的共识,认为“试图利用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿将是违背道德伦理的”。Shapiro explained ring the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.夏皮罗解释说在与会期间,道德上的怀疑主要源于对婴儿健康的担忧。随后,该小组非正式地接受了几项概括性的结论,尽管有些细节尚无定论。NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC计划呼吁继续禁止为任何企图利用人体细胞核去制造婴孩的做法提供联邦政府基金资助。因为现行的联邦法律已经禁止联邦基金用于制造研究用的胚胎(人类后代出生前的最早阶段)或有意识地危及胚胎的生命,所以NBAC在胚胎研究这一问题上将保持沉默。NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. NBAC的成员明确表示,他们将呼吁受私人基金资助的研究人员和诊所不要尝试通过人体细胞核转移来克隆人。But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”但他们在是否进一步要求联邦立法强令完全禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧。夏皮罗和大多数委员赞成将此立法,但在电话采访中,他透露这一议题仍“悬而未决”。试题:51. We can learn from the first paragraph that.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning52. The panel agreed on all of the following except that.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being53. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because_.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law54. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settled答案:B C D A

惊爆点

2017年考研英语试卷一阅读4解析

Text 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.在一个少见的全体一致的裁决中,美国最高法院推翻了前项对前弗吉尼亚州长罗伯特麦克唐纳的贪腐判决,但是最高法院对他的行为也掩鼻不屑,麦克唐纳接受从一家公司馈赠的包括劳力士手表、法拉利汽车等,已获得和政府接触的机会。The high court’s decision saidthe judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trialfailed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his ties.最高院的决定表明麦克审判的法官没有告知陪审团必须只考虑他的“公务行为”,或者麦克的决定在特殊和未解决的问题上必须与公务相关。Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, thejusticesfound.仅仅帮助一个送礼者给他们接触其他官员的机会,除非对那些官员有明确的意图以此施加压力,否则那不成为腐败。最高法官如是裁决。The court did suggest that accepting favorsin return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act.”法院明确表示接受馈赠从而为其打开方便之门的确令人反感和恶心,但是在根据反贿赂法,证据证明必须得有确凿的利益,比如批准一个合同或规定,才构成受贿。仅仅安排会面,打个电话,主持一项活动不能算公务行为。The court’s rulingis legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery. “The basic compactunderlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”法庭的裁决在法律上合理的界定一种非犯罪的偏好,民选领袖必须允许帮助资助者解决官僚作风的问题,不用担心面临贿赂的指控,首席大法官JR说,代议制政府之下的基本契约是公共官员能够听从选民关切的事情并出谋划策。But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed toplay favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an indivial or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.但是判决强调市民和选民代表的要求,而不是法院的要求,确保对政府通道的平等性。官员不能因为个人或组织提供了竞选资金或个人馈赠就厚此薄彼,提供信息、安排见面等,这种形式的诚信需要政府严格执行透明政策,比如官方会议录音,游说规定,和民选领袖财富来源信息。Favoritism in official access canfan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society – that all are equal in treatment by government- is undermined. Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each indivial.偏袒会煽动民众对腐败的理解,但是它不是总是腐败,相反,公务员需要避免“双标”,即对普通人和富人采取不同的标准,如果关系可以买来,民主社会的前提——所有人都被政府平等对待——就被破坏了。好的政府依赖于一个个个体的内在价值。The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.法院裁决是对腐败和公务偏袒斗争的一个进步。36. The underlined sentence(Para.1) most probably shows that the court划线句子表明法院[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s ties.避免给麦克的职责定范围[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.在麦克的定罪上没有妥协[C] was contemptuousof McDonnell’s conct.对麦克的行径表示蔑视[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.拒绝对麦克的行径评论37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves根据第四段 ,公务行为只有涉及()才被认为腐败[A] concrete returns for gift-givers.提供具体的汇报给送礼者[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.可观的礼物收益 [C] leaking secrets intentionally.主动泄露秘密 [D] breaking contracts officially.公务上的违约 38. The court’s ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are法院裁决基于公务人员的()假设[A] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.允许把重点放在支持者关心的事情上[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.有能力独自解决政府事情[C] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.有正当理由满足选民的要求[D]exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.对于偏袒的指控免除定罪 39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to在政府透明度方面,需要强有力的法律来保证[A] awaken the conscienceof officials.唤醒公务人民的道德心 [B] guarantee fair play in official access.保证官方接待的公平 [C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.允许某种程度的游说 [D] inspire hopes in average people.激发普通人的希望 40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is作者对法院裁决的态度是[A] sarcastic.讽刺[B] tolerant.容忍 [C] skeptical.怀疑 [D] supportive.支持答案:CCCBD

发之

盘点近几年考研英语阅读的内容

考研英语非常重要的一部分就是阅读,大家在掌握英语阅读技巧的情况下, 还要从历年来的考点来看看其规律性,下面带着大家盘点下近六年的考题。2018年考研阅读如下内容:第一篇:人工智能  第二篇:媒体技能  第三篇:数据利用  第四篇:美国邮政2017考研阅读如下内容:第一篇:安检措施  第二篇:选址之争  第三篇:GDP缺陷  第四篇:美国法律2016年阅读:第一篇:时尚立法  第二篇:英国乡村  第三篇:社会责任  第四篇:媒体变革2015年阅读:第一篇:欧洲王室  第二篇:美国法律  第三篇:科学期刊  第四篇:媒体道德2014年阅读:第一篇:英国福利  第二篇:美国律师  第三篇:科学奖励  第四篇:自由教育2013年阅读:第一篇:快时尚业  第二篇:数据保护  第三篇:人类未来  第四篇:美国法律从近六年出的内容来看, 话题考查重复率很高,相似度也很高。建议各位小伙伴把这几年的真题反复研读,大部分考点可能会重复的。

考研英语阅读——态度题

我们的考研英语当中,阅读无疑是最重要的一部分。备考到这个阶段,大家都对考研阅读有了一定的了解,每年的二十道题当中,考察的方面可以分为几大题型。其中一个题型就是考察对于文章中作者观点态度倾向的理解,针对这个题型,我们今天来详细讲解一下。首先,考研阅读文章大部分选自发表在西方核心期刊的学术性议论文,根据这个特点我们就可以了解考研英语阅读文章当中的态度倾向。作为核心期刊,宣传的是一个国家的精神,不会出现引发争端争议的内容,发表文章的态度也是如此。我们可以简单把这些态度分为五种:第一种,歧视、偏见、不平等。第二种,冷漠、不关心及关心。第三种,迷惑、不清楚。第四种,情感过于强烈。第五种,容忍、沉溺、放纵。我们为什么要了解这些不可以的态度呢,因为解题的时候我们可以首先进行排除选项,提升题目作答的准确率。如何选出正确选项就需要我们进一步了解考研阅读中可以表达的态度,可以表达的态度可以分为三种,分别是“正”态度,“负”态度,“中”态度。这三种态度如何理解我们可以简单举个例子,比如前段时间讨论度很高的上海垃圾分类问题,讨论的人当中会有人非常支持,这种就是“正”态度,表示正向的积极的。面对这个问题有人可能会反对,认为加重了生活当中的烦恼,这种就是“负”态度。而理智客观的人会从全面的角度出发,既认可这种规则的合理也认为还需要一定改进,这种就是“中”态度。态度我们都了解了,那么该如何运用到解题中呢,解题的前提是我们要识别出这种题型。态度题的识别非常容易,英语中表示态度的单词是attitude,这就是识别态度题的一大标志,当题干当中出现attitude时,我们就知道这是一道态度题。当题干中并没有attitude,我们也可以从选项入手,当发现选项中的单词都是表示态度的,通过这一特点,我们也可以判断出题目是否是态度题。态度题的解题是非常具有技巧性的,我们通过这道例题来了解一下态度题的解题方法,解题首先要进行的就是排除选项,我们可以依据前面提过的五种不可以表达的态度进行排除。例1 The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.(2017年text 4)  The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is _____.  [A] sarcastic [B] tolerant [C] skeptical [D] supportive这道题当中我们可以发现选项A提到的sarcastic 刻薄的,这种态度过于否定,属于不可以表达的态度,选项B提到的tolerant 容忍的,也属于我们说的不可以表达的态度,选项C skeptical 怀疑的,是可以表达的态度,属于“负”态度,选项D supportive 支持的,是可以表达的态度,属于“正”态度。我们可以首先排除A和B,接下来到文章中看作者是如何描述题干中提到的 the court’s ruling, 作者用了一个短语 a step forward, 向前的一步,这是一种积极的描述,因此我们可以判断本题应该选D。这就是态度题的解题方法,首先排除干扰选项,再到文章中找到作者的描述体会其中的态度倾向解题。希望以上内容对于同学们的备考有所益处。

黄衣爱

1997年考研英语阅读第四篇—本文是一篇关于大众传媒题材的文章

原文+翻译:No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation.没有一家公司乐意听到别人说自己引起了社会的道德败坏。“Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”参议员罗伯特·多尔上星期质问时代—华纳公司管理人员时说:“难道这就是你们要成就的事业吗?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂,难道还非要败坏我们的国家、威胁我们的孩子不成?”At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990.不过,对于成立于1990年的时代—华纳而言,这样的质问仅仅是公司进行反思的最新表现,It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.是一种自我反省,在不同时代已涉及到责任、创作自由和公司底线等不同问题。At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and rece the company’s mountainous debt,56岁的现任董事长杰拉德·列文是争论的焦点人物,他于1992年接替已故董事长斯蒂夫·罗斯。财政方面,他承受着使股价升值,减少公司巨额债务的压力。which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.在两笔新的有线电视交易谈妥后,公司债务将达到173亿美元。他也允诺出售部分资产并对公司进行重组,但现在投资者们仍在焦急地等待着。The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him.人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没使他的日子好过一些。Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression.列文一向以表现方式为理由来捍卫公司的说唱音乐。In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet.1992年公司因出品Ice-T乐队暴力的说唱歌曲《警察杀手》后倍受谴责时,列文却将说唱音乐描述为街头文化的合法表达方式,并说它应该有自己的宣泄途径。“The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”他在《华尔街日报》一篇专栏文章中写道:“对任何一个民主社会的检验,不在于它能多有效的控制情感的表达,而在于是否给予了人们最广泛的思考和表达自由,尽管有时这种结果会引起争论和愤怒。我们不会在任何威胁面前退却。”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent.列文不愿对上周的辩论做任何评论,但有迹象表明,这位懂事长至少在某种程度上放弃了自己强硬的立场。During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.在上个月就摇滚乐的歌词进行讨论的股东会议上,列文宣称“音乐不是社会问题的病因”,他甚至还以自己的儿子为例,他儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一名教师,上课时用说唱的形式与学生进行交流。But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.但他也谈到了创作自由和社会责任之间要“保持平衡”的问题,还宣布对一些可能令人反感的音乐,公司将致力于制定一套发行和标识的标准。The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy.一般来说,时代—华纳公司的15位董事是支持列文和他为公司制定的经营策略的。But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter.但内部人士透露其中几位对此事表示担忧。“Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”“我们中的一些人多年来一直知道,《宪法》第一修正案所规定的自由并非毫无限制”,鲁斯说,“我认为与公司有关系的一些人可能最近才意识到这一点”。试题:51. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for.[A] its raising of the corporate stock price[B] its self-examination of soul[C] its neglect of social responsibility[D] its emphasis on creative freedom52. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.53. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman.[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection[D] received more support from the 15-member board54. The best title for this passage could be.[A] A Company under Fire[B] A Debate on Moral Decline[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[D] A Form of Creative Freedom答案:CDBA

今敏

1996年考研英语阅读第四篇解析—本文介绍美国发明创造热的原因

What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?在早期美国,像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出,其原因何在?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.在诸多形成因素中,我想特别指出如下因素:这个国家优异的小学教育;欢迎新技术的劳动大军;对发明者进行奖励的做法;尤其是美国人在处理技术性事物时所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.为什么要提小学教育?正是因为有了这些学校,我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写,并精通算术及部分几何和三角,这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this ecational advantage.目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样,“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑,美国小伙子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度,它产生于我们的专利制度之前,且多年来与后者一同实施。这种做法起源于国外,做法是为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the instrial fairs in major cities.在美国,大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机器,因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology.有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度,美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”正如尤金·弗格森曾指出的:“技术人员思考那些不能被简化为用明确的语言进行描述的物体;这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工…设计者和发明者…能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特·法欧曾写道:“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间,如同一位诗人处在词汇之中,应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达,每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they proced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在富饶的美国大陆上相互作用时,便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示“模仿”(取其仿效之意),而在早期美国,它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。文章首句是个设问句,题干是对它的改写,其中e to和account for是同义短语。第二段对此设问予以回答,给出的原因有:优秀的初等教育;欢迎新技术的劳动力;给发明者以奖励的制度;而最重要的是美国人对技术性事物进行非语言的、“空间”思维的才能。前面三个原因之间的分号表明一种并列关系,说明分号前后是同等重要的原因,而最后一个分号后的above all(最重要)一词,与题干中的in a large part同义,显示它后面的内容与前面所列原因相比,更具重要性。因此D选项为正确答案。其他选项都是次要原因。技巧:文章首句出现问句一般是设问句,即有问必有答,而且它的回答往往是文章中心句或表明作者态度的句子。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。根据题干中关键词adaptiveness and inventiveness定位到文章第四段首句,该句指出:敏锐的外国观察家将美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这个教育优势(this ecational advantage)联系在一起。解题的关键在于找到“这个教育优势”指的是什么。This作为代词,一般往回复指前述的最后内容,也就是第三段末句谈到的“早期技工们有文化并且熟知算术(arithmetic),还通晓一些几何学(geometry)和三角学(trigonometry)”,从而可知这种教育优势就是熟练掌握数学。因而A选项为正确答案。B选项的干扰来自第四段末句,该句提到彻底的学校训练(school discipline)让美国小伙子迅速成长为技术人员,这里的学校训练就是指上文中的“数学教育优势”,而非选项中的“学校管理”。C选项中的home training 是对第三段at home in...(熟知)进行断章取义。D选项在文中未提及。技巧:指代关系是常考点。代词指代的位置原则是就近指代,即在上下文中,指代内容可以是一个词或句子。代词指代体现的是句子之间的关系,正确答案从意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上而言都应该通顺。第七段中引用Eugene Ferguson的话说明技术专家以非语言的方式进行思考。第八段首句指出:这种非语言的“空间”思维在创造力上可以与绘画和写作相比。接着文章又引用Robert Fulton的话说明a mechanic和a poet在使用“空间”思维方面的相通之处。因此,B选项为正确答案。此题还可以通过排除法求答。A选项无中生有,难道所有的技术专家和艺术家都是获奖者吗?C选项过度推断,显然不适用于艺术家。试问放弃语言描述的文字作品会是如何?况且进行非语言的空间思维不等于说放弃语言表达。D选项缺乏比较力度。若以使用多种工具为比较基础,岂不是各行各业的人都可以认为相似?技巧:类比可以看作是特殊的例证,但常使用比喻手法,用熟悉的、具体的、简单的事物来说明陌生的、抽象的、复杂的事物,目的不在比较,而在说明。考生关键要找出它所说明的论点或找出类比双方的相似性。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。总结主旨需要通观全文:文章一开始通过设问句点明主题,指出美国初期出现大量发明创造的众多原因。从第三段开始文章就各个原因分别论述。最后一段是全文的总结。可见,本文主要探讨早期美国人的发明创造热及其根源。因此A选项为最佳答案。也可用排除法解题。B、C选项都是部分原因,不能概括全文主旨;D选项太泛,文章只探究了引起发明热的原因。技巧:主旨题旨在考查考生对全篇文章信息综合归纳的能力。首先,文章开头部分对设问的回答往往是文章中心所在。其次,还应注意:(1)片面性、细节性的选项不能作题目。(2)可以假设某选项为题,然后试想在这样的题目下,应该写的内容。若与文章内容相悖,则不能作为题目。

灵公说之

1994年考研英语阅读第四篇翻译解析—本文介绍癌症治疗发展状况

“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer.“But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”“我有极大的信心相信到这个十年期结束时我们将会详尽地知晓癌细胞的生成原因,”一位癌症专家和微生物学家罗伯特·温伯格说道。“但是,”他告诫说,“有些人认为一旦人们弄清了病因,治疗方法很快就会跟上。例如法国细菌学家巴斯德,他发现了许多传染病的成因,但治疗方法却在五六十年后才问世。”This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging -- 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (胰腺).今年,91万癌症患者中有一半将至少再活5年。国家癌症研究所估计,到2000年存活率将升至75%。现在对于一些皮肤癌来说,5年期的存活率高达90%,但其他类型癌症的存活数据却仍令人沮丧——肺癌13%,胰腺癌2%。With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes (基因), are inactive in normal cells.癌症种类现有多达120多种,发现其规律实属不易。研究者在70年代取得了很大的进展。当时他们发现致癌基因,即那些可以引起癌症的基因,在正常细胞中是不活动的。Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.从宇宙射线到辐射到日常饮食,任何东西都有可能激活处于沉寂状态中的致癌基因,但是如何激活不为人所知。如果若干致癌基因被激活,而细胞无力排除,它们就演变成了癌细胞。The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. 导致癌变的确切机制仍然是个谜,但是许多癌症始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远不能预防所有癌症。“Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”“变化是进化过程中的一个正常部分,”肿瘤专家威廉·海沃德说道。环境因素永远无法完全消除,正如海沃德所指出的那样:“我们无法准备出一种抗宇宙射线的药。”The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”治癌前景虽然遥远,但却越来越明朗了。“首先,我们需要了解正常细胞如何控制其本身。其次,我们必须查明细胞中是否有一定数量的基因总是造成至少部分麻烦的原因。如果我们能弄清癌症的原理,我们就能采取相应的措施。”23.[答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。本题考查第一段末句在文中的作用:he (指Pasteur)discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available。这句话说明发现病因并不意味着一定能够很快找到治疗方法。同时结合该段第一句中对即将了解癌细胞成因的肯定态度以及第二句but的转折,可知作者用Pasteur之例对but后人们的态度进行反驳,提醒人们找到治癌症的方法仍然需要一段漫长的时间。由此可知,[D]选项为正确答案。该段中Weinberg只认为人们在近十年内会对癌症的病因有很深的了解,但是这并不意味着会彻底揭开癌症的秘密,因此[A]选项不正确。[B]选项刚好与Pasteur的例子要说明的问题相反。[C]选项是草率结论。Pasteur发现传染病病因后五六十年才找到治疗方法,这并不意味着癌症亦如此。命题意图是要求考生了解文章中例证方法的写作思路。这里是先提出观点,后举例说明。24.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。本题考查到2000年癌症患者的情况。根据第二段内容,今年(1994)有50%的癌症患者可存活5年。至2000年(6年后),此存活率将升到75%。对于一些皮肤癌患者来说,目前的5年存活率已高达90%。但是其他类型的存活数据却很让人沮丧——肺癌13%、胰腺癌2%。由此可见,存活率的稳步上升是大趋势。一些皮肤癌的存活比率已相当高但是也有些类型的癌症仍难以攻克。因此[D]选项合乎情理。为正确答案。[A]选项不对。文中第三句指出皮肤癌患者目前的存活率已相当高,达到90%,增长余地已很少,不会再有急剧增长。[B]选项若对,则与5年存活率不符。从1994年~2000年已经有6年时间,无法确保这些人仍然在世。[C]选项与文章内容相悖。命题意图要求考生根据原文所给数据和事实信息进行逻辑推理,排除错误选项。25.[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。第三段第二句和第四句oncogenes which are cancer causing genes are inactive in normal cells… If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous说明致癌基因在正常细胞中是不活跃的,但是如果被激活,正常细胞无力排除,它们就会转化为癌细胞,造成伤害。由此可见,[B]选项的内容与此相符,为正确答案。[A]选项与第二句的inactive in normal cells不符。该段第四句提到“一旦被激活,健康细胞就根本起不了排斥作用”,因此[C]、[D]选项都不对,它们都忽视了“一旦被激活”这个条件。activate意思是“使活动,起动”。drive into action的意思是“迫使……行动、生效、起作用”。命题意图要求考生准确理解第三段的内容。注意第四句中的条件句的作用是限制事情发生的条件。26.[答案] C解释词语要结合语境和上下文。从第三段第二句和第三句… oncogenes are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation may activate a dormant oncogene…可以分析出致癌基因原本是不活跃的,外在因素激活的只能是“不活跃,静止状态下的”致癌基因。也就是说activate的对象指的仍然应该是前一句中的inactive oncogenes,因此dormant具有与activate相反意义的特点。[C]选项为正确答案。dormant本身词义为“休眠期的、暂停活动的、潜伏的”(in a state of inactivity but awaiting development or activity),这里与inactive同义,没有二次使用是为了避免语言的重复。[A]选项和[B]选项都不含该词义。[D]选项potential的英文含义是existing in possibility, that can or may come into existence or action,即表示可能出现的东西,而oncogene是已经存在之物,故不对。况且potential与同一句中的activate(make… active)的意思也不搭配。

似圈

考研英语70+,阅读应该考多少?

暑期强化复习阶段已经开始了。对大家而言,这意味着关于英语复习的重点也即将发生转移。如果说基础阶段的复习重点是锻炼词汇和语法,那么强化阶段的复习重点就要过渡到核心拿分科目:阅读和写作。为强化阶段迈出质变的那一步奠定坚实的基础。1、想打败75%的对手,阅读最多错5个考研英语70+是什么概念?是达到北大硕士免修英语的基本条件。而英语70分以上具体代表了什么呢?我们先来看18年公布的考研分数线:(1)学 硕(2)专 硕从2018年的考研国家线来看,学硕和专硕的英语国家线都差不多。除了文学类专业的分数线是55分以外,其他专业基本都在35分—50分之间。普通大学的英语分数线一般只比国家线高5—10分左右,但如果目标院校是国内首屈一指的985学校,英语分数线就是60分。英语70+的概念就是不管你的目标院校是普通大学还是211、985,英语这一科都完全满足进入复试的标准。但考研英语的难度绝对是不低的,甚至比英语六级还要难30%左右,能靠自身勤奋考出70分的人只占所有考研学生的25%。所以,英语70+就代表你能在英语这一科上打败75%的竞争对手。图丨考研英语分值分布根据分值分布可以看出,无论英语一还是英语二,阅读理解都占据了40分的最大分值。要想英语70+,阅读理解最多只能错5个,也就是说,至少要拿到30分。2、考研英语阅读到底多重要?不只是考研英语,在我们经历的各种英语考试中,阅读理解一直是拿分的大头、也是失分的大头。“得阅读者得英语”,我们必须把阅读提到一个不得不重视的位置。(1)从分数来看阅读理解光是Part A这一部分,就占据了考研英语40%的分值,是所有板块中占比最大的部分,重要性不言而喻。而考研英语中,完形、阅读理解、新题型和翻译都是对阅读能力的考察。从分值上来看:英语一 10+40+10+10=70分英语二 10+40+10+15=75分从分值上就能看出,阅读的功底决定着考研英语的成败。(2)从阅卷来看图丨历年真题分题型难度值(难度值*100历年考研英语阅读理解的平均得分率在50%上下。也就是说,全国考生的平均正确率,仅有一半左右。根据老师们的阅卷经验,写作拿高分的概率(尤其是大作文)并不高。老师阅卷任务重,工作量大,同一水平线的考生在作文上得分的差异不大。所以在阅读上拿到高分,超越平均水平,与其他同学拉开差距更是关键。(3)从测试学的角度主观题(非选择题)和客观题(选择题)在同一张卷子上出现,主观题的区分度并不高。想拿高分,主要看选择题。而考研英语中分值最多的选择题就是阅读理解。3、阅读拿高分,技巧很关键在强化复习阶段,阅读除了精读、泛读能力的培养,更重要的是研究考研英语的出题规律。例如正确选项和原文内容的对应方式,训练的就是我们对于命题规律的敏感程度。我们应该先总结出做题的方法,再去有效地做阅读,这样才能得到提升。在考研英语阅读理解中,段落中最容易设置考点的结构就是以下十类:· 人物观点· 转折· 否定+解释· 并列+递进· 设问+反问· 对比+比较· 因果关系· 长难句· 观点+例证· 破折号+冒号+括号面对这些出题点,我们需要通过不断将题目和原文对比,来掌握考察的重难点,找准出题人的脉搏,在阅读理解中拿到高分。而强化阶段,解题技巧就是你做阅读理解强有力的支撑。如果你明白了命题规律其中的“套路”,再利用技巧去解题,做阅读理解就会又快又准。4、阅读理解怎么强化?算算日子,距离2019年考研还有不到半年,怎么在暑期的黄金时间攻克考研英语阅读理解的困难,冲击70+呢?当你还在犹豫听什么课程、看什么书的时候,隔壁老王家聪明勤奋的小明已经报名了韦林考研阅读致命16分的课程,进入强化阶段了!在考研英语阅读致命16分的课程中,小林子老师会综合英语一、英语二的阅读技巧,通过讲解最有典型意义的真题,带着大家不断地、反复地将正确选项和原文对比,让你对阅读中最易出题的十大类考点变得“异常敏感”,一眼就能看出正确答案。听过小林子老师讲课的同学一定知道,从泛读、精读、真题到致命16分,小林子老师对真题阅读命题规律进行了透析精讲,完全能帮大家搞定阅读板块。小林子老师给大家初步定下的阅读目标是:英语一28 - 30分,英语二30 - 36分,再通过致命16分掌握核心解题技巧,带着大家冲击40分!跟着小林子老师摸透阅读命题“潜规则”,破解出题“套路”,你的阅读一定行!另外,为了帮助大家在强化阶段冲击70+,韦林特地推出了包含阅读强化和写作强化的暑期读写核心强化班,帮助大家将阻碍你英语得高分的“读写双煞”一网打尽。希望各位同学在复习英语阅读时,把握正确的复习方法,有目标、有重点、有步骤地进行复习。毕竟好的方向才是提分的前提,所有的努力才有价值和意义!

孰嘘吸是

1999年考研英语阅读理解第五篇答案和全文翻译

原文+译文:Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.实际上,科学的进步依赖于做实验,但更依赖于实验的观察者(即做实验的人)有所准备的头脑。Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple.据说艾萨克·牛顿爵士是从苹果落地现象中发现了万有引力。Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets.多少个世纪以来,许多地方一直都有苹果落到地面,成千上万的人也都看过苹果落地。但多年来只有牛顿一直对月球和行星沿轨道运行的起因感到好奇。What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.是什么使它们保持在现在的位置?它们为什么不从天上掉下来?苹果向下落到地面而不向上飞到树上,这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大的“果实”——月球和行星所存有的疑问。How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree?多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢?Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research.牛顿这样做了,因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是怀有好奇心。他的头脑在准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究的一个基本特征。If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。科学家们在为学术刊物撰写呆板的例行报告时往往会忘记这一点,而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought.在和一些科学家,特别是年轻科学家交谈时,你可能会有这样一种印象:他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment.我出席过一些科研会议,会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.”那位科学家皱了皱眉,又看了看图表,然后说:“数据还是不够确定。”“We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.预算部门的人说:“这点我们知道,但你的意见如何?你觉得值得做下去吗?你觉得我们可以期待什么呢?”这位科学家感到很震惊,他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.当然,这几乎等于说:这位科学家成了自己所写报告的受害者。He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced instrial and business management that they are true.他所提出的种种论断是如此不容置疑、如此一致,以至于不仅他自己相信了,而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to proce results measurable in dollars and cents.假如科学实验像科学杂志报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施,那么,对管理层来说,期待研究能够产生可用美元、美分衡量的结果是完全合理的。It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.审计人员也完全有理由相信,确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要分心:用一只眼盯着现金计数器的同时,用另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”如果像他们的论文所反映的那样,科学家渴望规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性,那么管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”,而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人,也就是无可指摘的。试题:51. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are concted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research52. The author asserts that scientists.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings53. It seems that some young scientists.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”54. The author implies that the results of scientific research.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by management答案:A B D A

刘敞

考研英语阅读专项练习,有没有推荐的?

考研英语阅读专项练习,有没有推荐的?建议直接从真题开始做起吧,就把真题里的阅读拿出来练习,你可以复印上几份反复做,或者做题的时候用铅笔做,做完一遍擦掉再做。想要阅读得到突破,做一遍是没什么效果的,要多做,做多了才能掌握出题规律。我一般是这么来做题的:1.先按照考试时间把题做完。2.扫清阅读障碍。①做完真题后先自己翻译,遇到不认识的单词时,立刻把它记到笔记本上,一定要把它弄懂。②遇到不懂的长难句,你就可以看看《考研真相》上的详细的句子图解,学着拆分这个句子,把这个长难句搞明白,适合基础薄弱的同学。3.搞清楚题目问题,弄懂答案选项。①做题的时候首先要看题目问的什么,通过问题定位到原文的哪一个点,找到原句子,进行分析,选出正确答案。②并且要思考:为什么选A,为什么不选BCD,一定要搞清楚原因。4.翻译全文,理清文章脉络。①做完题后,把全文在不看译文的情况下,翻译一遍②这样做的目的是锻炼你对句子整体的把握,培养你的语感。让你知道知道整句话是讲的什么。大约一篇文章下来差不多2个半小时,可以一篇文章用2天来解决,如果是2天的话,那么第二天翻译的时候要把句与句之间的关系思考一下,上下句是什么关系,进行一个大概的梳理。同时分享一些做题小技巧给你,你可以在平时做题的时候多留意。1. 用文章里举例的句子来作为选项,直接排除。200%错。要知道---例子都是用来证明观点的!2. 某某人说的话,或者是带引号的,一定要高度重视。尤其是在段落的后半部分。很有可能就是某个问题的同意替换,即题眼。3. 文章基本以5段为主(也有6段、7段的),要把握每段之间的关系。一般来说,一段一个题,只是一般来说喔。4. 有时候每段的第一句话,仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后,会出现对比或者转折。一般来说,转折后面的是作者的态度。你要注意的是,作者对什么进行了转折。那个关键词你要找出来。5. 在应该出现答案的地方,没有答案。接着往下读。答案可能会在下一段的开头部分。因为文章都是接着说的。要有连贯性。6.正确选项都是原文中的个别几个词的同义替换。阅读理解历年的所有真题,都是同意替换!就看你能不能找得到。考研英语,考的就是这个那个关键词,就看你找没找得到,不管是什么类型的题。7.每一个问题,在原文中,都要有一个定位。然后精读,找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意,阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”。说了这么多,还是要你自己去练习,做的多了,自然就熟悉了,熟悉了还怕搞不定阅读吗?加油吧!