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1997年考研英语阅读第四篇—本文是一篇关于大众传媒题材的文章三月不庭

1997年考研英语阅读第四篇—本文是一篇关于大众传媒题材的文章

原文+翻译:No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation.没有一家公司乐意听到别人说自己引起了社会的道德败坏。“Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”参议员罗伯特·多尔上星期质问时代—华纳公司管理人员时说:“难道这就是你们要成就的事业吗?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂,难道还非要败坏我们的国家、威胁我们的孩子不成?”At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990.不过,对于成立于1990年的时代—华纳而言,这样的质问仅仅是公司进行反思的最新表现,It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.是一种自我反省,在不同时代已涉及到责任、创作自由和公司底线等不同问题。At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and rece the company’s mountainous debt,56岁的现任董事长杰拉德·列文是争论的焦点人物,他于1992年接替已故董事长斯蒂夫·罗斯。财政方面,他承受着使股价升值,减少公司巨额债务的压力。which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.在两笔新的有线电视交易谈妥后,公司债务将达到173亿美元。他也允诺出售部分资产并对公司进行重组,但现在投资者们仍在焦急地等待着。The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him.人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没使他的日子好过一些。Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression.列文一向以表现方式为理由来捍卫公司的说唱音乐。In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet.1992年公司因出品Ice-T乐队暴力的说唱歌曲《警察杀手》后倍受谴责时,列文却将说唱音乐描述为街头文化的合法表达方式,并说它应该有自己的宣泄途径。“The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”他在《华尔街日报》一篇专栏文章中写道:“对任何一个民主社会的检验,不在于它能多有效的控制情感的表达,而在于是否给予了人们最广泛的思考和表达自由,尽管有时这种结果会引起争论和愤怒。我们不会在任何威胁面前退却。”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent.列文不愿对上周的辩论做任何评论,但有迹象表明,这位懂事长至少在某种程度上放弃了自己强硬的立场。During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.在上个月就摇滚乐的歌词进行讨论的股东会议上,列文宣称“音乐不是社会问题的病因”,他甚至还以自己的儿子为例,他儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一名教师,上课时用说唱的形式与学生进行交流。But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.但他也谈到了创作自由和社会责任之间要“保持平衡”的问题,还宣布对一些可能令人反感的音乐,公司将致力于制定一套发行和标识的标准。The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy.一般来说,时代—华纳公司的15位董事是支持列文和他为公司制定的经营策略的。But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter.但内部人士透露其中几位对此事表示担忧。“Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”“我们中的一些人多年来一直知道,《宪法》第一修正案所规定的自由并非毫无限制”,鲁斯说,“我认为与公司有关系的一些人可能最近才意识到这一点”。试题:51. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for.[A] its raising of the corporate stock price[B] its self-examination of soul[C] its neglect of social responsibility[D] its emphasis on creative freedom52. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.53. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman.[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection[D] received more support from the 15-member board54. The best title for this passage could be.[A] A Company under Fire[B] A Debate on Moral Decline[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[D] A Form of Creative Freedom答案:CDBA

穷为匹夫

1997年考研英语阅读第五篇—本文介绍美国及其他发达国家经济形势

原文+翻译:Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.很多用来描述货币政策的词,如“引导经济软着陆”,“触动经济刹车”,使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。事实远非如此。The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain.利率和通货膨胀之间的关系难以确定。And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy.在政策改变对经济产生影响之前,会有一段较长时间且变化不定的后滞期。Hence the analogy that likens the conct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.因此,才会有人将货币政策的制定比作是驾驶一辆汽车,这辆车挡风玻璃被涂黑了、后视镜裂了,方向盘也失灵了。Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late.尽管有这么多不利因素,中央银行家们似乎对近来之形势有了不少值得夸耀的东西。Average inflation in the big seven instrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.西方七大工业国去年的平均通货膨胀降至仅2.3%,接近三十年来的最低水平。今年7月略微升高到2.5%。这远远低于许多国家在70年代和80年代早期经历的两位数的膨胀率。It is also less than most forecasters had predicted.这也低于许多预测者预测的数字。In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole.1994年底,每月接受《经济学家》意见调查的一组经济学家指出,美国在1995年的平均通货膨胀率将达到3.5%。实际上,8月份就降到了2.6%,而且有望全年仅为3%。In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year.去年年底,英国和日本的通货膨胀率实际上比预测的要低半个百分点。This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.这不是昙花一现;在过去几年里,英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little proctive slack.经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率特别感到诧异,因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济,特别是美国经济几乎没有出现生产萧条。America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.比如,美国的生产力利用率在今年早些时候达到了历史最高水平,失业率(八月份为5.6%)已降到低于很多人对自然失业率的估测——过去,当比率低于自然失业率时,通货膨胀率早已迅速上升。Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective.为何通货膨胀如此和缓?可惜的是,即使是最令人兴奋的解释也会有小的缺陷。Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.一些经济学家认为,世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了以往那种以经济增长和通货膨胀率的历史关联为基础的旧有的经济模式。试题:51. From the passage we learn that.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates[B] economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation52. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy53.The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present54.The passage shows that the author is_____the present situation. [A] critical of[B] puzzled by[C] disappointed at[D] amazed at答案:CBAD

少有

1997年考研英语阅读第三篇—本文是一篇关于“物质滥用”的文章

原文+翻译:Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.从专业角度说,除食品外,任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.很多人错误地认为“药物”一词仅仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品。They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物。This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists.这就是为什么现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用“物质”这个更加中性的词。The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚表示滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质可能如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.我们生活在一个物质(药物)在医疗和社交方面使用广泛的社会里:用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林,用来应酬的酒,早晨用来提神的咖啡,还有定神用的香烟。When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses?使用这些物质得到了社会认可,且显然具有积极的作用,但什么时候就变成滥用了呢?First of all, most substances taken in excess will proce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.首先,大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面影响,如中毒或严重的知觉错乱。Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.反复使用一种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖。Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance,依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量,with more and more of the substance required to proce the desired effect,要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大,and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.然后是一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.影响中枢神经系统,改变知觉、情绪和行为的药物(物质)被称为精神活性物质Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.它们通常按照功能被分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system,兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用,whereas depressants slow it down.而镇静剂则减缓它的活动。Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including procing hallucinations.幻觉剂主要影响人的知觉,通过多种方式扭曲或改变知觉,其中包括产生幻觉。These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.这些物质常被认为能“引起幻觉”(psychedelic一词源于希腊语,意为“心灵显现”),因为它们似乎能彻底改变人的意识状态。试题:51. “Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that.[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used [B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous52. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean.[A] widespread[B] overwhelming[C] piercing[D] fashionable53. Physical dependence on certain substances results from.[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms54. From the last paragraph we can infer that.[A] stimulants function positively on the mind[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups答案:DAAB

短后之衣

1997年考研英语完形填空—本文介绍美国临时劳工日益庞大这一现象

原文:Manpower Inc., with 560 000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 1 into the offices and factories of, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay.One day at a time. 2 instrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 3 recing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.4 its economy continues to recover, theis increasingly becoming a nation of part- timers and temporary workers. This “ 5 ” work force is the most important 6 in American business today, and it is 7 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 8 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 9 by employment rules, health care costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 10 that came from being a loyal employee.1.[A] swarm [B] stride [C] separate [D] slip2.[A] For [B] Because [C] As [D] Since3.[A] from [B] in [C] on [D] by4.[A] Even though [B] Now that [C] If only [D] Provided that5.[A] rable [B] disposable[C] available[D] transferable6.[A] approach [B] flow [C] fashion [D] trend7.[A] instantly [B] reversely [C]fundamentally[D] sufficiently8.[A] but [B] while [C] and [D] whereas9.[A] imposed [B] restricted [C] illustrated[D] confined10.[A] excitement [B] conviction[C] enthusiasm[D] importance全文翻译拥有56万雇员的劳务公司是全球最大的临时就业中介机构。每天清晨,公司中大量的人员涌入美国的办公室和工厂中,为获得一天的收入来寻找一份工作,干一天算一天。当通用汽车公司和IBM等工业巨头靠减员而勉强支撑时,坐落于威斯康星州麦尔乌柯市的劳务公司却在蓬勃地发展。虽然美国的经济还在继续复苏,美国却日益成为一个兼职者和临时工的国家。这种“即用即抛型”劳动力已成为美国企业用人最为重要的趋势。它也正在从根本上改变人们和他们所从事的工作之间的关系。这一现象给公司提供了一种方式,使得它们能够在全球范围内具有竞争性,同时又可以避免市场的周期性和由就业法规、医疗保险和退休金方案所带来的逐渐加重的负担。对工人来说,这意味着作为一名忠实雇员所享有的安全感、福利以及从属带来的重要感都一去不复返了。答案:1 A 2 C 3 D 4 A 5 B 6 D 7 C 8 B 9 A 10D

神将来舍

1997年考研英语写作题型分析和范文—本文是介绍烟草的图片题型

原题:Directions:Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 120 words.Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:Interpret the following pictures.Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.审题谋篇1997年的作文看起来非常简单,是我们非常熟悉的吸烟问题,似乎每个人都能就此发表自己的观点。实则不然,这篇文章有几个暗含的难点。首先,与往年不同,本年度的图表比较复杂,包含四幅图画。第一幅图是1994年与1995年世界烟草总产量的一个比较图;第二幅图是一个扇形图,说明烟民占世界人口的比例(在此,我们可以看到这个比例是非常高的,言外之意,对吸烟的控制将不是一件轻而易举的事情);第三幅图和第四幅图分别显示吸烟带来的经济损失和人员损失之大,进一步说明控制吸烟势在必行。考生看了四幅图后,首先应该做的一件事情就是寻找四幅图之间的逻辑联系和内在线索,而不是简单地依次描述四幅图。其次,本作文另外一个难点就是文章的重点或落脚点比较隐蔽,也就是在文章提纲的第二点要求上:预测烟草消费的趋势并给出原因。基于以上的分析,这篇文章最好分为两段或者三段。第一段段首可以着重利用后两幅图,论述吸烟的危害性,段末部分使用第一幅图点出文章的中心:烟草消费量可能下降的趋势。文章第二段可着重论述这种消费下降趋势的原因。考生也可以在第二段段首点明烟草消费下降的趋势,进而阐述原因。范文使用第二种方法。考生可以根据实际情况,增加一个第三段,客观地分析烟草消费量下降不是一件容易的事,在此可以利用第三幅图,说明烟民占世界总人口的比例较大,控制吸烟不是一件容易的事情。二、参考范文It goes without saying that tobacco consumption and tobacco instry have always been a hot-debated issue in our society. With the increasing scope of the tobacco instry, more and more people become addicted to smoking. The tremendous tobacco consumption not only causes vast economic losses but also threatens people’s health. The annual economic loss e to tobacco consumption amounts to 200 billion US dollars, and meanwhile 3 million people worldwide lose their lives because of smoking-related diseases.To our great relief, there is a tendency of declining in tobacco consumption—the year between 1994 and 1995, as indicated by chart 1, witnessed a drop in total tobacco proction in the world, declining from 14.364 million pounds in 1994 to 14.2 million pounds in 1995. The reason that more and more people begin to quit smoking is mainly people’s increasing awareness of the harmful effects of tobacco. If this trend can be maintained, the number of people dying of smoking-related diseases can be significantly reced. Therefore, great efforts should be made by people in all walks of the society to stop smoking.Needless to say, no easy solution can be found to solve the smoking problem. To begin with, the percentage of smokers is too large: according to a survey, there are 1.2 billion tobacco consumers in the world, accounting for approximately 20 percent of the world population. It wouldn’t be an easy task to persuade such a large amount of people to give up their smoking habits, especially the heavy smokers. In addition, tobacco instry still plays a very important role in the development of the economy. As a consequence, only with concerted efforts of all people, can this problem be properly dealt with.三、范文点评文章结构:从结构上看,该范文对提纲做出适当调整,分为三段而不是两段。第一段采用了先总后分的写作方法,段首先对图画做出总体评价,进而指出烟草业和吸烟对人类社会的危害。第二段段首和上段形成对比,段首指出这种现象有所改变:烟草消费数量有所下降,进而结合图表,指出这种下降的原因何在。第三段采用总—分—总的写作方法,段首为主题句,指出吸烟问题解决起来并没有那么容易,段落中使用To begin with和In addition从两个方面进行论证,段尾对本段进行了总结。语言亮点:1. hot-debated issue:“讨论的热点”,还可以说widely-discussed issue。2. become addicted to:或be addicted to上瘾。例如:More and more young people become addicted to on-line chatting.(越来越多的年轻人着迷于网上聊天)。3. annual:每年的,近义词为yearly。Every year为副词,相当于annually。4. e to:“因为”,如:Most accidents are e to driving at high speed.(大部分事故是由于高速驾驶造成的)。类似的表达有:because of, on account of, as result of, in consequence of, caused by等。5. amount to:“达到(某数量),到…之多”。这是一个图表题中经常使用的结构,例如:Expenses on food amount to 30% of every Chinese family’s income.(用于食物的开支占每个中国家庭收入的30%)。类似的表达有:add up to, come to, total, sum up等。6. meanwhile:与此同时。词性为副词,相当于at the same time。7. smoking-related diseases:与吸烟有关的疾病。8. (much)to one’s great relief:使某人大为放心,使某人深感宽慰。9. witness:“时间+experience /see /witness +变化+在哪方面”可用来表达某段时间发生的变化。10. The reason that... is... :用reason接从句表原因有两种方式:一种是范文中的用法the reason (that)(定语从句)... is(that)...,另一种是the reason why(接同位语从句)... is that...,如:The reason why we cook food much faster today is that the changes in food preparation methods(今天我们烹饪食物的速度提高了很多的原因是在准备食物的方法上有了变化)。11. maintain:保持。例如:If the present rate of economic increase can be maintained, the majority of Chinese will live a well-off life in the middle of the 21st century.(如果中国经济增长能保持目前的速度,21世纪中叶,大部分中国人就能过上小康生活)。12. in all walks of the society:“社会的各个方面”,又如:men in all walks of life(各行各业的人)。13. To begin with:首先,相当于first of all或first(ly)。14. account for:(在数量、比例方面)占。例如:Farmers account for about 80% of the total population of China.(农民占中国总人口的约80%。)15. In addition:而且,再者。相当于What’s more。16. concerted:“商定的,共同计划或完成的”,如:We made a concerted effort to solve the problem.(我们一起努力解决了这个问题)四、写作误区篇章结构误区:生硬的图表罗列是本题写作的第一个误区。任何形式的图表作文,考试的目的都不是单纯的描写,而是要抓住图表之间的内在联系。如果只是罗列现象、描写图表,就会犯言之无物的错误,难以展开有力有效的分析。本题写作的第二个误区是跑题,因为很多考生一看到题目,就理所当然地认为这是非常熟悉的“吸烟有害健康”主题的文章,便开始大谈吸烟的危害、主动吸烟、被动吸烟,及至如何降低吸烟对社会及个人造成的危害,等等。考生犯这样的错误说明没有审清楚题,题目的要求有两点:解释图片;预测烟草消费的趋势并给出原因。换句话说,这样的考生没有意识到或者根本没有看清楚第二个要求。语言表达错误:①用词不当:The other reason is that smoking is forbidden in the popular areas in more and more countries.(The other reason is that smoking is forbidden in public areas in more and more countries.)Thus I think the tendency of world tobacco consumption is descend.(Thus I think the tendency of world tobacco consumption is to decrease.)②动词误用:Even the strongest method can’t decline the number of smokers.(Even the toughest method can’t make the number of smokers decline.)③连词误用:Because of the tendency of tobacco consumption, I think the number of cigarette smokers is rising in some developing countries.(As far as the tendency of tobacco consumption is concerned, I think the number of cigarette smokers is rising in some developing countries.)④冠词错误:For above-mentioned reasons, I believe the consumption of tobacco will decrease and all problems it causes will be solved.(For all the above-mentioned reasons, I believe the consumption of tobacco will decrease and all the problems it causes will be solved.)⑤主谓搭配错误:More and more people believe smoking do harm to health, waste money.(More and more people believe smoking does harm to health, and is a waste of money.)⑥中式英语:From the pictures, we first know that there are a lot of smoking people in the world.(From the pictures, we first know that there are a lot of smokers in the world.)⑦句意笼统:You can see the number from the chart, which make you think deeply of the harm of smoking. (It can be seen from the chart that there are 200 billion dollars’ loss and 3 million deaths resulting from smoking.)

松树

1997年考研英语翻译题型答案—本文探讨了动物是否有权利的问题

Do animals have rights?动物有权利吗?This is how the question is usually put.人们通常这样提问。It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start.这像是一个实用且具创新的提问方式。71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreedaccount of human rights, which is something the world does not have.事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的,而这种共识并不存在。On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.诚然,根据对权利的一种看法,必然认为动物没有权利。72) Somephilosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange ofties and entitlements.有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在于社会契约中,是责任与权益交换的一部分。Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights.因此动物不可能有权利。惩罚吃人的老虎的想法是荒谬的。同样,认为老虎有权利也是荒谬的。However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one.然而,这只是一种认识,而且是一种有争议的认识。It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people -- for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations.这种认识不仅剥夺了动物的权利,而且也剥夺了某些人的权利,例如婴儿,这些还不会用大脑来思考问题的下一代。In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “I don’t like this contract”?此外,谁也不清楚,对于从来就不同意契约的人来说,这项契约又具有多大约束力,如果有人说“我不喜欢这项契约”,那你又如何回答呢?The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.问题的症结在于,如果对人的权利没有一致的看法,争论动物的权利是徒劳无益的。73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites youto think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to otherhumans, or with no consideration at all.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅动物,要么完全冷漠无情。This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?这是一种不真实的选择。这是一种错误的选择。最好以另一种更为根本性的提问开始:我们对待动物的方法是一个道德问题吗?Many deny it.许多人否认这种提法。74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in everyrelevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake -- a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.任何关心动物疾苦的想法都是错误的,因为它把应该用来关心其他人的同情心错误地用到动物身上。This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical.”这种观点认为,折磨猴子从道义上讲无异于劈柴,这种看法似乎是大胆的“逻辑推理”。In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it.实际上,这种看法非常肤浅,因为其中心混乱到应该被摒弃的程度。The most elementary form of moral reasoning -- the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl-- is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own.道德推理的最初级形式,和学习爬行的理论一样,是把自身利益和他人利益加以权衡考虑。This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought.那么,这就需要同情心和想象力。没有这两点,就无法用道德观念来进行思考。To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.看到动物受苦足以使大多数人产生同情感。75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it ismankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged ratherthan laughed at.这种反应并不是错误,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励,而不应该遭到嘲笑。

匡坐而弦

「备考进行时」:考研英语真题要看到什么程度?

考研英语真题的重要性所有的同学都知道,真题需要反复看,那么到底要看到什么程度呢?建议研友们以下面几点为真题训练的目标。一、词汇都认识基础一般的同学,最低要求需要搞定最新十年真题阅读理解A节共40篇文章中每一个词汇;基础较好的同学可以搞定1997年至今历年真题中每一个词汇。考研词汇需要掌握的核心意思即真题中考过的意思。如果一个词汇多年未曾考过,只能证明这个词汇不太重要。大纲词汇只考过3300左右,2200个大纲词汇几乎从来不考。超纲词大约200左右,一般无需记忆,可能会有文字注释。但过去19年考研英语曾经考察过2000多个大纲中没有的词汇,其实并不超纲,只是大纲词汇的不同词性,或大纲词汇加上大纲附录中62个前缀和54个后缀之后形成的新的词汇。盲目记忆词汇书并不能一网打尽考研词汇。结合历年真题搞定考研词汇,才是词汇记忆的最佳方法。不喜欢背诵词汇书的同学,可以直接从真题入手,每篇文章查出所有不认识的词汇、结合精准译文标明真题中考察的意思,然后有针对性地进行背诵,这才是记忆考研词汇的最好方法,也是适合自己最好的词汇书。二、选项都清楚基础一般的同学搞定最新十年真题阅读A节和B节中的每个选项,基础较好的同学搞定1997年之后至今历年真题含完形填空中的每个选项。考研英语复习关键在精不在多、在质不在量!搞懂每个正确选项为何正确?每个错误选项为何错误?甚至每个选项在文中是否有出处,来自于文章第几段、第几句?做错的题目用红笔进行标记,考前一个月无需盲目做题,而应再次总结一年来做错的所有真题,研究自己的弱点,考场针对性地进行避免。三、句子结构都理解基础一般的同学搞定最新十一年真题阅读A节中的每个句子,基础较好的同学搞定1997年之后至今历年真题中的每个句子。最新大纲解析明确提出:考研英语难在句子结构,即长难句。只要彻底搞定考研英语历年真题中的长难句,上了考场无非就是这些句子结构重新的排列组合而已,看懂做对自然轻而易举。四、英译汉:阅读经典文章题最笨的方法往往是最好的方法,英译汉是提高阅读和翻译最好的方法之一。很多同学感觉文章似乎均可读懂,但题目一做就错,原因是没有真正读懂。将文章落在笔上,包括题干和每个选项逐字逐句翻译成汉语,这才是真正读懂。译完之后,对照书中的精准译文,深究阅读弱点。译错的地方即为弱点,一般出现在两个方面:一词多义即词汇弱点,句子结构即语法弱点。逐一解决之后,阅读实力自然提高,高分手到擒来。英译汉虽然比较花费时间,但真正提高英语实力。基础薄弱的同学刚开始可能无法进行英译汉,水平逐渐提高之后,后期可以操作。五、背诵经典文章长短句背诵是提高英语实力和考研分数最好的方法之一。即使花费八个小时背下一篇阅读文章,你就掌握了400个词汇、上百个词组、几十个句型,英语实力提高了,语感培养起来了,自然斩获高分。解决了词汇、语法、句子结构、篇章结构的问题,可谓一举多得。可以每年背诵一篇自己觉得最难的文章或错误最多的文章,或经济、新闻、英美文学、自然科学等每类考研常考文章中背诵一篇自己觉得最难的,对于提高英语实力堪称见效神速。背诵文章确实困难的同学,可尝试每篇文章背诵一个最长最难的句子,假设半小时背下一个长难句,掌握了30个词汇、5个词组、3个句型,而且有上下文,记忆相当深刻。六、推荐参考教材1、《2018考研英语真题超精读(全3册)》2、陈正康2018考研英语真题超精读(提高篇) 2005-2012年考研英语真题解析3、《2018考研英语真题词汇分频速记宝典》大家都喜欢刷真题,这样能够更方便掌握熟悉题型和方向,以上是小编整理的如何正确刷真题的技巧,不知道大家都get到了吗?还有其他指点或意见欢迎在下方留言讨论哦

不知前后

考研英语82分,专业第一的英语一备考规划都在这里

小编是Claire,本科就读于山东某双非大学国际经济与贸易专业,从大三下学期开始备考研究生考试,目前已获得对外经贸大学国际商务专业硕士拟录取,其中初试成绩、复试成绩和总成绩均为专业第一名。今天和大家分享的是英语一备考规划。先说一下自己英语的情况。因为一直对美剧电影非常感兴趣,所以从高中一直很喜欢学英语。四级626,六级602,几乎裸考。但是四六级分高也不意味着考研可以高枕无忧,分低也不意味着就没有翻身的机会了。毕竟出题思路和难度都存在差异,而我们学习是为了应试,所以科学规划加上恒心和毅力,英语75+应该是不难做到的。下面是自己的备考过程,大家可以酌情参考。第一阶段:2017年暑假之前目标:夯实基础。在这一阶段真题适当做1-2套熟悉试卷结构即可,不要急于做真题。按照单词、语法分类学习。这一阶段用来打好英语基础、提高英语能力,不要过分关注应试技巧。用书:①星火英语考研词汇②考研阅读理解1997-2007真题③张剑黄皮150篇学习内容:①星火英语共15个单元,第一遍两周记一个单元,每个周末给自己做检测,盖住汉语写出英语;②每周背诵2篇阅读理解文章。背的时候先通读,把不认识的单词先查好,标注意思和读音。我大概每天会拿出1-2个小时背诵文章,周末也要进行检测,将背诵的文章默写下来,生词自然就背下来了。个人觉得背诵是学习语言最有效的方式,在情境中记忆单词,背下来的单词在写作的时候是真的能用得上的。③找出阅读理解真题中的长难句进行翻译。一般辅导书上都会有全文翻译或者长难句解析,拿到长难句一定要先自己翻,具体标准参照英语一对于翻译题的要求,然后再进行校对,并且把里面的生词和语法弄明白。如果觉得语法有困难可以适当地看一下语法书,语法还是应该重视起来,尤其写作中,罗列了10个高级词的错误句也比不上一个正确的简单句。④张剑黄皮书每天做一篇。这个时候不要在乎正确率,不要把时间浪费在数错题上面。因为考研英语的文章基本上来自于外刊,涉及的题材也比较广泛,包括经济学、政治、医疗、法律等。做张剑的目的是增加阅读量,习惯英语写作的逻辑思维以及初步熟悉各种题材的文章。一开始无论多么难一定要硬着头皮读下去,先有量变才有质变,后期读文章才会比较顺畅。第二阶段:2017年暑假目标:开始刷真题,按照阅读、完型、新题型、翻译、写作进行分类学习。熟悉题型,寻找规律,形成自己的做题方法。用书:①1997-2015真题②其他模拟题(阅读)③《王江涛范文》学习内容:①阅读:从97年开始做,每周大约做2年的真题。经过之前的训练,到暑假开始的时候我大概读一篇文章不会超过十分钟,并且在理解文章上不会有问题。这个阶段要解决的就是为什么文章能读懂题还是做不对。所以在做题的时候要格外重视对于错题的研究。我这个时候就发现考研出题基本是对应段落,因此改掉了之前先通读文章再把题一气儿做完的习惯,改为先读题目,再带着问题去一段一段读文章,读到问题相关的段落时选定答案。那么除了做题顺序,我还发现自己经常因为主观臆断做错题。也就是说做题的时候要抛弃掉你原有的知识,一切以文章为准(这一点在后来考雅思做阅读True/Falset given题型的时候感触更深)。这样经过分析错题找到自己的症结所在,并且后面做题的时候有意识地进行训练,两个月下来之后阅读题就几乎不会做错了。②完形、新题型、翻译:这三个题型也是根据自己的进度安排刷题。刷的时候自己准备了一个笔记本,将题目里出现的生词、同义替换词、反义词、易混词、固定搭配进行分类整理。新题型,难度飘忽不定,比如今年我遇到的排序题就出自白宫网站原文,这道题与其说是考英语,不如说是在考逻辑。在英语学习过程中一定要注意体会英文写作的内在逻辑,这一点对所有题型都很重要。关于翻译就是要学会先拆再合。也就是先找出句子里哪些是主干,哪些是修饰成分,然后再按照汉语的习惯将句子表达出来。这时候就很考验前期的语法和单词功底了。③写作:写作前期要做的就是精析范文。比如小作文你要了解都有哪些类型,各种类型的格式,如何分段等等。大作文当时自己选取了几篇打印出来,把字号和行间距设置的比较大,这样一句一句地看,第一步先把生词和固定搭配画出来,第二步就是把每个句子的作用写出来,比如每段第一句是点明主旨,第二段一般会从几个角度进行论证,那么这几个角度分别是什么都写出来。这样几篇下来,考研大作文写作的结构和套路也就很清晰了。这一步做完之后就是一定要自己动笔写。我是每周一篇大作文加一篇小作文,一直持续到考研之前。还是用真题来写,先自己写再去读范文,找出自己写的和范文的差距,首先看是否存在语法的错误,尤其是漫画题时态是否用对了。然后看范文的论证方法是不是比自己的更有说服力,角度更新颖。分析之后有精力的话可以接着背诵范文。第三阶段:9月1日到考研前目标:做英语套卷,控制做题时间,形成自己的做题方式。用书:①1997-2017真题②其他模拟题学习内容:我一进入九月份之后分配给英语的时间就少很多了,因为这时候已经开始了专业课的背诵和政治的学习。所以这个阶段除了开始成套做题之外,就是延续暑假的计划,做一个进一步的查缺补漏和加强积累吧。英语学习是一件天长地久的事业,哪怕其他学科再忙也要抽出一些时间每天充分利用暑假的笔记进行阅读和背诵,保持大脑对于英语的敏感度。到考前两周的时候每天限时做套卷,做完自己批改。这个时候也不要在意能得多少分了,目的就是保持手感。无论自己学到什么程度,考试那天唯一要做的就是拿出120分的自信上考场!以上就是我的考研英语经验分享,希望能对你有所帮助!

拜错神

考研英语一、英语二翻译及解析

英语一 翻译2019英语一翻译讲述医疗杂志文章质量下降这样一个现象,并分析了原因及危害,以及呼吁我们应该做什么。这和考研英语作文一样的结构——提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。我们来聊聊考察语言点的变化。首先,49题考查对虚拟语气的正确理解和翻译。这是英语一1997年以来首次考查复杂虚拟语气的翻译!这表明,不能因为历年真题没有考查过就认定不会考。考生需要掌握英语所有常见语法知识点,方可应对英译汉。其次,47题考查比较结构,这是历史上第一次考查带有倍数的比较结构,并且第二比较项中的"would have done"这种带推测的动词形式在翻译中几乎没有考查过,而且也不作为阅读理解的考点。所以考生并没有予以重视,预计得分率很低。然后是词汇方面。英译汉每年都考查大量的多义词、派生词和固定用法,今年也不例外。比如46题中的多义词"lay"、复合形容词"short-lived";49题中的多义词"associates"以及固定用法"in return for";还有,50题中的派生词"reprocible"和"incentivize"。以上都会给考场中紧张的考生造句困难。杨凡达老师预计今年的英译汉难度系数会在0.35-0.4之间,与去年持平或略简单。46)There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.参考译文:这些医学杂志中包含大量这种无稽之谈,如果广播电台和非专业媒体对此信以为真并加以报道,这将引发人们的健康恐慌以及短期的饮食热潮。难点1:"nonsense"。直接翻译成“废话”扣分,因为在这句中不是那层意思。原文前面说每周吃超过多少克的西兰花会导致年纪大了后更容易贫血。其实我们平常在新闻中看到类似的言论有很多。作者的意思是这些都是扯淡,没有严谨的科学依据。所以这里的"nonsense"译为“无稽之谈”要好一些。难点2:短语"take up"的意思是“接受并开始做/从事某事”。意思是这些广播电台听信了这样的说法就会如何如何。难点3:"the lay press"中的"lay"是难点,不是我们熟知的“放置、铺设”等的意思。"lay"在这里做形容词,表示“非专业的,外行的”,所以"layman"这个词表示“门外汉”。这里的"the lay press"指的是非专业媒体,大概就是那种野鸡媒体。难点4:"short-lived"可根据其本身和上下文来猜测其大概含义。"short"表示短,"lived"表示活着,所以"short-lived"大概意思是“短命的”,在这里引申为“短暂的,为期不长的”。47)nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would otherwise have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.参考译文:现如今,任何一个申请研究岗位的人事先必须发表论文的数量,是10年前申请同一岗位所需论文数量的两倍。难点1:处理这句话中的比较结构。通读句子,我们大概得到的信息是“A是B的两倍”,只是如何把这句话翻的通顺是需要思考的。难点2:"would otherwise have been"是后半句的难点,"otherwise"字面意思是“否则”,但如果润色到位可以不用翻译出来。但"would have done"这种特殊的谓语形式,其实很多同学会觉得比较难。这个结构表示“合理推测”,在虚拟语气中经常出现,比如"I would have been a programmer but end up being an English teacher."(我本可以成为一名程序员,结果却当了英语老师)。在这句话中,用"would have been"表示如果是十年前,本可以怎么样怎样。48)Attempts have been made to curb this kind of tendency to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant's published papers.参考译文:人们已经尝试扭转这种趋势,比如除发表数量外,在评估申请人已发表论文时引入与质量挂钩的衡量标准。难点1:被动语态"have been made"如何处理。我在翻译课反复强调被动语态的处理方法,主要手段有将“被”字转译为其它汉子或将被动语态转为主动语态亦或者总体换一个说法。考生在考场上需要做的是用这几种方法去尝试,合理通顺即可。这一句的"Attempts have been made to …"可译为“人们已经尝试…”。难点2:"as well as"。很多人以为这是“而且”的意思,可以代替"and",但这只是它的其中一种用法。我记得我在某课中讲解过"as well as"的另一种用法——表示“除…之外还有…”,在句子中充当定语。在48题中,如果我们将"as well as"理解为第一种情况,"some measure of quality as well as quantity"的意思是“某种质量和数量的衡量标准”。好像没太明白是什么意思,对不对?上下文告诉我们,因为只看论文数量导致大家拼命写论文而导致质量下降,所以我们已经采取了一些搜段来改变这种状况,那不就是应该在数量之外引入新的衡量标准,比如论文质量。所以"as well as"在这里符合第二种情况,表示“除…之外还有…”。考生在考场上需要迅速做出这样的判断,难度比较大,所以杨老师认为这0.5分很多考生拿不到。难点3:"an applicant's published papers"。这个语言点考得很细,考查过去分词的语义。过去分词可以表“完成”或“被动”,考生需要根据语境判断。这里所说的“申请者的论文”指什么?第47句告诉我们申请者需要在申请之前发表一定数量的论文。根据这一点,我们可以断定"published"在这里表示完成,那么"an applicant's published papers"指“申请者已经发表的论文”。49)This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.参考译文:这种做法本应该是合理的,但事实上,科学家可以轻易在未来发表文章中引用自己写的文章,或者和同行约定引用对方的文章。难点1:如何翻译虚拟语气(非真实条件句)?简单的诸如"If I were you, I would buy the car"(如果我是你,我会买这辆车。)很好处理。但49这一题比较复杂,其核心结构是"This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that …",大致可以翻译为“如果不是因为这样一个事实,这会是合理的”。不过,因为“事实”对应的内容非常长,而且“如果…这会是…”也不太符合汉语表达习惯,所以杨凡达老师将其润色为“这种做法本应该是合理的,但事实上,…”难点2:"associates"为多义词,通常做动词表示“联系”,在这里做名词用表示“同事”。难点3:"similar favors"。这个短语的字面意思是“相类似的好处”。如果不结合上下文,很难明白这个短语真正想表达什么。前文说“开始引入论文质量衡量体系”,这本是件好事。但所谓道高一尺魔高一丈,研究者会利用机制漏洞继续发表低质量作文,也就是"the fact that …"之后的内容。比如,他们会在新文章中引用自己发表的文章已增加影响因子,或者和同事约定好互相引用,也就对应到原文"get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors"(让同事写论文时引用自己的文章,好处就是自己也去引用对方的文章)。50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reprocible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivize that kind of science.参考译文:如果我们认真地想确保我们的科学研究是有意义的,并且可以被后人反复利用,我们就必须保证我们的制度鼓励大家做这样的研究。难点1:如何翻译"reprocible"?这是一个超纲词,但并不“犯规”。意思是,这个单词由常见词根词缀构成——"re = again + proce = make + ible = be able to"。因此,这个单词的字面含义是“可再生的,可复制的,可繁殖的”,也就是“能够再次生产”。不过我们若将"our science is reprocible"翻译为“我们的科学是可再生/复制/繁殖的”显然不妥。那么,作者到底想表达什么?我们还需要借助上下文。整篇文章说医学界论文质量大幅下降,发表的都是“垃圾”,说明这些论文一文不值,对于社会进步没有任何帮助。而好的论文应该可被利用的,比如利用论文成果开发产品改善生活质量、或者给后续科研提供理论基础等等。所以,我将其翻译为“可被后人反复利用”难点2:超纲词"incentivize"。熟悉的配方,熟悉的味道,这依然是由常见词根词缀构成的单词。"incentive"是考研大纲收入的名词,意思是“鼓励、激励”,而"ize"是常见动词后缀,那么"incentivize"理论上可理解为“鼓励、激励”这个动作,而且这也符合原文语境。总结:英语一英译汉板块依然是整张试卷最难的板块,但在这部分上拿到不错分数也并非不可能。我们需要的是方法和态度。方法指的是了解英译汉命题规律和考点,比如一直重点考查的多义词、派生词和固定用法,以及今年首次考查的虚拟语气等。那么我们在背单词阶段的态度应该有所转变。比如,我们需要积累常见词根、词缀以便结合上下文猜测出超纲词的含义,我们还需要积累常见单词的生僻含义以及单词组合起来构成的固定用法(成语)。而且我们在做这些训练的同时,提升的绝对不只是英译汉能力,同时提高的还有阅读理解能力和写作能力。英语二 翻译It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He has such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.” Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game.”While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.参考译文:英国作家吉米哈利的实力容易被低估。他的作品讨喜且通俗易懂以致大家觉得任何人都可以模仿。“我可以写书,我只是没时间。”这种话我听过无数次。说起来容易,做起来却没那么简单。按照吉米哈利自己的说法,他在“尝试写作这种游戏”的初期并不顺利,这与大众对他的看法刚好相反。虽然大家都知道他才华横溢,但他带个世人的精彩作品都是多年阅读、练习以及不断重写的成果。和绝大数作家一样,他这一路必然有很多次被拒稿的失望经历,但这些使他对成功更加坚定。哈利一生中每一次成功都来之不易,在文学界的成就也不例外。【详细解析】和2018年真题类似,这一年翻译文章是对知名人物的介绍,文字难度低,通俗易懂,难度基本与2018持平。英语二翻译总体难度比英语一低,但每年得分率也不超过60%,这是因为字里行间中有一些细小的单词、短语、结构较难理解或润色,而这些点是阅卷者阅卷时的重点关注对象,也是得分或扣分的关键。从2010-2019这十年翻译真题,我们不断得出一个结论:重视英语基本功。这指的是对英语单词在特定语境中的理解、掌握常见的固定用法、以及了解英语和汉语在表达时的区别等等。英语二翻译价值15分,不容小觑,希望2020考研考生认真对待。1. It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot.这句话中包含的句型"It is easy to do something"通常译为“做某事很简单”,所以这句可直译为“低谷英国作家"James Herriot"很简单”。但这不够通顺,所以我们要对其润色,比如“英国作家"James Herriot"很容易被低估”,这就好比我们会把"It is easy to learn English"译为“英语很容易学”的原理是一样的。另外"James Herriot"这个名字可以不译,也可以根据读音译为詹姆斯哈里亚特(请参考007"James Bond"的译名)。尽管这个作家在国内早已约定翻译为吉米哈利,但译为“詹姆斯哈里亚特”不扣分。2. He has such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it.前半句直译成“他有如此的令人愉悦的、可读的风格”显然不妥。首先,我们在这里讨论他的作品风格,而不是他本人性格,所以"pleasant, readable"描述他的作品而非作者,因此我们可以将pleasant润色为“讨喜”,并将"readable"译为“通俗易懂”。3. How many times have I heard people say “I could write a book. I just haven't the time.”词句包含直接引语,这部分独立不可分割,我们可以先译出来——我可以写书,我只是没有时间。前半句的意思是多次听人们说这样一句话,所以整句话可译为:我听过多少次人们说“我可以写书,我只是没有时间”。也可以先翻译直接引语,再总结式地翻译前半句:“我可以写书,只是没时间。”这种话我听过无数次。4. Easily said. Not so easily done.省略句,源自成句"easily said than done"(说起来比做起来容易),原句为"It is easily said. It is not so easily done." 因为在这篇文章中,原本的成语一分为二,翻译时也可以如此断句——说起来容易,但做起来没那么简单。5. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game.”这句话包含两个插入成分。首先是"contrary to popular opinion"(与大众观点相反的是),这是一个句子状语,通常放在句首,偶尔像这句话一样,放在主语和谓语之间。在翻译的时候,放在句首符合汉语表达习惯。后面的"as he put it"(就像他所说的)是一个状语从句,但插入在of和后面的直接引语之间,造句理解困难。将这个成分剥离,我们可以看到剩下部分in his early days of “having a go at the writing game”其实是一个时间状语,修饰主干成分。在翻译"as he put it"时,要考虑放在整句话哪个位置。放在原句那个位置显然不妥;其实我们根据汉语的语感,这种表达要么放句首起引领作用,要么放句尾起总结作用,但句首已经有了“与大众观点相反的是”,所以两者都放句首造成冲突。那么我们考虑将"as he put it"放句尾,但这样一来无论怎么润色都不通顺,所以我们考虑将它放句首并将"contrary to popular opinion"从而润色为“这与大众观点相反”。如此一来,整句话就通顺了。6. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading.连词"while"放置于句首,多半情况下表示“虽然,尽管”,引导让步状语从句。从句中"natural talent"字面含义为“自然的才能”,也就是“天赋”的意思。另外,"an abundance of"的字面意思是“丰富的,大量的”,但搭配“天赋”不够通顺。冷静下来想一想,所谓的“丰富大量的天赋”不就是“才华横溢”嘛。主干部分都主语说的是他的作品。"Polished"一词原本指“经过打磨的”,但修饰作品时则表示“精彩的”。7. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed.连词"but"之前的句子不太好润色。"Many disappointments and rejections"直译的结果是“多次失望和拒绝”。我们需要结合文章背景来做进一步理解:这位作家并非年少成名,而偏向大器晚成。那么一个这样的作家在早期必然经历很多挫折,比如像J.K.罗琳那样写的很多稿件被出版社拒之门外,从而无比失望了,这不就对应到"many disappointments和rejections"嘛。那么我们可以将这部分润色为“他这一路必然有很多次被拒稿/稿件被拒的失望经历”8. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.前半句考查固定用法"earn … the hard way",意思是“做到某事来之不易”。同学们可能没见过这种用法,但根据"the hard way"和全文大意也能猜测出大概含义。后半句也包含一个固定句子结构"X be no exception",意思是“X也不例外”,这个短语在阅读真题中出现过,做过相应文章的同学应该不陌生,可以轻松翻译出来。最后,祝大家圣诞节快乐。

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今年疫情,对2021考研党有什么影响?

现在距离2021年考研还有两百多天,但很多21考研党,心里真是七上八下:高考推迟了,考研也会延后吗?暑假被压缩,会打乱备考计划吗?全球疫情下,考研的重要时间点会变吗?......今年因为国家线的推迟发布,势必会影响到复试、调剂以及后续录取,21考研党都面临什么挑战?从国内研究生升学方向来看:图源:包图网013-5月复试调剂往年全国各招生单位,就陆续开始了复试工作以及志愿调剂工作,对于21考研党来说,原本可以好好利用这个机会,去高校现场感受氛围,并且和学长学姐打听,结合他们的经验,尽早确定自己的选择。但今年要受到影响了,所以21考研党可借助研招网、高校官网等,了解考研动态。综合对比分析,初步确定目标专业、院校。027-8月 暑期时间每一年的暑期,都是考研党最重要的备考时期,在他们的规划长线上,暑期占了很大一比例。得暑假者得考研,暑期是整个考研的黄金备考时期。但今年,开学时间晚,暑期被缩短,备考周期受影响。两个月时间本该对基础阶段学到的知识进行一轮总结,所以需要考研党更加把控好复习进度。虽然备考计划被打乱,虽然疫情影响备考心情,但坚如磐石的考研党心中只有两个字:不慌。但凡有过考研经历的人,都会对备战考研感慨良多。考研难吗?当然难!和高考一样,都是选拔性的考试,多一分就有一分的优势。所以很多考研党心中都是非常坚定的,兵来将挡水来土掩。对于21考研党来说,最难克服的不是考研时间线被打乱(毕竟国内疫情得以控制,影响相对来说比较小),最难克服的是考研本身—考研英语太难了!!!还记得去年12月21日下午那场考研英语吗?考试还没结束就以16.5亿的阅读量,82.5万的讨论量迅速蹿上微博热搜!为什么?因为太太太太太难了!!我对英语试卷说:hello,nice to meet you。英语试卷说:你好,噋噏噐噑噒嘘噔噕噖噚噛噞噟哒噡噧噩噪噫噬噭噮嗳噰噱噵噶噷吨噺噻噼噽嚈嚉,我是嚊嚋哜嚍噜嚖嚗嚘啮嚚嚛嚜嚝嚞嚧咙嚩咙嚧喾嚵嘤嚷嚸嚹嚺嚻嚼嚽啭嗫嚣囃囄冁囆囇,请答题。—还嫌时间不够久除了英语单词不认识,其他都是很好的,试卷质量很好,教室温度适宜,监考老师很和蔼。—小星星抱抱政治完了,觉得自己院校目标报低了。英语完了,觉得自己根本不配进考场。卷子上写着,生死有命,富贵在天。—GalaxY ING—金闪闪violin讲真,这种看似简单的题其实很难,这是我十几年的英语考试经历所得出的结论,实在不敢揣测天意啊。—一杯清茶睥睨半世考研轻松吗?当然不轻松!但为什么还是有那么多人选择考研?人生难得几回搏,有机会、有条件,谁不想试试?在今天这个时代,知识改变命运依然有效,通过努力提高自己未来更多的可能性,这是每个考研党心里较着的那股劲儿。和考研英语一样,考研政治也是很多考研党心中的痛。有人戏谑,考研政治不是看考生发挥的怎么样,而是看肖秀荣发挥的怎么样。那考研英语看什么?当然要看阅卷人。2021考研党注意了,我们给大家带来一个非常有意义,非常有干货的免费直播课,主讲人是考研英语的阅卷人—陈采霞老师。陈采霞老师将在4月10日晚上19:30,给大家直播2021考研英语新趋势以及科学规划的权威解读。主讲人:陈采霞教育专家,上世纪80年代即获得北京师范大学翻译学硕士学位,曾任国际关系学院英语副教授,有着30多年的英语教学与翻译经验。多次应邀赴英语国家进行学术访问与交流,出版著作、译作十余部。曾担任新华社、《英语世界》特约撰稿人与审校人。在《中国翻译》等国家级专业杂志发表论文。1997年开始从事考研辅导,对考研英语有深入独到的研究,深受学生喜爱,桃李满天下。