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1996年考研英语阅读第四篇解析—本文介绍美国发明创造热的原因皆生于土

1996年考研英语阅读第四篇解析—本文介绍美国发明创造热的原因

What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?在早期美国,像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出,其原因何在?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.在诸多形成因素中,我想特别指出如下因素:这个国家优异的小学教育;欢迎新技术的劳动大军;对发明者进行奖励的做法;尤其是美国人在处理技术性事物时所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.为什么要提小学教育?正是因为有了这些学校,我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写,并精通算术及部分几何和三角,这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this ecational advantage.目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样,“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑,美国小伙子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度,它产生于我们的专利制度之前,且多年来与后者一同实施。这种做法起源于国外,做法是为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the instrial fairs in major cities.在美国,大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机器,因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology.有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度,美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”正如尤金·弗格森曾指出的:“技术人员思考那些不能被简化为用明确的语言进行描述的物体;这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工…设计者和发明者…能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特·法欧曾写道:“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间,如同一位诗人处在词汇之中,应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达,每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they proced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在富饶的美国大陆上相互作用时,便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示“模仿”(取其仿效之意),而在早期美国,它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。文章首句是个设问句,题干是对它的改写,其中e to和account for是同义短语。第二段对此设问予以回答,给出的原因有:优秀的初等教育;欢迎新技术的劳动力;给发明者以奖励的制度;而最重要的是美国人对技术性事物进行非语言的、“空间”思维的才能。前面三个原因之间的分号表明一种并列关系,说明分号前后是同等重要的原因,而最后一个分号后的above all(最重要)一词,与题干中的in a large part同义,显示它后面的内容与前面所列原因相比,更具重要性。因此D选项为正确答案。其他选项都是次要原因。技巧:文章首句出现问句一般是设问句,即有问必有答,而且它的回答往往是文章中心句或表明作者态度的句子。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。根据题干中关键词adaptiveness and inventiveness定位到文章第四段首句,该句指出:敏锐的外国观察家将美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这个教育优势(this ecational advantage)联系在一起。解题的关键在于找到“这个教育优势”指的是什么。This作为代词,一般往回复指前述的最后内容,也就是第三段末句谈到的“早期技工们有文化并且熟知算术(arithmetic),还通晓一些几何学(geometry)和三角学(trigonometry)”,从而可知这种教育优势就是熟练掌握数学。因而A选项为正确答案。B选项的干扰来自第四段末句,该句提到彻底的学校训练(school discipline)让美国小伙子迅速成长为技术人员,这里的学校训练就是指上文中的“数学教育优势”,而非选项中的“学校管理”。C选项中的home training 是对第三段at home in...(熟知)进行断章取义。D选项在文中未提及。技巧:指代关系是常考点。代词指代的位置原则是就近指代,即在上下文中,指代内容可以是一个词或句子。代词指代体现的是句子之间的关系,正确答案从意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上而言都应该通顺。第七段中引用Eugene Ferguson的话说明技术专家以非语言的方式进行思考。第八段首句指出:这种非语言的“空间”思维在创造力上可以与绘画和写作相比。接着文章又引用Robert Fulton的话说明a mechanic和a poet在使用“空间”思维方面的相通之处。因此,B选项为正确答案。此题还可以通过排除法求答。A选项无中生有,难道所有的技术专家和艺术家都是获奖者吗?C选项过度推断,显然不适用于艺术家。试问放弃语言描述的文字作品会是如何?况且进行非语言的空间思维不等于说放弃语言表达。D选项缺乏比较力度。若以使用多种工具为比较基础,岂不是各行各业的人都可以认为相似?技巧:类比可以看作是特殊的例证,但常使用比喻手法,用熟悉的、具体的、简单的事物来说明陌生的、抽象的、复杂的事物,目的不在比较,而在说明。考生关键要找出它所说明的论点或找出类比双方的相似性。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。总结主旨需要通观全文:文章一开始通过设问句点明主题,指出美国初期出现大量发明创造的众多原因。从第三段开始文章就各个原因分别论述。最后一段是全文的总结。可见,本文主要探讨早期美国人的发明创造热及其根源。因此A选项为最佳答案。也可用排除法解题。B、C选项都是部分原因,不能概括全文主旨;D选项太泛,文章只探究了引起发明热的原因。技巧:主旨题旨在考查考生对全篇文章信息综合归纳的能力。首先,文章开头部分对设问的回答往往是文章中心所在。其次,还应注意:(1)片面性、细节性的选项不能作题目。(2)可以假设某选项为题,然后试想在这样的题目下,应该写的内容。若与文章内容相悖,则不能作为题目。

敝笱

1996年考研英语阅读第三篇解析—本文介绍英国劳资和股东阶层关系

In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. 19世纪后半叶,“资方”和“劳方”按现代方式不断扩大并各自完善相互对立的组织。Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers.许多旧式企业被有限责任公司所取代,由领薪经理构成其管理机构。The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求,并防止了效率的降低,而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。It was moreover a step away from indivial initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business.而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造力,向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business.铁路公司,虽然仍是为股东谋利的私有企业,但还是与旧家族企业大不相同了。At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.与此同时,大城市的市政府也开始涉足实业界,为纳税人提供照明、电车及其他服务。The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences.有限责任公司及市政企业的发展带来了重大变化。Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and instry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the ties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了持股人作为一个阶层的数量及其重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着不承担责任的财富,与土地及土地所有者责任相分离,几乎也同样与企业的经营责任相分离。All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards instrialization.整个19世纪,美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都是靠英国的资本发展起来,而英国股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management.像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起,原因在于给大批“享乐”阶层提供居住场所,这些人不工作却有丰厚的收入,除了领取红利,偶尔参加股东会议向管理人员发号施令外,他们与外界几乎没有任何联系。On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.另一方面,“持股”就意味着悠闲和自由,维多利亚后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.这种股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求,他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.领取报酬后代表公司经营的经理与工人以及工人需求的关系更加直接,但甚至他也不像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样熟悉了解工人的情况。Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible.的确,单就公司的经营规模和雇佣的工人数量而言,就使得建立这种私人关系不再可能。Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.然而,幸运的是,工会的势力和组织在日益壮大,至少在各个技术行业情况如此,这就使工人与雇用他们的公司经理们处于平等的地位。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量,理解公正谈判的含义。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。第一段第二、三句介绍了旧式家族企业的情况。文中指出,许多旧式公司被有限责任公司代替。这一变化防止了效率的下降,而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代手中破产倒闭。由此可以推知旧式家族企业缺乏效率。C选项正确。A选项属于过度推理,文中提到的是decline in efficiency commonly spoiled the fourtunes of family firms,可见家族企业败坏在晚辈手中的根本原因还是效率低下。该段第四句表明,(由家族企业到有限责任公司)这一变化也是由个人独创到集体创业迈出的一步,由此推知家族企业并不缺乏个人独创精神,故B选项与原文不符。D选项属于张冠李戴,该段最后一句只提到,市政当局也开始为纳税人提供各种服务,和旧式家族企业无关。技巧:解此题重在对长难句的结构分析与理解。第二段前两句指出,有限责任公司及市政企业的发展引起了重大变化。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着非责任性的财富,与土地和土地所有者责任分离,几乎也同样与企业的责任经营分离。接着文章以英国持股人为例子进行说明。由此可推知,有限公司的发展引起了财富或资本与经营管理分离;投资者并不实际参加经营,而是坐吃红利(dividends)或有时参加些间接管理;真正的管理者未必再是公司的拥有者。因此A选项与原文内容相符,为正确答案。文章第一段第二句指出有限责任公司中领取薪金的经理构成管理体系。因此,经理只是经营者,并不是公司的所有者。B选项与此不符。文章首句表明劳资两个阶级早在有限责任公司出现之前就已经存在,由责任有限公司导致出现的是持股人这一新的阶层。因此,C选项也不对。D选项与原文不符。从第二段倒数第二句可知,股东们只是享受红利,偶尔开会给经营者发布指令。从文中无法知道他们参与市政企业。技巧:根据题干关键词和先读各段首句迅速定位答案所在句(第二段首句)。此题考查对细节的综合概括能力。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。对于正误判断题,可以采取排除法解题。A选项在文章第三段首句中涉及:“这种股东不了解持股公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求”;B选项在该段第二句涉及:“...但是甚至他——经理也很少像现在正在消失的世袭的旧式家族企业中的雇主那样对工人有着亲近的、个人化的了解;D选项也可以从文章最后两句得出:值得庆幸的是,工会与日俱增的力量使工人与他们的雇主可以平起平坐。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重,明白了公平协商的价值。可见,在这方面,工会起到了保护工人的积极作用。而C选项在文章中未涉及。技巧:Except类型的题目可能涉及一段或数段,考点范围广泛,此题目就几乎涉及到第三段每句话。因此考生该尽量将每个选项都对照原文,找到相关内容,确认该选项正确与否。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题。通观全文,发现文章花了许多笔墨描述股东阶层。如第二段第四句中说他们是comfortable class。他们与别人的关系仅仅限于抽取红利,偶尔参加股东会议对企业管理指手画脚,shareholding 意味着悠闲和自由;第三段首句也提到股东不了解工人们的生活、思想和需求。引号的多次使用表示作者对这个称号的否定。由此推知,作者对股东阶层持强烈的批评态度。因此,D选项为正确答案。作者对其他选项中的人群则没有明显的批评。技巧:纵览全篇,体会字里行间流露的语气和注意most关键词。此题实际上也考查了文章主旨。

美男子

1996年考研英语阅读第一篇解析—本文介绍求职前应进行的准备工作

Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”出言谨慎的年长者过去总说:“重要的不是在这个世界上你想要什么,而是你得到了什么。”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.心理学教导人们,如果你知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理,你就能得到它。You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.你可以在头脑里勾画出愿望的蓝图,如同设计房屋的蓝图一样。而我们每个人在日常生活中都在不停地勾画着这样的愿望蓝图。比方说,想请朋友吃晚餐,我们就会筹划菜谱、列购物单、决定先煮什么菜等,这样的筹划对于举行任何形式的宴请都是必不可少的。Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.同样,如果你想找一份工作,那就拿一张纸,写一份对自我的简单描述吧。为找工作制订计划蓝图时,要从你自己开始,因为只有当确切知道你可以提供什么服务时,你才能明智地筹划到哪儿去推销它们。This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include ecation, experience and references.对自我的描述实际上是对你的职业生涯的简介,它应包括教育背景、经验和证明材料。Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews.这样的描述是很有价值的,在填写标准的申请表格时可作为参照,在面试时更是尤为有用。While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your ecation, your experience, and other qualifications, will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.在与你面谈时,你未来的雇主将根据你的教育背景、经验和其他的资历来确定雇用你是否值得,因此你必须把你“待售的物品”和能力以有序而合理连贯的方式呈现出来。When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell.当你为自己的能力和愿望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后,你就有实在的东西可以推销了。Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment.那时你就准备去找工作,先搜集所有与你可能选择的工作相关的信息,对工作和公司的详情进行调查,留心看,留意听,使用你的判断力。Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.每天花一定的时间寻找你想要的工作,请记住:找工作就是你现在的工作。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:句意题。原句it’s not...but...结构否定的是“你所想”,肯定的是“你所得”。即,得到什么比想要什么重要。B选项较好地概括了原文意思,为正确答案。A选项强调“所想就一定所得”,其中certainly一词过于绝对,而且第二段提到,得到“所想”的条件是:知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理。C选项中“不满足”是文中没有的内容。D选项强调“所想”的重要性,与原句意思相反。技巧:本题属于句子理解题,考生需反复琢磨句意,并注意选项中将what you want 和what you get具体化后的含义。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。题干的内容是第三段中的举例,举例是为了说明论点,上文即该段第一句中作者表述的观点是:在日常生活中我们每个人都在不停地勾画这样的(愿望)蓝图。因此,“请人吃饭前制定计划”是说明人们勾画“愿望的蓝图”的一个例子。第四段首的逻辑词likewise (同样地,照样地)表明,后面提到的内容和“请朋友吃饭前制定计划”一样,也是在勾画“愿望的蓝图”。整个第四段主要介绍了找工作前应写简历,故A选项是举例所要说明的内容。B、C和D选项中分别出现good job、job description、job evaluation这些原文未有的内容。技巧:对于涉及举例的题,上下文的阅读甚为重要。考生关键要通过句子间的逻辑关系准确把握作者的写作意图。此外,要熟悉段落关联词和短语的用法,如:likewise表并列,暗示不同成分间的平等和相似。例句:This place is pretty beautiful, likewise the people here. 这地方美,人也美。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。根据题干关键词before starting to find a job定位到第四段第二句。该句中for引导的原因状语从句对该题作了回答:当确切知道你自己能够提供什么服务时,你才能明智地筹划到哪里去推销它们。D选项是对此句的改写,其中exactly与clearly相对应,know what you have to offer与become aware of himself 一致。C选项偷梁换柱,将该原因从句中的where换成了when。文章第五段第四句提到写明个人情况只是利于雇主做出选择,并非取悦,因此A选项不正确。B选项属常识项,但文中未提及。技巧:细节的因果关系处是常考点。本题的考点是第四段第二句。题干加正确选项就是它的改写。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。本题题干和文章最后一段第一句几乎一模一样,除了sell在四个选项中分别换成了同义词offer、provide、supply和present。故本题考点是对文中tangible一词的理解。可联系上文第五段中提到的“简历中的教育背景、工作经历、证明材料”这些求职硬件,来推测tangible的含义。tangible意为clear and definite(明确的,确实的),因此A选项为正确答案。B容易排除,Practical意为workable, useful(可行的,有用的),计划蓝图中的东西不一定就可行或令人满意,排除C和D。

牛马四足

1996年考研英语阅读第二篇解析—本文介绍BBC 的现状及面临的问题

With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it.随着BBC(英国广播公司)国际电视频道的开播,现在亚洲和美洲数以百万计的人不仅可以听到广播,也能看到它的电视新闻报道了。And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, ecation, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of £83 per household.当然,英国听众和观众可以收到两个BBC电视频道,五个BBC全国广播电台和几十个地方电台。(佳句)每户每年交83英镑的收视费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years -- yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt.延续七十多年,BBC可谓历程辉煌,然而现在,BBC的未来却令人疑虑。The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.虽然至少目前,它仍可以以公办广播机构的身份生存下去,但它的作用、规模和节目类型却成了全英国争论的话题。The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-- including ordinary listeners and viewers -- to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.英国政府发起了这场讨论,它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通的听众和观众——对公司好坏进行评说,甚至可以评说他们是否认为公司值得办下去。The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.这样做的原因是BBC所持的皇家特许证于1996年到期,政府必须决定是让公司维持原状还是进行变革。Defenders of the Corporation -- of whom there are many -- are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” The BBC “ain’t broke,” they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?公司的捍卫者为数不少,他们喜欢引用美国的广告口号:“如果没坏(broke),就不要修。”这里说英国广播公司还没有“broke”,意思相当于既然没有“broken”(跨掉)(它区别于broke的意思,broke表示“没有钱”),那为什么还要自找麻烦去改变它呢?Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels – ITV and Channel 4 -- were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels -- funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions -- which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.然而BBC将不得不进行变革,因为周围的广播世界正发生变化。商业电视频道——ITV和第四频道——应撒切尔政府广播法案的要求进一步商业化,彼此竞争广告业务,降低成本,裁减劳务。但从长远来看会引起最大变化的是新的卫星频道的出现,它们的部分资金来自广告收入,部分来自用户收视费。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。文章第一、二段描述BBC自开播以来其接收范围和节目类型已经非常广泛,这两段间用and 相连,表明一种顺承、并列关系,都介绍了BBC令人乐观的一面。接着第三段首句用yet表明与前两段有转折关系,yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt(BBC前景不明)说明了它现在面临的情况。因此,B选项为正确答案,其中原文的future和in doubt对应选项中的prospect和uncertain。新闻报道覆盖范围在第一段提到,是BBC值得骄傲的方面,而不是“问题”,故排除A选项。第四段提到,政府对公众进行调查,即邀请人们对BBC做出评价。而C选项则成了公众对BBC的调查。D选项在原文中未出现。技巧:议论文非常强调逻辑的严谨性,因此考生应特别注意表示逻辑关系的关联词或短语,如:although, though, but, yet, however等,从而把握作者的思路。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。解此题可采用排除法。A选项在文章第一段提到,“成千上万的亚美观众现在都能观看和收听该公司的新闻报道”,选项中的Far East就是西方国家对亚洲最东部国家的称呼。B选项和D选项都在文章第三段第二句提到,“BBC公司将作为国家赞助的广播机构而存在,至少暂时会是这样,但其地位、规模和节目类型却已经成为全英国谈论的话题”。文章只提到BBC自身的变革,而未涉及国际合作问题。故C选项为答案。技巧:原文中没有涉及的细节一般包括两种:一是文中根本没有提到;二是与文中其他内容相冲突。解此类题时常将选项和原文对号入座,将原文中提到的内容划线,表示是排除的内容;无法对号的即是答案。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。第四段末句提到政府进行民意调查的原因是:the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes,可见,royal charter和BBS的存在大有关联。解此题的关键是了解run out 的含义。run out 多表示“被用完,到期”之意,能和它构成主谓搭配的只有C选项。英国是君主立宪制国家,与女王签约表明BBC是国家办的广播公司,而非私营企业。技巧:对句中词汇或短语的释义,要根据上下文所给的信息进行推理和判断。文章第六段首先指出BBC不得不进行改革,接着陆续给出原因:它周边的广播业正在发生变化;政府广播法的实施迫使电视商业频道进一步商业化,进而使广告业相互竞争,降低成本,减少劳务;但是从长远看,带来最大变化的将是新的卫星频道。实际上,原因可归纳为两点:电视频道进一步商业化的趋势和卫星电视频道的出现。最后一句使用强调句型It is the arrival...which will...the biggest changes...,强调后一原因更具重要性,其中biggest与选项中的foremost同义。因此D选项是正确答案。A、B和C选项都是和前一原因相关的内容,但不是最主要原因。技巧:因果关系中的主要原因也是常考点。考生需要在众多原因中辨别主次,注意词汇(如mainy, chief)和句型结构(如强调句)的暗示。补充:no other than意为“就是,正是”。如:He is no other than my old friend Jones.他就是我的老友琼斯。

火龙沟

1996年考研英语完形填空解析—本文是一篇介绍维生素的科普性短文

大家好,咱们来看一篇完形填空,这篇是1996年考研英语试卷一的完形,是一篇介绍维生素的科普性小短文,可以先做题,最后有答案讲解。Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, 1 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 2 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 3 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 4 .Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 5 nitrogen. They are different 6 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 7 one or more specific functions in the body.8 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 9 vitamins. Many people, 10 , believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. However, a wellbalanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.1.[A]either [B]so [C]nor [D]never2.[A]shifting [B]transferring [C]altering [D]transforming3.[A]any [B]some [C]anything [D]something4.[A]serious [B]apparent [C]severe [D]fatal5.[A]mostly [B]partially [C]sometimes [D]rarely6.[A]in that [B]so that [C]such that [D]except that7.[A]undertakes [B]holds [C]plays [D]performs8.[A]Supplying [B]Getting [C]Providing [D]Furnishing9.[A]exceptional [B]exceeding [C]excess [D]external10.[A]nevertheless [B]therefore [C]moreover [D]meanwhile试题讲解:1.[A] either [B] so [C] nor [D] never[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:否定倒装句的连词。空格前文讲到维生素不能提供能量,是一个否定句;后文讲到它们构建身体的任何部分,是倒装句,因此选项必须既能引导倒装句,又能与前面的否定相呼应。四个选项中,either表示“也”,可以用在否定句中,但一般放在句尾,例如:She didn’t go there, either(她也不去);so 可以引导倒装句,但它用在肯定句中,表示“也”,如:They can leave now, so can we.(他们现在可以离开了,我们也能)。nor也可以引导倒装句,并可用在否定句中,构成not...nor...(既不…也不…)固定结构,如:You can’t do it, nor can I.(你不能做这件事,我也不能);never也可以引导倒装句,表示否定,但它必须放在句首,如:Never in my life have I heard such nonsense.(我一辈子都没听说过这样的无稽之谈)。综合以上因素,C为正确选项。2.[A] shifting替换,转移 [B] transferring迁移,移动,传递[C] altering改变,变动 [D] transforming转换,改变[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:习惯搭配 + 动词词义辨析。空格所在句子的含义是“需要维生素将食物转化为能量,以维持身体的健康”。空格填入的分词需和into搭配,并符合文意。transform常与into搭配,强调的是“事物大的变革或质的改变”。在此从food(食物)到energy(能量)的转变是一种质的改变,因此,D符合句意。shift 不与into搭配,如:The wind shifted to the south(风转向南吹);transfer多用于位置的改变,也不与into搭配,如:His employer transferred him to another office.(老板把他调到了另一个办公室);alter强调部分或少量的变动,程度较轻,如:These clothes are too large; they must be altered.(这些衣服太大,得修改)。因此以上三个词都不能表示事物质的改变。知识点补充:trans-为前缀,与动词连用,表示“横过,越过”或“转变,转移”,例如:transact(办理, 交易, 谈判, 处理),transatlantic(横渡大西洋的),trans-national(跨越国界的),transplant(移植),transport(运输)。3.[A] any任何一个 [B] some一些[C] anything任何事物 [D] something某事物[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:不定代词的用法。空格所在句子是一个由and连接的并列句,前一个分句There are thirteen or more of them中的them指的是vitamins,后一个分句是一个由if引导的条件状语从句,意为“如果…缺乏,(会出现)维生素缺乏症。”由于if引导的从句中谓语动词is是单数,因而,只能由一个表示单数意义的不定代词作为被选项。首先排除some,它一般用于肯定句,做主语时谓语动词用复数;其次anything与something泛指任何事或某些事,放入句中不符句意;any放入后相当于any of them,即“任何维生素”。注意any一般用于否定或疑问句中,做主语时,谓语动词常用单数,如:Any of the hunters is able to catch the tiger single-handed.(任何一个猎人都能单独抓住老虎)。因此答案只能选A。4.[A] serious严重的,严肃的,认真的 [B] apparent明显的[C] severe严厉的,剧烈的,严峻的 [D] fatal致命的[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:形容词词义辨析。本题要求考生判断,如果缺乏任何一种维生素,缺乏症就会变得怎样。四个备选项表示的程度不同,从语意的角度来说都可以与disease相搭配。但是,根据上下文,这里需要填入一个准确描述疾病症状的词。serious、severe和fatal这几个词都表示程度严重,甚至危及生命。但上下文没有暗示缺乏一种维生素会导致严重的后果,因此,这三个词都不可作为被选项。apparent只是简单地描述了疾病的症状,为正确选项。5.[A] mostly大部分,主要地 [B] partially部分地[C] sometimes 有时候 [D] rarely很少地,罕有地[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语义搭配 + 副词词义辨析。本句破折号后举例说明维生素的组成成分:碳、氢、氧和5氮,and 表明各成分之间为并列关系,那么,选项应与usually相呼应。usually是频度副词,选项也应是频度副词。选项中,mostly和partially不是频率副词,而是强调事物部分与整体的关系,如:The audience consisted mostly of women.(观众主要是妇女);The driver is partially to blame for the accident.(司机对那次车祸应负部分责任)。rarely是频率副词,但它含否定含义,若用于句中,之前的连词and应改为表示转折关系的but。所以只有sometimes为正确选项。全句意为“通常是碳、氢、氧,有些时候还有氮”。6.[A] in that在…方面;因为[B] so that以致,以便,(引导结果或目的状语从句)[C] such that那样,以至,(不能连接两个完整的句子)[D] except that除了[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。上句提到维生素相似的原因,这句开始提到维生素也是有区别的,由于两个句子是平行的结构,我们可以预测,本句的后半句也会解释为什么不同。下文果然提到原因是“元素的排列方式不同,每种元素在人体内(有)一种或多种特殊功能”。因此空格处应填入表因果关系并连接原因状语从句的短语。选项中,except that不表因果,so that和such that后面接结果。只有in that后面接原因,并且空格前面的different与介词in连用,表示“在哪一方面不同”。例句补充:Self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes.(自我批评是必要的,因为它能帮助我们改正错误);Speak louder so that all the people in the hall can hear you.(大声点讲, 以便大厅里的人都能听清);The situation was such that political observers found it difficult to predict.(形势如此,连政治观察家们也觉得难以预料);His account is correct except that some details are omitted.(除了有些细节未提到之外,他的叙述是正确的)。7.[A] undertakes承担,采取 [B] holds保存,把握,握有[C] plays担当,承担 [D] performs表演,执行,履行[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:动宾搭配。本题考查动词与function的搭配。四个选项中能与function搭配的只有perform,即perform a function(具有…的功能,发挥…的作用),如:The brain performs a very important function: it controls the nervous system of the body.(大脑具有非常重要的功能,它控制着身体内的神经系统)。在文中,它意为“每种元素在人体内承担一种或多种特殊的功能”。其它能与function搭配的动词还有fulfill、serve等。其它选项的常用搭配有:undertake a mission/task/project承担使命/任务/工程;hold a share持有股份;play a role/part扮演…角色。8.[A] Supplying补给,供给,提供,补充[B] Getting获得,变成,收获,使得[C] Providing供应,供给,准备,预防 [D] Furnishing供应,提供,装备,布置[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:动名词的逻辑主语 + 动词词义辨析。本题空格所在句子是一个含让步状语从句的复合句:8enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for9vitamins,其中空格部分和enough vitamins构成动名词的复合结构做主句的主语。考生关键要判断出,空格处填入的动名词的逻辑主语也就是后面although引导的让步状语从句中的主语,即:the body。这样,动名词所表示的动作必须是the body发出来的,又能接enough vitamins做宾语。选项中,Supplying,Providing和Furnishing均表示“提供,供应”,动作的发出者不是“身体”。句子表达的含义是身体需要获取维生素的营养,而不是“提供”,因此只有Getting(获取,获得)符合。知识点补充:supply、provide、furnish是一组近义词,都有“提供,供应”含义。furnish主要指提供一些基本的必要物品,可译为“配备”,如:furnish the new apartment(为新房间配备家具);supply强调“提供物品以备需要的时候用”,可译为“供给,供应”,它常和with搭配,如:supply the market with new commodities(向市场供应新商品);provide也强调“提供物品,为…做准备”,它常和介词for,with和against搭配。provide...with...意为“给…提供”,provide for/against都指“为可能的困难做准备,防备”,如:He worked hard to provide for his old age.(他努力赚钱以防老)。9.[A] exceptional例外的,异常的 [B] exceeding非常的,极度的,过度的[C] excess额外的,多余的 [D] external外部的,客观的,外用的[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 形容词词义辨析。本题空格所在部分是although引导的让步状语从句。前面主句提到,获取足够维生素是必要的,因此从句很可能要从相反的角度来说明获取维生素对人体的意义。have use for是固定短语,意为“需要”,主要用于否定和疑问句中,如:I have no further use for it.(我不再需要它了)。因此,根据所在从句的含义,考生需判断人体对什么维生素没有营养上的需要。选项中,首先排除external和exceptional,因为不存在“外部的维生素”或“例外的维生素”;剩下两个选项中,exceeding用来指被修饰的成分超出了一般的限度,如:exceeding darkness(极度黑暗),exceeding beauty(美丽无比),显然,它不能直接修饰“维生素”;只有excess指“超过正常或所需数额的数量”,强调“摄入过多的维生素”符合逻辑。10.[A] nevertheless然而,不过,(表示转折关系)[B] therefore因此,所以,(表因果关系)[C] moreover而且,此外,(表示递进关系)[D] meanwhile(=at the same time)同时,(表示时间关系)两个逗号之间的空格处应填入一个逻辑连接词,因此考生需判断空格所在句子和上文之间的逻辑关系。上文提到,过量维生素对身体没有营养价值,接着作者指出很多人的心态:为“安全”考虑,而服用额外的维生素。从语意上看,两句之间存在转折关系,选择项应该是一个表示转折关系的词,因此nevertheless为正确答案。整个句子意为“尽管获取过量的维生素对身体没有营养价值,但很多人出于安全考虑,还是摄取额外的维生素。”

荣叔

1996年考研英语阅读第五篇翻译—本文介绍一本批评创世论的著作

大家好,咱们来看一篇阅读,这篇阅读是1996年考研英语试卷一的第五篇阅读,介绍了一本关于批评创世论的著作,原文如下,并把原文内的中文翻译也一并给出,方便理解。原文:Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared.有传言说,有20多本关于创世论与进化论之争的书即将出版,其中有几本已经面世。The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.出版所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓:就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言,不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened.对于所发生的一切,宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。“Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.而“科学”创世论——当课堂上讲授进化论时,有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释它——是基于宗教,而非科学的。Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.实际上,所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将“科学”创世论看作是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introction to evolution.金切尔这本书的前四章简要地介绍了进化论。At appropriate places, he introces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers.在适当的地方,作者引入了对创世论的非难并提供了回答。In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating.在书的后三章,他毫不客气地对创世论者进行了猛烈抨击。He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.他揭露了这些人的行动计划和骗人手段,对那些不了解创世论者惯用手法的人来说,其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会令人感到气愤和震惊。When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.由于他们的基本动机是宗教,人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的行为。Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments.金切尔是位哲学家,这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory.非专业人士起码可以从中了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all.关于创世论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。On the st jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.”这部优秀作品的护封上,斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德这样写道:“本书代表了理性”。And so it does -- and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.的确如此——如果理性是创世论和进化论之争的唯一评判标准,一切问题就已解决了。试题:51. “Creationism” in the passage refers to.[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe[B] a notion of the creation of religion[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe52. Kitcher’s book is intended to.[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists[B] expose the true features of creationists[C] curse bitterly at this opponents[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists53. From the passage we can infer that.[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings54. This passage appears to be a digest of.[A] a book review[B] a scientific paper[C] a magazine feature[D] a newspaper editorial简单介绍几个单词的含义:creationism 创世论st jacket(n.)(精装书的)护封deceptive 骗人的,迷惑人的;误导的newspaper editorial 报纸社论答案:D B B A你做对了吗?

小雅典

1995年考研英语阅读第五篇解析—本文是关于记忆和遗忘方面的文章

That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.过去的经历会影响日后的行为,这就表明存在着一种明显然而却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.没有被广泛称之为记忆的作用,学习就不可能发生。Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.不断的练习实践对记忆产生了影响,从而成就了钢琴上的熟练弹奏、背诵诗歌,甚至阅读和理解这些文字。So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning.所谓的智力行为需要记忆能力,因为它是推理的基本要求。The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory.用于解决问题或者甚至是辨别出有问题存在的能力有赖于记忆。Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.举例来说,一个穿过街道的决定是根据对许多以往经历的回忆而作出的。Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.练习(或者复习)有助于建立和保持对一项任务或任何学习过的材料的记忆。如果一段时间不练习,已学习到的知识往往会被遗忘;其适应性的结果可能表现得不明显。Yet,dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. 但是,戏剧性的突然遗忘的例子可以被看作为极具适应性。In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.从这点看,遗忘的能力可以被理解为动物通过自然选择进程赢得了生存。Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may proce relief.的确,当一个人对一件情感上很痛苦的经历的记忆导致了严重的焦虑时,遗忘可以带来解脱。Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly graal process of forgetting survived natural selection.然而,进化论的解释可能会使人很难理解通常逐渐的遗忘过程是如何经自然选择生存下来的。In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.在思考记忆的进化过程及其他相关方面时,考虑下面这个问题是很有益处的,即,如果记忆不能渐渐消失将会出现什么情形。Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring ration.遗忘明显有助于时间的定位,因为旧的记忆淡化了,使新的记忆清晰醒目,为推断某事的持续时间提供了线索。Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.没有遗忘,适应性能力就会受损。例如,十年前所学的正确行为现在也许不再被认为正确。Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. Thus forgetting seems to serve that survival of the indivial and the species.案例记载了这样一些人,他们(按一般人的标准)忘记的事情太少以至于日常生活充满了困惑。因此,遗忘似乎有助于个人以及人类的生存。Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.另一条思路假设人的记忆存储系统储量有限,它专门通过遗忘来提供适应之灵活性。In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output).依此观点,学习或记忆储存(输入)与遗忘(输出)之间始终在不断地调节。Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which indivials forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.的确,有证据显示个人遗忘的比率与他们学得的知识量的多少直接相关。这样的数据为认为输入—输出持衡的当代记忆模式提供了总体上的支持。27.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。从进化论解释遗忘是第二段的内容,该段第二、三句谈到,“一段时间由于缺乏实践,学到的东西往往就会忘记(渐进性地遗忘),其适应性结果就显得不太明显。然而戏剧性地突然遗忘的例子可以被看作具有适应性,即动物在自然选择的过程中幸存下来的能力”,但是末句又谈到“进化论的解释可能使人很难理解渐进的遗忘过程是如何经过自然选择生存下来的”。因此可知,[D]选项是正确的观点,而[C]选项与文意相反。[A]选项错在“obviously”,原文第二句中提到适应性结果不太明显。[B]选项是对第三句的篡改,而不是改写,其中两个very夸大暗示了原文中没有的遗忘与适应性之间的正比关系。命题意图是要求考生理解第二段中作者如何论述渐进性的遗忘和突然性遗忘与适应性的关系。28.[答案]B本题考查不会遗忘带来的后果。第三段一开始就指出,思考一下记忆不衰退会产生的结果。第四句论证说,忘事少的人,他们的日常生活充满了困惑。同时第二段第五句也提到,当一个人对一件情感上很痛苦的经历难以忘怀而导致严重焦虑时,遗忘可以带来解脱。也就是说,不会忘记就清除不了烦恼。因为[B]选项为上述思想的概括,其中,a lot of trouble 对应文中full of confusion。[A]选项与第三段第三句“没有遗忘,适应性能力就会受损”不符。[C]选项与第四段内容矛盾:“人的记忆存储系统储量有限,学习与遗忘之间不断地调节”。[D]选项中的“进化停止”过于绝对,文中没有涉及。注意:考生可以根据题干的if a person never forgot和第三段首句的if memories failed to fade,迅速定位到段落。29.[答案]A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:段落主题。最后一段认为,人的记忆存储系统储量有限,它通过遗忘来提供适应的灵活性。学习或记忆储存(输入)与遗忘(输出)之间始终不断地调节,达到出入平衡。因此[A]选项符合文意,为正确答案。[B]选项中的exactly一词用得过于绝对,与文章内容不符。[C]选项把记忆与遗忘的关系搞错,二者并非补偿关系,只不过都是记忆系统的组成部分。[D]选项不正确,原文只说遗忘使记忆系统更具适应力,而不是说它造成了记忆存储系统的有限性。注意:干扰项中可能大量使用原文中提到的词语,其增加或减少都会造成错误答案,考生一定要仔细辨认。如:该题干扰选项中出现的memory storage system, limited, capacity, input-output, balance等。30.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。本题考查全文的主旨。本文共四段,仅在第一段单纯讲述记忆的作用。从第二段开始文章侧重论述遗忘的功能,指出它是人类适应生存的表现,没有它,人的适应性会受影响;以及记忆系统专门通过遗忘提供适应的灵活性。由此可见[B]选项是文章内容重点讨论的对象,即主题。forgetting一词在文中出现的频率很高。其他选项在文中有所涉及,但不是主题。注意:解此类题,要特别注意综合各段中心大意,或找出文中出现频率偏高的词。

悠悠荡荡

盘点近几年考研英语阅读的内容

考研英语非常重要的一部分就是阅读,大家在掌握英语阅读技巧的情况下, 还要从历年来的考点来看看其规律性,下面带着大家盘点下近六年的考题。2018年考研阅读如下内容:第一篇:人工智能  第二篇:媒体技能  第三篇:数据利用  第四篇:美国邮政2017考研阅读如下内容:第一篇:安检措施  第二篇:选址之争  第三篇:GDP缺陷  第四篇:美国法律2016年阅读:第一篇:时尚立法  第二篇:英国乡村  第三篇:社会责任  第四篇:媒体变革2015年阅读:第一篇:欧洲王室  第二篇:美国法律  第三篇:科学期刊  第四篇:媒体道德2014年阅读:第一篇:英国福利  第二篇:美国律师  第三篇:科学奖励  第四篇:自由教育2013年阅读:第一篇:快时尚业  第二篇:数据保护  第三篇:人类未来  第四篇:美国法律从近六年出的内容来看, 话题考查重复率很高,相似度也很高。建议各位小伙伴把这几年的真题反复研读,大部分考点可能会重复的。

战吼

1995年考研英语阅读第二篇解析—本文从心理学角度看待个人成长

There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a proct, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or proct that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try,new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.15.[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。文章第一段谈到,人们对待成长有两种基本看法:将之视为结果和将之视为过程。该段第二句明确指出前者是人们通常持有的看法,即认为成长是一种外在的结果或成果,易于衡量。可以从该段最后作者给出的一系列例子去理解什么是外在结果。此外,最后一句中的“have measurable results to show for their efforts”表明这种观点认为个人成长也是通过努力取得的结果。这样答案就显而易见了。只有[A]选项既是经过努力又是可以衡量的外在结果,故为正确答案。[B]、[C]和[D]选项都属于过程中付出的努力,结果却不可测量,故都不对。命题意图是要求考生熟悉类比题的一种变相出法,即,不直接对文中内容提问,而是要求考生在正确理解文中的例子后,从选项中选出与之类似的情况。解题关键在于能够把握原来例子的实质。16.[答案]C有关视成长为过程的的论述主要集中在第二段。这种观点认为成长是一段旅程,而不是具体的标记。人们应该看重的是成长过程中的态度和情感而非点滴的成功标记。[C]选项就是一种遭遇困难时的态度,也与第二段末句 “new challenges to accept”观点一致,为正确答案。[A]选项是结果,而非过程。[B]选项显然是从结果的角度去看待人的发展。[D]选项仍然是追求有“标志”的成功结果。因此都可以排除。17.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。题干中的短语出自第三段第二句中的how we see ourselves as we try a new way of being。该句之后,作者一连提出并列的三个问题,并给予了回答。三个问句及其回答分别是人由于对自身看法的不同而产生的不同处世方法:how we see ourselves是对三个问题的概括,而a new way of being这个关键词则应该涵盖三个回答的内容。[A]选项是简练、全面的概括,为正确答案。being相当于existing,意为:处世生存方式。首先排除[C],它涉及的是问句的内容,[B]和[D]选项虽然都在该段被提及,但是不具有概括性,应该排除。18.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者观点题。第三段首句提到,为了成长,人们需要乐于冒险、勇于面对未知事物、接受“失败”。接下来的一系列设问句说明了“快捷、有好奇心、抓住更多的机会、体验不熟悉的事情、对付新挑战”等的重要性,因此[A]、[B]和[C]选项都在文中提到。而第四段首句“这些不安全感和自我怀疑不仅是无法避免的,而且是必要的”充分表明作者对这些态度的肯定。由此可知,[D]选项与作者观点不一致,而且从第四段第二句作者用的两个假设也可看出他对躲避态度的否定,综上所述可以推出[D]选项为正确答案。全文翻译看待成长有两种基本态度:一种视其为结果,一种视其为过程。(佳句①)人们通常视个人成长为容易被识别和衡量的一种外在结果或成果。工人得到升迁、学生成绩提高和外国人学会了一门新的语言——这些都可以表明人们付出努力之后,取得了可测定的成绩。(长难句①)相比之下,测定个人成长的过程却要艰难得多。因为从定义来看,它是一段旅程,而不是沿途特定的路标或标志物。成长过程不是道路本身,而是当遭遇新的情况或未预料到的坎坷时所持的态度和情感,是慎重行事还是勇往直前。(长难句②)在这个过程中,旅行永远不会真正结束;总是有新的方法来感受世界,总会尝试新思想,接受新挑战。(佳句②)为了成长,为了探索新路,人们需要乐意去冒险,去勇敢面对未知事物,去接受他们也许会一开始就“失败”的可能性。(佳句③)当我们尝试一种新的生存方式时,我们如何看待自己对我们的成长能力至关重要。我们认为自己快捷、有好奇心吗?如果是的话,那我们往往会抓住更多的机会,更愿意去体验不熟悉的事情。我们认为自己腼腆、优柔寡断吗?那我们的羞怯感会使我们犹豫不决、行动缓慢,不到万无一失绝不迈步。我们认为自己适应变化很慢且对付新挑战也不够机敏吗?那么我们极可能会处事较被动或者根本放弃尝试。我们若想改变自己、有所成长,这些不安全感和自我怀疑感既无法避免也很有必要。如果我们不去面对并克服这些内心的恐惧和疑惑,如果我们过多地保护自己,那我们就一定会停止成长。我们会陷进自己营造的壳里面。(佳句④)

酷老爸

1995年考研英语阅读第一篇翻译和解析—本文介绍广告对社会的贡献

Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the procts and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a proct that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Recing newspaper cost.13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising14. In the author’s opinion,.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement答案解析11.[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是:句意题。首先看句子语法,第一句的重点是对as well as的理解。as well as 有两种意思:1)相当于in addition (to),意为“除……外,同,和,也”,如:He gave me money as well as advice. 2)用作连词引出比较对象,意为“和……一样好”。第2)种含义放在本文中才讲得通,这里as well as any相当于as well as any(money spent), I know of 是定语从句,修饰any。其次,看下文内容。从文章第二句“它直接有助于……”可以推出作者对广告的作用持肯定态度。因此第一句应该被理解为“花在广告上的钱和任何别处花的钱一样值得”。 [D]项正是这个含义的概括,因此为正确项。[B]、[C]选项仅停留在“广告花费钱”的含义上,体现不了对广告的肯定态度;选项[A]是对从句“I know of”的错误理解。命题意图要求考生正确理解句中为避免重复而省略的部分。12.[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。第一段作者对广告给予肯定并且列举广告带来的诸多益处:(1)它直接有助于商品以合理价格迅速销出;(2)在稳定国内市场的同时,使产品能够以有竞争力的价格进入国际市场;(3)它给人以新的消费观,从而大大提高人们的生活水准;(4)它有助于增加市场需求,扩大劳动力市场,有效地扩大就业;(5)它使日报等公共事业的服务价格低廉。由此可见,[B]、[C]和[D]选项都在文中直接涉及,可以排除。第二段首句虽然谈到广告为人们购买的产品和服务的合理价格提供了保障,但是未提及[A]选项“保障更高的知名度”的内容,因而为正确答案。注意:这种“which is not included”题型相当于except题型,一般要在大范围内搜索,排除原文中已经提到的选项或直接找出与原文不符的选项。潜在命题点:依据此内容可另出一题:What is the biggest advantage of advertising?A.Providing more jobs.B.Enhancing living standards.C.Recing the costs of many services.D.Ensuring the quality of the procts and services.答案为[D]。关键是第二段首句“most important of all” 表明下面所述为最重要的优势,因此在列举题中,要注意关联词的作用。此外,也可用排除法,[A]、[B]、[C]在文中并列,作用相仿,成为答案几率均等,故都应该排除。13.[解析]本题考核的知识点是:本题考核的知识点是:作者观点题。题干要求考生回答作者对文中提到的知名人士的看法。文章第四段谈到该知名人士对广告持否定态度,即他批评广告更多的是在劝诱观众,而不是提供信息。这显然与作者前面第三段用大篇幅对广告赞扬的态度大相径庭,所以作者马上对这种观点进行驳斥,以维护自己的观点。作者认为“他把两者区分得过于细微。因为广告不可避免地要劝说消费者,如果广告的内容仅仅限于提供信息,那将会乏味之极”。由引可以推论作者对知名人士看法持否定态度。因此[D]选项为正确选项。[A]选项和[C]选项都持肯定态度,可以排除。而[B]选项也不对,因为在文中并未讨论知名人士的兴趣和关心对象问题。nothing but意为:只有,除了……之外都不。命题意图要求考生正确理解文章局部细节体现的作者态度。14.[答案]C[解析]本题考核的知识点是:作者观点题。本题考查作者对广告所持的观点。读完全文后,我们已经很清楚作者对广告的态度和观点。先是在前三段肯定广告给社会带来的诸多好处,然后在第四段和第四段又指出广告劝说消费者不仅是不可避免的也是必要的,否则便失去了吸引力,不能把广告的劝诱性作为批评它的论据。[C]选项恰恰符合这一观点,为正确答案。[A]选项与第三段的内容相悖。[B]选项与第四段作者提出的“广告不可避免地要劝说消费者,内容不仅仅限于提供信息”的看法不一致。[D]选项不正确,作者在末段提到,只提供信息的广告不会引起观众的兴趣,不能由此推出,消费者对广告信息毫无兴趣。win sb. over(to sth.)=win sb. to do sth. 意思是“说服某人做某事”。注意:做此类局部作者态度题,可以先看选项中是否有直接可排除之选项;不能排除的再定位,对照进行排除。全文翻译花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别的方面的钱一样是值得的。它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售,从而建立稳固的国内市场,并且有可能以有竞争力的价格提供出口商品。通过向公众推出新思想,它极大地促进生活水准的提高。通过帮助增加商品需求,它确保对劳动力的更大需求,因此成为对抗失业的一项有效措施。它降低了许多服务费用:没有广告,日报的价格将是现在的四倍,电视许可证价格会翻一番,乘汽车或地铁出行也将贵出百分之二十。也许最重要的是,广告对你所购买的产品和服务的合理价值提供了一种保障。除了国会制定的27项法案对广告加以约束之外,也没有哪个正规的广告商胆敢推销与广告承诺不符的产品。他也许会通过误导人的广告暂时愚弄一些人。但他这样做长不了,因为所幸的是,公众很明智,不会再次购买劣质商品。 如果你看见一种商品不断地做广告,我认为这就是最可靠的证明,商品一定与其宣传名副其实,一定体现良好的价值。广告对社会的物质利益所作的贡献比我能想到的任何其他力量都要大。有一点我觉得应该在此提及。最近我听到一位电视知名人士宣称,他反对广告,因为广告是劝诱性的,而不是客观地提供信息。他在此划了一条过于清晰的界线。当然广告总是试图劝服。如果广告仅仅限于提供信息——这一点本身如果不是不可能的话,至少也难以做到,因为即使选择一件衬衫的颜色这样的细节也多少隐含劝说之意——那么广告将变得味同嚼蜡、无人理会了。但也许这就是那位电视名人所希望的结果。