2005年考研英语一阅读解析

Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the procts and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a proct that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Recing newspaper cost.13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising14. In the author’s opinion,.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement答案解析11.[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：句意题。首先看句子语法，第一句的重点是对as well as的理解。as well as 有两种意思：1）相当于in addition (to),意为“除……外，同，和，也”，如：He gave me money as well as advice. 2)用作连词引出比较对象，意为“和……一样好”。第2）种含义放在本文中才讲得通，这里as well as any相当于as well as any（money spent）, I know of 是定语从句，修饰any。其次，看下文内容。从文章第二句“它直接有助于……”可以推出作者对广告的作用持肯定态度。因此第一句应该被理解为“花在广告上的钱和任何别处花的钱一样值得”。 [D]项正是这个含义的概括，因此为正确项。[B]、[C]选项仅停留在“广告花费钱”的含义上，体现不了对广告的肯定态度；选项[A]是对从句“I know of”的错误理解。命题意图要求考生正确理解句中为避免重复而省略的部分。12.[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。第一段作者对广告给予肯定并且列举广告带来的诸多益处：（1）它直接有助于商品以合理价格迅速销出；（2）在稳定国内市场的同时，使产品能够以有竞争力的价格进入国际市场；（3）它给人以新的消费观，从而大大提高人们的生活水准；（4）它有助于增加市场需求，扩大劳动力市场，有效地扩大就业；（5）它使日报等公共事业的服务价格低廉。由此可见，[B]、[C]和[D]选项都在文中直接涉及，可以排除。第二段首句虽然谈到广告为人们购买的产品和服务的合理价格提供了保障，但是未提及[A]选项“保障更高的知名度”的内容，因而为正确答案。注意：这种“which is not included”题型相当于except题型，一般要在大范围内搜索，排除原文中已经提到的选项或直接找出与原文不符的选项。潜在命题点：依据此内容可另出一题：What is the biggest advantage of advertising?A．Providing more jobs.B．Enhancing living standards.C．Recing the costs of many services.D．Ensuring the quality of the procts and services.答案为[D]。关键是第二段首句“most important of all” 表明下面所述为最重要的优势，因此在列举题中，要注意关联词的作用。此外，也可用排除法，[A]、[B]、[C]在文中并列，作用相仿，成为答案几率均等，故都应该排除。13.[解析]本题考核的知识点是：本题考核的知识点是：作者观点题。题干要求考生回答作者对文中提到的知名人士的看法。文章第四段谈到该知名人士对广告持否定态度，即他批评广告更多的是在劝诱观众，而不是提供信息。这显然与作者前面第三段用大篇幅对广告赞扬的态度大相径庭，所以作者马上对这种观点进行驳斥，以维护自己的观点。作者认为“他把两者区分得过于细微。因为广告不可避免地要劝说消费者，如果广告的内容仅仅限于提供信息，那将会乏味之极”。由引可以推论作者对知名人士看法持否定态度。因此[D]选项为正确选项。[A]选项和[C]选项都持肯定态度，可以排除。而[B]选项也不对，因为在文中并未讨论知名人士的兴趣和关心对象问题。nothing but意为：只有，除了……之外都不。命题意图要求考生正确理解文章局部细节体现的作者态度。14.[答案]C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：作者观点题。本题考查作者对广告所持的观点。读完全文后，我们已经很清楚作者对广告的态度和观点。先是在前三段肯定广告给社会带来的诸多好处，然后在第四段和第四段又指出广告劝说消费者不仅是不可避免的也是必要的，否则便失去了吸引力，不能把广告的劝诱性作为批评它的论据。[C]选项恰恰符合这一观点，为正确答案。[A]选项与第三段的内容相悖。[B]选项与第四段作者提出的“广告不可避免地要劝说消费者，内容不仅仅限于提供信息”的看法不一致。[D]选项不正确，作者在末段提到，只提供信息的广告不会引起观众的兴趣，不能由此推出，消费者对广告信息毫无兴趣。win sb. over(to sth.)=win sb. to do sth. 意思是“说服某人做某事”。注意：做此类局部作者态度题，可以先看选项中是否有直接可排除之选项；不能排除的再定位，对照进行排除。全文翻译花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别的方面的钱一样是值得的。它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售，从而建立稳固的国内市场，并且有可能以有竞争力的价格提供出口商品。通过向公众推出新思想，它极大地促进生活水准的提高。通过帮助增加商品需求，它确保对劳动力的更大需求，因此成为对抗失业的一项有效措施。它降低了许多服务费用：没有广告，日报的价格将是现在的四倍，电视许可证价格会翻一番，乘汽车或地铁出行也将贵出百分之二十。也许最重要的是，广告对你所购买的产品和服务的合理价值提供了一种保障。除了国会制定的27项法案对广告加以约束之外，也没有哪个正规的广告商胆敢推销与广告承诺不符的产品。他也许会通过误导人的广告暂时愚弄一些人。但他这样做长不了，因为所幸的是，公众很明智，不会再次购买劣质商品。 如果你看见一种商品不断地做广告，我认为这就是最可靠的证明，商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。广告对社会的物质利益所作的贡献比我能想到的任何其他力量都要大。有一点我觉得应该在此提及。最近我听到一位电视知名人士宣称，他反对广告，因为广告是劝诱性的，而不是客观地提供信息。他在此划了一条过于清晰的界线。当然广告总是试图劝服。如果广告仅仅限于提供信息——这一点本身如果不是不可能的话，至少也难以做到，因为即使选择一件衬衫的颜色这样的细节也多少隐含劝说之意——那么广告将变得味同嚼蜡、无人理会了。但也许这就是那位电视名人所希望的结果。

That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显然而却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.没有被广泛称之为记忆的作用，学习就不可能发生。Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.不断的练习实践对记忆产生了影响，从而成就了钢琴上的熟练弹奏、背诵诗歌，甚至阅读和理解这些文字。So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning.所谓的智力行为需要记忆能力，因为它是推理的基本要求。The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory.用于解决问题或者甚至是辨别出有问题存在的能力有赖于记忆。Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.举例来说，一个穿过街道的决定是根据对许多以往经历的回忆而作出的。Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.练习（或者复习）有助于建立和保持对一项任务或任何学习过的材料的记忆。如果一段时间不练习，已学习到的知识往往会被遗忘；其适应性的结果可能表现得不明显。Yet,dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. 但是，戏剧性的突然遗忘的例子可以被看作为极具适应性。In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.从这点看，遗忘的能力可以被理解为动物通过自然选择进程赢得了生存。Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may proce relief.的确，当一个人对一件情感上很痛苦的经历的记忆导致了严重的焦虑时，遗忘可以带来解脱。Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly graal process of forgetting survived natural selection.然而，进化论的解释可能会使人很难理解通常逐渐的遗忘过程是如何经自然选择生存下来的。In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.在思考记忆的进化过程及其他相关方面时，考虑下面这个问题是很有益处的，即，如果记忆不能渐渐消失将会出现什么情形。Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring ration.遗忘明显有助于时间的定位，因为旧的记忆淡化了，使新的记忆清晰醒目，为推断某事的持续时间提供了线索。Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.没有遗忘，适应性能力就会受损。例如，十年前所学的正确行为现在也许不再被认为正确。Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. Thus forgetting seems to serve that survival of the indivial and the species.案例记载了这样一些人，他们（按一般人的标准）忘记的事情太少以至于日常生活充满了困惑。因此，遗忘似乎有助于个人以及人类的生存。Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.另一条思路假设人的记忆存储系统储量有限，它专门通过遗忘来提供适应之灵活性。In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output).依此观点，学习或记忆储存（输入）与遗忘（输出）之间始终在不断地调节。Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which indivials forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.的确，有证据显示个人遗忘的比率与他们学得的知识量的多少直接相关。这样的数据为认为输入—输出持衡的当代记忆模式提供了总体上的支持。27.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。从进化论解释遗忘是第二段的内容，该段第二、三句谈到，“一段时间由于缺乏实践，学到的东西往往就会忘记（渐进性地遗忘），其适应性结果就显得不太明显。然而戏剧性地突然遗忘的例子可以被看作具有适应性，即动物在自然选择的过程中幸存下来的能力”，但是末句又谈到“进化论的解释可能使人很难理解渐进的遗忘过程是如何经过自然选择生存下来的”。因此可知，[D]选项是正确的观点，而[C]选项与文意相反。[A]选项错在“obviously”，原文第二句中提到适应性结果不太明显。[B]选项是对第三句的篡改，而不是改写，其中两个very夸大暗示了原文中没有的遗忘与适应性之间的正比关系。命题意图是要求考生理解第二段中作者如何论述渐进性的遗忘和突然性遗忘与适应性的关系。28.[答案]B本题考查不会遗忘带来的后果。第三段一开始就指出，思考一下记忆不衰退会产生的结果。第四句论证说，忘事少的人，他们的日常生活充满了困惑。同时第二段第五句也提到，当一个人对一件情感上很痛苦的经历难以忘怀而导致严重焦虑时，遗忘可以带来解脱。也就是说，不会忘记就清除不了烦恼。因为[B]选项为上述思想的概括，其中，a lot of trouble 对应文中full of confusion。[A]选项与第三段第三句“没有遗忘，适应性能力就会受损”不符。[C]选项与第四段内容矛盾：“人的记忆存储系统储量有限，学习与遗忘之间不断地调节”。[D]选项中的“进化停止”过于绝对，文中没有涉及。注意：考生可以根据题干的if a person never forgot和第三段首句的if memories failed to fade，迅速定位到段落。29.[答案]A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：段落主题。最后一段认为，人的记忆存储系统储量有限，它通过遗忘来提供适应的灵活性。学习或记忆储存（输入）与遗忘（输出）之间始终不断地调节，达到出入平衡。因此[A]选项符合文意，为正确答案。[B]选项中的exactly一词用得过于绝对，与文章内容不符。[C]选项把记忆与遗忘的关系搞错，二者并非补偿关系，只不过都是记忆系统的组成部分。[D]选项不正确，原文只说遗忘使记忆系统更具适应力，而不是说它造成了记忆存储系统的有限性。注意：干扰项中可能大量使用原文中提到的词语，其增加或减少都会造成错误答案，考生一定要仔细辨认。如：该题干扰选项中出现的memory storage system, limited, capacity, input-output, balance等。30.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。本题考查全文的主旨。本文共四段，仅在第一段单纯讲述记忆的作用。从第二段开始文章侧重论述遗忘的功能，指出它是人类适应生存的表现，没有它，人的适应性会受影响；以及记忆系统专门通过遗忘提供适应的灵活性。由此可见[B]选项是文章内容重点讨论的对象，即主题。forgetting一词在文中出现的频率很高。其他选项在文中有所涉及，但不是主题。注意：解此类题，要特别注意综合各段中心大意，或找出文中出现频率偏高的词。

想必很多同学都听过考研英语阅读的文章大都是摘自外国的学术期刊或者报纸那，具体是哪些外刊?应该选择哪些中奖概率比较高呢?来，我们先从20年英语一的文章来源开说↓(20考研英语二的题源我在网上还没搜到，哭唧唧)阅读理解首篇选自：《卫报》2018年12月31日文章《The Guardian view on Yvette Cooper’s ‘town of culture’proposai：a fine idea》第二篇选自：《卫报》2019年3月5日文章《The Guardian view on academic publishing：disastrous capitalism》第三篇选自：《波士顿环球报》2019年8月5日文章《Corporate gender quotas reinforce privilege》第四篇选自：《纽约日报》2019年7月15日文章《Beware.Other Nations Will Follow France With Their Own Digital Tax》由上可见，卫报的出场率很高，但仅从20年的数据我们不能就此下定论下面再来看一份2015-2019年真题文章的来源统计英语一英语二在上面这份英语一、二年15-20考研阅读真题阅读文章来源总结中不难看出《卫报》《经济学人》《基督教箴言》出场率极高像《时代周刊》《自然杂志》、《新闻周刊》、《科学美国人》也有不少分布。其他则包括有：《新科学家》、《社评杂志》、《福布斯》、《哈佛经济评价》、《麦肯锡季刊》、《科学探索》、《科学》、《观察家报》、《哈佛杂志》、《美国学校董事会杂志》、《星报在线》、《Big Think》、《华盛顿邮报》近两年《基督教科学箴言报》上镜率有提高，可以多关注下。我们再就以上数据做个总结1、 经济类文章主要来源：The Economist (经济学人)，Business Week (商业周刊)，Wall Street Journal(华尔街杂志);2、 科学技术类文章主要来源：Nature (自然)，Discovery (探索)，Science (科学)，National Geographic (国家地理)，Scientific American (科学美国人)，New Scientists (新科学家);3、 社会生活以及文化类文章主要来源：Newsweek (新闻周刊)，Times (时代周刊)，U.S News and World Report (美国新闻与世界报道)，The Washington Post (华盛顿邮报)，USA Today (今日美国)，The Times (泰晤士报)，The Guardian (卫报);4、 其它来源：Independent (独立日报)， International New York Times(国际纽约时报)， Telegraph (英国电信日报)。

这一篇小文，小编就给大家解析一下2000年~2004年考研英语的五篇作文，帮助大家更好地把握考研英语的写作思路和选题走向。#考研英语#2000年真题作文部分2000年这一年考察的是图画作文。自图画作文登场，考研英语作文从形式上看的几大类型文章基本都出现了。这一年的作文给出了两张图片，图片下面有一句话，指明了方向。作文的字数要求是不少于150词。除此以外，题目中还给出了文章的内容提纲。文章的话题是：“过度捕捞”；标题自拟；主题词是“over-fishing”。文章结构大体可以分为三段：其一是“描述图画”，阐明两幅图的不同即变化，其二是“总结图画所反映的现象”，其三是“给出合理的解决建议”。作文分值15分。So it is high time we took effective measures to solve this problem.所以，我们是时候采取一些有效的措施去解决这一问题了。2001年真题作文部分2001年这一年考察的也是图画作文。有的老师也称之为“漫画作文”，其实都是可以的。这篇文章从题干来看，和之前的漫画作文有了很大的变化，这些变化体现为：其一，作文的分值从15分变成了20分；其二，在题干的开头给出了一段描述，显然是在提示文章的主题；其三，字数要求由原来的的150词变成了200词。当然，文章给出了写作的思路：第一段是对漫画的描述，解释考生对漫画后文章象征意义的了解；第二段是给出一个具体的例子，来论证观点；第三段是给出相关的献爱心的建议。文章的话题是“爱心”；主题词是“love”。There is probably no other feeling that is nobler than love. Everybody not only needs love ，but also should give others love.大概没有一种感觉比爱更高贵了。每个人都不仅需要爱，更应该把爱传递给别人。2002年真题作文部分2002年这一年考察的是图画作文。但是和以前不同，不是漫画，而是一张穿着中国传统服装的美国女孩的照片。从题干来看，和去年漫画作文的要求是一致的。首先是给出了一段描述，但是这里的描述意义不大；其次是交代考生文章的内容要求；接下来是作文的字数要求和分值：作文的分值为20分，字数要求为200词。这篇文章可以分成三部分来写：第一段是对照片的描述，这题相对简单，因为题干和照片下方已经给出了相应的语料；第二段是解释图片背后的含义，要注意，服装只是表现，其“里”指的应该是“文化”的内容；第三段是给出考生自己的观点、评论或者是建议，当然指的应该是文化输出的建议，因为这毕竟是一个美国女孩。文章的话题是“文化交流”；主题词是“cultural exchange”；分值是20分。All in all，cultural exchange is an effective way to achieve efficient cross-cultural communication and promote world peace and prosperity.总之，文化交流是一种有效的实现跨文化交流和促进世界和平和繁荣的方式。2003年真题作文部分2003年这一年考察的是漫画作文。题干可以说是越来越精简，可以说题干中有效的信息就是思路和词数、分值的说明。字数要求是200词左右；分值是20分；文章的话题可以理解为“儿童教育”，也可以理解为“挫折的重要性”；主题词是“hardship/difficulties”。行文的结构应该是三段：第一段是对图表的内容进行简单描述，重点揭示前后的变化；第二段是揭示漫画在现实中的含义，也可以写一写“温室”对于“花朵”究竟会有怎样的危害；第三段是给出看法和建议，或者是呼吁也可。Thus，it is high time that parents，ecatiors and the government made joint efforts put an end to this situation.因此，家长、教育者、政府是时候共同努力来结束这样的情况了。2004年真题作文部分2004年这一年考察的是漫画作文。题干中的有效信息是思路，其余和去年没有任何变化。字数要求是200词左右；分值是20分；文章的话题是“终点和起点”；主题词是“final spur and starting point”。文章的写作思路是：第一段对漫画的内容进行描述，第二段指出这图画含义的社会现状，第三段提出支撑自己观点的例子，比如大学生毕业，既是一个阶段的结束，有时一个新阶段的开始。Only when we are well-prepared for it can we meet the challenge in the future.我们只有做好准备才能迎接未来的挑战。考研英语是很难的好了，这就是2000年~2004年考研英语作文的全部解析，很是很走心的喽，如果帮助到了你，感谢点赞关注哈~（真题图书推荐陈正康老师的《真题超精读》，很详细，也很走心~不过要注意自己考得究竟是一还是二，千万不要买错了喽）政治：“对国家出路的早期探索”专题易错考点考研英语：1994~1999年真题作文全解析

Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear.” And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be inced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling (咿呀学语), grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals lls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.16.[答案]B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节中的目的。文章在第一段论述了Frederick I 的实验，并在该段最后一句话的前半句用分词形式引导的目的状语，直接说明该实验的目的：Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he…。由此可见他要求保育员保持沉默，其目的就是为了发现婴儿在听不到母语的情况下会讲什么语言。[B]选项是原文的合理改写，为正确答案。[A]选项与本段内容不符，况且文章第五段第一句Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak说明[A]选项的内容是现代人的发现，并非十三世纪的这个实验的目的。[C]选项与实验毫不相干，尽管文中第二段提到此实验中孩子的死亡并不仅仅是因为缺乏语言，还因为缺少细心护理，但这不是Frederick I 实验的目的，而是实验后人们的分析。[D]选项只是实验的结果，是人们在实验后得到的结论，并不是Frederick I 做这个实验的最初目的。17.[答案] C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：细节中的原因。第三段第二句提到“一些孩子在说话上迟钝”，随后指出原因：Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant…。[C]选项是原文的改写。respond inadequately与Insensitive相应，their attempts to speak与the signals of the infant一致。因此[C]选项为正确答案。[A]选项与第三段第三句whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly含义相反。 [B]、[D]这两个选项都是文中没有涉及的内容。注意at once在这里为“同时”之意。18.[解析]本题考核的知识点是：细节归纳。作者在第五段第一句和第二句都分别提到[A]选项和[B]选项。这两个选项都是儿童的普通能力特征，[B]选项更是所有人，包括成人的共有特征，因此都应排除。第五段是后一句话中的even more incredible 表明后述内容比前述内容重要，即：the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language…, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways为儿童最不可思议的方面。而[C]选项为原文的确切改写，为正确答案。[D]选项与文章内容不符，文章第六段指出说话能力的引导有赖于母亲对孩子的交流，与“照顾”的概念不同。此外作者也没说它是最难以置信的能力。owe…to意思是“归功于，得感谢。”19.[解析]本题考核的知识点是：推理引申的是非判断。本题可对选项直接进行排除。[A]选项与第五段第一句话… an infant is born with the capacity to speak 相一致。faculty意为“能力”。[B]选项与最后一段提出的“母亲应对孩子的信号给予回应、进行鼓励”不符。因此[B]为答案。Anything but 意思是“根本不”。[C]选项中“儿童大脑的高度选择性”在第五段第三句the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him得以说明。第三段最后一句话以鸟为例说明儿童学习语言有关键期，此外，第四段首句… speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age也说明了这一点，与[D]选项一致。20.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申。文章第四段第一句话举出例子：speech started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ，这说明说话晚的孩子后来也可能具有高智商，也就是说，说话晚并不一定低智商。因此[B]选项不正确，而[D]选项正确。但这并不能说明凡是说话晚的孩子将来智商都高。因此[A]选项也不正确。文章并未涉及[C]选项的内容。全文翻译语言是否如同食物这种人们的基本需求一样，没有了它，在关键期的儿童会饿死和受到损害？从十三世纪弗雷德里克一世的极端实验来看，语言可能会是这样。弗雷德里克一世期望发现如果没有母语，儿童将说什么语言，他叫护士保持沉默。所有的婴儿在第一年就夭折了。但是，显然这不仅仅是缺少语言的问题。（长难句①）真正缺乏的是良好的哺育。没有良好的哺育，尤其是在生命的第一年，人的生存能力会受到严重的影响。当今不会再存在如同弗雷德里克那样欠缺的安排了。然而，一些儿童仍然在说话方面滞后。通常是母亲对婴儿发出的信号不敏感，而婴儿的大脑已经对快速学习语言做好了安排。（长难句③）如果这些敏感的阶段被忽略的话，那么学习技能的最佳时间将被错过，同时人可能再也不会那么容易地学习这些技能了。小鸟在合适的时候能够很快地学会唱歌和飞翔，但一旦关键期错过了，那么学起来就会既慢又难。专家指出人按照固定的顺序并在一定的年龄进入说话阶段，但也有开始说话晚，最后成为高智商者的例子。（长难句②）十二周的时候，婴儿会笑并且发出类似元音的声音；在十二个月的时候，他会说简单的单词并且听懂简单的指令；在十八个月的时候他有三到五十个词汇量。在三岁的时候，他知道大约一千个能够用来造句的单词，到了四岁的时候，他的语言在风格而不是语法方面与他父母的语言迥异。最近的研究结果表明，婴儿生来就有说话的能力。与猴子大脑相比，婴儿大脑之所以特殊在于其复杂的系统能使儿童把对玩具熊这样具体事物的视觉及感觉与“玩具熊”这个词语的声音模式连接起来。更让人难以置信的是这个小脑袋从周围混杂的声音里挑选出语言的顺序，对其对进行分析，再以新的方式对语言的各部分进行组合、再组合的能力。但是说话需要引导，这依赖于儿童与母亲的交流，在此过程中，母亲识别儿童咿呀学语，抓东西和微笑等的信号并对这些信号做出反应。母亲对这些信号的不敏感性会削弱交流，因为儿童受挫，同时他们仅仅会发出明显的信号。对儿童非语言信号的敏感对语言的产生和发展是必要的。

In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. 在这样一个变化中的复杂社会里，过去对信息需求的简单解决办法也变得复杂起来。Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.过去生活中的许多问题是通过咨询家庭成员、朋友或同事得以解决的，现在却非大家庭所能及了。Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.该去哪里征求专家意见以及如何决定该接受哪条专家建议成了现今许多人面临的问题。In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II.此外，第二次世界大战后，人口流动性不断增大。As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with itthe confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.随着家庭远离稳定的社区、多年的朋友、大家庭的种种关系，非正式的信息交流被切断了。随之而来的是在需要时就能够得到可靠可信的信息的信心也随之丧失。The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.关于生活最基本方面的一些几乎无意识的信息流通因此中断。这样，曾经下意识地通过大家庭随意交流便可学到的东西现在则必须有意识地去学习。Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The indivial now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.除了现今社会变化这一原因外，巨大的信息储备是另一原因。今天，个人可以获得的信息比任何时代的人都多，而要找到一条与自己问题相关的信息既复杂又耗时，有时甚至相当困难。Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.伴随信息量不断增长的是技术的发展，这些技术使得人们能够比过去以更快的速度往更多的地方储存和发送更多的信息。Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages.计算机技术使人能够以机器识读的文件储存大量的数据并通过程序令计算机查寻出具体信息。电信技术的发展使人们可以通过电视、无线电传送信息。不久之后，还可以使电子邮件对人们实施信息轰炸。Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence.卫星已拓展了通讯能力，可以在事发当时对事件进行报道。Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.通过远程会议，专家知识能够在全世界范围内被分享，同时人们不必放下工作、别离家人而大老远去开会，就能让有争议的问题得到解决。Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.技术促进了信息共享以及信息的储存和传送，使得更多的人可以获得更多的信息。In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance.在这个多变、复杂的世界里，对信息的需求最具重要性。Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.那些拥有准确、可靠的最新信息以解决日常问题、解决业务和社会与家庭生活中重大问题的人才能得以生存和获得成功。“知识就是力量”可算是最真实的格言，获取信息也许是对所有人最必不可少的要求。19.[答案]B[解析]本题考核的知识点是：句意题。本题考查第二段第二句中it的指代对象。按照代词关系中的临近一致原则和上下文的含义，it应该指代它前面的“非正式（日常）的信息流通被切断”这句话，而[B]选项正是对这句话的改写。“informal information channel”对应“the informal flow of information”; “breakdown”对应“cut off”。[A]、[C]和[D]三个选项表达的内容近似，而且如果它们中的一个正确，那么原句中的“with it the confidence…”意思就成了人口的流动使人们更有信心。这与第二段表达的内容不符。命题意图是要求考生掌握句子之间的逻辑关系，特别是代词it的复指作用。它不仅可以指代词语，也可以指代一个句子或句群。20.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。文章第一段、第二段和第三段指出社会进步带来知识的专业化、人口流动导致非正式的信息流通渠道被切断和信息爆炸给分检有用信息造成困难。第二段第三段段首的关联词“In addition to”和“Adding to”表明前三段论述的原因成并列关系。[C]选项正是这三段内容的归纳引申，为正确答案。[A]选项在第二段末谈到，即“曾经在大家庭内部通过日常交流就可下意识学到的东西，现在却要有意识地去学”；[B]选项也在第二段中部提到，即“需要就能得到可靠、可信的信息的信心也随之丧失了”，但是它们都是非正式的信息流通渠道被切断带来的具体后果的表现，不能概括遇到的所有问题。[D]选项在文中没有被当做问题谈论。21.[答案]A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。第四段第三句指出“电信技术的发展使人们能够通过电视和无线电传送信息，不久之后，实现电子邮件对人们实施信息轰炸”。此句的bombard意为“炮击、轰炸”，用来比喻信息传递的力度。由此可以推出，electronic mail确实会在信息传递中起到重要作用。此外，原文very shortly一词与选项中的soon相对，故[A]选项正确。[B]选项在文中并末将及，不能选。第四段倒数第二句谈到，“远程会议的出现使人们不用离开家或工作岗位专程去遥远的地方开会”，然而这里只谈及远程会议节省了因为开会而花去的旅行时间，而不是[C]选项中的“开会时间”。第四段第四句指出卫星的使用扩大了现场直播事件的力度，然而并未声称它会成为报道的主要形式，所以[D]选项错在mainly一词使用不当。注意：选项中若出现“almost, completely, entirely, mainly”这一类表示程度的副词，考生应该特别注意该选项与原文在程度上是否一致，否则不能选。on the spot意思是：在现场。例如：The police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime.22.[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。解此题的关键就是对该段落的含义进行归纳经申。此段有三句话，第一句强调对信息的需要最具重要性；第二句指出掌握信息者才能生存和成功；前面两句推出第三句，即段落中心句：获取所需信息是必不可以少的要求。[D]选项是对该句的改写，也就是该段内容的综合概括。“acquire needed information”与“access to information”对应；“of vital importance”与“the most critical requirement”对应。[A]选项谈的是获取知识，而不是获取信息，故排除。[B]选项谈合理使用信息，也不是获取信息，故错。[C]选项中的“积累”只强调了信息的量，而未说信息的质（如准确，可靠，最新）。实际上，正因为信息量的增加，才需要人们找出所需的信息。

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be proced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 美国的经济体制是在基本上由私营企业组成并以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这个经济体制里，需要生产什么主要是由消费者在市场上花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务决定的。Private businessmen, striving to make profits, proce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are proced.为了获取利润，私有企业主之间互相竞争，来生产这些产品和提供这些服务。在竞争的压力下运作，追求利润的动机很大程度上决定了生产商品和提供服务的方式。Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of indivial consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of indivials to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be proced and how resources are used to proce it.因此，在美国的经济体制中，消费者个人的需求、商人对获取最大利润的追求以及消费者渴望最大化自己的收入，所有这些共同决定了应该生产什么和如何利用资源去生产这些产品。An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by procers.在以市场为导向的经济中的一个重要因素是反映消费者需求以及生产者对消费者需求作出反应的机制。In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-procers.在美国经济中，这一机制是由价格体制提供，在价格体系中，价格随消费者的相对需求和出售者及生产者的供应情况而上下浮动。If the proct is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.如果产品相对供不应求，价格就会抬升，从而使一些消费者从市场上消失。If, on the other hand, procing more of a commodity results in recing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-procers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the proct.另一方面，如果商品的大量生产导致成本的降低，这会促使销售商和生产商供给的增加，从而反过来导致价格下降，致使更多的消费者购买产品。Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.因此，价格是美国经济体制中的调节机制。The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that indivials are allowed to own proctive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and proce goods and services for sale at a profit.私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资料（私有财产），允许他们雇用劳动力，控制自然资源，以及生产产品、提供服务以获取利润。In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of proctive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a proct or to make a free contract with another private indivial.在美国经济中，私人财产的概念不仅仅包含对生产资料的所有权，还包含某些其他权利，其中包括确定产品的价格或与另一私营者签订自由合同。11.[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：句题题。先定位到第一段末句。解题的关键是看对maximize的理解。原文所在句“coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of indivials to maximize their incomes”将生产者和消费者的愿望对照来说。句中的两个maximize平衡并列，作用、意义完全相同。因此知道maximize在第一处的意义即可知道第二处之意。众所周知，商人总是想用最少的投入取得最大的利润，这就是maximize的意义。由此可知，消费者希望使一定的收入取得最大限度的效益，即用现有收入买到更多更好的商品。而[D]选项恰是此意。[A]和[B]选项未在原文提及。[C]选项反映的是劳资双方的关系，而不是生产者与消费者之间的关系。12.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。[D]选项就是该段第二句“prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-procers”的概括，为正确答案。[A]选项在这两句中并未涉及。注意文中第一句的mechanism意为“机制”，而该选项中的mechanized意为“机械化”，二者含义不同。误选[B]选项的考生是对该段首句的语法成分分析错误。它是一个省略句，补全后应该是“An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and (by which consumer demands can be) responded to by procers”。由此可知，消费者通过这一机制表达他们的需求，而生产者则通过这一机制对他们的需求作出反应。[B]选项理解成consumer demands can be expressed…by procers。[C]选项与第二句“供求关系决定价格”不符，也应该排除。此题亦可通过经济常识解答。注意：干扰选项经常使用原文中出现的词语或类似的结构伪造，所以对那些出现了原词的选项一定要仔细辨认真伪。13.[答案]A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：段落主旨题。题干要求考生回答私营企业经济的特点，即第三段的主题。该段只有两句。第一句强调的是私营企业最重要的因素是个人拥有生产资料（私人财产）、允许个人雇用劳动力和控制自然资源。第二句是指私人财产的概念还包含某些其他权利，如：产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。尤其第二句的not only… but also…更表明了此段主旨。[A]选项是对上述内容的概括，为正确答案。而[B]、[C]和[D]选项虽然都在第三段述及，但是都是[A]选项下的具体内容，缺乏概括性，不应该入选。命题意图要求考生区分段落细节与段落中心是局部与整体的关系。14.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。解此题需要了解文章各段的主旨。第一段论述美国经济体制的构成；第二段介绍市场经济的运行方式；第三段介绍私营经济的特点。后两段是对第一段的进一步论述。由此可见，美国经济体制的构成和运作是本文论述的中心。[C]选项正反映了这一主题。[A]、[B]和[D]选项都在文中有所涉及，但都是具体细节，比较片面，应该排除。此题还可以通过直接对选项进行比较排除来解题。[A]、[B]和[D]都在文中述及，分属于三个独立的、不同的概念。其中任意一个可代表其他两个，而[C]选项概括性强，可以包括[A]、[B]和[D]，故[C]为正确答案。

本文是2013年考研英语试卷阅读理解Part A的Text 1部分。本文以批判“快时尚”为主题，就“消费者应该减少购衣”抵制快时尚对劳动力和环境的损害这一观点进行反驳。In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Strep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.在2006年的电影版的《穿普拉达的女王》中，梅丽尔斯特里普所扮演的米兰达，斥责她毫无吸引力、穿衣乏味的助手，原因是助手认为高级时尚与她没有关系。Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.米兰达解释了助手身上穿的深蓝色的毛衣是怎样从时装展“沦落到”百货商店，然后又“沦落到”打折区，让这个可怜的穷孩子直接的淘换到的。21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.答案：[B] insensitivity to fashion.对时尚不敏感解析：本文知识点：因果细节题。由上文可知米兰达批评她的助手是因为助手认为时尚与她无关——也就是批评助手对时尚不敏感。[A] poor bargaining skill.砍价能力差，文中未提及。[C] obsession with high fashion.对高级时尚极度痴迷，与文中意思相反。[D] lack of imagination.缺少想象力，文中未提及。This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at oddswith the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”.这种“组织严密的”时尚经济概念早就过时了，或者和“狂热的世界（《过度着装》描述的词汇）”不一致，伊丽莎白克莱恩历时三年对“快时尚”的控诉。In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.在过去十年，技术的进步使得大众品牌如Zara,HM,和优衣库对时尚趋势反应更快并且能更精确地预测用户需求。Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit.更快的周转意味着更少的库存浪费，更多的推新和更多的利润。These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.这些商标鼓励有时尚意识的消费者把衣服看作一次性的，意味着只需要洗一两次，尽管他们并非这样宣传——每几周更新他们的衣橱。By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an instry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.克莱恩说道，通过以特别便宜的价格提供流行的商品，这些品牌绑架了时尚周期，把一个长久以来的习惯于“季节”为步伐的产业撼动了。22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] Tolerance.解析：答案22：D。本文知识点：人物观点细节题。上文引入对快时尚的批判，大众品牌诱导消费者将衣服看作一次性产品，可见克莱恩认为大众品牌在劝消费者频繁购衣。[A] combat unnecessary waste.反对不必要的浪费[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.将狂热的时尚界拒之门外[C] resist the influence of advertisements.拒绝广告的影响[D] shop for their garments more frequently.更频繁购买衣服答案23：A。[A] accusation.指控，指责[B] enthusiasm.热情[C] indifference.漠视[D] Tolerance.容忍The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers.这场革命的受害者，不仅仅是设计师。For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.HM给他家在世界的2300多家店面提供针织迷你短裙，它必须依靠低工资的海外劳工，订单量巨大，对自然资源过度使用，并且使用大量有害的化学物质。Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.《过度着装》是像迈克尔普兰所写的《杂食者的困境》一样的消费者活跃分子在时尚界的同类畅销书。“Mass-proced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-rable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.批量生产的衣服，像快餐一样，满足了饥饿和需求，然而并不持久而且很浪费，克莱恩争论到，她发现美国人一年买大约200亿衣服，平均每人64件，而且无论他们怎么样捐赠，这种过量都导致浪费。Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully.在《过度着装》结尾处，克莱恩介绍她理想的典范，一个布鲁克林女性名叫萨拉，从2008年就亲手给自己制作所有的衣服，而且衣服做得很漂亮。但正如克莱恩首次提及，它花费了萨拉几十年来完善自己的手工技能，她的例子不能被复制。But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.但是正如克莱恩首次注意到的，萨拉花了几十年的时间来完善技术，她的例子不能被复制。Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.尽管一些快时尚公司在尽力减小它们在劳工和环境方面造成的不良影响，比如HM推出绿色产品系列，克莱恩依旧相信长久的变化只会来自于顾客的选择。She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy.她展现出可持续发展支持者（无论是食物领域还是能源领域）共有的理想主义。Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.虚荣是永恒的，人们只会在付不起价款的时候才会开始买可持续性的产品。24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion instry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.答案：D。价格对购买环境友好型商品至关重要[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.虚荣更常见于理想主义者。[B] The fast-fashion instry ignores sustainability.快时尚行业忽视可持续发展。[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.人们对无力购买的衣服更感兴趣。25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion instry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.答案：C。批评快时尚行业。[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.对奢侈生活的讽刺[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.揭秘高级时尚的神话[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.揭露大众市场的秘密

第一段：In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic(官僚主义的) management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery.总的来说，我们的社会正在变成一个由官僚资本主义经营指导的巨大企业，其中，人们已经变成机器里微不足道的、上好油的齿轮。The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts;心理学家和人类关系专家认为，高工资、通风良好的工厂、不断播放的音乐等是使人正常运转的“润滑油”。yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue- and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.然而这些“润滑油”并没有改变人们变得无能为力的事实，人们不能全身心地投入到他们的工作当中，并且开始厌烦工作。事实上，蓝领和白领们已经变成了经济的木偶，随着自动化机器和官僚主义管理的节拍而跳动。第二段：The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life.工人和雇工都很焦虑，不仅因为他们感觉到自己可能会失业，而且因为他们不能得到真正的满足或者对生活的兴趣。They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and proctive human beings.他们平淡地活着、死去，没能像情感和智力上很独立并富有成果的人们那样体验到人类存在的基本现实。第三段：Those higher up on the social ladder are no lessanxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.那些上层阶级也同样感到焦虑。他们内心的空虚不少于他们的下属。They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence.在某些方面他们甚至更加不安全。他们处于竞争非常激烈的一类。升职或落后不单单事关工资，更事关个人尊严。当申请第一份工作时，他们就经历了智力，以及正确协调服从性和独立性的测试。From that moment on they are tested again and again -- by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc.从那以后，他们就被以测试为重任的心理学家们以及评价他们的行为、社交能力、为人能力，等等的上司不断地测试。This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.这种需要不断证明一个人和他们的竞争对手同样优秀或更加出色的局面造成持久的焦虑和紧张，而这正是不幸与疾病的根源。第四段：Am I suggesting that we should return to the preinstrial mode of proction or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown.我是在建议回到我们工业化前的生产模式或十九世纪自由企业资本主义吗？当然不是。回到一个已经过时的阶段永远解决不了问题。I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed instrialism in which maximal proction and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist instrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities -- those of love and of reason -- are the aims of all social arrangements. Proction and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.我的建议是把以最大化生产和消费为目的的官僚资本主义管理的工业制度转变成一个人本主义的工业制度，在这里人及其潜力——爱和理性——的充分开发是所有社会安排的目的。生产和消费只是达到这个目的的手段，不能成为奴役人类的工具。21.[答案] C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：词义句意首段第一句中giant enterprises与small, well-oiled cog形成强对比，映补出人的微小。接着作者又对oiling进行了解释，即通过高工资、通风良好的工厂、不断播放的音乐等手段使人顺利工作，然后用yet引导的句子指出这些“润滑油”无法改变的事实：man has become powerless。此外，该段最后一句话workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines也强调了人的“无力”。由此可见，人已经变成微不足道的小小齿轮，无能为力，受人摆布。[C]选项与此意相符，为正确答案。[A]选项是对人的作用的肯定，不符合原文powerless, puppets的否定含义。[B]选项是通过第一段第二句……higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts…得出的结论，却忽略了yet 对它的否定和对后述内容的强调：man has become powerless。[D]选项错在后面的条件。原文中说人是微不足道，并未有附加条件。22.[答案] D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：细节的原因文章第二段第一句话引出工人和雇员焦虑的原因：… not only because they might find themselves out of a job; … also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life。 [A]、[B]选项分别指出了其中的一个原因。这两个原因无轻重之分，因此，[A]选项若正确，[B]选项也应为正确选项。通过这样的分析，可将[A]、[B]选项同时排除，因为不可能有两个正确答案。[C]选项与文章第二段第二句they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence…不相符。因此也排除。通过they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence…以及第三段第五句When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissive and independence，可以推断出，为了更好的使顺从性和独立性融合，他们会放弃一些独立性。[D]选项确切表达了这一思想。23.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：段落推论文章第三段最后一句话：this constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness sand illness说明造成不快乐的原因就是竞争，反过来说，只有远离竞争，才会体验生活的真正幸福。因此[D]选项为正确答案。[A]选项与第二段内容不符。二段首句就直接指出the workers and employees are anxious。因此他们得不到真正的幸福。[B]选项又与三段“领导阶层的雇员也有焦虑感”不符。[C]选项与三段最后一句话this constant need to prove that one is… better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness相悖。24.[解析]本题考核的知识点是：细节理解在文章最后一段，作者提出了解决现存社会问题的建议。第二、三句对首句所问问题的否定回答Certainly not. Problems are never solved…表明我们不能采取过去的生产方式来解决问题。因此，[A]选项与此文章内容不符，予以排除。[C]选项与该段第四句a humanist instrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities… are the aims of all social arrangements一致，为正确答案。[B]选项文中未提到。况且，第一段作者就指出增加工资这种“润滑油”无法改变事实。[D]选项与最后一段作者建议（transforming our social system）相悖。25.[答案]B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者态度文章二、三段指出目前官僚经营的工业主义给下至普遍工人，上至领导阶层都带来了焦虑，最后一段作者又提出改造工业制度，使其更适合人性发展的建议。由此可见，作者对工业主义是不满意的。故[B]选项为正确答案。[A]选项明显与作者态度相悖；作者已经指出了现代社会弊端，并提出对其改造，显然作者已不仅仅是怀疑了，[C]选项错误；若宽容，则只会听之任之，不会提建议，[D]选项错。