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1996年考研英语阅读第一篇解析—本文介绍求职前应进行的准备工作灰鹤

1996年考研英语阅读第一篇解析—本文介绍求职前应进行的准备工作

Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”出言谨慎的年长者过去总说:“重要的不是在这个世界上你想要什么,而是你得到了什么。”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.心理学教导人们,如果你知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理,你就能得到它。You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.你可以在头脑里勾画出愿望的蓝图,如同设计房屋的蓝图一样。而我们每个人在日常生活中都在不停地勾画着这样的愿望蓝图。比方说,想请朋友吃晚餐,我们就会筹划菜谱、列购物单、决定先煮什么菜等,这样的筹划对于举行任何形式的宴请都是必不可少的。Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.同样,如果你想找一份工作,那就拿一张纸,写一份对自我的简单描述吧。为找工作制订计划蓝图时,要从你自己开始,因为只有当确切知道你可以提供什么服务时,你才能明智地筹划到哪儿去推销它们。This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include ecation, experience and references.对自我的描述实际上是对你的职业生涯的简介,它应包括教育背景、经验和证明材料。Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews.这样的描述是很有价值的,在填写标准的申请表格时可作为参照,在面试时更是尤为有用。While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your ecation, your experience, and other qualifications, will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.在与你面谈时,你未来的雇主将根据你的教育背景、经验和其他的资历来确定雇用你是否值得,因此你必须把你“待售的物品”和能力以有序而合理连贯的方式呈现出来。When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell.当你为自己的能力和愿望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后,你就有实在的东西可以推销了。Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment.那时你就准备去找工作,先搜集所有与你可能选择的工作相关的信息,对工作和公司的详情进行调查,留心看,留意听,使用你的判断力。Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.每天花一定的时间寻找你想要的工作,请记住:找工作就是你现在的工作。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:句意题。原句it’s not...but...结构否定的是“你所想”,肯定的是“你所得”。即,得到什么比想要什么重要。B选项较好地概括了原文意思,为正确答案。A选项强调“所想就一定所得”,其中certainly一词过于绝对,而且第二段提到,得到“所想”的条件是:知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理。C选项中“不满足”是文中没有的内容。D选项强调“所想”的重要性,与原句意思相反。技巧:本题属于句子理解题,考生需反复琢磨句意,并注意选项中将what you want 和what you get具体化后的含义。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。题干的内容是第三段中的举例,举例是为了说明论点,上文即该段第一句中作者表述的观点是:在日常生活中我们每个人都在不停地勾画这样的(愿望)蓝图。因此,“请人吃饭前制定计划”是说明人们勾画“愿望的蓝图”的一个例子。第四段首的逻辑词likewise (同样地,照样地)表明,后面提到的内容和“请朋友吃饭前制定计划”一样,也是在勾画“愿望的蓝图”。整个第四段主要介绍了找工作前应写简历,故A选项是举例所要说明的内容。B、C和D选项中分别出现good job、job description、job evaluation这些原文未有的内容。技巧:对于涉及举例的题,上下文的阅读甚为重要。考生关键要通过句子间的逻辑关系准确把握作者的写作意图。此外,要熟悉段落关联词和短语的用法,如:likewise表并列,暗示不同成分间的平等和相似。例句:This place is pretty beautiful, likewise the people here. 这地方美,人也美。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。根据题干关键词before starting to find a job定位到第四段第二句。该句中for引导的原因状语从句对该题作了回答:当确切知道你自己能够提供什么服务时,你才能明智地筹划到哪里去推销它们。D选项是对此句的改写,其中exactly与clearly相对应,know what you have to offer与become aware of himself 一致。C选项偷梁换柱,将该原因从句中的where换成了when。文章第五段第四句提到写明个人情况只是利于雇主做出选择,并非取悦,因此A选项不正确。B选项属常识项,但文中未提及。技巧:细节的因果关系处是常考点。本题的考点是第四段第二句。题干加正确选项就是它的改写。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。本题题干和文章最后一段第一句几乎一模一样,除了sell在四个选项中分别换成了同义词offer、provide、supply和present。故本题考点是对文中tangible一词的理解。可联系上文第五段中提到的“简历中的教育背景、工作经历、证明材料”这些求职硬件,来推测tangible的含义。tangible意为clear and definite(明确的,确实的),因此A选项为正确答案。B容易排除,Practical意为workable, useful(可行的,有用的),计划蓝图中的东西不一定就可行或令人满意,排除C和D。

神农隐几

1994年考研英语阅读第一篇全文翻译和解析—本文介绍美国经济结构

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be proced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 美国的经济体制是在基本上由私营企业组成并以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这个经济体制里,需要生产什么主要是由消费者在市场上花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务决定的。Private businessmen, striving to make profits, proce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are proced.为了获取利润,私有企业主之间互相竞争,来生产这些产品和提供这些服务。在竞争的压力下运作,追求利润的动机很大程度上决定了生产商品和提供服务的方式。Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of indivial consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of indivials to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be proced and how resources are used to proce it.因此,在美国的经济体制中,消费者个人的需求、商人对获取最大利润的追求以及消费者渴望最大化自己的收入,所有这些共同决定了应该生产什么和如何利用资源去生产这些产品。An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by procers.在以市场为导向的经济中的一个重要因素是反映消费者需求以及生产者对消费者需求作出反应的机制。In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-procers.在美国经济中,这一机制是由价格体制提供,在价格体系中,价格随消费者的相对需求和出售者及生产者的供应情况而上下浮动。If the proct is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.如果产品相对供不应求,价格就会抬升,从而使一些消费者从市场上消失。If, on the other hand, procing more of a commodity results in recing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-procers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the proct.另一方面,如果商品的大量生产导致成本的降低,这会促使销售商和生产商供给的增加,从而反过来导致价格下降,致使更多的消费者购买产品。Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.因此,价格是美国经济体制中的调节机制。The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that indivials are allowed to own proctive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and proce goods and services for sale at a profit.私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资料(私有财产),允许他们雇用劳动力,控制自然资源,以及生产产品、提供服务以获取利润。In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of proctive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a proct or to make a free contract with another private indivial.在美国经济中,私人财产的概念不仅仅包含对生产资料的所有权,还包含某些其他权利,其中包括确定产品的价格或与另一私营者签订自由合同。11.[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是:句题题。先定位到第一段末句。解题的关键是看对maximize的理解。原文所在句“coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of indivials to maximize their incomes”将生产者和消费者的愿望对照来说。句中的两个maximize平衡并列,作用、意义完全相同。因此知道maximize在第一处的意义即可知道第二处之意。众所周知,商人总是想用最少的投入取得最大的利润,这就是maximize的意义。由此可知,消费者希望使一定的收入取得最大限度的效益,即用现有收入买到更多更好的商品。而[D]选项恰是此意。[A]和[B]选项未在原文提及。[C]选项反映的是劳资双方的关系,而不是生产者与消费者之间的关系。12.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。[D]选项就是该段第二句“prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-procers”的概括,为正确答案。[A]选项在这两句中并未涉及。注意文中第一句的mechanism意为“机制”,而该选项中的mechanized意为“机械化”,二者含义不同。误选[B]选项的考生是对该段首句的语法成分分析错误。它是一个省略句,补全后应该是“An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and (by which consumer demands can be) responded to by procers”。由此可知,消费者通过这一机制表达他们的需求,而生产者则通过这一机制对他们的需求作出反应。[B]选项理解成consumer demands can be expressed…by procers。[C]选项与第二句“供求关系决定价格”不符,也应该排除。此题亦可通过经济常识解答。注意:干扰选项经常使用原文中出现的词语或类似的结构伪造,所以对那些出现了原词的选项一定要仔细辨认真伪。13.[答案]A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:段落主旨题。题干要求考生回答私营企业经济的特点,即第三段的主题。该段只有两句。第一句强调的是私营企业最重要的因素是个人拥有生产资料(私人财产)、允许个人雇用劳动力和控制自然资源。第二句是指私人财产的概念还包含某些其他权利,如:产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。尤其第二句的not only… but also…更表明了此段主旨。[A]选项是对上述内容的概括,为正确答案。而[B]、[C]和[D]选项虽然都在第三段述及,但是都是[A]选项下的具体内容,缺乏概括性,不应该入选。命题意图要求考生区分段落细节与段落中心是局部与整体的关系。14.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。解此题需要了解文章各段的主旨。第一段论述美国经济体制的构成;第二段介绍市场经济的运行方式;第三段介绍私营经济的特点。后两段是对第一段的进一步论述。由此可见,美国经济体制的构成和运作是本文论述的中心。[C]选项正反映了这一主题。[A]、[B]和[D]选项都在文中有所涉及,但都是具体细节,比较片面,应该排除。此题还可以通过直接对选项进行比较排除来解题。[A]、[B]和[D]都在文中述及,分属于三个独立的、不同的概念。其中任意一个可代表其他两个,而[C]选项概括性强,可以包括[A]、[B]和[D],故[C]为正确答案。

鬼怪屋

1996年考研英语阅读第二篇解析—本文介绍BBC 的现状及面临的问题

With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it.随着BBC(英国广播公司)国际电视频道的开播,现在亚洲和美洲数以百万计的人不仅可以听到广播,也能看到它的电视新闻报道了。And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, ecation, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of £83 per household.当然,英国听众和观众可以收到两个BBC电视频道,五个BBC全国广播电台和几十个地方电台。(佳句)每户每年交83英镑的收视费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years -- yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt.延续七十多年,BBC可谓历程辉煌,然而现在,BBC的未来却令人疑虑。The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.虽然至少目前,它仍可以以公办广播机构的身份生存下去,但它的作用、规模和节目类型却成了全英国争论的话题。The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-- including ordinary listeners and viewers -- to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.英国政府发起了这场讨论,它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通的听众和观众——对公司好坏进行评说,甚至可以评说他们是否认为公司值得办下去。The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.这样做的原因是BBC所持的皇家特许证于1996年到期,政府必须决定是让公司维持原状还是进行变革。Defenders of the Corporation -- of whom there are many -- are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” The BBC “ain’t broke,” they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?公司的捍卫者为数不少,他们喜欢引用美国的广告口号:“如果没坏(broke),就不要修。”这里说英国广播公司还没有“broke”,意思相当于既然没有“broken”(跨掉)(它区别于broke的意思,broke表示“没有钱”),那为什么还要自找麻烦去改变它呢?Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels – ITV and Channel 4 -- were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels -- funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions -- which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.然而BBC将不得不进行变革,因为周围的广播世界正发生变化。商业电视频道——ITV和第四频道——应撒切尔政府广播法案的要求进一步商业化,彼此竞争广告业务,降低成本,裁减劳务。但从长远来看会引起最大变化的是新的卫星频道的出现,它们的部分资金来自广告收入,部分来自用户收视费。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。文章第一、二段描述BBC自开播以来其接收范围和节目类型已经非常广泛,这两段间用and 相连,表明一种顺承、并列关系,都介绍了BBC令人乐观的一面。接着第三段首句用yet表明与前两段有转折关系,yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt(BBC前景不明)说明了它现在面临的情况。因此,B选项为正确答案,其中原文的future和in doubt对应选项中的prospect和uncertain。新闻报道覆盖范围在第一段提到,是BBC值得骄傲的方面,而不是“问题”,故排除A选项。第四段提到,政府对公众进行调查,即邀请人们对BBC做出评价。而C选项则成了公众对BBC的调查。D选项在原文中未出现。技巧:议论文非常强调逻辑的严谨性,因此考生应特别注意表示逻辑关系的关联词或短语,如:although, though, but, yet, however等,从而把握作者的思路。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。解此题可采用排除法。A选项在文章第一段提到,“成千上万的亚美观众现在都能观看和收听该公司的新闻报道”,选项中的Far East就是西方国家对亚洲最东部国家的称呼。B选项和D选项都在文章第三段第二句提到,“BBC公司将作为国家赞助的广播机构而存在,至少暂时会是这样,但其地位、规模和节目类型却已经成为全英国谈论的话题”。文章只提到BBC自身的变革,而未涉及国际合作问题。故C选项为答案。技巧:原文中没有涉及的细节一般包括两种:一是文中根本没有提到;二是与文中其他内容相冲突。解此类题时常将选项和原文对号入座,将原文中提到的内容划线,表示是排除的内容;无法对号的即是答案。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。第四段末句提到政府进行民意调查的原因是:the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes,可见,royal charter和BBS的存在大有关联。解此题的关键是了解run out 的含义。run out 多表示“被用完,到期”之意,能和它构成主谓搭配的只有C选项。英国是君主立宪制国家,与女王签约表明BBC是国家办的广播公司,而非私营企业。技巧:对句中词汇或短语的释义,要根据上下文所给的信息进行推理和判断。文章第六段首先指出BBC不得不进行改革,接着陆续给出原因:它周边的广播业正在发生变化;政府广播法的实施迫使电视商业频道进一步商业化,进而使广告业相互竞争,降低成本,减少劳务;但是从长远看,带来最大变化的将是新的卫星频道。实际上,原因可归纳为两点:电视频道进一步商业化的趋势和卫星电视频道的出现。最后一句使用强调句型It is the arrival...which will...the biggest changes...,强调后一原因更具重要性,其中biggest与选项中的foremost同义。因此D选项是正确答案。A、B和C选项都是和前一原因相关的内容,但不是最主要原因。技巧:因果关系中的主要原因也是常考点。考生需要在众多原因中辨别主次,注意词汇(如mainy, chief)和句型结构(如强调句)的暗示。补充:no other than意为“就是,正是”。如:He is no other than my old friend Jones.他就是我的老友琼斯。

泷岛

1996年考研英语阅读第四篇解析—本文介绍美国发明创造热的原因

What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?在早期美国,像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出,其原因何在?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.在诸多形成因素中,我想特别指出如下因素:这个国家优异的小学教育;欢迎新技术的劳动大军;对发明者进行奖励的做法;尤其是美国人在处理技术性事物时所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.为什么要提小学教育?正是因为有了这些学校,我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写,并精通算术及部分几何和三角,这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this ecational advantage.目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样,“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑,美国小伙子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度,它产生于我们的专利制度之前,且多年来与后者一同实施。这种做法起源于国外,做法是为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the instrial fairs in major cities.在美国,大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机器,因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology.有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度,美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”正如尤金·弗格森曾指出的:“技术人员思考那些不能被简化为用明确的语言进行描述的物体;这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工…设计者和发明者…能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特·法欧曾写道:“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间,如同一位诗人处在词汇之中,应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达,每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they proced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在富饶的美国大陆上相互作用时,便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示“模仿”(取其仿效之意),而在早期美国,它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。文章首句是个设问句,题干是对它的改写,其中e to和account for是同义短语。第二段对此设问予以回答,给出的原因有:优秀的初等教育;欢迎新技术的劳动力;给发明者以奖励的制度;而最重要的是美国人对技术性事物进行非语言的、“空间”思维的才能。前面三个原因之间的分号表明一种并列关系,说明分号前后是同等重要的原因,而最后一个分号后的above all(最重要)一词,与题干中的in a large part同义,显示它后面的内容与前面所列原因相比,更具重要性。因此D选项为正确答案。其他选项都是次要原因。技巧:文章首句出现问句一般是设问句,即有问必有答,而且它的回答往往是文章中心句或表明作者态度的句子。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。根据题干中关键词adaptiveness and inventiveness定位到文章第四段首句,该句指出:敏锐的外国观察家将美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这个教育优势(this ecational advantage)联系在一起。解题的关键在于找到“这个教育优势”指的是什么。This作为代词,一般往回复指前述的最后内容,也就是第三段末句谈到的“早期技工们有文化并且熟知算术(arithmetic),还通晓一些几何学(geometry)和三角学(trigonometry)”,从而可知这种教育优势就是熟练掌握数学。因而A选项为正确答案。B选项的干扰来自第四段末句,该句提到彻底的学校训练(school discipline)让美国小伙子迅速成长为技术人员,这里的学校训练就是指上文中的“数学教育优势”,而非选项中的“学校管理”。C选项中的home training 是对第三段at home in...(熟知)进行断章取义。D选项在文中未提及。技巧:指代关系是常考点。代词指代的位置原则是就近指代,即在上下文中,指代内容可以是一个词或句子。代词指代体现的是句子之间的关系,正确答案从意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上而言都应该通顺。第七段中引用Eugene Ferguson的话说明技术专家以非语言的方式进行思考。第八段首句指出:这种非语言的“空间”思维在创造力上可以与绘画和写作相比。接着文章又引用Robert Fulton的话说明a mechanic和a poet在使用“空间”思维方面的相通之处。因此,B选项为正确答案。此题还可以通过排除法求答。A选项无中生有,难道所有的技术专家和艺术家都是获奖者吗?C选项过度推断,显然不适用于艺术家。试问放弃语言描述的文字作品会是如何?况且进行非语言的空间思维不等于说放弃语言表达。D选项缺乏比较力度。若以使用多种工具为比较基础,岂不是各行各业的人都可以认为相似?技巧:类比可以看作是特殊的例证,但常使用比喻手法,用熟悉的、具体的、简单的事物来说明陌生的、抽象的、复杂的事物,目的不在比较,而在说明。考生关键要找出它所说明的论点或找出类比双方的相似性。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。总结主旨需要通观全文:文章一开始通过设问句点明主题,指出美国初期出现大量发明创造的众多原因。从第三段开始文章就各个原因分别论述。最后一段是全文的总结。可见,本文主要探讨早期美国人的发明创造热及其根源。因此A选项为最佳答案。也可用排除法解题。B、C选项都是部分原因,不能概括全文主旨;D选项太泛,文章只探究了引起发明热的原因。技巧:主旨题旨在考查考生对全篇文章信息综合归纳的能力。首先,文章开头部分对设问的回答往往是文章中心所在。其次,还应注意:(1)片面性、细节性的选项不能作题目。(2)可以假设某选项为题,然后试想在这样的题目下,应该写的内容。若与文章内容相悖,则不能作为题目。

接舆

考研英语:1994~1999年真题作文全解析

这一篇小文,小编就给大家解析一下1994~1999年考研英语的六篇作文,帮助大家更好地把握考研英语的写作思路和选题走向。#考研英语#1994年真题作文部分1994年这一年考察的是提纲作文。不仅给出了文章的题目、时间要求(40分钟)、字数要求(120~150词),还给出了首段(As a human being,one can hardly do without a friend.)和内容提纲,所以从这个角度来看,难度不是特别大。文章的话题是:“友情”;标题是“On Making Friends”;主题词是“friendship”。文章结构大体可以分为三段:其一是“朋友的重要性”,其二是“真正的友谊”,其三是“我交朋友的原则”。作文分值15分。Ture friendship lies in sincerity of both parts,and only sincere friends will give us a hand when we need help.真正的友谊是建立在相互真诚的基础上,也只有真诚的朋友才会在我们需要帮助的时候伸出援助之手。 1995年真题作文部分1995年这一年考察的也是提纲作文。同样给出了文章的题目、时间要求(40分钟)、字数要求(120~150词),也给出了文章的第一句话(ecational plays a very important role in the modernization of our country.)和内容提纲。文章的话题是“希望工程”;标题和主题词都是“Project Hope”。文章的结构可以分为三段:其一是“教育的现状”,其二是“希望工程的必要性”,其三是“我的看法和建议”。作文分值15分。The government should take effective measures and people should give more support to ensure that every child can receive elementary ecation.政府应该采取有效的措施,人们也应该给予更多的支持,从未让每一个孩子都能接受到基础教育。 1996年真题作文部分1996年这一年考察的是提纲作文。给出了作文的标题、时间要求(40分钟)、字数要求(120~150词),文章的首句(The desire for good health is universal.)和内容提纲。文章的话题是“保持健康”;标题是“Good Health”,主题词是“keep healthy”。文章的结构可以分为三段:其一是“保持健康的重要性”,其二是“保持健康的方法”,其三是“我的保持健康的建议”。作文分值15分。In a way,keeping healthy is not very hard.从某种程度上说,保持健康并不是非常困难的事情。 1997年真题作文部分1997年这一年考察的是图表作文。题目除了图表和漫画外,还给出了写作的思路。不过没有了时间的要求,字数要求是不得少于120词。文章的话题是“吸烟”;标题自拟,主题词是“smoking、cigarette”。图表作文的结构一般也是固定的,以这篇文章为例,一般分为三段:第一段是图表的内容进行简单描述,第二段是对图表反映的现象或情况进行说明,阐明重要性或者危害性,第三段是给出看法和建议。作文分值15分。Smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such as lung cancer,heart disease and so on.吸烟会导致诸如肺癌、心脏病等很多致命性的疾病。1998年真题作文部分1998年这一年考察的是漫画作文。值得一提的是要求中字数由之前的不少于120词变成了不少于150词。除了漫画,照样给出了写作的思路。这篇文章的话题是“虚假广告”;标题自拟,主题词是“misleading and cheating advertisements”。文章的结构可以分为三段:第一段对漫画的内容进行描述,第二段指出这一问题的现状,即当今存在很多这样“虚假广告”的问题,一直在欺骗和误导消费者,第三段指出自己的建议,可以从政府、社会、个人三个角度简单地说一说。作文分值15分。Doing more is better than promising more.做比承诺更为重要。1999年真题作文部分1999年这一年考察的是图表作文。写作的相关要求和去年是一致的,即不少于150词的字数要求。文章的话题是“人口数量和物种灭绝数量的关系”;标题自拟,主题词图表中已经给出,分别是“the ups and downs of population growth”和“species extinction over time”。文章的结构可以分为三段:第一段通过表格指出人口数量和物种灭绝数量的关系,即如图所示,美国人口数量的增长导致了物种数量的急剧下降,一些物种已经灭绝;第二段说一说造成这种现象的可能原因,比如全球变暖、人类的猎杀等等;第三段提出自己的一些建议,也可以从国家、社会、个人三个角度来谈。作文分值15分。what is worse,with the development of instrialization,the natural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed,which will make some of the wildlife become homeless and extinct.更严重的是,伴随着工业化的发展,自然的平衡和生态环境被破坏,从而导致许多的野生动物无家可归,甚至走向灭亡。考研英语是很难的早期的真题其实没必要太抠细节,但是出题者的思路和技法还是可以了解了解的,这毕竟是真题,肯定比市面上任何一位老师的模拟题要好,所以建议同学们可以在复习的初期做一做,或者在最后无题可做的时候做一做。(推荐陈正康老师的《真题超精读》,讲得很细致,不过买的时候一定要看清楚自己考的是英语一还是英语二,2004年是不分一二的。)“满大街都是本科生!”你凭什么这么说?考研政治,“反对外国侵略的斗争”专项选择题易错考点汇总

见辜人焉

1992年考研英语阅读理解全文翻译和答案—本文介绍驾驶员不良行为

It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. 我们可以谴责交通阻塞、汽油价格、以及现代生活的快节奏,但马路礼貌确实越来越糟糕。Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether.所有的人都知道:即便脾气最好的人在车里也会变成怪兽。老虎在油箱里还好说,可老虎若坐在驾驶员的位置上就完全是另一回事了。You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motoristis the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.你也许能够容忍在马路上横冲直闯的司机、粗鲁且不体谅人的司机,但现今文明驾驶的司机却实属罕见。(可能这需要发起一场“对其他司机友善”的运动,否则,情形会完全失控)。第二段:Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior.马路文明不仅是一种礼貌行为,还是一种良好的意识。司机需要非常冷静的头脑和好脾气才能在碰到不文明行为时克制住自己不进行报复。On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring.另一方面,些许文明行为十分有助于缓解驾车时的紧张情绪。A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions.一个友好的颔首、感谢对方礼貌行为的一个轻轻的挥手有助于形成友好宽容的氛围,But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.而这在当前的交通条件下是非常必要的。但现在,这种对礼貌表示认可的行为非常罕见。现今很多司机即使见到礼貌行为也似乎视若惘然。第三段:However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway;但是,误用礼貌同样危险。典型的事例为:司机为了让过从边路上突然出现的车而采取急刹车,却对后面的交通造成了危险。(而若不出现这种情况),本来只需几秒钟的等待,道路就会畅通无阻;or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to.或者,有人会为一个穿过斑马线的孩子让路,示意其进入行车道,但随后驶来的车辆却无法及时停车。同样,鼓励老太太随时随地横穿马路的行为也是如此。It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.我经常感到奇怪:高速公路上居然没有屡屡出现这些老太太被撞死的交通事故。第四段:A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper.一位行为无可挑剔的老司机曾告诉我:在不引起交通阻塞,从而惹怒其他司机的前提下,司机们学会逐个插入车流有助于缓解交通。Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of boatmanship.但现代的驾驶员甚至不会学如何驾车,更别说掌握公路驾车技能的微妙之处了。Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.多年前专家就曾警告我们:汽车拥有量的突增要求所有马路使用者的互谅互让。现在是我们该把这项警告铭记于心的时候了。14. According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by.[A] people’s attitude towards the road-hog[B] the rhythm of modern life[C] the behavior of the driver[D] traffic conditions[分析] 本题考核知识点:第一段主旨题。第一段第二句至段末的内容指出:好人一旦驾车也可能成为伤人的妖怪;过分大胆的司机(tiger)会造成很大的麻烦;鉴于文明驾车的司机太少的现状,为了不至于情况完全失控,有必要发起名为“对其他司机好点”的运动。这说明,形成道路问题的主要原因是司机的行为。 另外,本文其余部分全部是围绕“司机如何正确运用礼貌(politeness),以减少道路问题”进行讨论。所以,[C]为正确选项。误选[A]是因为没有正确理解You might tolerate…rule,本句旨在说明:文明驾驶的司机并不常见;而并非说明人们对于鲁莽司机的态度。[B]、 [D]舍本逐末:文章第一段提到现代生活的节奏和交通状况是为了引出道路问题的主要原因──司机的行为。15. The sentence “You might tolerate the odd road-hog... the rule.” (Para. 1) implies that.[A] our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists[B] rude drivers can be met only occasionally[C] the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hog[D] nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists[分析] 本题考核知识点:根据上下文理解句意。本句大意:你可以容忍古怪、粗鲁、不体谅人的司机,但现今文明驾驶的司机却实属罕见。exception to the rule 意为“例外”。[D] 是the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule的改写,表达相同的意思,所以为正确选项。[B]与事实相反。[A]、[C]文中未提及。16. By “good sense,” the writer means.[A] the driver’s ability to understand and react reasonably[B] the driver’s prompt response to difficult and severe conditions[C] the driver’s tolerance of rude or even savage behavior[D] the driver’s acknowledgement of politeness and regulations[分析] 本题考核知识点:根据上下文理解短语。根据题干关键词good sense锁定第二段第一句。由于该句是段落主题句,所以对它的理解必然基于对本段内容的把握。本段第一句指出:马路文明不仅是good manners,还是good sense。下文开始对good sense进行具体阐述。第二句说明如何对待他人不礼貌的行为:克制住自己不进行报复;第三句到段末说明如何对待他人的礼貌行为:表示理解并做出认可的反应。所以,[A]是这两方面内容的概括。[C]和[D]都只涉及一个方面的内容,不全面,[B]中“困难且严峻的条件”太笼统,“快速反应”在该段也没有提到。17. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion,.[A] road users should make more sacrifice[B] drivers should be ready to yield to each other[C] drivers should have more communication among themselves[D] drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others[分析]:本题考核知识点:细节题。根据题干中出现的关键词Experts,car-ownership explosion锁定全文倒数第二句。对本题进行判断的主要依据来自于对短语give-and-take 的理解。考生根据本合成词的构成很容易猜测出give-and-take 意为:互相让步,互相迁就(make mutual concessions),[B]中的yield to each other即为此意,所以为正确选项。18. In the writer’s opinion,.[A] strict traffic regulations are badly needed[B] drivers should apply road politeness properly[C] rude drivers should be punished[D] drivers should avoid traffic jams[分析] 本题考核知识点:作者观点题。理解作者的观点需要纵观全文。本文第二段说明司机应该礼貌驾驶并对同行的礼貌行为做出合理反应。第三段说明司机误用礼貌(misplaced politeness ) 同样危险。所以,本文是从正反两方面分析了politeness对减少道路问题的作用。properly对于作者的观点最具有概括力,所以[B]为正确选项。本文并没有从利用交通法规减少交通问题方面进行讨论,所以[A]非本文论述内容。本文也没有提及对野蛮司机的惩罚,所以[C]非正确选项。文章只在开头作为马路问题产生原因之一提及traffic jam,而并没有提到司机应该避免交通高峰以减少交通问题,所以[D]非正确选项。

本无

1996年考研英语阅读第三篇解析—本文介绍英国劳资和股东阶层关系

In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. 19世纪后半叶,“资方”和“劳方”按现代方式不断扩大并各自完善相互对立的组织。Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers.许多旧式企业被有限责任公司所取代,由领薪经理构成其管理机构。The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求,并防止了效率的降低,而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。It was moreover a step away from indivial initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business.而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造力,向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business.铁路公司,虽然仍是为股东谋利的私有企业,但还是与旧家族企业大不相同了。At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.与此同时,大城市的市政府也开始涉足实业界,为纳税人提供照明、电车及其他服务。The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences.有限责任公司及市政企业的发展带来了重大变化。Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and instry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the ties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了持股人作为一个阶层的数量及其重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着不承担责任的财富,与土地及土地所有者责任相分离,几乎也同样与企业的经营责任相分离。All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards instrialization.整个19世纪,美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都是靠英国的资本发展起来,而英国股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management.像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起,原因在于给大批“享乐”阶层提供居住场所,这些人不工作却有丰厚的收入,除了领取红利,偶尔参加股东会议向管理人员发号施令外,他们与外界几乎没有任何联系。On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.另一方面,“持股”就意味着悠闲和自由,维多利亚后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.这种股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求,他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.领取报酬后代表公司经营的经理与工人以及工人需求的关系更加直接,但甚至他也不像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样熟悉了解工人的情况。Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible.的确,单就公司的经营规模和雇佣的工人数量而言,就使得建立这种私人关系不再可能。Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.然而,幸运的是,工会的势力和组织在日益壮大,至少在各个技术行业情况如此,这就使工人与雇用他们的公司经理们处于平等的地位。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量,理解公正谈判的含义。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。第一段第二、三句介绍了旧式家族企业的情况。文中指出,许多旧式公司被有限责任公司代替。这一变化防止了效率的下降,而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代手中破产倒闭。由此可以推知旧式家族企业缺乏效率。C选项正确。A选项属于过度推理,文中提到的是decline in efficiency commonly spoiled the fourtunes of family firms,可见家族企业败坏在晚辈手中的根本原因还是效率低下。该段第四句表明,(由家族企业到有限责任公司)这一变化也是由个人独创到集体创业迈出的一步,由此推知家族企业并不缺乏个人独创精神,故B选项与原文不符。D选项属于张冠李戴,该段最后一句只提到,市政当局也开始为纳税人提供各种服务,和旧式家族企业无关。技巧:解此题重在对长难句的结构分析与理解。第二段前两句指出,有限责任公司及市政企业的发展引起了重大变化。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着非责任性的财富,与土地和土地所有者责任分离,几乎也同样与企业的责任经营分离。接着文章以英国持股人为例子进行说明。由此可推知,有限公司的发展引起了财富或资本与经营管理分离;投资者并不实际参加经营,而是坐吃红利(dividends)或有时参加些间接管理;真正的管理者未必再是公司的拥有者。因此A选项与原文内容相符,为正确答案。文章第一段第二句指出有限责任公司中领取薪金的经理构成管理体系。因此,经理只是经营者,并不是公司的所有者。B选项与此不符。文章首句表明劳资两个阶级早在有限责任公司出现之前就已经存在,由责任有限公司导致出现的是持股人这一新的阶层。因此,C选项也不对。D选项与原文不符。从第二段倒数第二句可知,股东们只是享受红利,偶尔开会给经营者发布指令。从文中无法知道他们参与市政企业。技巧:根据题干关键词和先读各段首句迅速定位答案所在句(第二段首句)。此题考查对细节的综合概括能力。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。对于正误判断题,可以采取排除法解题。A选项在文章第三段首句中涉及:“这种股东不了解持股公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求”;B选项在该段第二句涉及:“...但是甚至他——经理也很少像现在正在消失的世袭的旧式家族企业中的雇主那样对工人有着亲近的、个人化的了解;D选项也可以从文章最后两句得出:值得庆幸的是,工会与日俱增的力量使工人与他们的雇主可以平起平坐。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重,明白了公平协商的价值。可见,在这方面,工会起到了保护工人的积极作用。而C选项在文章中未涉及。技巧:Except类型的题目可能涉及一段或数段,考点范围广泛,此题目就几乎涉及到第三段每句话。因此考生该尽量将每个选项都对照原文,找到相关内容,确认该选项正确与否。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题。通观全文,发现文章花了许多笔墨描述股东阶层。如第二段第四句中说他们是comfortable class。他们与别人的关系仅仅限于抽取红利,偶尔参加股东会议对企业管理指手画脚,shareholding 意味着悠闲和自由;第三段首句也提到股东不了解工人们的生活、思想和需求。引号的多次使用表示作者对这个称号的否定。由此推知,作者对股东阶层持强烈的批评态度。因此,D选项为正确答案。作者对其他选项中的人群则没有明显的批评。技巧:纵览全篇,体会字里行间流露的语气和注意most关键词。此题实际上也考查了文章主旨。

导梦园

1995年考研英语阅读第二篇解析—本文从心理学角度看待个人成长

There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a proct, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or proct that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try,new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.15.[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。文章第一段谈到,人们对待成长有两种基本看法:将之视为结果和将之视为过程。该段第二句明确指出前者是人们通常持有的看法,即认为成长是一种外在的结果或成果,易于衡量。可以从该段最后作者给出的一系列例子去理解什么是外在结果。此外,最后一句中的“have measurable results to show for their efforts”表明这种观点认为个人成长也是通过努力取得的结果。这样答案就显而易见了。只有[A]选项既是经过努力又是可以衡量的外在结果,故为正确答案。[B]、[C]和[D]选项都属于过程中付出的努力,结果却不可测量,故都不对。命题意图是要求考生熟悉类比题的一种变相出法,即,不直接对文中内容提问,而是要求考生在正确理解文中的例子后,从选项中选出与之类似的情况。解题关键在于能够把握原来例子的实质。16.[答案]C有关视成长为过程的的论述主要集中在第二段。这种观点认为成长是一段旅程,而不是具体的标记。人们应该看重的是成长过程中的态度和情感而非点滴的成功标记。[C]选项就是一种遭遇困难时的态度,也与第二段末句 “new challenges to accept”观点一致,为正确答案。[A]选项是结果,而非过程。[B]选项显然是从结果的角度去看待人的发展。[D]选项仍然是追求有“标志”的成功结果。因此都可以排除。17.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。题干中的短语出自第三段第二句中的how we see ourselves as we try a new way of being。该句之后,作者一连提出并列的三个问题,并给予了回答。三个问句及其回答分别是人由于对自身看法的不同而产生的不同处世方法:how we see ourselves是对三个问题的概括,而a new way of being这个关键词则应该涵盖三个回答的内容。[A]选项是简练、全面的概括,为正确答案。being相当于existing,意为:处世生存方式。首先排除[C],它涉及的是问句的内容,[B]和[D]选项虽然都在该段被提及,但是不具有概括性,应该排除。18.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者观点题。第三段首句提到,为了成长,人们需要乐于冒险、勇于面对未知事物、接受“失败”。接下来的一系列设问句说明了“快捷、有好奇心、抓住更多的机会、体验不熟悉的事情、对付新挑战”等的重要性,因此[A]、[B]和[C]选项都在文中提到。而第四段首句“这些不安全感和自我怀疑不仅是无法避免的,而且是必要的”充分表明作者对这些态度的肯定。由此可知,[D]选项与作者观点不一致,而且从第四段第二句作者用的两个假设也可看出他对躲避态度的否定,综上所述可以推出[D]选项为正确答案。全文翻译看待成长有两种基本态度:一种视其为结果,一种视其为过程。(佳句①)人们通常视个人成长为容易被识别和衡量的一种外在结果或成果。工人得到升迁、学生成绩提高和外国人学会了一门新的语言——这些都可以表明人们付出努力之后,取得了可测定的成绩。(长难句①)相比之下,测定个人成长的过程却要艰难得多。因为从定义来看,它是一段旅程,而不是沿途特定的路标或标志物。成长过程不是道路本身,而是当遭遇新的情况或未预料到的坎坷时所持的态度和情感,是慎重行事还是勇往直前。(长难句②)在这个过程中,旅行永远不会真正结束;总是有新的方法来感受世界,总会尝试新思想,接受新挑战。(佳句②)为了成长,为了探索新路,人们需要乐意去冒险,去勇敢面对未知事物,去接受他们也许会一开始就“失败”的可能性。(佳句③)当我们尝试一种新的生存方式时,我们如何看待自己对我们的成长能力至关重要。我们认为自己快捷、有好奇心吗?如果是的话,那我们往往会抓住更多的机会,更愿意去体验不熟悉的事情。我们认为自己腼腆、优柔寡断吗?那我们的羞怯感会使我们犹豫不决、行动缓慢,不到万无一失绝不迈步。我们认为自己适应变化很慢且对付新挑战也不够机敏吗?那么我们极可能会处事较被动或者根本放弃尝试。我们若想改变自己、有所成长,这些不安全感和自我怀疑感既无法避免也很有必要。如果我们不去面对并克服这些内心的恐惧和疑惑,如果我们过多地保护自己,那我们就一定会停止成长。我们会陷进自己营造的壳里面。(佳句④)

寄居人

1996年考研英语阅读第五篇翻译—本文介绍一本批评创世论的著作

大家好,咱们来看一篇阅读,这篇阅读是1996年考研英语试卷一的第五篇阅读,介绍了一本关于批评创世论的著作,原文如下,并把原文内的中文翻译也一并给出,方便理解。原文:Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared.有传言说,有20多本关于创世论与进化论之争的书即将出版,其中有几本已经面世。The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.出版所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓:就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言,不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened.对于所发生的一切,宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。“Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.而“科学”创世论——当课堂上讲授进化论时,有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释它——是基于宗教,而非科学的。Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.实际上,所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将“科学”创世论看作是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introction to evolution.金切尔这本书的前四章简要地介绍了进化论。At appropriate places, he introces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers.在适当的地方,作者引入了对创世论的非难并提供了回答。In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating.在书的后三章,他毫不客气地对创世论者进行了猛烈抨击。He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.他揭露了这些人的行动计划和骗人手段,对那些不了解创世论者惯用手法的人来说,其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会令人感到气愤和震惊。When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.由于他们的基本动机是宗教,人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的行为。Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments.金切尔是位哲学家,这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory.非专业人士起码可以从中了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all.关于创世论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。On the st jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.”这部优秀作品的护封上,斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德这样写道:“本书代表了理性”。And so it does -- and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.的确如此——如果理性是创世论和进化论之争的唯一评判标准,一切问题就已解决了。试题:51. “Creationism” in the passage refers to.[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe[B] a notion of the creation of religion[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe52. Kitcher’s book is intended to.[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists[B] expose the true features of creationists[C] curse bitterly at this opponents[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists53. From the passage we can infer that.[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings54. This passage appears to be a digest of.[A] a book review[B] a scientific paper[C] a magazine feature[D] a newspaper editorial简单介绍几个单词的含义:creationism 创世论st jacket(n.)(精装书的)护封deceptive 骗人的,迷惑人的;误导的newspaper editorial 报纸社论答案:D B B A你做对了吗?

妙叶

1995年考研英语阅读第五篇解析—本文是关于记忆和遗忘方面的文章

That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.过去的经历会影响日后的行为,这就表明存在着一种明显然而却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.没有被广泛称之为记忆的作用,学习就不可能发生。Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.不断的练习实践对记忆产生了影响,从而成就了钢琴上的熟练弹奏、背诵诗歌,甚至阅读和理解这些文字。So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning.所谓的智力行为需要记忆能力,因为它是推理的基本要求。The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory.用于解决问题或者甚至是辨别出有问题存在的能力有赖于记忆。Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.举例来说,一个穿过街道的决定是根据对许多以往经历的回忆而作出的。Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.练习(或者复习)有助于建立和保持对一项任务或任何学习过的材料的记忆。如果一段时间不练习,已学习到的知识往往会被遗忘;其适应性的结果可能表现得不明显。Yet,dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. 但是,戏剧性的突然遗忘的例子可以被看作为极具适应性。In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.从这点看,遗忘的能力可以被理解为动物通过自然选择进程赢得了生存。Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may proce relief.的确,当一个人对一件情感上很痛苦的经历的记忆导致了严重的焦虑时,遗忘可以带来解脱。Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly graal process of forgetting survived natural selection.然而,进化论的解释可能会使人很难理解通常逐渐的遗忘过程是如何经自然选择生存下来的。In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.在思考记忆的进化过程及其他相关方面时,考虑下面这个问题是很有益处的,即,如果记忆不能渐渐消失将会出现什么情形。Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring ration.遗忘明显有助于时间的定位,因为旧的记忆淡化了,使新的记忆清晰醒目,为推断某事的持续时间提供了线索。Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.没有遗忘,适应性能力就会受损。例如,十年前所学的正确行为现在也许不再被认为正确。Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. Thus forgetting seems to serve that survival of the indivial and the species.案例记载了这样一些人,他们(按一般人的标准)忘记的事情太少以至于日常生活充满了困惑。因此,遗忘似乎有助于个人以及人类的生存。Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.另一条思路假设人的记忆存储系统储量有限,它专门通过遗忘来提供适应之灵活性。In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output).依此观点,学习或记忆储存(输入)与遗忘(输出)之间始终在不断地调节。Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which indivials forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.的确,有证据显示个人遗忘的比率与他们学得的知识量的多少直接相关。这样的数据为认为输入—输出持衡的当代记忆模式提供了总体上的支持。27.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。从进化论解释遗忘是第二段的内容,该段第二、三句谈到,“一段时间由于缺乏实践,学到的东西往往就会忘记(渐进性地遗忘),其适应性结果就显得不太明显。然而戏剧性地突然遗忘的例子可以被看作具有适应性,即动物在自然选择的过程中幸存下来的能力”,但是末句又谈到“进化论的解释可能使人很难理解渐进的遗忘过程是如何经过自然选择生存下来的”。因此可知,[D]选项是正确的观点,而[C]选项与文意相反。[A]选项错在“obviously”,原文第二句中提到适应性结果不太明显。[B]选项是对第三句的篡改,而不是改写,其中两个very夸大暗示了原文中没有的遗忘与适应性之间的正比关系。命题意图是要求考生理解第二段中作者如何论述渐进性的遗忘和突然性遗忘与适应性的关系。28.[答案]B本题考查不会遗忘带来的后果。第三段一开始就指出,思考一下记忆不衰退会产生的结果。第四句论证说,忘事少的人,他们的日常生活充满了困惑。同时第二段第五句也提到,当一个人对一件情感上很痛苦的经历难以忘怀而导致严重焦虑时,遗忘可以带来解脱。也就是说,不会忘记就清除不了烦恼。因为[B]选项为上述思想的概括,其中,a lot of trouble 对应文中full of confusion。[A]选项与第三段第三句“没有遗忘,适应性能力就会受损”不符。[C]选项与第四段内容矛盾:“人的记忆存储系统储量有限,学习与遗忘之间不断地调节”。[D]选项中的“进化停止”过于绝对,文中没有涉及。注意:考生可以根据题干的if a person never forgot和第三段首句的if memories failed to fade,迅速定位到段落。29.[答案]A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:段落主题。最后一段认为,人的记忆存储系统储量有限,它通过遗忘来提供适应的灵活性。学习或记忆储存(输入)与遗忘(输出)之间始终不断地调节,达到出入平衡。因此[A]选项符合文意,为正确答案。[B]选项中的exactly一词用得过于绝对,与文章内容不符。[C]选项把记忆与遗忘的关系搞错,二者并非补偿关系,只不过都是记忆系统的组成部分。[D]选项不正确,原文只说遗忘使记忆系统更具适应力,而不是说它造成了记忆存储系统的有限性。注意:干扰项中可能大量使用原文中提到的词语,其增加或减少都会造成错误答案,考生一定要仔细辨认。如:该题干扰选项中出现的memory storage system, limited, capacity, input-output, balance等。30.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。本题考查全文的主旨。本文共四段,仅在第一段单纯讲述记忆的作用。从第二段开始文章侧重论述遗忘的功能,指出它是人类适应生存的表现,没有它,人的适应性会受影响;以及记忆系统专门通过遗忘提供适应的灵活性。由此可见[B]选项是文章内容重点讨论的对象,即主题。forgetting一词在文中出现的频率很高。其他选项在文中有所涉及,但不是主题。注意:解此类题,要特别注意综合各段中心大意,或找出文中出现频率偏高的词。