2009年考研英语一阅读翻译

本文是2013年考研英语试卷阅读理解Part A的Text 2部分。本文主要讲述了网络隐私问题，就“在线行为广告”引发的争议展开论述，随后追溯了争议的相关解决方案。An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half.老话说的好，广告费的一半是浪费了的——问题是，没人知道哪一半浪费掉的。In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reced.在互联网时代，至少在理论上，这一浪费的部分能够减少。By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.通过观察人们搜索什么，点击什么，在网络上说什么，公司能够瞄准那些更容易购买的客户投放“行为”广告。26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:第一段表明，“行为”广告帮助广告商：[A] ease competition among themselves缓和他们之间的竞争[B] lower their operational costs降低运营成本[C] avoid complaints from consumers避免消费者的抱怨[D] provide better online services提供更好的网络服务答案：B。解析：第一句就指出了，广告费花费了有一半被浪费掉了。后面指出互联网时代广告费用大幅减少，因为公司（广告商）能够将“行为”广告投放给最有可能购买的人群。由此可知，“行为广告”能帮助广告商“降低运营成本”这句话最符合题意。In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?在过去几周，一场争论表明这些精准信息对于广告商的价值：广告商应该假定用户乐于被追踪并且收到这些广告吗？或者应该获得用户明确的准许？In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .在2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会建议提出一个“禁止追踪”的选项加入到网络浏览器中，以便用户能告诉广告商他们不想被“追踪”。Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is e to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the instry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.微软的IE浏览器和苹果的Safari浏览器提供了“禁止追踪”选项；谷歌的Chrome浏览器在今年准备提供这样的功能。2月，联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟同意该行业尽快对“禁止追踪”这一请求作出回应。27. “The instry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers to:“该行业”指的是：[A] online advertisers在线广告商[B] e-commerce conctors电子商务运营[C] digital information analysis数字信息分析者[D] internet browser developers网络浏览器开发商答案：D。解析：FTC和DAA一致认为the instry会对DNT要求迅速做出回应。前面又指出FTC提议在浏览器上添加DNT选项，可见这个提议的动作执行者在浏览器开发商。可见FTC和DAA提议的the instry就是浏览器开发商。On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version e to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.微软在五月31日率先发起讨论，它表明随windows8一起发布的IE 10，将把“禁止追踪”选项设为默认状态。Advertisers are horrified .广告商慌神了。Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.人性本质上是，大多数人还是坚持默认设置的。Few switch DNT on now,but if tracking is off it will stay off.很少人会打开DNT选项，但是如果“追踪”是关闭的那么它就一直关闭了。Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,says consumers will be worse off if the instry cannot collect information about their preferences.国家广告协会会长Bob Liodice 表示，如果这个行业不能收集消费者们的偏好信息，消费者的情况将会更糟。People will not get fewer ads,he says.“They’ll get less meaningful,less targeted ads.人们看到的广告不会更少，他们会得到更多的“无意义的”、更不精确的目标广告。28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultBob Liodice坚称设置“禁止追踪”为默认选项[A] may cut the number of junk ads可能减少垃圾广告[B] fails to affect the ad instry对这个行业没有影响[C] will not benefit consumers对消费者不利[D] goes against human nature违反人性答案：C。解析：Bob Liodice指出了消费者的情况会更糟糕，收到的广告不会变少，反而会出现更多无意义的广告。所以C正确。It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.还不清楚广告商怎么回应。Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.收到“DNT”信号并不能迫使企业去停止追踪，尽管一些企业承诺会这么做。Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.由于不能分辨出用户是拒绝“行为”广告还是他们只是坚持微软的默认选项，一些企业可能忽略“禁止追踪”的信号并且继续追踪。29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?根据第六段，下面哪一个是正确的？[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose“禁止追踪”可能不能取得预期目标[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT广告商更希望执行“禁止追踪”选项[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers“禁止追踪”在消费者之中并不流行[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads广告商有责任提供“行为”广告答案：A。解析：公司收到DNT信号并不意味着一定要求停止追踪，而且由于他们不清楚消费者心理，可能也会对DNT默认信号加以忽略。由此，DNT并不能达到限制公司获取用户在线行为信息的目的。所以A合适。Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.并且也不清楚为什么微软一意孤行的发起行动。After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.毕竟，它也有商业广告业务。据称这些业务也遵守“禁止追踪”选项设定。不过还在具体怎样实施还在研究当中。If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising，it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.如果它是想让谷歌不高兴，谷歌的业务几乎全靠广告支持。它选择了一个不太直接的方式，没有保证说能将“‘禁止追踪’设为默认状态”成为行业规范。DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other procts favorably with Google's on that count before.“禁止追踪”看起来也不能成为Windows 8的巨大卖点，尽管此前这个公司将旗下一些产品与谷歌的进行了有利对比。Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged:" we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?Brendon Lynch，微软首席隐私官，在博客中写道：我们相信消费者将有更多的控制权。真的那么简单吗？30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:作者对Brendon Lynch在博客中所说的态度是：[A] inlgence纵容[B] understanding理解[C] appreciation欣赏[D] skepticism怀疑答案：D。解析：Brendon Lynch说消费者应该拥有更多控制权，但是作者后面又反问：真的那么简单吗？可见，作者对Brendon Lynch的观点是怀疑的。

长难句是考研英语中一大拦路虎，因此学会如何运用语法知识破解长难句也是同学们在基础语法学习的过程中的终极目标。本文以2020年英语一翻译真题为例讲解长难句破解，快来一起看看吧，希望能够帮助2021考研同学哦~一、With (the gap between) the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.1、寻标志，断长句：断句标志“1）with（the gap between）...... by the renaissance,2）the gap between ......bridged,3）Leading to new......territories2、抓住干，识修饰主干：the gap had been bridged修饰：a. with ...... the Renaissance作伴随状语b. leading to new and ......territories作结果状语3、调语序，定句意1）译文：“随着教会的指导和思考方式的差异被文艺复兴变得黯然失色”解析：between...and “在...之间”，作后置定语修饰gap,翻译的时候翻译到gap前面，其余顺译2）译文：“中世纪和现代的差异被消除了”解析：整体主谓结构，between...and 在...之间，作后置定语修饰gap,翻译的时候翻译到gap前面，其余顺译3）译文：“导向崭新的和未经探索的知识领域”解析：lead to“导致”，顺译4、依逻辑，组整句：伴随状语顺译，结果状语顺译译文：随着教会的指导和思考方式的差异被文艺复兴变得黯然失色，中世纪和现代的差异被消除了，导向崭新的和未经探索的知识领域。二、Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists，more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.1、寻标志，断长句：断句标志1）despite attempts by the church to......rationalists2) more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made3) at a rate that people could no longer ignore2、抓住干，识修饰主干：more explorations were being made修饰：a. despite attempts......rationalists作让步状语b. at a rate ...... ignore作方式状语3、调语序，定句意1）译文：“尽管教堂做出许多尝试去压制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者”解析：by the church,介词短语作后置定语，翻译到名词前面; attempt to do sth.试图做某事，顺译2）译文：“但是更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在进行”解析：整体主谓结构，顺译；for+how宾从，介词短语作后置定语修饰exploration，翻译到exploration前面3）译文：“以人们难以忽视的速度”解析：at a rate that 以......速度；that从句作定语从句修饰rate，翻译到rate前面4、依逻辑，组整句：让步状语顺译，方式状语翻译到所修饰的动作前面译文：尽管教堂做出许多尝试去压制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但是更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在以人们难以忽视的速度进行着。

It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. 我们可以谴责交通阻塞、汽油价格、以及现代生活的快节奏，但马路礼貌确实越来越糟糕。Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether.所有的人都知道：即便脾气最好的人在车里也会变成怪兽。老虎在油箱里还好说，可老虎若坐在驾驶员的位置上就完全是另一回事了。You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motoristis the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.你也许能够容忍在马路上横冲直闯的司机、粗鲁且不体谅人的司机，但现今文明驾驶的司机却实属罕见。(可能这需要发起一场“对其他司机友善”的运动，否则，情形会完全失控)。第二段：Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior.马路文明不仅是一种礼貌行为，还是一种良好的意识。司机需要非常冷静的头脑和好脾气才能在碰到不文明行为时克制住自己不进行报复。On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring.另一方面，些许文明行为十分有助于缓解驾车时的紧张情绪。A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions.一个友好的颔首、感谢对方礼貌行为的一个轻轻的挥手有助于形成友好宽容的氛围，But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.而这在当前的交通条件下是非常必要的。但现在，这种对礼貌表示认可的行为非常罕见。现今很多司机即使见到礼貌行为也似乎视若惘然。第三段：However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway;但是，误用礼貌同样危险。典型的事例为：司机为了让过从边路上突然出现的车而采取急刹车，却对后面的交通造成了危险。（而若不出现这种情况），本来只需几秒钟的等待，道路就会畅通无阻；or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to.或者，有人会为一个穿过斑马线的孩子让路，示意其进入行车道，但随后驶来的车辆却无法及时停车。同样，鼓励老太太随时随地横穿马路的行为也是如此。It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.我经常感到奇怪：高速公路上居然没有屡屡出现这些老太太被撞死的交通事故。第四段：A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper.一位行为无可挑剔的老司机曾告诉我：在不引起交通阻塞，从而惹怒其他司机的前提下，司机们学会逐个插入车流有助于缓解交通。Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of boatmanship.但现代的驾驶员甚至不会学如何驾车，更别说掌握公路驾车技能的微妙之处了。Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.多年前专家就曾警告我们：汽车拥有量的突增要求所有马路使用者的互谅互让。现在是我们该把这项警告铭记于心的时候了。14. According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by.[A] people’s attitude towards the road-hog[B] the rhythm of modern life[C] the behavior of the driver[D] traffic conditions[分析] 本题考核知识点：第一段主旨题。第一段第二句至段末的内容指出：好人一旦驾车也可能成为伤人的妖怪；过分大胆的司机（tiger）会造成很大的麻烦；鉴于文明驾车的司机太少的现状，为了不至于情况完全失控，有必要发起名为“对其他司机好点”的运动。这说明，形成道路问题的主要原因是司机的行为。 另外，本文其余部分全部是围绕“司机如何正确运用礼貌（politeness），以减少道路问题”进行讨论。所以，[C]为正确选项。误选[A]是因为没有正确理解You might tolerate…rule，本句旨在说明：文明驾驶的司机并不常见；而并非说明人们对于鲁莽司机的态度。[B]、 [D]舍本逐末：文章第一段提到现代生活的节奏和交通状况是为了引出道路问题的主要原因──司机的行为。15. The sentence “You might tolerate the odd road-hog... the rule.” (Para. 1) implies that.[A] our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists[B] rude drivers can be met only occasionally[C] the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hog[D] nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists[分析] 本题考核知识点：根据上下文理解句意。本句大意：你可以容忍古怪、粗鲁、不体谅人的司机，但现今文明驾驶的司机却实属罕见。exception to the rule 意为“例外”。[D] 是the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule的改写，表达相同的意思，所以为正确选项。[B]与事实相反。[A]、[C]文中未提及。16. By “good sense,” the writer means.[A] the driver’s ability to understand and react reasonably[B] the driver’s prompt response to difficult and severe conditions[C] the driver’s tolerance of rude or even savage behavior[D] the driver’s acknowledgement of politeness and regulations[分析] 本题考核知识点：根据上下文理解短语。根据题干关键词good sense锁定第二段第一句。由于该句是段落主题句，所以对它的理解必然基于对本段内容的把握。本段第一句指出：马路文明不仅是good manners，还是good sense。下文开始对good sense进行具体阐述。第二句说明如何对待他人不礼貌的行为：克制住自己不进行报复；第三句到段末说明如何对待他人的礼貌行为：表示理解并做出认可的反应。所以，[A]是这两方面内容的概括。[C]和[D]都只涉及一个方面的内容，不全面，[B]中“困难且严峻的条件”太笼统，“快速反应”在该段也没有提到。17. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion,.[A] road users should make more sacrifice[B] drivers should be ready to yield to each other[C] drivers should have more communication among themselves[D] drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others[分析]：本题考核知识点：细节题。根据题干中出现的关键词Experts，car-ownership explosion锁定全文倒数第二句。对本题进行判断的主要依据来自于对短语give-and-take 的理解。考生根据本合成词的构成很容易猜测出give-and-take 意为：互相让步,互相迁就（make mutual concessions），[B]中的yield to each other即为此意，所以为正确选项。18. In the writer’s opinion,.[A] strict traffic regulations are badly needed[B] drivers should apply road politeness properly[C] rude drivers should be punished[D] drivers should avoid traffic jams[分析] 本题考核知识点：作者观点题。理解作者的观点需要纵观全文。本文第二段说明司机应该礼貌驾驶并对同行的礼貌行为做出合理反应。第三段说明司机误用礼貌(misplaced politeness ) 同样危险。所以，本文是从正反两方面分析了politeness对减少道路问题的作用。properly对于作者的观点最具有概括力，所以[B]为正确选项。本文并没有从利用交通法规减少交通问题方面进行讨论，所以[A]非本文论述内容。本文也没有提及对野蛮司机的惩罚，所以[C]非正确选项。文章只在开头作为马路问题产生原因之一提及traffic jam，而并没有提到司机应该避免交通高峰以减少交通问题，所以[D]非正确选项。

2020考研英语刚刚结束，英语一整体难度适中，与近几年的真题思路接近一致，关于翻译部分，五个长难句依旧各有难度，文章背景主要讨论文艺复兴时期的思维变化，整体词汇有一定难度，今天文都考研英语将为同学们总结翻译考点，并和同学们分享翻译相关的复习方法。考点一：With引导的随从状语与被动关于with的状语翻译，真题中：With the Church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance，直接可以译为：随着...，与主句进行连接；本句中状语还有被动结构，被动处理的两种方法：变为主动和保持被动，在本句可以译为主动：在文艺复兴时期黯然失色。考点二：同位语从句的翻译关于同位语从句的翻译，今年在真题中为：including the geo-centric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. 可以看出同从修饰名词view，同学们要注意区分同从和定从的区别，后面从句的内容进一步解释说明前面观点，译文可以用“即”或者冒号连接两句话，译为：其中包括地球中心说的观点，即：地球是宇宙中心。考点三：修饰成分的翻译翻译的一个难点就是处理好句中的修饰，并且能还原成正常的中文语序，在这个过程中可以适当更改单词词性和语义，在真题中：attempts by the Church to suppress this generation of logicians and rationalists，名词attempts由两个介词短语进行修饰，在翻译时，根据语义进行调整：尽管教会试图镇压这一代逻辑学家和理性主义者。考点四：状语从句的翻译除了修饰的处理，有些长难句难点在于整个句式结构上，尤其是状语从句的考察，今年的真题中，出现了as引导的状从：As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world，as在句中引导的时间状语从句，意为：当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时。考点五：长难句主干的识别五个翻译句子中，对长难句主干的识别尤为重要，在今年真题中：Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what the information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase 'sapere aude' or 'dare to know'. 整个句子为一句话没有明显的断句标志，在找主干时，可以先找出核心谓语动词were captured，前面部分为主语，后面为状语，整理后主干为：such actions were captured by...。以上为今年的翻译重点解析，关于翻译复习上，建议同学们平时除了积累词汇，还需要进行长难句的断句识主干练习，每星期练习30个句子，并且在练习过程中将修饰成分全部标出，经过练习一定能在翻译模块取得不错的进步。

21考研英语一翻译平均3分今天一早起来就受到了很大的惊吓：看到一条21考研英语的消息，英一翻译平均分3分！吓到我周末的瞌睡立刻消散？这是真的吗？差不多距出成绩还有1个月左右的时间，考研阅卷老师也差不多改完试卷了，时间点卡得刚刚好，信不信都好难！21考研英语一翻译真题回顾一直都是说英二很难，我们考英一的老师说难度和往年差别不大呀，翻译真的那么难吗？我们来回顾下今年英一的翻译真题：查看考研英语一翻译相关真题和解析21考研英语翻译真题解析！长难句翻译技巧就靠它！好好琢磨一下解析，究竟哪里丢的分！我们在做考研翻译时哪里最容易丢分？晦涩难懂的长难句还是不知道哪个旮旯扒拉出来的陌生单词？都不是！最容易失分的是那些我们背得很熟的熟词，那些闭着眼睛都能认识的单词，你真的用心理解和翻译了吗？你以为的，真的是你“以为”的吗？我们先来看看2004年考研英语一翻译里考过了这个句子：l The Greeks assumedthat the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.在这句话中出现了考研英语高频词assume，assume在这个句子中的意思确实是“认为/以为”的意思哟，所以这里，你以为的，就是你“以为”的。译文如下：希腊人以为语言的结构和思维过程有某种联系，这种观点早在人们意识到语言的千差万别之前就已经在欧洲扎下了根。那换这一句考研真题呢？Many young people assumea great deal of personal responsibility for ecating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.很显然，在这个句子里，如果还把assume当作“认为/以为”是说不通的，即你以为的，并不是你“以为”的。此处的assume意为“开始承担（责任）”，经典搭配就是assume responsibility。“许多年轻人在自我教育及积极寻求对立观点方面开始承担很多的个人责任”，该调查总结道。考研英语翻译总结经过以上分析我们可以知道，考研英语中的assume，除了你以为的“以为”，还有你需要的“开始承担（责任）”。所以做翻译时看到那些熟的不能再熟的单词时，我们千万不能掉以轻心，想当然的翻译，很有可能你以为的词义是说不通的！建议大家多想一点，考虑考虑这个词义真的合适吗~考研练习大家判断一下以下两个句子中assume的意思吧！l It is reasonable to assumethat the economy will continue to improve.l The man assumedresponsibility for taking care of his parents.各位考研的小伙伴，把你的答案告诉留言我呀，我们小Mia老师会认真批改和解析呦！

考研五大题型中，翻译对语法和词汇的依赖度最高，那么在这里我们就一起分析，想要拿下翻译题，至少需要掌握哪些方面的词汇知识。考研词汇基本可以分为两大类：基础词汇，大约2000词;核心词汇，3500左右。基础词汇，指考生在初高中就已经学过的词语，比如“support”、“claim”等等，基础词汇在翻译中也很常见，主要考察其生僻意思，其难度令大多数考生望而生畏。比如，2010年考研试题翻译中出现了这样的搭配“health of game”，很多同学觉得很简单直接翻译成“游戏的健康”。“游戏”不是生物谈何“健康”，这种译文毫无疑问是错误的。在这里就是考察“game”的生僻意思——“猎物”，所以正确翻译应该是“猎物的健康”。再比如，考研考研试题中还出现过这样的搭配“common run of men”，很多同学看到“run”就想到了它的第一意义——“跑步”，甚至有考生翻译成“普通跑男”，这种翻译无疑也是错误的。在这里也是考查“run”的生僻含义，表示“种类”。所以考生在备考翻译词汇时，要多积累一些基础词汇的生僻意思。那有同学会问，考研2000多个基础词汇都需要掌握才能做好翻译吗?答案当然是否定的，2000多个基础词汇未必都会在翻译题中考察，翻译中的基础词汇有一个非常明显的特点——在翻译题中复现率极高，比如“business”一词在2005年考过“行业”(television business)的含义，2006年考过“商业”(conct in business)的含义，2009年考过“业务”的含义(chief business)。大家在备考翻译中的基础词汇时，只需关注历届考研翻译考研试题中出现的那一部分即可，大概有500词左右。核心词汇，指初高中未学过、较长较难的词汇。这部分词虽然难，但是词义比较固定，相对没有那么灵活，所以同学想办法记住词义就可，无需掌握多个意思。当然，备考翻译也不需要将3500个核心词汇都背全，考研翻译中核心词汇考察有一个很显著的特征——这部分词在考研阅读和完形填空中复现率极高。所以大家应该主要去掌握这两大题型中常出现的核心词汇，总计1000词左右。翻译题型只是纸老虎，只要大家根据出题特点相应进行备考，拿下6分或9分的及格分并不困难。

Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the procts and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a proct that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Recing newspaper cost.13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising14. In the author’s opinion,.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement答案解析11.[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：句意题。首先看句子语法，第一句的重点是对as well as的理解。as well as 有两种意思：1）相当于in addition (to),意为“除……外，同，和，也”，如：He gave me money as well as advice. 2)用作连词引出比较对象，意为“和……一样好”。第2）种含义放在本文中才讲得通，这里as well as any相当于as well as any（money spent）, I know of 是定语从句，修饰any。其次，看下文内容。从文章第二句“它直接有助于……”可以推出作者对广告的作用持肯定态度。因此第一句应该被理解为“花在广告上的钱和任何别处花的钱一样值得”。 [D]项正是这个含义的概括，因此为正确项。[B]、[C]选项仅停留在“广告花费钱”的含义上，体现不了对广告的肯定态度；选项[A]是对从句“I know of”的错误理解。命题意图要求考生正确理解句中为避免重复而省略的部分。12.[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。第一段作者对广告给予肯定并且列举广告带来的诸多益处：（1）它直接有助于商品以合理价格迅速销出；（2）在稳定国内市场的同时，使产品能够以有竞争力的价格进入国际市场；（3）它给人以新的消费观，从而大大提高人们的生活水准；（4）它有助于增加市场需求，扩大劳动力市场，有效地扩大就业；（5）它使日报等公共事业的服务价格低廉。由此可见，[B]、[C]和[D]选项都在文中直接涉及，可以排除。第二段首句虽然谈到广告为人们购买的产品和服务的合理价格提供了保障，但是未提及[A]选项“保障更高的知名度”的内容，因而为正确答案。注意：这种“which is not included”题型相当于except题型，一般要在大范围内搜索，排除原文中已经提到的选项或直接找出与原文不符的选项。潜在命题点：依据此内容可另出一题：What is the biggest advantage of advertising?A．Providing more jobs.B．Enhancing living standards.C．Recing the costs of many services.D．Ensuring the quality of the procts and services.答案为[D]。关键是第二段首句“most important of all” 表明下面所述为最重要的优势，因此在列举题中，要注意关联词的作用。此外，也可用排除法，[A]、[B]、[C]在文中并列，作用相仿，成为答案几率均等，故都应该排除。13.[解析]本题考核的知识点是：本题考核的知识点是：作者观点题。题干要求考生回答作者对文中提到的知名人士的看法。文章第四段谈到该知名人士对广告持否定态度，即他批评广告更多的是在劝诱观众，而不是提供信息。这显然与作者前面第三段用大篇幅对广告赞扬的态度大相径庭，所以作者马上对这种观点进行驳斥，以维护自己的观点。作者认为“他把两者区分得过于细微。因为广告不可避免地要劝说消费者，如果广告的内容仅仅限于提供信息，那将会乏味之极”。由引可以推论作者对知名人士看法持否定态度。因此[D]选项为正确选项。[A]选项和[C]选项都持肯定态度，可以排除。而[B]选项也不对，因为在文中并未讨论知名人士的兴趣和关心对象问题。nothing but意为：只有，除了……之外都不。命题意图要求考生正确理解文章局部细节体现的作者态度。14.[答案]C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：作者观点题。本题考查作者对广告所持的观点。读完全文后，我们已经很清楚作者对广告的态度和观点。先是在前三段肯定广告给社会带来的诸多好处，然后在第四段和第四段又指出广告劝说消费者不仅是不可避免的也是必要的，否则便失去了吸引力，不能把广告的劝诱性作为批评它的论据。[C]选项恰恰符合这一观点，为正确答案。[A]选项与第三段的内容相悖。[B]选项与第四段作者提出的“广告不可避免地要劝说消费者，内容不仅仅限于提供信息”的看法不一致。[D]选项不正确，作者在末段提到，只提供信息的广告不会引起观众的兴趣，不能由此推出，消费者对广告信息毫无兴趣。win sb. over(to sth.)=win sb. to do sth. 意思是“说服某人做某事”。注意：做此类局部作者态度题，可以先看选项中是否有直接可排除之选项；不能排除的再定位，对照进行排除。全文翻译花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别的方面的钱一样是值得的。它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售，从而建立稳固的国内市场，并且有可能以有竞争力的价格提供出口商品。通过向公众推出新思想，它极大地促进生活水准的提高。通过帮助增加商品需求，它确保对劳动力的更大需求，因此成为对抗失业的一项有效措施。它降低了许多服务费用：没有广告，日报的价格将是现在的四倍，电视许可证价格会翻一番，乘汽车或地铁出行也将贵出百分之二十。也许最重要的是，广告对你所购买的产品和服务的合理价值提供了一种保障。除了国会制定的27项法案对广告加以约束之外，也没有哪个正规的广告商胆敢推销与广告承诺不符的产品。他也许会通过误导人的广告暂时愚弄一些人。但他这样做长不了，因为所幸的是，公众很明智，不会再次购买劣质商品。 如果你看见一种商品不断地做广告，我认为这就是最可靠的证明，商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。广告对社会的物质利益所作的贡献比我能想到的任何其他力量都要大。有一点我觉得应该在此提及。最近我听到一位电视知名人士宣称，他反对广告，因为广告是劝诱性的，而不是客观地提供信息。他在此划了一条过于清晰的界线。当然广告总是试图劝服。如果广告仅仅限于提供信息——这一点本身如果不是不可能的话，至少也难以做到，因为即使选择一件衬衫的颜色这样的细节也多少隐含劝说之意——那么广告将变得味同嚼蜡、无人理会了。但也许这就是那位电视名人所希望的结果。

One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. 1.3亿美国人的手中至少持有一家银行发行的信用卡。信用卡持有者可在商店、饭店、宾馆，当地、外地甚至国外赊购货物，同时信用卡还可以使他们享受银行提供的许多服务。More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon -- it’s already here.越来越多的信用卡可以自动读取，于是持卡人就可以在不同地方存取，不管本地支行是否营业。对于我们很多人来说，“无现钞的社会”不是即将来临，而是已经到来。While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom.计算机为消费者提供诸多便利的同时，也给商家带来了很多优势。电子收银机能做的远不止记录销售额，它们可进行各种各样的记录，包括谁卖了什么，何时卖的，卖给了谁。This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made.通过被售商品的种类及其销售速度等信息的显示，商家能够随时了解其商品的情况。然后卖家便可以做出是再定货还是把商品退给供应商的决定。At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.同时这些计算机记录哪些时间段是销售高峰和哪些员工最有效率，从而可以相应地调整员工工作任务的分派。此外，他们还可以确定偏爱的顾客群进行促销活动。Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons.基于同样的原因，生产商们也依赖计算机。Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which procts to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the proction process itself.计算机分析的营销报告能有助于决定目前应重点生产哪些商品，将来开发哪些产品，应停止生产哪些产品。计算机跟踪库存商品，现有原材料甚至生产过程本身。Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.许多其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志社、从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供更好、更高效的服务。15.[答案]B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。本文第一段通过一系列的实例说明信用卡（credit card）给其使用者带来的诸多方便。通过该段第二句“信用卡持有者可以在商店、饭店、宾馆，在当地、外地甚至在国外自动刷卡，同时信用卡还可以使他们得到银行提供的许多服务”可以看出，[B]选项全面准确地归纳和概括了原文思想，因此为正确答案。虽然原文指出信用卡持有者可以不受地域和时间的限制去存钱取钱，但是这并不意味着愿取多少就取多少。因此[A]选项不正确。[C]选项是文中未提及的内容，原文中未对持卡者和未持卡者的信誉度进行比较。况且，这也不符合事实。无论是持信用卡还是支付现金，顾客在购物时都享受同等的信誉。[D]选项错在wherever(无论在什么地方)，试问在没有银行的地方或是未开通信用卡的地方怎能够兑取现金呢？注意：解此题的关键是定位到具体的一句话。16.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：句意题。本题考查考生对第一段最后一句的理解。该段最后一句指出“对于我们很多人来说，’无现钞的社会’不是即将来临，而是已经到来”。[C]选项是对此句的改写，nowadays与原句时态相符，many Americans与for many of us一致，do not pay in cash与cashless society一致，因此[C]为正确答案。[A]选项中的in the future与原句时间it is already here不符；况且all the Americans也过于绝对。[B]选项的内容原文未提及；而且它与本段第二句谈到的可以在国外使用信用卡的事实相悖。[D]选项亦无法从该句推论。命题意图要求考生理解某句话的内涵，弄清楚它的每个单词、表达方式和整句话传达的信息。有时可以借助离得不远的上下文的句子去理解。17.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。该短语出现在第二段第二句electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales。第二段主要列举了电子收银机（cash register）的用途。第三句提到电子收银机可以进行各种各样的记录。从上下文我们可以知道ring up sales是电子收银机的基本工作，即“将销售情况记入收款机”，这与[B]选项相符。在不知ring up 意思的情况，也可以通过sales去排除选项。sales为“销售商品”，而不是“商品贸易”、“销售经理”或“库存商品”，因此[B]选项最可能正确，[A]、[C]和[D]选项都相差太远。命题意图要求考生根据上下文判断生词的含义。18.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。本题同样要求首先了解各段主旨，以便总结概括文章中心。本文首先从信用卡的应用谈论计算机给消费者带来的便利，随后述及计算机给销售商带来的便利，最后指出计算机的应用范围很广。因此[B]选项是文章主要讨论的话题，为正确答案。[A]选项和[C]选项中的“应用方法”和“意义”都不是本文探讨的对象。[D]选项仅仅是文章第一段的内容，作者通过它是想说明计算机的应用给消费者带来的诸多方便这一主旨，因此[A]不具有概括性。

考研英语，翻译是很多考研童鞋们的伤。其主要的原因是，基础没有打牢固，词组和单词量的积累不够或者对意思的理解有偏差。其实翻译是很容易得分的题目，记住下面总结的这些近20年真题中的常考的翻译词组，可以帮我们更加高效地做出翻译题目，有效地把握命题的规律！其实这些词组不仅做翻译很有用，做完型填空的时候也是有用的，完型填空里面就会有很多的固定搭配。自己写作文的时候也可以合理地使用这些词组，让改卷的老师眼前一亮的赶脚。最后，21考研的童鞋要好好加油咯！已经正式步入6月份了！