2003年考研英语一阅读第一篇

本文是2013年考研英语试卷阅读理解Part A的Text 1部分。本文以批判“快时尚”为主题，就“消费者应该减少购衣”抵制快时尚对劳动力和环境的损害这一观点进行反驳。In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Strep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.在2006年的电影版的《穿普拉达的女王》中，梅丽尔斯特里普所扮演的米兰达，斥责她毫无吸引力、穿衣乏味的助手，原因是助手认为高级时尚与她没有关系。Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.米兰达解释了助手身上穿的深蓝色的毛衣是怎样从时装展“沦落到”百货商店，然后又“沦落到”打折区，让这个可怜的穷孩子直接的淘换到的。21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.答案：[B] insensitivity to fashion.对时尚不敏感解析：本文知识点：因果细节题。由上文可知米兰达批评她的助手是因为助手认为时尚与她无关——也就是批评助手对时尚不敏感。[A] poor bargaining skill.砍价能力差，文中未提及。[C] obsession with high fashion.对高级时尚极度痴迷，与文中意思相反。[D] lack of imagination.缺少想象力，文中未提及。This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at oddswith the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”.这种“组织严密的”时尚经济概念早就过时了，或者和“狂热的世界（《过度着装》描述的词汇）”不一致，伊丽莎白克莱恩历时三年对“快时尚”的控诉。In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.在过去十年，技术的进步使得大众品牌如Zara,HM,和优衣库对时尚趋势反应更快并且能更精确地预测用户需求。Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit.更快的周转意味着更少的库存浪费，更多的推新和更多的利润。These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.这些商标鼓励有时尚意识的消费者把衣服看作一次性的，意味着只需要洗一两次，尽管他们并非这样宣传——每几周更新他们的衣橱。By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an instry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.克莱恩说道，通过以特别便宜的价格提供流行的商品，这些品牌绑架了时尚周期，把一个长久以来的习惯于“季节”为步伐的产业撼动了。22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] Tolerance.解析：答案22：D。本文知识点：人物观点细节题。上文引入对快时尚的批判，大众品牌诱导消费者将衣服看作一次性产品，可见克莱恩认为大众品牌在劝消费者频繁购衣。[A] combat unnecessary waste.反对不必要的浪费[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.将狂热的时尚界拒之门外[C] resist the influence of advertisements.拒绝广告的影响[D] shop for their garments more frequently.更频繁购买衣服答案23：A。[A] accusation.指控，指责[B] enthusiasm.热情[C] indifference.漠视[D] Tolerance.容忍The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers.这场革命的受害者，不仅仅是设计师。For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.HM给他家在世界的2300多家店面提供针织迷你短裙，它必须依靠低工资的海外劳工，订单量巨大，对自然资源过度使用，并且使用大量有害的化学物质。Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.《过度着装》是像迈克尔普兰所写的《杂食者的困境》一样的消费者活跃分子在时尚界的同类畅销书。“Mass-proced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-rable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.批量生产的衣服，像快餐一样，满足了饥饿和需求，然而并不持久而且很浪费，克莱恩争论到，她发现美国人一年买大约200亿衣服，平均每人64件，而且无论他们怎么样捐赠，这种过量都导致浪费。Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully.在《过度着装》结尾处，克莱恩介绍她理想的典范，一个布鲁克林女性名叫萨拉，从2008年就亲手给自己制作所有的衣服，而且衣服做得很漂亮。但正如克莱恩首次提及，它花费了萨拉几十年来完善自己的手工技能，她的例子不能被复制。But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.但是正如克莱恩首次注意到的，萨拉花了几十年的时间来完善技术，她的例子不能被复制。Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.尽管一些快时尚公司在尽力减小它们在劳工和环境方面造成的不良影响，比如HM推出绿色产品系列，克莱恩依旧相信长久的变化只会来自于顾客的选择。She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy.她展现出可持续发展支持者（无论是食物领域还是能源领域）共有的理想主义。Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.虚荣是永恒的，人们只会在付不起价款的时候才会开始买可持续性的产品。24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion instry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.答案：D。价格对购买环境友好型商品至关重要[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.虚荣更常见于理想主义者。[B] The fast-fashion instry ignores sustainability.快时尚行业忽视可持续发展。[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.人们对无力购买的衣服更感兴趣。25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion instry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.答案：C。批评快时尚行业。[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.对奢侈生活的讽刺[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.揭秘高级时尚的神话[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.揭露大众市场的秘密

原文+翻译：Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams.在重大技术所创造的东西中很少能像大型水坝这样激起人们想象力的。Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得人们治理江河、供我驱策的理想如此令人痴迷。But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.但让人着迷有时也就使人盲目。有几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利的危险。The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful.建造大坝的教训是：大的未必总是美的。It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.但这个教训也无法阻止修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为那些力争得到自我肯定的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam.埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在阿拉伯世界的领导地位。Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.土耳其在力图跻身第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大坝。But big dams tend not to work as intended.但大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果。The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.以阿斯旺大坝为例，它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的肥沃土壤，换回来的却是一个疾病滋生的水库。现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists.不过，控制水的神话还在继续。This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.本周，在文明的欧洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的一处水坝引起争端，差点动用了军队。The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.这个大型工程可能会出现大坝所有的常见问题。但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立，现在它们需要建一个大坝来证明自己的实力。Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam.与此同时，世界银行已经贷款给印度来建造问题更多的纳尔马达大坝。And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.尽管世界银行的顾问指出，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且会破坏那里的环境，但世界银行依然一意孤行。大坝只会给有权有势者带来利益，而且这种利益也远远得不到保障。Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究能够有助于解决这些冲突。Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams.水力发电，治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的。But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.但当你相信神话时就很难做到合理或科学。现在是世界吸取阿斯旺大坝教训的时候了。我们未必要通过大坝来拯救自己。试题：51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”答案：C D D C

考研英语非常重要的一部分就是阅读，大家在掌握英语阅读技巧的情况下， 还要从历年来的考点来看看其规律性，下面带着大家盘点下近六年的考题。2018年考研阅读如下内容：第一篇：人工智能　　第二篇：媒体技能　　第三篇：数据利用　　第四篇：美国邮政2017考研阅读如下内容：第一篇：安检措施　　第二篇：选址之争　　第三篇：GDP缺陷　　第四篇：美国法律2016年阅读：第一篇：时尚立法　　第二篇：英国乡村　　第三篇：社会责任　　第四篇：媒体变革2015年阅读：第一篇：欧洲王室　　第二篇：美国法律　　第三篇：科学期刊　　第四篇：媒体道德2014年阅读：第一篇：英国福利　　第二篇：美国律师　　第三篇：科学奖励　　第四篇：自由教育2013年阅读：第一篇：快时尚业　　第二篇：数据保护　　第三篇：人类未来　　第四篇：美国法律从近六年出的内容来看， 话题考查重复率很高，相似度也很高。建议各位小伙伴把这几年的真题反复研读，大部分考点可能会重复的。

Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear.” And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be inced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling (咿呀学语), grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals lls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.16.[答案]B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节中的目的。文章在第一段论述了Frederick I 的实验，并在该段最后一句话的前半句用分词形式引导的目的状语，直接说明该实验的目的：Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he…。由此可见他要求保育员保持沉默，其目的就是为了发现婴儿在听不到母语的情况下会讲什么语言。[B]选项是原文的合理改写，为正确答案。[A]选项与本段内容不符，况且文章第五段第一句Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak说明[A]选项的内容是现代人的发现，并非十三世纪的这个实验的目的。[C]选项与实验毫不相干，尽管文中第二段提到此实验中孩子的死亡并不仅仅是因为缺乏语言，还因为缺少细心护理，但这不是Frederick I 实验的目的，而是实验后人们的分析。[D]选项只是实验的结果，是人们在实验后得到的结论，并不是Frederick I 做这个实验的最初目的。17.[答案] C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：细节中的原因。第三段第二句提到“一些孩子在说话上迟钝”，随后指出原因：Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant…。[C]选项是原文的改写。respond inadequately与Insensitive相应，their attempts to speak与the signals of the infant一致。因此[C]选项为正确答案。[A]选项与第三段第三句whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly含义相反。 [B]、[D]这两个选项都是文中没有涉及的内容。注意at once在这里为“同时”之意。18.[解析]本题考核的知识点是：细节归纳。作者在第五段第一句和第二句都分别提到[A]选项和[B]选项。这两个选项都是儿童的普通能力特征，[B]选项更是所有人，包括成人的共有特征，因此都应排除。第五段是后一句话中的even more incredible 表明后述内容比前述内容重要，即：the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language…, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways为儿童最不可思议的方面。而[C]选项为原文的确切改写，为正确答案。[D]选项与文章内容不符，文章第六段指出说话能力的引导有赖于母亲对孩子的交流，与“照顾”的概念不同。此外作者也没说它是最难以置信的能力。owe…to意思是“归功于，得感谢。”19.[解析]本题考核的知识点是：推理引申的是非判断。本题可对选项直接进行排除。[A]选项与第五段第一句话… an infant is born with the capacity to speak 相一致。faculty意为“能力”。[B]选项与最后一段提出的“母亲应对孩子的信号给予回应、进行鼓励”不符。因此[B]为答案。Anything but 意思是“根本不”。[C]选项中“儿童大脑的高度选择性”在第五段第三句the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him得以说明。第三段最后一句话以鸟为例说明儿童学习语言有关键期，此外，第四段首句… speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age也说明了这一点，与[D]选项一致。20.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申。文章第四段第一句话举出例子：speech started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ，这说明说话晚的孩子后来也可能具有高智商，也就是说，说话晚并不一定低智商。因此[B]选项不正确，而[D]选项正确。但这并不能说明凡是说话晚的孩子将来智商都高。因此[A]选项也不正确。文章并未涉及[C]选项的内容。全文翻译语言是否如同食物这种人们的基本需求一样，没有了它，在关键期的儿童会饿死和受到损害？从十三世纪弗雷德里克一世的极端实验来看，语言可能会是这样。弗雷德里克一世期望发现如果没有母语，儿童将说什么语言，他叫护士保持沉默。所有的婴儿在第一年就夭折了。但是，显然这不仅仅是缺少语言的问题。（长难句①）真正缺乏的是良好的哺育。没有良好的哺育，尤其是在生命的第一年，人的生存能力会受到严重的影响。当今不会再存在如同弗雷德里克那样欠缺的安排了。然而，一些儿童仍然在说话方面滞后。通常是母亲对婴儿发出的信号不敏感，而婴儿的大脑已经对快速学习语言做好了安排。（长难句③）如果这些敏感的阶段被忽略的话，那么学习技能的最佳时间将被错过，同时人可能再也不会那么容易地学习这些技能了。小鸟在合适的时候能够很快地学会唱歌和飞翔，但一旦关键期错过了，那么学起来就会既慢又难。专家指出人按照固定的顺序并在一定的年龄进入说话阶段，但也有开始说话晚，最后成为高智商者的例子。（长难句②）十二周的时候，婴儿会笑并且发出类似元音的声音；在十二个月的时候，他会说简单的单词并且听懂简单的指令；在十八个月的时候他有三到五十个词汇量。在三岁的时候，他知道大约一千个能够用来造句的单词，到了四岁的时候，他的语言在风格而不是语法方面与他父母的语言迥异。最近的研究结果表明，婴儿生来就有说话的能力。与猴子大脑相比，婴儿大脑之所以特殊在于其复杂的系统能使儿童把对玩具熊这样具体事物的视觉及感觉与“玩具熊”这个词语的声音模式连接起来。更让人难以置信的是这个小脑袋从周围混杂的声音里挑选出语言的顺序，对其对进行分析，再以新的方式对语言的各部分进行组合、再组合的能力。但是说话需要引导，这依赖于儿童与母亲的交流，在此过程中，母亲识别儿童咿呀学语，抓东西和微笑等的信号并对这些信号做出反应。母亲对这些信号的不敏感性会削弱交流，因为儿童受挫，同时他们仅仅会发出明显的信号。对儿童非语言信号的敏感对语言的产生和发展是必要的。

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be proced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 美国的经济体制是在基本上由私营企业组成并以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这个经济体制里，需要生产什么主要是由消费者在市场上花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务决定的。Private businessmen, striving to make profits, proce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are proced.为了获取利润，私有企业主之间互相竞争，来生产这些产品和提供这些服务。在竞争的压力下运作，追求利润的动机很大程度上决定了生产商品和提供服务的方式。Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of indivial consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of indivials to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be proced and how resources are used to proce it.因此，在美国的经济体制中，消费者个人的需求、商人对获取最大利润的追求以及消费者渴望最大化自己的收入，所有这些共同决定了应该生产什么和如何利用资源去生产这些产品。An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by procers.在以市场为导向的经济中的一个重要因素是反映消费者需求以及生产者对消费者需求作出反应的机制。In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-procers.在美国经济中，这一机制是由价格体制提供，在价格体系中，价格随消费者的相对需求和出售者及生产者的供应情况而上下浮动。If the proct is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.如果产品相对供不应求，价格就会抬升，从而使一些消费者从市场上消失。If, on the other hand, procing more of a commodity results in recing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-procers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the proct.另一方面，如果商品的大量生产导致成本的降低，这会促使销售商和生产商供给的增加，从而反过来导致价格下降，致使更多的消费者购买产品。Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.因此，价格是美国经济体制中的调节机制。The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that indivials are allowed to own proctive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and proce goods and services for sale at a profit.私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资料（私有财产），允许他们雇用劳动力，控制自然资源，以及生产产品、提供服务以获取利润。In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of proctive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a proct or to make a free contract with another private indivial.在美国经济中，私人财产的概念不仅仅包含对生产资料的所有权，还包含某些其他权利，其中包括确定产品的价格或与另一私营者签订自由合同。11.[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：句题题。先定位到第一段末句。解题的关键是看对maximize的理解。原文所在句“coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of indivials to maximize their incomes”将生产者和消费者的愿望对照来说。句中的两个maximize平衡并列，作用、意义完全相同。因此知道maximize在第一处的意义即可知道第二处之意。众所周知，商人总是想用最少的投入取得最大的利润，这就是maximize的意义。由此可知，消费者希望使一定的收入取得最大限度的效益，即用现有收入买到更多更好的商品。而[D]选项恰是此意。[A]和[B]选项未在原文提及。[C]选项反映的是劳资双方的关系，而不是生产者与消费者之间的关系。12.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。[D]选项就是该段第二句“prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-procers”的概括，为正确答案。[A]选项在这两句中并未涉及。注意文中第一句的mechanism意为“机制”，而该选项中的mechanized意为“机械化”，二者含义不同。误选[B]选项的考生是对该段首句的语法成分分析错误。它是一个省略句，补全后应该是“An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and (by which consumer demands can be) responded to by procers”。由此可知，消费者通过这一机制表达他们的需求，而生产者则通过这一机制对他们的需求作出反应。[B]选项理解成consumer demands can be expressed…by procers。[C]选项与第二句“供求关系决定价格”不符，也应该排除。此题亦可通过经济常识解答。注意：干扰选项经常使用原文中出现的词语或类似的结构伪造，所以对那些出现了原词的选项一定要仔细辨认真伪。13.[答案]A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：段落主旨题。题干要求考生回答私营企业经济的特点，即第三段的主题。该段只有两句。第一句强调的是私营企业最重要的因素是个人拥有生产资料（私人财产）、允许个人雇用劳动力和控制自然资源。第二句是指私人财产的概念还包含某些其他权利，如：产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。尤其第二句的not only… but also…更表明了此段主旨。[A]选项是对上述内容的概括，为正确答案。而[B]、[C]和[D]选项虽然都在第三段述及，但是都是[A]选项下的具体内容，缺乏概括性，不应该入选。命题意图要求考生区分段落细节与段落中心是局部与整体的关系。14.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。解此题需要了解文章各段的主旨。第一段论述美国经济体制的构成；第二段介绍市场经济的运行方式；第三段介绍私营经济的特点。后两段是对第一段的进一步论述。由此可见，美国经济体制的构成和运作是本文论述的中心。[C]选项正反映了这一主题。[A]、[B]和[D]选项都在文中有所涉及，但都是具体细节，比较片面，应该排除。此题还可以通过直接对选项进行比较排除来解题。[A]、[B]和[D]都在文中述及，分属于三个独立的、不同的概念。其中任意一个可代表其他两个，而[C]选项概括性强，可以包括[A]、[B]和[D]，故[C]为正确答案。

本文是2013年考研英语试卷阅读理解Part A的Text 2部分。本文主要讲述了网络隐私问题，就“在线行为广告”引发的争议展开论述，随后追溯了争议的相关解决方案。An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half.老话说的好，广告费的一半是浪费了的——问题是，没人知道哪一半浪费掉的。In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reced.在互联网时代，至少在理论上，这一浪费的部分能够减少。By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.通过观察人们搜索什么，点击什么，在网络上说什么，公司能够瞄准那些更容易购买的客户投放“行为”广告。26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:第一段表明，“行为”广告帮助广告商：[A] ease competition among themselves缓和他们之间的竞争[B] lower their operational costs降低运营成本[C] avoid complaints from consumers避免消费者的抱怨[D] provide better online services提供更好的网络服务答案：B。解析：第一句就指出了，广告费花费了有一半被浪费掉了。后面指出互联网时代广告费用大幅减少，因为公司（广告商）能够将“行为”广告投放给最有可能购买的人群。由此可知，“行为广告”能帮助广告商“降低运营成本”这句话最符合题意。In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?在过去几周，一场争论表明这些精准信息对于广告商的价值：广告商应该假定用户乐于被追踪并且收到这些广告吗？或者应该获得用户明确的准许？In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .在2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会建议提出一个“禁止追踪”的选项加入到网络浏览器中，以便用户能告诉广告商他们不想被“追踪”。Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is e to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the instry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.微软的IE浏览器和苹果的Safari浏览器提供了“禁止追踪”选项；谷歌的Chrome浏览器在今年准备提供这样的功能。2月，联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟同意该行业尽快对“禁止追踪”这一请求作出回应。27. “The instry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers to:“该行业”指的是：[A] online advertisers在线广告商[B] e-commerce conctors电子商务运营[C] digital information analysis数字信息分析者[D] internet browser developers网络浏览器开发商答案：D。解析：FTC和DAA一致认为the instry会对DNT要求迅速做出回应。前面又指出FTC提议在浏览器上添加DNT选项，可见这个提议的动作执行者在浏览器开发商。可见FTC和DAA提议的the instry就是浏览器开发商。On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version e to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.微软在五月31日率先发起讨论，它表明随windows8一起发布的IE 10，将把“禁止追踪”选项设为默认状态。Advertisers are horrified .广告商慌神了。Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.人性本质上是，大多数人还是坚持默认设置的。Few switch DNT on now,but if tracking is off it will stay off.很少人会打开DNT选项，但是如果“追踪”是关闭的那么它就一直关闭了。Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,says consumers will be worse off if the instry cannot collect information about their preferences.国家广告协会会长Bob Liodice 表示，如果这个行业不能收集消费者们的偏好信息，消费者的情况将会更糟。People will not get fewer ads,he says.“They’ll get less meaningful,less targeted ads.人们看到的广告不会更少，他们会得到更多的“无意义的”、更不精确的目标广告。28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultBob Liodice坚称设置“禁止追踪”为默认选项[A] may cut the number of junk ads可能减少垃圾广告[B] fails to affect the ad instry对这个行业没有影响[C] will not benefit consumers对消费者不利[D] goes against human nature违反人性答案：C。解析：Bob Liodice指出了消费者的情况会更糟糕，收到的广告不会变少，反而会出现更多无意义的广告。所以C正确。It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.还不清楚广告商怎么回应。Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.收到“DNT”信号并不能迫使企业去停止追踪，尽管一些企业承诺会这么做。Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.由于不能分辨出用户是拒绝“行为”广告还是他们只是坚持微软的默认选项，一些企业可能忽略“禁止追踪”的信号并且继续追踪。29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?根据第六段，下面哪一个是正确的？[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose“禁止追踪”可能不能取得预期目标[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT广告商更希望执行“禁止追踪”选项[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers“禁止追踪”在消费者之中并不流行[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads广告商有责任提供“行为”广告答案：A。解析：公司收到DNT信号并不意味着一定要求停止追踪，而且由于他们不清楚消费者心理，可能也会对DNT默认信号加以忽略。由此，DNT并不能达到限制公司获取用户在线行为信息的目的。所以A合适。Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.并且也不清楚为什么微软一意孤行的发起行动。After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.毕竟，它也有商业广告业务。据称这些业务也遵守“禁止追踪”选项设定。不过还在具体怎样实施还在研究当中。If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising，it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.如果它是想让谷歌不高兴，谷歌的业务几乎全靠广告支持。它选择了一个不太直接的方式，没有保证说能将“‘禁止追踪’设为默认状态”成为行业规范。DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other procts favorably with Google's on that count before.“禁止追踪”看起来也不能成为Windows 8的巨大卖点，尽管此前这个公司将旗下一些产品与谷歌的进行了有利对比。Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged:" we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?Brendon Lynch，微软首席隐私官，在博客中写道：我们相信消费者将有更多的控制权。真的那么简单吗？30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:作者对Brendon Lynch在博客中所说的态度是：[A] inlgence纵容[B] understanding理解[C] appreciation欣赏[D] skepticism怀疑答案：D。解析：Brendon Lynch说消费者应该拥有更多控制权，但是作者后面又反问：真的那么简单吗？可见，作者对Brendon Lynch的观点是怀疑的。

想必很多同学都听过考研英语阅读的文章大都是摘自外国的学术期刊或者报纸那，具体是哪些外刊?应该选择哪些中奖概率比较高呢?来，我们先从20年英语一的文章来源开说↓(20考研英语二的题源我在网上还没搜到，哭唧唧)阅读理解首篇选自：《卫报》2018年12月31日文章《The Guardian view on Yvette Cooper’s ‘town of culture’proposai：a fine idea》第二篇选自：《卫报》2019年3月5日文章《The Guardian view on academic publishing：disastrous capitalism》第三篇选自：《波士顿环球报》2019年8月5日文章《Corporate gender quotas reinforce privilege》第四篇选自：《纽约日报》2019年7月15日文章《Beware.Other Nations Will Follow France With Their Own Digital Tax》由上可见，卫报的出场率很高，但仅从20年的数据我们不能就此下定论下面再来看一份2015-2019年真题文章的来源统计英语一英语二在上面这份英语一、二年15-20考研阅读真题阅读文章来源总结中不难看出《卫报》《经济学人》《基督教箴言》出场率极高像《时代周刊》《自然杂志》、《新闻周刊》、《科学美国人》也有不少分布。其他则包括有：《新科学家》、《社评杂志》、《福布斯》、《哈佛经济评价》、《麦肯锡季刊》、《科学探索》、《科学》、《观察家报》、《哈佛杂志》、《美国学校董事会杂志》、《星报在线》、《Big Think》、《华盛顿邮报》近两年《基督教科学箴言报》上镜率有提高，可以多关注下。我们再就以上数据做个总结1、 经济类文章主要来源：The Economist (经济学人)，Business Week (商业周刊)，Wall Street Journal(华尔街杂志);2、 科学技术类文章主要来源：Nature (自然)，Discovery (探索)，Science (科学)，National Geographic (国家地理)，Scientific American (科学美国人)，New Scientists (新科学家);3、 社会生活以及文化类文章主要来源：Newsweek (新闻周刊)，Times (时代周刊)，U.S News and World Report (美国新闻与世界报道)，The Washington Post (华盛顿邮报)，USA Today (今日美国)，The Times (泰晤士报)，The Guardian (卫报);4、 其它来源：Independent (独立日报)， International New York Times(国际纽约时报)， Telegraph (英国电信日报)。

原文+译文：An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical ecational reform.有人以学生的就业前景为理由主张将计算机引入课堂，有人则因彻底的教育改革这样更宽泛的原因主张将计算机引入课堂。Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction-- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.在这两类人中存在着一条无形的界限。很少有人就这一差别—实际上是矛盾—撰文进行探讨，但它却是将计算机引入课堂这一活动的关键所在。An ecation that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical ecation, justified for reasons radically different from why ecation is universally required by law.旨在使学生胜任某种工作的教育是职业教育，它存在的理由与法律所规定的普及教育之间有很大差别。It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens.根据法律要求，所有儿童都必须上学至十几岁，其目的并非单纯地为了扩大其就业前景。Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.而是，我们对美国公民有这样一种概念：如果他不能准确地判断自身的生活及幸福如何受外界影响，他就是一个不完善的公民。But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of ecation.但是情况并不总是如此；在法律要求所有儿童必须上学至一定年龄之前，人们普遍认为有些儿童天生就不适合接受这种教育。With optimism characteristic of all instrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be ecated.工业化国家特有的乐观精神使我们开始接受这样一种观念：人人都适合受教育。Computer-ecation advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook.倡导计算机教育的人抛弃了这一乐观理念，代之的是与他们乐观外表相悖的悲观论调。Banking on the confusion between ecational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graates over their ecational achievement.基于将计算机引入学校的“教育理由”和“谋职理由”的混淆，计算机教育倡导者常常只强调毕业生的就业前景，而忽略了他们的教育成就。There are some good arguments for a technical ecation given the right kind of student.对适当的学生实施职业教育也是合理的。Many European schools introce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join.欧洲的许多学校很早就引进职业培训的概念，以确保儿童具备欲从事的职业所需的技能。It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants.然而，去臆断会有这么多的工作给予这么多的科学家、商人、会计是武断的。Besides, this is unlikely to proce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.此外，在我们这么大的一个国家里，经济拓展到这么多的州，涉及到这么多的国际公司，这种做法（欧洲式的职业教育）不大可能按照数量培养出所需要的各类专业人员。But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.但是对少数学生而言，职业培训也许是可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，熟练的技能是能否得到工作的关键。Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple.当然，目前使用计算机的基本操作非常简单。It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story.不需要花毕生的时间去熟悉各种不同的软件程序的使用。当然如果想成为一名计算机工程师，那就是另外一回事了。Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional.基本的计算机技能最长也只需一两个月即能学会。不管怎样，基本的计算机技能只是对成为专业技术人员所需的各种实际技能的补充。It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.当然应该看到的是，职业学校也好，普通学校也罢，混淆计算机教学的目的，都不会有何益处。试题：51. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is.[A] far-reaching[B] biously oriented[C] self-contradictory [D] radically reformatory52. The belief that ecation is indispensable to all children.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of instrialized countries53. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional training is.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional54. According to the author, basic computer skills should be.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise答案：B D C A

原文+译文：In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market.网上商务开始的第一年左右，大部分活动都围绕着开拓消费者市场而进行。More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell procts and services with one another.最近，随着网络被证实不仅仅是一种时尚，公司便开始（在网上）相互交易产品和服务。Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what proct they’re looking for.公司之间的这种交易非常合理，因为商人都清楚地知道他们需要的是产品。Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by concting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.不过，由于怀疑网络的可靠性，许多公司仍对网络的使用犹豫不决。弗瑞斯特研究所的资深分析员布兰·欧文说，“商家需要感受到，他们可以信赖自己和供应商之间的这种沟通途径”。有些公司为了降低风险，只与固定的贸易伙伴进行在线贸易，给予这些伙伴进入本公司局域网的权利。Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing.网络商业模式的另一个重大变化与可用于营销的技术有关。Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites.直到最近，因特网上的营销活动还集中在使用将用户“拉进”网站的策略上。In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.然而去年，软件公司开发出新的技术，使公司可以将信息直接“推出”给消费者，直接把营销信息传送给特定的用户。Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors.最突出的例子是Pointcast网络，该网络使用一种屏幕保护系统，将最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的计算机显示器上。Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site.用户可以量身设定自己想要接收的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网址。Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, proct offerings, or other events.像Virtual Vineyards这样的公司业已开始采用类似的技术将有关特价销售、产品促销或其他活动的信息“推”向用户。But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users.但这种“推”的技术遭到许多网上用户的鄙视。Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.在线文化推崇这样一个理念：流动到屏幕上的信息应是在专门的请求之后才出现。Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.一旦商业促销不请自来地充斥着电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视就没多大差别了。这种前景让网络净化者感到不安。But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money.公司在网上并不是非得依靠“推”的策略方能挣钱。The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of procts with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.像Virtual Vineyards 和Amazon.Com及其他开拓者的例子表明：一个销售适类商品的网站，如果将互动、热情服务、安全相结合，肯定会吸引网上用户的。And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.计算机计算能力的成本持续下降，对任何建立了网上销售点的企业来说都是个好的征兆。回顾过去的5年或10年，人们或许会感到奇怪。为什么只有这么少的公司尝试网上销售呢？试题：51. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so52. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners53. In the view of Net purists,.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests54. We learn from the last paragraph that.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power答案：A C D B