原文:Instrial safety does not just happen. Companies 1 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 2 and active. When the work is well done, a 3 of accident free operations is established 4 time lost e to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 5 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 6 rules or regulations. 7 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 8 . The fewer the injury 9 , the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 10 or at a loss.1.[A] at [B] in [C] on [D] with2.[A] alive [B] vivid [C] mobile [D] diverse3.[A] regulation [B] climate [C] circumstance [D] requirement4.[A] where [B] how [C] what [D] unless5.[A] alter [B] differ [C] shift [D] distinguish6.[A] constituting [B] aggravating [C] observing[D] justifying7.[A] Some [B] Many [C] Even [D] Still8.[A] comes off [B] turns up [C] pays off [D] holds up9.[A] claims [B] reports [C] declarations[D] proclamations10.[A] an advantage [B] a benefit [C] an interest[D] a profit答案:DABAB CDCAD全文翻译:安全生产并不是偶然事件:事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划,努力付诸实施,并且不断使之发挥持久效力。如果这项工作做得好,就会建立一个无事故的工作氛围。在这种环境里,因工伤损失的时间会被保持在最低限度。成功的安全计划强调的重点可能大不相同。有些计划强调机械防护。另一些强调通过遵守规章制度来实施安全作业。还有一些靠的是对工人的感情投入。但是,要获得最好的效果,每一个计划当中都会遵循某些基本的思想。安全计划的价值不容置疑。单从财政的角度来说,安全计划花钱值得。工伤索赔越少,工人的保险率也就越高。这可能就决定着工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损。
大家好,咱们来看一篇完形填空,这篇是1996年考研英语试卷一的完形,是一篇介绍维生素的科普性小短文,可以先做题,最后有答案讲解。Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, 1 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 2 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 3 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 4 .Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 5 nitrogen. They are different 6 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 7 one or more specific functions in the body.8 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 9 vitamins. Many people, 10 , believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. However, a wellbalanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.1.[A]either [B]so [C]nor [D]never2.[A]shifting [B]transferring [C]altering [D]transforming3.[A]any [B]some [C]anything [D]something4.[A]serious [B]apparent [C]severe [D]fatal5.[A]mostly [B]partially [C]sometimes [D]rarely6.[A]in that [B]so that [C]such that [D]except that7.[A]undertakes [B]holds [C]plays [D]performs8.[A]Supplying [B]Getting [C]Providing [D]Furnishing9.[A]exceptional [B]exceeding [C]excess [D]external10.[A]nevertheless [B]therefore [C]moreover [D]meanwhile试题讲解:1.[A] either [B] so [C] nor [D] never[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:否定倒装句的连词。空格前文讲到维生素不能提供能量,是一个否定句;后文讲到它们构建身体的任何部分,是倒装句,因此选项必须既能引导倒装句,又能与前面的否定相呼应。四个选项中,either表示“也”,可以用在否定句中,但一般放在句尾,例如:She didn’t go there, either(她也不去);so 可以引导倒装句,但它用在肯定句中,表示“也”,如:They can leave now, so can we.(他们现在可以离开了,我们也能)。nor也可以引导倒装句,并可用在否定句中,构成not...nor...(既不…也不…)固定结构,如:You can’t do it, nor can I.(你不能做这件事,我也不能);never也可以引导倒装句,表示否定,但它必须放在句首,如:Never in my life have I heard such nonsense.(我一辈子都没听说过这样的无稽之谈)。综合以上因素,C为正确选项。2.[A] shifting替换,转移 [B] transferring迁移,移动,传递[C] altering改变,变动 [D] transforming转换,改变[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:习惯搭配 + 动词词义辨析。空格所在句子的含义是“需要维生素将食物转化为能量,以维持身体的健康”。空格填入的分词需和into搭配,并符合文意。transform常与into搭配,强调的是“事物大的变革或质的改变”。在此从food(食物)到energy(能量)的转变是一种质的改变,因此,D符合句意。shift 不与into搭配,如:The wind shifted to the south(风转向南吹);transfer多用于位置的改变,也不与into搭配,如:His employer transferred him to another office.(老板把他调到了另一个办公室);alter强调部分或少量的变动,程度较轻,如:These clothes are too large; they must be altered.(这些衣服太大,得修改)。因此以上三个词都不能表示事物质的改变。知识点补充:trans-为前缀,与动词连用,表示“横过,越过”或“转变,转移”,例如:transact(办理, 交易, 谈判, 处理),transatlantic(横渡大西洋的),trans-national(跨越国界的),transplant(移植),transport(运输)。3.[A] any任何一个 [B] some一些[C] anything任何事物 [D] something某事物[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:不定代词的用法。空格所在句子是一个由and连接的并列句,前一个分句There are thirteen or more of them中的them指的是vitamins,后一个分句是一个由if引导的条件状语从句,意为“如果…缺乏,(会出现)维生素缺乏症。”由于if引导的从句中谓语动词is是单数,因而,只能由一个表示单数意义的不定代词作为被选项。首先排除some,它一般用于肯定句,做主语时谓语动词用复数;其次anything与something泛指任何事或某些事,放入句中不符句意;any放入后相当于any of them,即“任何维生素”。注意any一般用于否定或疑问句中,做主语时,谓语动词常用单数,如:Any of the hunters is able to catch the tiger single-handed.(任何一个猎人都能单独抓住老虎)。因此答案只能选A。4.[A] serious严重的,严肃的,认真的 [B] apparent明显的[C] severe严厉的,剧烈的,严峻的 [D] fatal致命的[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:形容词词义辨析。本题要求考生判断,如果缺乏任何一种维生素,缺乏症就会变得怎样。四个备选项表示的程度不同,从语意的角度来说都可以与disease相搭配。但是,根据上下文,这里需要填入一个准确描述疾病症状的词。serious、severe和fatal这几个词都表示程度严重,甚至危及生命。但上下文没有暗示缺乏一种维生素会导致严重的后果,因此,这三个词都不可作为被选项。apparent只是简单地描述了疾病的症状,为正确选项。5.[A] mostly大部分,主要地 [B] partially部分地[C] sometimes 有时候 [D] rarely很少地,罕有地[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语义搭配 + 副词词义辨析。本句破折号后举例说明维生素的组成成分:碳、氢、氧和5氮,and 表明各成分之间为并列关系,那么,选项应与usually相呼应。usually是频度副词,选项也应是频度副词。选项中,mostly和partially不是频率副词,而是强调事物部分与整体的关系,如:The audience consisted mostly of women.(观众主要是妇女);The driver is partially to blame for the accident.(司机对那次车祸应负部分责任)。rarely是频率副词,但它含否定含义,若用于句中,之前的连词and应改为表示转折关系的but。所以只有sometimes为正确选项。全句意为“通常是碳、氢、氧,有些时候还有氮”。6.[A] in that在…方面;因为[B] so that以致,以便,(引导结果或目的状语从句)[C] such that那样,以至,(不能连接两个完整的句子)[D] except that除了[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。上句提到维生素相似的原因,这句开始提到维生素也是有区别的,由于两个句子是平行的结构,我们可以预测,本句的后半句也会解释为什么不同。下文果然提到原因是“元素的排列方式不同,每种元素在人体内(有)一种或多种特殊功能”。因此空格处应填入表因果关系并连接原因状语从句的短语。选项中,except that不表因果,so that和such that后面接结果。只有in that后面接原因,并且空格前面的different与介词in连用,表示“在哪一方面不同”。例句补充:Self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes.(自我批评是必要的,因为它能帮助我们改正错误);Speak louder so that all the people in the hall can hear you.(大声点讲, 以便大厅里的人都能听清);The situation was such that political observers found it difficult to predict.(形势如此,连政治观察家们也觉得难以预料);His account is correct except that some details are omitted.(除了有些细节未提到之外,他的叙述是正确的)。7.[A] undertakes承担,采取 [B] holds保存,把握,握有[C] plays担当,承担 [D] performs表演,执行,履行[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:动宾搭配。本题考查动词与function的搭配。四个选项中能与function搭配的只有perform,即perform a function(具有…的功能,发挥…的作用),如:The brain performs a very important function: it controls the nervous system of the body.(大脑具有非常重要的功能,它控制着身体内的神经系统)。在文中,它意为“每种元素在人体内承担一种或多种特殊的功能”。其它能与function搭配的动词还有fulfill、serve等。其它选项的常用搭配有:undertake a mission/task/project承担使命/任务/工程;hold a share持有股份;play a role/part扮演…角色。8.[A] Supplying补给,供给,提供,补充[B] Getting获得,变成,收获,使得[C] Providing供应,供给,准备,预防 [D] Furnishing供应,提供,装备,布置[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:动名词的逻辑主语 + 动词词义辨析。本题空格所在句子是一个含让步状语从句的复合句:8enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for9vitamins,其中空格部分和enough vitamins构成动名词的复合结构做主句的主语。考生关键要判断出,空格处填入的动名词的逻辑主语也就是后面although引导的让步状语从句中的主语,即:the body。这样,动名词所表示的动作必须是the body发出来的,又能接enough vitamins做宾语。选项中,Supplying,Providing和Furnishing均表示“提供,供应”,动作的发出者不是“身体”。句子表达的含义是身体需要获取维生素的营养,而不是“提供”,因此只有Getting(获取,获得)符合。知识点补充:supply、provide、furnish是一组近义词,都有“提供,供应”含义。furnish主要指提供一些基本的必要物品,可译为“配备”,如:furnish the new apartment(为新房间配备家具);supply强调“提供物品以备需要的时候用”,可译为“供给,供应”,它常和with搭配,如:supply the market with new commodities(向市场供应新商品);provide也强调“提供物品,为…做准备”,它常和介词for,with和against搭配。provide...with...意为“给…提供”,provide for/against都指“为可能的困难做准备,防备”,如:He worked hard to provide for his old age.(他努力赚钱以防老)。9.[A] exceptional例外的,异常的 [B] exceeding非常的,极度的,过度的[C] excess额外的,多余的 [D] external外部的,客观的,外用的[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 形容词词义辨析。本题空格所在部分是although引导的让步状语从句。前面主句提到,获取足够维生素是必要的,因此从句很可能要从相反的角度来说明获取维生素对人体的意义。have use for是固定短语,意为“需要”,主要用于否定和疑问句中,如:I have no further use for it.(我不再需要它了)。因此,根据所在从句的含义,考生需判断人体对什么维生素没有营养上的需要。选项中,首先排除external和exceptional,因为不存在“外部的维生素”或“例外的维生素”;剩下两个选项中,exceeding用来指被修饰的成分超出了一般的限度,如:exceeding darkness(极度黑暗),exceeding beauty(美丽无比),显然,它不能直接修饰“维生素”;只有excess指“超过正常或所需数额的数量”,强调“摄入过多的维生素”符合逻辑。10.[A] nevertheless然而,不过,(表示转折关系)[B] therefore因此,所以,(表因果关系)[C] moreover而且,此外,(表示递进关系)[D] meanwhile(=at the same time)同时,(表示时间关系)两个逗号之间的空格处应填入一个逻辑连接词,因此考生需判断空格所在句子和上文之间的逻辑关系。上文提到,过量维生素对身体没有营养价值,接着作者指出很多人的心态:为“安全”考虑,而服用额外的维生素。从语意上看,两句之间存在转折关系,选择项应该是一个表示转折关系的词,因此nevertheless为正确答案。整个句子意为“尽管获取过量的维生素对身体没有营养价值,但很多人出于安全考虑,还是摄取额外的维生素。”
考研英语一真题及答案【完型填空】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast.1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15 Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案(1-20)1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up关于2020考研英语一完型填空的真题及答案就分享到这里啦。回过头来看,考研是一场孤独的战斗,可能这一年都是自己一个去图书馆,一个人去食堂,一个人回宿舍……虽然过程很辛苦,但你全心全意为自己拼的样子真的很棒,不负梦想,不负自己,加油!现在2021考研的小伙伴也开始准备了,作为考研过来人,学姐给你分享一些考研英语专用书单。单词书:闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》,里面单词很全,还有重点,按考频划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词和超纲词,你可以根据自己的情况记,先背频考词,再背基础词和其它词,记起来很省时间。真题书:英一真题推荐《考研真相》,英二真题推荐《考研圣经》,里面真题都是逐句图示分析,重点单词和句子语法都有分析,很适合英语基础弱的考研er用,完全不用担心看不懂真题~~作文书:英语一《写作160篇》英语二《写作宝中宝》,你要是英语底子比较弱,不会写作文的话,真的建议你用这个。从常用的词汇、句型、模板都给你总结了,不会写那就直接背!再用思路定律和句式方法,让你从会写作文到会写高分作文。
关于考研的题型之前大家有了解过,不管英语一还是英语二都是分为这五种:完型(10分),传统阅读(40分),新题型(10分),翻译(英语一10分,英语二15分),写作(英语一30分,英语二25分),针对考研的五大题型,今天给大家一一介绍如何在这一年准备考研英语~//篇章结构//可以从完型的篇章结构来看,它属于议论文,西方人写议论文的一个突出手法:开门见山,一般而言,完型的第一句话是文章中心,因此,搞定完型从第一句话开始,这二十个空大部分是围绕中心展开的,对完型有一个大的了解,那空的内容也就相对应更加容易填写。//词义辨析//从考的内容也就是考的选项的词着手,主要考词义辨析和逻辑关系。词义辨析主要考察动词、形容词、名词和副词的辨析,其实根本考察的是学生对于这些单词的掌握,究其根本需要大家记住核心单词,我们可以先看完型如何出题。例如:Computers become smaller and more powerful, and they become “personal” too, with display becoming sharper and storage ____ increasing. A. ability B. capability C. capacity D. faculty 表面看这是考察名词的,而且都是和能力相关的词,这就需要我们对于这些词的具体区分,ability指先天具备的能力也可指后天习得的能力;capability指人可以胜任某事的能力;capacity指才能或容量;faculty指特殊的才能或者是院系。根据前面有computer和storage我们可知选capacity。从这道题我们可以看出,考研不仅仅考词汇而且考词汇当中一些相同词意的区别,需要大家对相似的词进行归类和总结,当然我们中公考研也会在我们自己的词霸课程中教授大家相似的词汇给大家总结相关的单词,帮助学生记忆,提升词汇量。//逻辑关系//完型中也会考少量的逻辑关系题,这种题型是有解题技巧的,逻辑关系主要分为6种:并列,总分,因果,转折,对比,让步。识别出对应的逻辑关系进行解题例如:The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals ___ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. A. similar to B. such as C. along with D. aside from 可以根据上下语义找对应的逻辑关系在本题中unfamiliar and emergency signals是抽象的信号,the smell of smoke是一种具体的信号,从抽象到具体是总分关系的特征,所以找到总分关系的逻辑标志词(such as),就能解答,因此选such as,这道题其实不难只要会运用技巧,就是小case。
The key to the instrialization of space is thespace shuttle. ___1___ it, astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle ___2___ of flying into space and returning many times.___3___ by reusable rockets that can lift a load of 65,000 pounds, the shuttle will carry devices for scientific inquiry, as ___4___ as a variety of military hardware.___5___ more significantly, it will ___6___ materials and machines into space for instrial purposes ___7___ two decades ago when “sputnik” (artificial satellite) was ___8___ to the vocabulary.In short, the ___9___ importance of the shuttle lies in its ___10___ as an economic tool.What makes the space shuttle ___11___ is that it takes off like a rocket but lands like an airplane.___12___, when it has accomplished its ___13___, it can be ready for ___14___ trip in about two weeks.The space shuttle, the world’s first true spaceship, is a magnificent step ___15___ making the impossible possible for the benefit and survival of man.1. [A] In [B]On [C]By [D] With[解析] 本题考核知识点:介词的用法。空格所在句中,it指代前一句提到的space shuttle。句子大意为:“……航天飞机,宇航员可以实现地面和太空之间的多次往返”。根据介词与space shuttle的搭配,首先排除[B]。in the space shuttle搭配本身并没有错误,但代入句子中,其含义成了:在航天飞机里,宇航员有了实验室飞行器。此句显然不合逻辑,排除[A]。by 和with都可以表示“通过…,用…”的意思。但by表示动作、行为的方式,如:to pay by cheque用支票付款;to travel by plane乘飞机旅行。而文章显然不能说“宇航员获得实验室飞行器的方式是(乘坐)航天飞机”。with除了表示“(为做某事)借助工具或手段”之外,它还可意为having or carrying sth有,具有,带有,如:With your help, I might finish the work ahead of time.有了你的帮助,我也许可以提前完成工作。with带入文中表示“有了航天飞机,宇航员就有了实验室飞行器”,符合逻辑,所以[D]为最合适选项。2. [A] capable 有能力的,能够 [B] suitable 适合的,适宜的[C] efficient 效率高的,有能力的[D] fit(质量、素质或技能)适合的,合格的[解析] 本题考核知识点:固定搭配从语法上看,只有[A]capable能够形成capable of doing…的结构。如:Our noses are capable of detecting human smells even when these are diluted to far below one part in one million. 即使把人类气味的浓度稀释到不及原来的百万分之一,我们的鼻子仍然能够察觉到它的存在。它代入文中,形容词短语capable of …做后置定语,修饰名词a workhouse vehicle,表示“能够……的实验室飞行器”。suitable和fit一般与for 连用,如:This program is not suitable for children. 这个节目儿童不宜。It was a meal fit for a king. 这饭菜够得上御膳。efficient通常跟at,如:He's efficient at his job. 他胜任工作。3. [A] Served 由…提供服务 [B] Powered 由…提供动力[C] Forced 被…强迫 [D] Reinforced 被…加强,加固[解析]此题考核知识点:上下文意思+ 动词词义辨析空格所在部分是过去分词短语做状语… by reusable rockets,由于句子的主语是the shuttle,因此空格处填入的过去分词与主语(即,其逻辑主语)之间存在被动关系。因此该部分的含义是:“航天飞机被可重复使用的火箭……”。从选项的含义来看,只有powered符合逻辑,表示“可重复使用的火箭为航天飞机提供动力”。因此[B]正确。4. [A] far[B] well[C] much[D] long[解析]本题考核知识点:句意理解+ 短语含义辨析四个词都可以形成as…as的结构,仅从语法无法做出选择。从短语意思来看,as far as 意为“最多”,用来表示所能到达的最远范围或距离,如:I’ll drive you to as far as the theatre. 我最远把你载到剧院。as well as意为in addition to“除….也…”,如:She is a talented musician as well as being a photographer.她既是个摄影师还是个天才的音乐家。as much as意为“最多”,表示量,如:He doesn’t earn as much as I do.他挣的钱不如我多。as long as意为only if“只要”或since“由于”,如:We’ll go as long as the weather is good. 只要天气好我们就去。As long as there is a demand for these drugs, the financial incentive for drug dealers will be there. 只要对这些毒品有需求,就存在对贩毒者的经济诱因。空格所在句大意为:航天飞机除了运送多种军用设备外,也要运送科学考察仪器,所以,[B]为合适选项。5. [A] Then [B] Or[C] But[D] So[解析] 本题考核知识点:逻辑关系对此题的解答需要正确理解空格前后句子的逻辑关系。上文提出了航天飞机的作用(携带科学探索设备、军事设备往返于太空),下文仍然指出它的其他作用(把材料和机器送入太空,以实现工业目的)。more significantly说明下文指出的是最重要的作用。所以,此处所用连词应该表示递进的关系。四个选项中只有but能够表示转折递进的关系。正确选项为[C]。[A]then表示顺接、追加、或因果关系,如,First cook the onions, then add the mushrooms. 先炒洋葱,然后放进蘑菇。She ‘s been very busy at work and then there was all that trouble with her son.她工作一直很忙,另外还有儿子的一大堆麻烦事。Why don’t you hire a car? Then you ’ll be able to visit more of the area.你怎么不租辆车,那样你可以多参观些地方。[B]or连接句子时表示“如果不…,则会出现…(不好的)结果”,如:Hurry up oryou'll be late. 快,否则你就要来不及了。[D]so表示因果关系,如:It was snowing, and so I could not go out.天在下雪,所以我无法外出。6. [A] supply补给,供给 [B] introce 介绍,推出[C] deliver 运送,输送 [D] transfer 转移,调转[解析] 本题考核知识点:句子内部逻辑+动词词义辨析解此题的关键在于弄清楚航天飞机(it)、材料和机器(materials and machines)、和太空 (space)之间的联系。显然,三者之间联系应为“航天飞机把材料和机器送到太空”。 [C]符合语义。7. [A] unimagined 无法想象的 [B] unsettled 未解决的,未定的[C] uncovered 被揭露的 [D]unsolved 未解决的[解析] 本题考核知识点:分词形容词辨析空格处填入过去分词形容词,做后置定语,修饰instrial purposes,相当于一个定语从句:(which are) …two decades ago。空格所在句旨在说明航天飞机在工业方面的巨大作用。[A]代入后表示“航天飞机将会实现的工业目的在20年前是无法想象的,符合文意,为正确选项。[C]“20年前被揭露的目的”无法表达这一含义。其他项与purposes不搭配。8. [A] attributed[B] contributed[C] applied[D] added[解析]本题考核知识点:动词词义辨析+搭配本题要求考生判断哪个动词可以与介词to搭配,并符合文义。四个选项都可以和to 搭配。所以,需要从语义方面考虑。add… to…意为“添加,增加”,如:Shall I add your name to the list? 我可以把你的名字写进名单吗?空格所在句大意为:20年前sputnik(人造卫星)作为新词被添加到原有的词汇中,所以,[D]add既符合语法,又符合上下文内容,为正确选项。[A]attribute sth to sth意为“认为……属于,把……归因于……”,如:Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snowbelt, census officials say.人口普查官员说,并非所有这些人口迁移都是为了离开寒冷地带。[B] contribute sth to sth意为 “有助于,对……做出贡献”,如:Her work has contributed much to our understanding of this difficult subject.她的著作十分有助于我们对这个困难问题的了解。[C]apply sth to sth意为“使用,应用”,如:The new technology was applied to farming.这项新技术已应用于农业。9. [A] general 总体的,一般的 [B] essential 极其重要的,必不可少的[C] prevailing 流行的,蔓延的 [D] ultimate 根本的,最高的[解析]本题考核知识点:形容词的词义辨析及搭配空格所在句是对该段的总结,它指出,航天飞机……的重要性在于它能作为经济工具的……。题目要求考生判断哪个形容词能够importance连用,并符合文意。只有[D]ultimate可以与importance搭配,表示“最大的作用”。10. [A] promise (有成功或良好结果的)希望,前景 [B] prosperity 繁荣,昌盛[C] popularity流行,普及 [D] priority 优先权[解析]本题考核知识点:上下文内容理解+名词词义辨析空格所在句的大意为:航天飞机的重大作用在于其作为经济工具的……。代入后只有[A]promise符合句意,为正确选项。11. [A] exceptional 例外的 [B] strange 奇怪的[C] unique 独特的 [D] rare稀有的,罕见的[解析] 本题考核知识点:近义词辨析四个词都有“与众不同”的意思,但侧重点不同。exceptional意为unusual and likely not to happen often,侧重“例外”。strange 侧重“奇怪”。unique 意为very special or unusual,强调“独特”。rare侧重“罕见,稀有”。而文中的“起飞时像火箭,降落时似飞机”显然是航天飞机的“独特之处”,所以[C]为正确选项。12. [A] Thus 因此,于是 [B] Whereas 然而,却[C] Nevertheless 尽管如此,还是…[D] Yet 然而本题考核知识点:逻辑关系。本题空格处填入连词,体现本句与前一后之间的逻辑关系。可以先完成13、14题,使所在句子含义完整后再来做本题。上文提到,航天飞机的独特之处在于它“起飞时像火箭,降落时似飞机”,本句提到,航天飞机在完成任务后就可以准备开始两周后的旅程。thus表示因果关系,如:It was already rather late, thus we decide to go home.已经相当晚了,所以我们决定回家。whereas表示对比,如:Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it.智者热爱真理,愚者回避真理。nevertheless表示让步,如:The experiment failed. It was, nevertheless, worth making. 试验没有成功,尽管如此,还是值得做的。yet表示转折,如:She is vain and foolish, and yet people like her. 她自负而愚蠢,然而人们喜欢她。根据文意,[A]更恰当,两句之间为因果关系:因为有这个特点,所以能很快开始新的旅程。13. [A] venture 冒险,可能遭受危险或损失的事业 [B]mission 任务,使命[C] commission委托,托办之事 [D] responsibility 责任本题考核知识点:近义名词辨析。空格所在句大意为:航天飞机在完成……后就可以做好准备开始两周后的新旅程。用[B]mission“任务”一词来形容航天飞机所完成的工作最恰当,而且accomplish a mission为常用搭配。14. [A] new[B] another[C] certain[D] subsequent[本题考核知识点] 可数名词和修饰语的搭配本题中的四个选项从意义上都可行。但是,语法结构上看,只有[B]another可直接接可数名词,trip若和其他项的形容词搭配,可数名词trip之前应加冠词,如:a new trip, a certain trip, a subsequent trip。15. [A] for[B] by[C] in[D] through[解析] 本题考核知识点:介词的搭配从词义来看,[A]for表示目的,“为了”。[B]by和[D]through表示通过某种方法、手段。[C]in+doing表示“在某一方面…”。本句大意为:宇宙飞船是在把不可能变为可能这一方面迈出的重要的一步。所以,只有[C]符合上下文意。a big/magnificent step in doing经常被用来表示“在…方面取得了重大突破”。
Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 .The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now 8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] rection [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to[B] caught sight of[C] laid emphasis on [D]cast light on9. [A] develop [B] proce [C] stimulate [D] ince10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only答案解析1.[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:不定代词的用法。空格上文提到,睡眠分为浅睡阶段和深睡阶段。因此空格处____ kind of sleep指的就是这两种睡眠。四个备选项中,首先排除[D]项。any 指“任何一个”,如:You can buy sugar at any big store.你可以在任何一家大商店里买到糖。余下的选项中,each指两个或多个中的每一个,例如:Each of them thinks different thoughts.他们中的每一个人都有不同的想法。either表示两者之一,表示肯定,如:You can park on either side of the street. 在街道的哪边停车都可以。neither表否定含义,表示“两者都不”。如:Neither of us could understand German.我们两个谁也不懂德语。空格所在的分句里出现的关键词at all一般与否定词连用,即 not… at all,意为“一点也不,根本不”,因而这里应填表否定含义的词,[B]正确,意为“人们对两类睡眠都没有完全了解”。2. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:动词词义辨析。intend意为“想要,打算,企图”,intend to do sth. (=mean to do sth.)意为“打算做某事”,主语一般是有生命的事物。如:I hear they intend to marry. 我听说他们要结婚了。require意为“需要,要求,命令”,be required to do sth.意为“被要求/必须做某事”,如:All passengers are required to show their tickets.所有乘客都必须出示车票。显然不能说,“浅睡眠阶段被要求做某事”。assume意为“假定,设想”,be assumed to do sth.意为“被假定/认为做某事”,如:He is assumed to be a Belgian.(他被认为是个比利时人。)infer意为“推论,推断”,但它不用于infer sth. to do结构中,而用于infer sth. from sth.结构中,如:Much of the meaning must be inferred from the context.(大部分含意必须从上下文中推断。)因此,只有assume符合上下文的要求。另外,根据上文可知,人们对睡眠的两个阶段都不十分了解,因此有关浅睡眠的功能的论述只是一种推测,[C]为正确项。3. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:形容词词义辨析。subtle意为“微妙的,难以捉摸的”,如:He complained that these people were subtle. 他抱怨说这些人难以捉摸。obvious意为“明显的”;mysterious意为“难以解释或无法理解的”;doubtful意为“可疑的,值得怀疑的”,如He is a doubtful character. 他是个可疑的人物。前文提到人们对两种睡眠阶段都不是很了解时用了well-understood一词,从逻辑语意上可以推出人们对non-REM sleep也不很了解,因此,几个选项中mysterious最合适。4. [答案] B空格所在句子是一个长句,主干部分是The new experiments suggest fascinating explanations. such as引导的短语是对experiments的举例说明。these指的是the new experiments,空格处填入的过去分词表示被动含义,相当于一个后置定语从句,即these which are _____ for the first time…,用来修饰these。四个选项中,maintain意为“保持,维持”,与句中的for the first time相矛盾;settle意为“解决”,afford意为“支付得起”,与experiments不搭配。describe意为“描述”,用在文中表示“(会议上)描述的一些新实验”,符合文意。5. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:短语语意辨析。四个选项都可与介词of连用。in the light of (= in light of/according to)意为“按照,根据,考虑到”,如:He rewrote the book in the light of further research.(他根据进一步的研究重写了那部书。)by virtue of意为“依靠,由于”,如:She got the job by virtue of her greater experience.(她由于经验较为丰富而得到了那份工作。)with the exception of(= except)意为“除了……之外”,如:All his novels are set in Italy with the exception of his last.(他的小说除最后一部外全是以意大利为背景。)显然,这三个含义代入文中都不符合文意。for the purpose of可以看作是一个固定短语,意为“为了……的目的”,如:The three groups have been combined for the purpose of this study.(为了这项研究工作,三个小组业已合并。)但本文中却不是把它作为一个固定短语使用,而且分成了两个部分,explanations常与for搭配,表示“解释……的原因”, the purpose of non-REM sleep在上文中出现过,表示“深睡眠的作用”,正确答案是[D]。6. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:名词词义辨析。for example一词提示空格所在部分是衔接上文,解释深睡眠的作用的举例。rection意为“减少”;deprivation意为“剥夺”;restriction意为“限制”。destruction意为“破坏,毁灭”,通常指具体事物,如:The fire caused the destruction of my books.这场大火使我的藏书被毁坏。“对老鼠产生致命影响”的应是“睡眠的剥夺”,所以[C]符合题意。7. [答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:介词的用法。upon+名词/动名词=when引导的从句,其中upon相当于when/directly after,表示“当……时……”。如:Upon entering the room(=When I entered the room), I found him lying on the floor.用在文中表示“当检查死亡老鼠的尸体时”,因此[A]为正确答案。through意为“凭借,用……的方法”; by意为“凭借,靠,通过”,主要表示方法、手段;with意为“用,使用;以”。本文如果使用这些介词,首先需要在名词examination前加上定冠词the;其次其逻辑主语就是句子的主语the animals,这样含义就成了“动物通过检查动物尸体”,不符合逻辑。8. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点:短语语意辨析。pay attention to 意为“注意”,如:pay attention to state affairs关心国大事;catch sight of (=see)意义“看到,发现”,如:She caught sight of a car in the distance.她一眼瞥见了远处的汽车;lay emphasis on (=emphasize)意为“重视”,如:He laid a strong emphasis on the study of foreign languages.他把重点放在学习外训上;cast/throw/shed light on意为“使(问题等)较容易理解”,如:Recent research has shed new light on the causes of the disease.最近的研究结果可以使人进一步了解导致这种疾病的原因。根据句意,应选[D],表示“一位研究人员使人们进一步了解动物死亡的奥秘”。9. [答案] Adevelop意为“(逐渐)显现出,(开始)患(病)”,如:She developed measles. 她得了麻疹。proce意为“制造,产生”,如:Hard work often proces good results.努力工作经常会有好结果。stimulate意为“促进,刺激”,如:Exercise stimulates the flow of blood.体操促进血液流动。ince意为“引诱,诱使”。如:Too much food inces sleepiness.吃得过饱会产生睡意。本题的关键词bacterial infections of blood (血液细菌感染)是一种病,根据习惯搭配,应该用develop。10. [答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。本句是一个复合句。主句The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood用的是一般现在时,根据时态一致的原则,从句也应该用现在时。但在本题中,从句用的是过去完成时。很显然,主从句的时态不一致。时态不一致一般是由两个原因引起的:一,时间状语,如:I’m doing my homework, while I was watching TV this time yesterday.二,虚拟语气的使用,如:If I were you, I would go there. 如果我是你,我就去那儿。此题并没有涉及时间状语因此导致时态不一致的原因是虚拟语气的使用。If意为“如果”,跟虚拟语气时,主句应相应地使用虚似语气,如:The conference wouldn’t been so successful, if we hadn’t made adequate preparations.如果我们不做充分的准备,会议是不会开得这么成功的。as if 意为“好像”,可以接虚拟语气,如:He behaved as if nothing had happened.(他表现得若无其事。)only if 意为“只有”,接条件从句,一般引起主句的倒装现象,如:Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees.只有红灯闪亮时才有危及职工的险情。if only意为“要是……就好了”,接虚拟语气,一般用来引导感叹句,如:If only she had known where to find you.由于文中只有从句使用了虚拟语气,因此应选[B],意为“似乎它们的免疫系统已经崩溃”。全文翻译睡眠分为浅睡阶段(REM)和较长时间的深睡阶段(non-REM)。浅睡阶段伴有快速的眼睛运动和做梦的特征。人们对两个阶段的睡眠都不太了解,不过人们推测,浅睡眠具有一些大脑修复功能。而深睡眠的作用则更更加令人费解。在明尼阿波利斯举行的由睡眠研究协会组织的近期会议上首次描述了一些新实验,类似这样的实验对深睡眠的作用进行了吸引人的阐释。例如,人们早有所知,完全剥夺睡眠会100%使老鼠致命,然而,在检查死亡鼠类的尸体之后,发现这些动物看起来却非常正常。现在,一位研究人员已揭开了这些动物死亡的奥秘。老鼠患了血液细菌感染,就好像它们的免疫系统——抵御疾病原体的自我保护机制——已崩溃。
People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making indivial decisions.人们大多在做决策的时候并不擅长考虑背景信息。At first glancethis might seem like a strength that __1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by _2_ factors.1. A grants B submits C transmits D delivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective乍一看,这似乎是个优势,使判断看起来不受外界信息所影响。解析:答案1:A。A grant:授予,赋予;赋予了某种特殊的能力,符合逻辑;B submits 提交,呈递:提交给上级C transmits发送,传送D delivers给指定的人或者目的地,或者发表(言论、看法)答案2:B。文中讲述的是这种能力不受外来因素影响,并非客观或者重要因素A minor 较小的B external 外部的C crucial 重要的D objective客观的But Dr Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big _3_ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.3. A issue B vision C picture D moment但是,Simonsohn博士推测,不能考虑全局使决定者因他们经手的日常信息样本所而产生了偏见。解析:答案3:C。big picture 整体情形与“背景信息”吻合big issue 重要议题;big vision 远见;big picture 整体情形;big moment重要时刻;_4_, he theorized that a judge _5_ of appearing too soft _6_crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7_he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless例如,他提出理论,一名法官因为害怕对犯罪表现的过于宽容,更可能会把某个罪犯送到监狱,如果那天他已经把五六个被告人判处强制社区劳动之后。解析:答案4:D。本句以法官判案的案例来论证,所以选择D。A Above all 最重要的是,尤其,表强调B On average 平均C In principle 原则上,理论上D For example例如,表举例,有递进的关系答案5:B。法官在轻判之后害怕表现的心慈手软,后面会重罚,所以选择BA fond of喜欢B fearful of 害怕C capable 能够做……D thoughtless考虑不周的6:D。固定搭配 too soft on sth/with sb.对……同情的,心肠软的7:A。通过时态考查虚拟语气,考查上下文的衔接和逻辑。To __8__this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process.8. A. test B.emphasize C.share D.promote为了检验这个想法,他们把注意力放在了大学招生录取过程中。解析:答案8:A。检验In theory, the ____9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10____ randomly for interview ring the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was____11____.9. A.decision B.quality C.status D.success10. A.found B.studied C.chosen D.identified11. A.otherwise B.defensible C.replaceable D.exceptional理论上,一位申请人的成功不应该依赖于其他在同一天被随机抽取的参加面试的其他申请者,但是Simonsohn博士怀疑事实并非如此。解析:答案9:D。考生被成功录取,品质、地位没有关系。答案10:C。申请者不是被找到found,被研究studied或者被指认的identified,只能是随机抽取的。答案11:A。下文中说:申请者的分数会受到其他人的影响。所以,理论与实情不符合。选择A.otherwise不这样,并非如此的B.defensible 可辩解的C.replaceable 可代替的D.exceptional异常的,罕见的He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews _12_ by 31 admissions officers.12. A. inspired B. expressed C. concted D. secured他研究了31位招生负责人进行的9323场MBA面试。解析:答案12:C。组织,安排,执行。A. inspired 激励B. expressed 表达C. concted 执行D. secured 保护,努力得到The interviewers had _13_ applicants on a scale of one to five.13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged面试官给给申请者分1到5个等级。解析:答案13:B。分级,rate合适A. assigned 分配,指派B. rated 分级C. matched 匹配D. arranged 安排This scale _14_ numerous factors into consideration.14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave这个分级将许多要素考虑其中。解析:答案14:C。固定搭配。take sth into consideration.将…考虑其中The scores were _15_ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is _16_out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introced这些分数然后被用来和申请者的GMAT分数联系起来(GMAT:从一个满分800分标准化的考试中评分),以决定是否接受他或她。解析:答案15:B。表顺承。A. instead 代替B. then 然后C. ever 曾经D. rather相反,而是答案16:C。为(测试等)打分。只能选MarkedA. selected 选择B. passed 通过,合格C. marked 评分D. introced介绍,引入Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one _17__ that, then the score for the next applicant would_18_ by an average of 0.075 points.17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D dropSimonsohn博士发现如果在同一天,一个申请人的分数比前一个高0.75分,那么下一个申请者的分数将平均下降0.075分。解析:答案17:D。句中逻辑the previous….before that…..the next,所以before答案18:D。前面是增加,后面自然是减少,所以选择drop。A jump 暴涨B float 漂浮C fluctuate 波动D drop下降,减少This might sound small, but to_19_the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been _20__.19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpful这个分数听起来很小,但是要抵消它的影响申请人需要在GMAT中比正常情况下高出30分。解析:答案19:B。使无效,废除A achieve 获得,实现C maintain 保持D disregard不理会答案20:A。这里指的是,正常情况下和受偏见影响下所需的分数的差异。而非可能的分数,有希望的分数,有帮助的分数。
原文:Manpower Inc., with 560 000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 1 into the offices and factories of, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay.One day at a time. 2 instrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 3 recing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.4 its economy continues to recover, theis increasingly becoming a nation of part- timers and temporary workers. This “ 5 ” work force is the most important 6 in American business today, and it is 7 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 8 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 9 by employment rules, health care costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 10 that came from being a loyal employee.1.[A] swarm [B] stride [C] separate [D] slip2.[A] For [B] Because [C] As [D] Since3.[A] from [B] in [C] on [D] by4.[A] Even though [B] Now that [C] If only [D] Provided that5.[A] rable [B] disposable[C] available[D] transferable6.[A] approach [B] flow [C] fashion [D] trend7.[A] instantly [B] reversely [C]fundamentally[D] sufficiently8.[A] but [B] while [C] and [D] whereas9.[A] imposed [B] restricted [C] illustrated[D] confined10.[A] excitement [B] conviction[C] enthusiasm[D] importance全文翻译拥有56万雇员的劳务公司是全球最大的临时就业中介机构。每天清晨,公司中大量的人员涌入美国的办公室和工厂中,为获得一天的收入来寻找一份工作,干一天算一天。当通用汽车公司和IBM等工业巨头靠减员而勉强支撑时,坐落于威斯康星州麦尔乌柯市的劳务公司却在蓬勃地发展。虽然美国的经济还在继续复苏,美国却日益成为一个兼职者和临时工的国家。这种“即用即抛型”劳动力已成为美国企业用人最为重要的趋势。它也正在从根本上改变人们和他们所从事的工作之间的关系。这一现象给公司提供了一种方式,使得它们能够在全球范围内具有竞争性,同时又可以避免市场的周期性和由就业法规、医疗保险和退休金方案所带来的逐渐加重的负担。对工人来说,这意味着作为一名忠实雇员所享有的安全感、福利以及从属带来的重要感都一去不复返了。答案:1 A 2 C 3 D 4 A 5 B 6 D 7 C 8 B 9 A 10D
The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. 关于语言,首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance.说话的时候,选词是至关重要的。Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle.恰当的选词可以消除交流过程中可能出现的障碍。Too often, careless use of words__3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. 通常,不慎重的词语使用将阻碍说话者和听话者之间的思想交流。The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.说话者使用的词语可能会引起听者不愉快的反应,干扰他的理解,因此,“传送—接收”系统出现故障。6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.此外,不准确或不明确的词语会使听者难以理解正在传递给他的信息。说话人的常用词汇中如果没有详细而精确的词,就不可能用听话人能理解的方式进行解释或描述。1.[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:介词的用法。本文第一句提出,对于语言来说,首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。First和smallest两个形容词已经道出单词在语言中的重要地位。此后,文章进一步指出,说话时选择词语非常重要。我们看到,空格后是一个名词性短语utmost importance,而所给的四个选项全是介词,也就是说所选的介词应该与这个名词性短语组合在一起,做be动词的表语。of的一个特定用法是:of+表示评估意义的抽象名词=该名词对应的形容词,可做表语,表示具有某种性质、状况。如:of great use=great useful, of importance=important, 所以A为正确选项。2. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语意搭配+形容词词义辨析。前面已经提到,单词在语言中占有首要地位,因此,说话时对词语的选用就变得非常重要。本句大意为:恰当的选词可以消除交流过程中......的障碍。likely意为“可能发生的”,不论从语法角度,还是从逻辑角度讲都非常恰当。inaccessible表示“难以达到的,难以接近的”,如:This novel seems to me among the most inaccessible.这本书对我来说是最难懂的小说之一。我们知道,说话过程中完全可能出现交流的障碍,所以inaccessible不恰当。timely意为“及时的,准时的”,如:a timely treatment及时的治疗。invalid意为“无效的”,如:an invalid license作废的执照,都不符合句意。3. [答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语意搭配。上文一直是从正面角度谈论单词在交流中所处的地位,以及它起到的积极作用;本句开始文章从反面角度来讨论这一点。前面已经提到,恰当的选词可以消除交流障碍,由此可以推出,乱用词语将会增加这种障碍。prevent意为“防止,阻碍”,用在文中表示“词语使用不当阻碍了说话双方思想的交流”,正好描述了这种增加障碍的反作用,所以是正确答案。encourage表示“鼓励,怂恿”,有促进之意,如:I encouraged her to work hard and to try for the examinations.我鼓励她用功并为这次考试做努力。offer意为“提供,出价”,如:I offered him some money for his help.因为他帮了忙,我给了他一些钱。以上两个词语与文意要求的含义正好相反。destroy意为“毁灭,破坏,消灭”,它虽然是贬义词,但一般是对已经存在的事物而言,且语气很强烈,放在此处不合适。4. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:动词短语语意辨析。空格所在句子由存在因果关系的两个分句构成。前一分句的主语是the words,宾语是unfavorable reactions in the listener(听者不愉快的反应);后一分句的含义是“因此,这种说话者和听者的发送—接收系统就会中断”。从句意判断空格处应该填入一个表达“造成,引起”含义的短语。stir up 表示“引起,激起”,为正确选项。pass out做及物动词时,意为“分发,分配”;take away意为“取走”,back up 意为“支持,倒退”,均不符合文意。5. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:定语从句。从上一题的分析可知,The words…in the listener是一个语法结构完整的句子,因此我们可以推测listener之后的部分为一个定语从句。但要弄清楚的是,这个定语从句修饰的不是listener,因为interfere with his comprehension(干扰他的理解)中his指代的只能是“听者”,那么interfere的主语应该是前面的unfavorable reactions。因此,我们可能确定这个定语从句的先行词为reactions,which可引导先行词为事物的定语从句,为正确选项。who 引导先行词为人的定语从句;as引导限制性定语从句需要与such结合在一起使用;what只能引导名词性从句,不能引导定语从句。6. [答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。前文一直在讨论不恰当使用词语的害处,本句的主语是inaccurate or indefinite words,意为“不准确或不明确的词语”,可见还是在谈论这种害处,也就是说,与上一句之间仍然是承接或递进的关系。moreover意为“此外”,表示递进关系,符合题意。该句可译为“此外,不准确或不明确的词语会使听者难以理解传递给他的信息”。however意为“但是”,表示转折;preliminarily意为“首先,起初”,不表示承接关系;unexpectedly意为“出乎意料地,想不到地”,有转折的含义。7. [答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:句子的平衡。英语句中为了保持句子的平衡,常常使用it作为形式宾语或形式主语。动词make后面的宾语是不定式时,就常常用it做形式宾语,代替后面的不定式。本题空格处填入it,指代的就是下文的to understand the …。that不能做形式宾语;如果使用so,则全句找不到make的宾语,语法结构不完整;this不能做形式宾语。8. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语意搭配+名词词义辨析。本题空格处填入一名词,紧跟其后的是which引导的定语从句。显然,填入的名词在该从句中做主语,由于该从句使用了被动语态,因此我们要选择的是能够与transmit搭配,做其宾语的名词。transmit的含义为“发送,传达”,四个选项中只有message可以与之搭配,表示“传达信息”。speech意为“演说,讲话”;sense意为“感官,感觉”;meaning表示“意思,含义”,一般不与transmit搭配。9. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:形容词词辨析。本句的主语是the speaker, who 引导了一个定语从句,修饰speaker。大意是:一个常用词汇中没有详细而精确词语的人可能……将事情解释或描述得足以让听者听懂。由此看出,这里还是在讨论不正确使用词语的害处。填入的词既能修饰人,又有否定句义。unable表示“不能的,不会的”,可以修饰人,为正确选项。obscure意为“暗的,朦胧的,模糊的”,一般不修饰人,如:an obscure sound模糊的声音;an obscure passage 一段难懂的文章。difficult和impossible都不使用本句型,如果使用这两个词可以把句子转变为:It is difficult/impossible for the speaker to explain…10. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语意搭配+名词词义辨析。空格处的名词构成介词短语in a …,修饰动词explain or describe,在文中的含义是“说话人不可能……解释或描述”。in a way是习惯搭配,表示“以某种方式、方法”,语法意义都正确。in a case表示“在某种情况下”,不符合句意。means意为“方法、手段”,method意为“方法,方式”,都不与in a搭配,而与介词by连用,如:The load was lifted by means of a crane.重物是用起重机吊起来的。They did it by a new method.他们用一种新方法做的。
Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be ___1___in a single large building.The importance of interior design becomes 2 when we realize how much time we __3_ surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be _ 4 attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect 5 place to be appropriate to its use. You would be 6 if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look 7 the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldn’t feel 8 in a business office that has the appearance of a school.It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important basic 9 is the function of the particular 10 . For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and 11 few entries and exits will not work for 12 purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be 13 . Nevertheless, for any kind of space, the designer has to make many of the same kind of 14 _. He or she must coordinate the shapes, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor. 15 _addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served1.[答案]B[解析]本题考核的知识点是:近义动词的区别。四个选择项都有“包含、构成”之意,但用法不同。句子中有助动词be的存在,因此,这就点明了所选的动词应能够使用被动语态。contain作及物动词时,意为“包含”,可用于主动或被动语态,为正确选项。consist是一个不及物动词,无被动语态。consist of 表示“由……组成、构成”,等同于be composed of。例:Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.(水由氢和氧组成)。consist in 表示“以某事物为其主要的或惟一的因素或特征,在于”,如:True patriotism consists in putting the interests of one’s country above everything else, including one’s own life.(真正的爱国主义就是把国家利益置于任何其他利益之上,包括自己的生命);Happiness consists in contentment(知足常乐)。consist with 表示“符合,与……一致”,例:Theory should consist with practice.(理论应与实践相符合)。compose意为“(事物的部分或成分)构成”,如:the short scenes that compose the play(组成此剧的各幕)。它用于被动语态时需与of连用,be composed of 意为“(由某事物)组成或构成”。comprise意为“包含,组成,构成”,一般指构成整体的全部成分,如:Two small boys and a dog comprised the street entertainer’s only audience.(两个小男孩和一条狗成了街头艺人仅有的观众)。当它用于被动语态时,通常也要与of连用,如:America is comprised of 55 states.(美国由55个州组成)。2.[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是:表语形容词及对文章主旨的把握。首先,我们可以从词义的搭配上来加以区分。attractive意为“有吸引力的”,如:goods attractive in price and quality(价廉物美的货物)。appropriate意为“合适的”,如:His casual clothes were not appropriate for such a formal occasion.(他的便服不适宜在这样正式的场合穿)。这两个词都不能与作为主语的importance搭配。obscure意为“模糊不清的”。evident意为“明显的”。文章第二段一直强调室内设计的重要性,因此重要性是明显的。3.[答案] A[解析]本题考核的知识点是:动词搭配。空格所在部分是how much time+定语从句,surrounded by…是过去分词做主语we的补语,相当于when we are surrounded by…。空格填入的词必须能够与其逻辑宾语time搭配,填入的动词的含义要表示“花费、消耗”这样的词意。四个选项中,spend表示“度过,花费,消耗”,多用于时间,金钱。spend 与time属于固定的动宾搭配。how much time we spend意为“我们花多少时间”,也就是说“我们花多少时间呆在室内”,因此,spend为正确选项。require表示“要求,需要,命令”;settle意为“安放,定居,解决”;retain意为“保持,保留”。这三个词都不常与time搭配,而且也不符合文意。4.[答案] B[解析]本题考核的知识点是:比较结构的固定短语搭配。本句的后面出现了关键信息词as possible。as… as possible意为“尽可能”,是固定短语。as… as意为“和……一样”,not so… as 意为“不如”。5.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:代词的用法。some修饰可数名词复数时,表示“一些”,而句子中的place是单数;当它用在单数可数名词前时表示“某种”,也与题意不符。any表示“任何一个”,与文意不符。this place是特定地指某地,在文中作者是泛指,因此this不符合题意。each意为“每一个”,相当于every, each place在此处指室内的每一个地方,符合题意。6.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点:表语形容词的用法以及对全文主旨的把握。选项中的四个词都可用来表达人的感觉或感情色彩。上文提到,我们也期望房间的每一个地方的设计都与它的用途相适合;空格所在句子指出,如果你的卧室突然变得像饭店一样,你肯定会感到……。由于“卧室像饭店”显然是不符合房间的用途,因此空格处的形容词应带有贬义。amused“被逗乐的,感到愉快的”和interested“有兴趣的”不符文意。而shocked表示“震惊,大吃一惊”,程度比surprised要深,更符合原文的意思。frightened表示“被惊吓的”,更强调的是“害怕”之意,不符合逻辑。7.[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点:介词的搭配。选项的四个介词都可以与动词look相搭配,但意义差别较大。look like意为“看起来像”;look for 意为“寻找”;look at 意为“看”;look into意为“调查,窥视,观察”。根据句子的结构可知,look的逻辑主语the inside of your bedroom是静止的事物,因而只能选用表示对比意义的动词短语。look like the inside of a restaurant意为“看起来像餐馆店堂一样”。8.[答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点:近义形容词区分。这个句子要求考生回答:坐在一间装饰得像教室一样的商务办公室,人的感觉会怎样?correct表示“正确的,端正的”,如:make correct decisions(做出正确的决定);a very correct young man (仪态非常端庄的年轻人)。它通常是对一个事物作出的理性的评价,如“正确、错误”之类,用在这里,语义不符。另外,从词义上说,right, proper, suitable都有“合适的,恰当的”之意。proper通常表示“符合某种特定要求的正确作法,如行为是否合理,分寸是否恰当”;suitable则通与介词to或for连用,意为“适合于某种目的和场合”,两都不符合题意。right除了表示“正确的、合适的”意义之外,还可表达出人的心理活动,not feel right表示“感觉不太舒服”,正符合题意。9.[答案]B[解析]本题考核的知识点:近义名词的区分。从上下文来看,第二段着重阐述的是室内的装饰应与建筑物的空间的不同用途(或功能)相一致,很显然,第三段作者应论述设计师要关注建筑物的室内空间的准确用途是否合理这一问题。concern与care都表示“关心”。但是care一般用于带感情色彩的事情,有“照料、关切”的意思。concern着重于所关心的问题或对象,例:The managing director’s only concern was how to improve the quality of their procts.(总经理心里想的全是如何提高产品质量)。attention意为“小心、注意(力)、专心”,也有关心之意,但这个词的意义的重点在“注意”,即“集中精力做某事”。如:Your suggestion has come to our attention.(我们已经考虑了你的建议)。intention意为“意图,目的”,如:I began reading with the intention of finishing the book, but I never did. (我开始读这本书时想读完它,可是我从来就没把它读完)。10.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点:近义名词的区分以及从上下文获取线索。继续读下去,我们会发现在后面出现了for any kind of space(对任何空间而言),与前面相互呼应,所以应选space“空间”。circumstance意为“环境,详情,情况”,多用复数形式,如:The circumstances forced me to accept. (环境迫使我不得不同意)。environment意为“环境”,如:adjust to a new environment(适应新的环境)。surroundings意为“环境”,如:The house is in beautiful surroundings.(这座房屋四周的环境优美)。11.[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点:程度副词的用法。本题的语境句是一个双重否定句。with短语中的三点内容,即poor sight lines、poor sound-shaping qualities和few entries and exits中的poor和few都具有否定的意义,正好与剧院内部设计的“不合理”相对应。根据上下文,必须继续保持few的否定意义。too用于形容词或副词前,表示“太、过于”;它也可用于表示数量的形容词前,表示“太多或太少”,如:too many people (太多人)。too few entries and exits强调太少的进出口,符合文意。quite a few 意为“很多”, 表达的是肯定的意义,一般不用quite few,例:quite a few illustrations(相当多的插图)。far 作副词用时,可以表示“很,非常”,一般用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级,如:She is far better than me at writing(她写作比我好很多)。12.[答案] B[解析]本题考核的知识点:代词的用法。解答本题的关键在于弄清楚句子前后的指代关系。该句可简化为a theater will not work forpurpose。根据上下文,此处应填入表示所属关系的物主代词,同时,所填入的代词既要与前面的主句的主语a theater(单数,指物)一致,也要与后面从句中的主语it一致。从四个选项来看,those和that 都是指代词,显然不符合要求。their 虽然是物主代词,但它表示的是一个复数意义,与单数主语相矛盾。也应排除。因此,正确的答案只能是its。 work for its purpose意为“使用起来合乎其目的”。13.[答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点:近义动词的区分。paint意为“刷油漆”,如:He painted the wall yellow(他把墙漆成黄色)。 cover意为“覆盖”,如:She covered the table with a cloth(她用一块布把桌子罩起来)。这两个词都不符合句意。ornament和decorate都有“装饰”之意,但具体的含义不一。ornament意为用物件“装饰点缀”、“美化”,如:ornament a hall with paintings(用画装饰大厅)。decorate除有“装饰”之意外,还有对房屋进行“装潢、粉刷”之意。室内设计的职责主要是进行室内的装修设计。因而decorated应为本题的正确选项。14.[答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点:近义名词的区分和上下文的搭配关系。solution意为“(问题,疑难的)解决办法”,常与achieve, find等动词搭配使用,它不能与make搭配。如:This is the only practicable solution imaginable(这是惟一想得出的切实可行的解决办法)。conclusion表示“结论”,常与draw, reach和come to连用,也不能与make搭配。decision和determination都表示“决定,决心”,但determination更强调的是“坚定、果断的决心”,在此也不符合,因此只有decision可选,在文中表示“作出同样的决定”。15.[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点:短语的固定搭配。In addition表示“此外”,属于固定搭配。