欢迎来到加倍考研网! 北京 上海 广州 深圳 天津
微信二维码
在线客服 40004-98986
推荐适合你的在职研究生专业及院校
1999年考研英语阅读理解第五篇答案和全文翻译不眠夜

1999年考研英语阅读理解第五篇答案和全文翻译

原文+译文:Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.实际上,科学的进步依赖于做实验,但更依赖于实验的观察者(即做实验的人)有所准备的头脑。Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple.据说艾萨克·牛顿爵士是从苹果落地现象中发现了万有引力。Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets.多少个世纪以来,许多地方一直都有苹果落到地面,成千上万的人也都看过苹果落地。但多年来只有牛顿一直对月球和行星沿轨道运行的起因感到好奇。What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.是什么使它们保持在现在的位置?它们为什么不从天上掉下来?苹果向下落到地面而不向上飞到树上,这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大的“果实”——月球和行星所存有的疑问。How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree?多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢?Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research.牛顿这样做了,因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是怀有好奇心。他的头脑在准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究的一个基本特征。If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。科学家们在为学术刊物撰写呆板的例行报告时往往会忘记这一点,而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought.在和一些科学家,特别是年轻科学家交谈时,你可能会有这样一种印象:他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment.我出席过一些科研会议,会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.”那位科学家皱了皱眉,又看了看图表,然后说:“数据还是不够确定。”“We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.预算部门的人说:“这点我们知道,但你的意见如何?你觉得值得做下去吗?你觉得我们可以期待什么呢?”这位科学家感到很震惊,他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.当然,这几乎等于说:这位科学家成了自己所写报告的受害者。He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced instrial and business management that they are true.他所提出的种种论断是如此不容置疑、如此一致,以至于不仅他自己相信了,而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to proce results measurable in dollars and cents.假如科学实验像科学杂志报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施,那么,对管理层来说,期待研究能够产生可用美元、美分衡量的结果是完全合理的。It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.审计人员也完全有理由相信,确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要分心:用一只眼盯着现金计数器的同时,用另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”如果像他们的论文所反映的那样,科学家渴望规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性,那么管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”,而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人,也就是无可指摘的。试题:51. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are concted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research52. The author asserts that scientists.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings53. It seems that some young scientists.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”54. The author implies that the results of scientific research.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by management答案:A B D A

大罢工

史上最难考研年,考研英语大分析

关注百家,分享更多法考、考研资料今年被誉为“史上最难考研年”,其中考研英语等话题很快就抢占热搜,不少考生直呼这次考研英语太难,今天小编想跟大家聊一聊这个“最难”难在哪些地方。一、总体分析相比2019年考研英语一的题目,2020年试卷难度相较去年略有上升,但是考察的主体内容基本总体没有超纲。完形填空,考察主题内容和我们日常生活息息相关,词汇相对基础总体不超纲,但是各个单项部分的难度有一些变化。完形填空的难度是较近几年有所提升的;阅读理解A部分前两篇文章的难度大,后两篇的难度小一点,很多时候不是读懂了题目就做得出来;新题型虽然考到了相对比较容易的小标题,但是很多人没有顺着出题者的思维去考虑造成了一些理解上的偏差;翻译部分的文章总体比较容易理解,句型结构考察和前几年基本一致,但可能主题词renaissance文艺复兴给部分同学造成了理解偏差;小作文考到了活动通知notice。大作文是双图对比《好习惯》,平时练习了的还有背诵一些模板的话还是比较容易写的。二、各部分分析1.英语知识运用2020年英语一完形填空所选取的文章主题“烤过的食物会对健康造成危害”,这个话题其实是很贴近我们的日常生活的,很多人都很喜欢吃烧烤类的东西,所以相对而言还是比较好理解的。整篇文章看下来,没有很多专业性的词汇,题目和选项中也没有超纲词。考察大家的还是对于词汇的辨析以及上下文逻辑推理能力,这也给咱们的2021的同学提个醒,考研英语考察了大家的英语综合能力,这离不开平时的日积月累。2.阅读理解2020年英语一的四篇阅读分别是英国的城镇文化奖项、科研出版业的盈利、女性政策以及法国向美国互联网巨头征收数字化税。其中在40道题目中有14道细节题,2道情感态度题,1道主旨题,1道段落推断题,2道例证题。其中Text1文章存在一定难度,非英语专业的人其实对于英国乡镇文化的话题了解比较少,而Text2、3、4难度适中。其中Text 3;Text 4都是考研英语之前常考话题,主题词明确。2020年英语一的新题型考的是一篇《关于眼神交流的作用研究》的小标题题,没有考排序以及选句填空,这个题目难度适中,一定程度上是大家比较容易拿分的部分。针对2021的考生来说新题型的备考大家不用过度担心,几种题型都做好备考的话,做题会好很多。3.翻译2020英语一试卷中的翻译文章《文艺复兴的终结,新的理性时代的到来》,本篇文章总体难度适中,这次次翻译依旧是考察了定语结构,状语结构,同位语从句,宾语从句;被动句等往年必考句型,其实在翻译过程中主要是一些长难句的理解,句子长而且有一些单词很难懂,造成了整体意思的错误。由于英式思维和中式思维的不同,英语中很多涉及名词的使用,而中文则是喜欢用动词,在翻译的时候需要把名词翻译成动词的形式,这样才能更符合中文的表达习惯。这次翻译考察的主要是文学历史题材,尤其是一些专有名词的认识,比如文艺复兴(Renaissance),地心说理论(geo-centric)等对一些工科的学生来说难度比较大,建议21的考生在备考的时候也要适当积累一些外国文化背景知识。4.写作小作文考察的是通知(notice),也是咱们考纲规定的应用文类型之一。格式准确,单词语法少错误,再穿插几个从句在里面基本上可以完成。大作文今年考察的是双图,副标题是习惯。一个小女孩今日事今日毕,另外一个小男孩老想拖延。大作文可以写时间管理、效率、习惯、坚持等都是切合主题,没有偏题的。相对于阅读来说,作文应该是比较简单的了,其实每年考研英语的作文话题都是比较常考的,只要是积累了相应的词汇、语句和适当的练习,作文就算拿不到高分也不会低。2020考研已经结束,2021的考生们要接力好哦!

耦立

考研英语一、英语二翻译及解析

英语一 翻译2019英语一翻译讲述医疗杂志文章质量下降这样一个现象,并分析了原因及危害,以及呼吁我们应该做什么。这和考研英语作文一样的结构——提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。我们来聊聊考察语言点的变化。首先,49题考查对虚拟语气的正确理解和翻译。这是英语一1997年以来首次考查复杂虚拟语气的翻译!这表明,不能因为历年真题没有考查过就认定不会考。考生需要掌握英语所有常见语法知识点,方可应对英译汉。其次,47题考查比较结构,这是历史上第一次考查带有倍数的比较结构,并且第二比较项中的"would have done"这种带推测的动词形式在翻译中几乎没有考查过,而且也不作为阅读理解的考点。所以考生并没有予以重视,预计得分率很低。然后是词汇方面。英译汉每年都考查大量的多义词、派生词和固定用法,今年也不例外。比如46题中的多义词"lay"、复合形容词"short-lived";49题中的多义词"associates"以及固定用法"in return for";还有,50题中的派生词"reprocible"和"incentivize"。以上都会给考场中紧张的考生造句困难。杨凡达老师预计今年的英译汉难度系数会在0.35-0.4之间,与去年持平或略简单。46)There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.参考译文:这些医学杂志中包含大量这种无稽之谈,如果广播电台和非专业媒体对此信以为真并加以报道,这将引发人们的健康恐慌以及短期的饮食热潮。难点1:"nonsense"。直接翻译成“废话”扣分,因为在这句中不是那层意思。原文前面说每周吃超过多少克的西兰花会导致年纪大了后更容易贫血。其实我们平常在新闻中看到类似的言论有很多。作者的意思是这些都是扯淡,没有严谨的科学依据。所以这里的"nonsense"译为“无稽之谈”要好一些。难点2:短语"take up"的意思是“接受并开始做/从事某事”。意思是这些广播电台听信了这样的说法就会如何如何。难点3:"the lay press"中的"lay"是难点,不是我们熟知的“放置、铺设”等的意思。"lay"在这里做形容词,表示“非专业的,外行的”,所以"layman"这个词表示“门外汉”。这里的"the lay press"指的是非专业媒体,大概就是那种野鸡媒体。难点4:"short-lived"可根据其本身和上下文来猜测其大概含义。"short"表示短,"lived"表示活着,所以"short-lived"大概意思是“短命的”,在这里引申为“短暂的,为期不长的”。47)nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would otherwise have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.参考译文:现如今,任何一个申请研究岗位的人事先必须发表论文的数量,是10年前申请同一岗位所需论文数量的两倍。难点1:处理这句话中的比较结构。通读句子,我们大概得到的信息是“A是B的两倍”,只是如何把这句话翻的通顺是需要思考的。难点2:"would otherwise have been"是后半句的难点,"otherwise"字面意思是“否则”,但如果润色到位可以不用翻译出来。但"would have done"这种特殊的谓语形式,其实很多同学会觉得比较难。这个结构表示“合理推测”,在虚拟语气中经常出现,比如"I would have been a programmer but end up being an English teacher."(我本可以成为一名程序员,结果却当了英语老师)。在这句话中,用"would have been"表示如果是十年前,本可以怎么样怎样。48)Attempts have been made to curb this kind of tendency to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant's published papers.参考译文:人们已经尝试扭转这种趋势,比如除发表数量外,在评估申请人已发表论文时引入与质量挂钩的衡量标准。难点1:被动语态"have been made"如何处理。我在翻译课反复强调被动语态的处理方法,主要手段有将“被”字转译为其它汉子或将被动语态转为主动语态亦或者总体换一个说法。考生在考场上需要做的是用这几种方法去尝试,合理通顺即可。这一句的"Attempts have been made to …"可译为“人们已经尝试…”。难点2:"as well as"。很多人以为这是“而且”的意思,可以代替"and",但这只是它的其中一种用法。我记得我在某课中讲解过"as well as"的另一种用法——表示“除…之外还有…”,在句子中充当定语。在48题中,如果我们将"as well as"理解为第一种情况,"some measure of quality as well as quantity"的意思是“某种质量和数量的衡量标准”。好像没太明白是什么意思,对不对?上下文告诉我们,因为只看论文数量导致大家拼命写论文而导致质量下降,所以我们已经采取了一些搜段来改变这种状况,那不就是应该在数量之外引入新的衡量标准,比如论文质量。所以"as well as"在这里符合第二种情况,表示“除…之外还有…”。考生在考场上需要迅速做出这样的判断,难度比较大,所以杨老师认为这0.5分很多考生拿不到。难点3:"an applicant's published papers"。这个语言点考得很细,考查过去分词的语义。过去分词可以表“完成”或“被动”,考生需要根据语境判断。这里所说的“申请者的论文”指什么?第47句告诉我们申请者需要在申请之前发表一定数量的论文。根据这一点,我们可以断定"published"在这里表示完成,那么"an applicant's published papers"指“申请者已经发表的论文”。49)This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.参考译文:这种做法本应该是合理的,但事实上,科学家可以轻易在未来发表文章中引用自己写的文章,或者和同行约定引用对方的文章。难点1:如何翻译虚拟语气(非真实条件句)?简单的诸如"If I were you, I would buy the car"(如果我是你,我会买这辆车。)很好处理。但49这一题比较复杂,其核心结构是"This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that …",大致可以翻译为“如果不是因为这样一个事实,这会是合理的”。不过,因为“事实”对应的内容非常长,而且“如果…这会是…”也不太符合汉语表达习惯,所以杨凡达老师将其润色为“这种做法本应该是合理的,但事实上,…”难点2:"associates"为多义词,通常做动词表示“联系”,在这里做名词用表示“同事”。难点3:"similar favors"。这个短语的字面意思是“相类似的好处”。如果不结合上下文,很难明白这个短语真正想表达什么。前文说“开始引入论文质量衡量体系”,这本是件好事。但所谓道高一尺魔高一丈,研究者会利用机制漏洞继续发表低质量作文,也就是"the fact that …"之后的内容。比如,他们会在新文章中引用自己发表的文章已增加影响因子,或者和同事约定好互相引用,也就对应到原文"get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors"(让同事写论文时引用自己的文章,好处就是自己也去引用对方的文章)。50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reprocible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivize that kind of science.参考译文:如果我们认真地想确保我们的科学研究是有意义的,并且可以被后人反复利用,我们就必须保证我们的制度鼓励大家做这样的研究。难点1:如何翻译"reprocible"?这是一个超纲词,但并不“犯规”。意思是,这个单词由常见词根词缀构成——"re = again + proce = make + ible = be able to"。因此,这个单词的字面含义是“可再生的,可复制的,可繁殖的”,也就是“能够再次生产”。不过我们若将"our science is reprocible"翻译为“我们的科学是可再生/复制/繁殖的”显然不妥。那么,作者到底想表达什么?我们还需要借助上下文。整篇文章说医学界论文质量大幅下降,发表的都是“垃圾”,说明这些论文一文不值,对于社会进步没有任何帮助。而好的论文应该可被利用的,比如利用论文成果开发产品改善生活质量、或者给后续科研提供理论基础等等。所以,我将其翻译为“可被后人反复利用”难点2:超纲词"incentivize"。熟悉的配方,熟悉的味道,这依然是由常见词根词缀构成的单词。"incentive"是考研大纲收入的名词,意思是“鼓励、激励”,而"ize"是常见动词后缀,那么"incentivize"理论上可理解为“鼓励、激励”这个动作,而且这也符合原文语境。总结:英语一英译汉板块依然是整张试卷最难的板块,但在这部分上拿到不错分数也并非不可能。我们需要的是方法和态度。方法指的是了解英译汉命题规律和考点,比如一直重点考查的多义词、派生词和固定用法,以及今年首次考查的虚拟语气等。那么我们在背单词阶段的态度应该有所转变。比如,我们需要积累常见词根、词缀以便结合上下文猜测出超纲词的含义,我们还需要积累常见单词的生僻含义以及单词组合起来构成的固定用法(成语)。而且我们在做这些训练的同时,提升的绝对不只是英译汉能力,同时提高的还有阅读理解能力和写作能力。英语二 翻译It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He has such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.” Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game.”While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.参考译文:英国作家吉米哈利的实力容易被低估。他的作品讨喜且通俗易懂以致大家觉得任何人都可以模仿。“我可以写书,我只是没时间。”这种话我听过无数次。说起来容易,做起来却没那么简单。按照吉米哈利自己的说法,他在“尝试写作这种游戏”的初期并不顺利,这与大众对他的看法刚好相反。虽然大家都知道他才华横溢,但他带个世人的精彩作品都是多年阅读、练习以及不断重写的成果。和绝大数作家一样,他这一路必然有很多次被拒稿的失望经历,但这些使他对成功更加坚定。哈利一生中每一次成功都来之不易,在文学界的成就也不例外。【详细解析】和2018年真题类似,这一年翻译文章是对知名人物的介绍,文字难度低,通俗易懂,难度基本与2018持平。英语二翻译总体难度比英语一低,但每年得分率也不超过60%,这是因为字里行间中有一些细小的单词、短语、结构较难理解或润色,而这些点是阅卷者阅卷时的重点关注对象,也是得分或扣分的关键。从2010-2019这十年翻译真题,我们不断得出一个结论:重视英语基本功。这指的是对英语单词在特定语境中的理解、掌握常见的固定用法、以及了解英语和汉语在表达时的区别等等。英语二翻译价值15分,不容小觑,希望2020考研考生认真对待。1. It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot.这句话中包含的句型"It is easy to do something"通常译为“做某事很简单”,所以这句可直译为“低谷英国作家"James Herriot"很简单”。但这不够通顺,所以我们要对其润色,比如“英国作家"James Herriot"很容易被低估”,这就好比我们会把"It is easy to learn English"译为“英语很容易学”的原理是一样的。另外"James Herriot"这个名字可以不译,也可以根据读音译为詹姆斯哈里亚特(请参考007"James Bond"的译名)。尽管这个作家在国内早已约定翻译为吉米哈利,但译为“詹姆斯哈里亚特”不扣分。2. He has such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it.前半句直译成“他有如此的令人愉悦的、可读的风格”显然不妥。首先,我们在这里讨论他的作品风格,而不是他本人性格,所以"pleasant, readable"描述他的作品而非作者,因此我们可以将pleasant润色为“讨喜”,并将"readable"译为“通俗易懂”。3. How many times have I heard people say “I could write a book. I just haven't the time.”词句包含直接引语,这部分独立不可分割,我们可以先译出来——我可以写书,我只是没有时间。前半句的意思是多次听人们说这样一句话,所以整句话可译为:我听过多少次人们说“我可以写书,我只是没有时间”。也可以先翻译直接引语,再总结式地翻译前半句:“我可以写书,只是没时间。”这种话我听过无数次。4. Easily said. Not so easily done.省略句,源自成句"easily said than done"(说起来比做起来容易),原句为"It is easily said. It is not so easily done." 因为在这篇文章中,原本的成语一分为二,翻译时也可以如此断句——说起来容易,但做起来没那么简单。5. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game.”这句话包含两个插入成分。首先是"contrary to popular opinion"(与大众观点相反的是),这是一个句子状语,通常放在句首,偶尔像这句话一样,放在主语和谓语之间。在翻译的时候,放在句首符合汉语表达习惯。后面的"as he put it"(就像他所说的)是一个状语从句,但插入在of和后面的直接引语之间,造句理解困难。将这个成分剥离,我们可以看到剩下部分in his early days of “having a go at the writing game”其实是一个时间状语,修饰主干成分。在翻译"as he put it"时,要考虑放在整句话哪个位置。放在原句那个位置显然不妥;其实我们根据汉语的语感,这种表达要么放句首起引领作用,要么放句尾起总结作用,但句首已经有了“与大众观点相反的是”,所以两者都放句首造成冲突。那么我们考虑将"as he put it"放句尾,但这样一来无论怎么润色都不通顺,所以我们考虑将它放句首并将"contrary to popular opinion"从而润色为“这与大众观点相反”。如此一来,整句话就通顺了。6. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading.连词"while"放置于句首,多半情况下表示“虽然,尽管”,引导让步状语从句。从句中"natural talent"字面含义为“自然的才能”,也就是“天赋”的意思。另外,"an abundance of"的字面意思是“丰富的,大量的”,但搭配“天赋”不够通顺。冷静下来想一想,所谓的“丰富大量的天赋”不就是“才华横溢”嘛。主干部分都主语说的是他的作品。"Polished"一词原本指“经过打磨的”,但修饰作品时则表示“精彩的”。7. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed.连词"but"之前的句子不太好润色。"Many disappointments and rejections"直译的结果是“多次失望和拒绝”。我们需要结合文章背景来做进一步理解:这位作家并非年少成名,而偏向大器晚成。那么一个这样的作家在早期必然经历很多挫折,比如像J.K.罗琳那样写的很多稿件被出版社拒之门外,从而无比失望了,这不就对应到"many disappointments和rejections"嘛。那么我们可以将这部分润色为“他这一路必然有很多次被拒稿/稿件被拒的失望经历”8. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.前半句考查固定用法"earn … the hard way",意思是“做到某事来之不易”。同学们可能没见过这种用法,但根据"the hard way"和全文大意也能猜测出大概含义。后半句也包含一个固定句子结构"X be no exception",意思是“X也不例外”,这个短语在阅读真题中出现过,做过相应文章的同学应该不陌生,可以轻松翻译出来。最后,祝大家圣诞节快乐。

逆世界

1999年考研英语翻译题型答案—本文讨论历史学研究方法的问题

While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定,但是现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.由于受其所处时间和地点的限制,每一代史学家都要重新判断过去哪些史料对他们具有重要价值。In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan.在这种探索中,所发现的证据总是不完全的、零散的,而且常常是不全面的或带有派别色彩的。The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.历史研究这个行当的讽刺意味在于,从事研究的人一直知道,他们的努力只不过是为永无止境的过程添砖加瓦而已。Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论,主要是因为史学界内部意见不一,其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.尽管历史学一度崇尚它与文学和哲学的相似之处,但新兴的社会科学似乎提供了更多机会,以便人们能够提出新问题,有了解过去的有效途径。Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.社会科学研究的方法论必须进行改变以适应这样一个学科,其基础是史料,而不是当代社会的需要。During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.在这种转变中,历史学家研究历史时,那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.在历史学界,方法论这个词从来都是模棱两可的。There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical workin general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historicalinquiry.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念,还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段,人们对此意见不一。Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.”史学家,尤其是那些单纯局限于他们研究兴趣的史学家,被指责为使用“单方向研究法”,他们常常成为“纯技术方法论”的牺牲品。Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.纯技术方法论错误地把整个学科与学科研究的某些操作方法等同起来,这种情况在自然科学领域里也屡见不鲜。It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论,后者则认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

金鱼缸

1996年考研英语翻译题型答案—政府对科研的投资改变了科学的发展

原文+翻译:科学研究的各个领域相对发展速度各不相同,其中有若干原因。71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others arereasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extentself-accelerating.在这些原因中,有些纯属社会需求;另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.然而,有些产生发展速度差异的原因就不尽合理,仅是因为某些权威人士对科学理论究竟应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法,这些想法改变了不同学科领域的发展模式。This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.这是一个新问题,虽然可以避免,但其趋势却令人担忧。72) This trend began ring the Second World War, when severalgovernments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to makeof its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向其科研机构提出具体的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。It can be predicted, however, that from time to time, questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.然而,可以预见的是,往往会出现一些问题,要求有具体科学的解答。It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.因此,把科研机构看作一种资源或一台机器,应维持其良好的运行状态,这种做法通常很有价值。73) This seems mostly effectively done by supportinga certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in thefuture.给某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研予以支持,看来能够有效地解决这个问题。This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds.与所有政府资助项目一样,这种资助需要确定合适的资金接受对象。Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward.根据某一项目是否具有效用做出决策直接明了。But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult.但是在若干没有直接效用的项目中,要做出抉择就困难得多。The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science, but a valid determination is difficult to make.资助机构的目标是支持“好”的学科,而不资助“坏”的学科,这一点值得赞扬,然而要做出正确的抉择却很困难。Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.人们往往将好学科与该学科是否能够提出一套完美的理论混淆起来。74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects.然而,世界就是如此,完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.同过去一样,将来必然出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完美以新的标准。

途隙守神

考研英语有多难?网友吐槽:谁能告诉我Renaissance怎么翻译?

2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语考试部分已经结束,对于许多参加考试的学子而言有人欢喜有人忧,然而更多的还是源源不断地抱怨吐槽声。为何会出现这样的情况呢?根据考生透露,主要是今年英语考试中出现了许多新单词,还有许多自己从未接触过的翻译,考完之后感觉自己的英语水平受到了“羞辱”。那么究竟是怎样的题能让众多考生纷纷摇头呢?我们来看几道。第一种:自己挖坑型网友在完成英语小作文时,介绍到了岳飞,此时就想将岳母在在岳飞背上刺上“精忠报国”的故事介绍一下,然而呢,无奈实力有限,实在不知道如何翻译精忠报国,于是急中生智,写了一个“I love China”,真不知道该夸这位网友聪明还是该说他没有提前做好规划。第二种:才疏学浅型在考研英语翻译题中出现了这样一个词“Renaissance”,不得不承认这是一个并不怎么常见的单词,对于考生而言,自然没见过的概率很大。于是就不知道这个单词该怎么翻译了。不过网友可不笨,一看这个单词放在句中还大写,不是人名就是专有名词啊。专有名词肯定猜不出具体什么意思,但是人名还是可以猜一下的嘛。于是呢,他就巧妙地将”文艺复兴“给翻译成了”瑞娜萨莎“,是不是毫无违和感?不过这个分数只能说与你无缘了。第三种:怀疑人生型参加考研的学子英语水平不一,难免就有一些确实英语基础较差,再加上此次英语考试题目难度较大。于是呢就会出现一问三不知的情况。就像上图中的网友就很生动形象地描述了当时自己的心理状态。”看到英语试卷,我对它说:hello,nice to meet you!“"英语试卷说:你好,题目是各种繁体生僻字,请答题。"风趣幽默的比喻将当时考场中众多英语基础较差的学子的心理状态描述得淋漓尽致。第四种:当场崩溃型不得不说这一次考研英语的难度让众多考生对自己的认识更加深刻,终于明白以前引起为傲的英语与别人之间还是存在着不少的差距。这不,这次考试由于生词较多,不少考生甚至没有答完题。就像上图中的考生一样,小作文、翻译都没有做完。之前提到的文艺复兴也没有翻译出来。考完直言:”英语一是我受到过最大的屈辱!“当然英语要想考高分离不开一定的词汇量。此次英语之所以成为众多考研考生最大的阻碍,莫过于不认识的单词太多,也从侧面反应考生的词汇量仍存在不足。所以当务之急还是利用空余时间多提升下自己的词汇量。英语和语文类似,需要大量的记忆和使用。今年的考研接近尾声,明年或者将来参加考试的你们,准备好了吗?

黄河谣

1992年考研英语翻译题型全文翻译和解释—本文介绍智力测试的概念

“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct -- the meaning of the word has never been clear. 智力充其量只是一个假设性的概念,因为智力的含义从来就是模糊的。There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term thanthere is on how to interpret or classify them.人们对智力这个词所指的各种表现意见比较一致,而对这些表现的解释或分类则有不同的看法。But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.但普遍认为,智力高的人是能指那些够迅速领会思想、区分事物、进行逻辑推理并运用文字和数字符号来解决问题的人。An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school.智力测验只是粗略衡量一个儿童学习的能力,尤其是学习学校所要求的各种知识的能力。It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical enrance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to -- it was not designed for such purposes.智力测验并不测定人的个性、社会适应能力、身体耐力、手工技能或艺术才能。其设计初衷也并非为了测定这些方面。To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.批评智力测试不反映上述情况,就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.我们要注意的另一件事是,对任何测试对象的智力评估都是比较而言的。Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.既然对智力的评估是比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时,我们所使用的尺度能提供有效的或公平的比较。It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one’s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it.正是基于这一点,产生了一些让我们关注的问题。进行任何测试至少要包含三个因素:尽力考好的意向,理解考试要求所需要的知识,以及做这件事情所需的智能。The first two must be equalfor all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.如果从智力方面进行任何比较的话,那么对所有的被比较者来说,前两个因素必须是一样的。In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly.在我们的文化培养的学生中,上述设想可以公平合理。这就完全证明了智力测试的价值。Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction.它的价值当然就在它对预测提供了令人满意的依据。No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test;没有人会对一个儿童在测试中所取得的分数感兴趣。what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence.”我们感兴趣的是,我们能否从他测试的成绩中得出结论:与同龄人相比,这个儿童在完成我们认为需要“一般智力”的任务时,他会做的更好还是更差。On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定把握的,但前提是必须两个假定成立:这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比较的孩子对测试的态度相同;他没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

天乐

1993年考研英语翻译题型全文翻译—科学家的与常人的思维活动差异

The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式,也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.他们之间没有其他差别,不过是科学家的思维操作模式与正常人的思维操作模式之间的一样,这种差别有如面包师或卖肉者用普通磅秤称他们物品的重量的操作方法与化学家用天平以及精确度量的重量单位进行一个困难且复杂的分析之间的不同。It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平的构造原理或工作方式上存在差别,而是说与前者相比,后者是一种更精密的装置,因而在计量上必然更准确。You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples.如果我给你一些熟悉的例子,或许,你可以更好地理解这点差异。Youhave all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of inction (归纳法) and dection,that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Naturecertain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they builp their theories.你们都多次听说过,科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的,他们用这些方法,在某种意义上说,力求从自然界找出某些自然规律,然后他们根据这些规律,用自己的某种非同一般的本领,建立起他们的理论。And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind canbe by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort ofspecial training.许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能获得。To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men;听了那些夸大的言语,你可能会认为科学家的头脑一定和其他人的大脑构造不同;but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.但是假如你没有被这些言词所吓倒,你会发现,你完全错了;你还会发现,所有这些可怕的仪器你自己每天每时也在使用。There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere’s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose (散文) ring the whole of his life.在莫里哀的一个剧本中有这样一个著名的插曲:作者让主人公得知他整个一生中一直在说散文后,表现出无限的喜悦。In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inctive and dective philosophy ring the same period.同样,我认为,当你一旦发现你一生中一直在按归纳法和演绎法的哲理办事时,你也会感到安慰和欣喜的。Probably there is not one here who has not in the courseof the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind,though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causesof natural phenomena.在座的诸位中,大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动,这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动,尽管复杂程度不同,但在类型上是完全一样的。

黑蜡烛

1996年考研英语阅读第五篇翻译—本文介绍一本批评创世论的著作

大家好,咱们来看一篇阅读,这篇阅读是1996年考研英语试卷一的第五篇阅读,介绍了一本关于批评创世论的著作,原文如下,并把原文内的中文翻译也一并给出,方便理解。原文:Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared.有传言说,有20多本关于创世论与进化论之争的书即将出版,其中有几本已经面世。The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.出版所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓:就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言,不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened.对于所发生的一切,宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。“Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.而“科学”创世论——当课堂上讲授进化论时,有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释它——是基于宗教,而非科学的。Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.实际上,所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将“科学”创世论看作是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introction to evolution.金切尔这本书的前四章简要地介绍了进化论。At appropriate places, he introces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers.在适当的地方,作者引入了对创世论的非难并提供了回答。In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating.在书的后三章,他毫不客气地对创世论者进行了猛烈抨击。He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.他揭露了这些人的行动计划和骗人手段,对那些不了解创世论者惯用手法的人来说,其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会令人感到气愤和震惊。When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.由于他们的基本动机是宗教,人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的行为。Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments.金切尔是位哲学家,这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory.非专业人士起码可以从中了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all.关于创世论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。On the st jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.”这部优秀作品的护封上,斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德这样写道:“本书代表了理性”。And so it does -- and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.的确如此——如果理性是创世论和进化论之争的唯一评判标准,一切问题就已解决了。试题:51. “Creationism” in the passage refers to.[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe[B] a notion of the creation of religion[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe52. Kitcher’s book is intended to.[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists[B] expose the true features of creationists[C] curse bitterly at this opponents[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists53. From the passage we can infer that.[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings54. This passage appears to be a digest of.[A] a book review[B] a scientific paper[C] a magazine feature[D] a newspaper editorial简单介绍几个单词的含义:creationism 创世论st jacket(n.)(精装书的)护封deceptive 骗人的,迷惑人的;误导的newspaper editorial 报纸社论答案:D B B A你做对了吗?

鲫蛆甘带

近20年考研英语真题翻译常考词组

考研英语,翻译是很多考研童鞋们的伤。其主要的原因是,基础没有打牢固,词组和单词量的积累不够或者对意思的理解有偏差。其实翻译是很容易得分的题目,记住下面总结的这些近20年真题中的常考的翻译词组,可以帮我们更加高效地做出翻译题目,有效地把握命题的规律!其实这些词组不仅做翻译很有用,做完型填空的时候也是有用的,完型填空里面就会有很多的固定搭配。自己写作文的时候也可以合理地使用这些词组,让改卷的老师眼前一亮的赶脚。最后,21考研的童鞋要好好加油咯!已经正式步入6月份了!