2001年考研英语翻译

近20年考研英语真题翻译常考词组，助你成功上岸收藏起来吧素材来源：艺考直通车

1. be determined by 由…所决定2. have something to do with 与…有关3. be central to sth. 是…的核心4. in contrast/by contrast 与此相反5. be e to 由于（常做表语）6. be deprived of 被剥夺7. respond to 对…作出反应8. as the basis of 依据/根据9. be born with 天生具有10. In contrast 相比之下11. shut off 关上，停止，切断12. in any case=at any rate 不管怎样，无论如何；in no case 决不13. or so 大概，大约14. at the rate of 以…的速率15. take time 花费时间16. be likely to 可能；倾向于17. result in 导致18. not nearly 远不能；远非19. head into 走向；陷入（危机）20. in the matter of 关于；就…而言21. make…possible 使…成为可能22. combine…with 把……和…结合起来；加上23. in the fashion of 以…方式24. such…as 像…一样25. refer to… 提到；谈到26. agreement on 一致意见27. be comparable to 和…相当；犹如28. in terms of 根据；按照；在…方面29. on the whole 总体来说；大体上看30. draw a conclusion 得出结论31. have the attitude towards 对…的态度32. only if 只要33. the same…as 与…一样34. by lack of=for lack of 因为缺乏35. nothing but 只不过是36. by means of 通过；借助于37. by the help of 通过…的帮助38. in a sort of sense 从某种意义上来说39. manage to do sth. 设法做到40. extract …from 从……提炼出41. out of… 起源；来源；根据42. build up 建立；树立43. by no means 绝不44. be compared with 与……相比45. a sort of 某种46. set…… in motion 开始；47. differ in… 在…方面不同48. go through 经历；经受；仔细检查49. in the one case =on the one hand50. in the course of the day=ring the day51. a train of=a series of=an array of=a variety of52. revolve around 围绕…转；以…为中心53. not so much…as 与其说…不如说…54. because of 由于55. move forward 向前发展56. in short 简而言之；总之57. as we call it 我们所谓的58. the reach of science 科学能够到达的范围59. a series of 一系列60. over the years 多年以来61. turn…on… 转向，朝向62. rather than 而不是63. at the expense of=at the cost of 以…为代价64. vice versa 反之亦然65. depend on 取决于66. driving force 驱动力67. social inequality 社会不公68. in doing sth 在…过程中69. divert…from 把…从…转移70. lie with 取决于；在于71. be validated by 被…验证/证实72. whether…or 是……还是73. depend upon…and on 取决于…还取决于…74. depend upon…and upon 取决于…还取决于…75. such…as 例如，象这种的76. in general 通常；大体上；一般而言77. for example 比如78. compensate for 补偿；赔偿79. underprivileged youngster 贫困的/下层社会的年轻人80. grow up 长大81. under…circumstances 在…环境下82. be results of 由于…83. social needs 社会需求84. to some extent 在一定程度上85. come to the conclusion得出结论86. make demand of对…提出要求87. scientific establishment科研机构88. in detail详细地89. a certain amount of一定数量的90. not related to…与…没有关系91. immediate goals当前目标92. be unable to do不能够…93. in principle原则上；基本上；一般而言94. deal with应付；解决；处理95. new forms of thought新的思维方式96. as well as和97. new subjects for thought新的思维对象/内容98. in the past过去99. give rise to sth导致；引起；使…产生100. scoial contract社会合同101. an agreed account of共识102. human rights人权103. leads……to 导致104. at the outset从一开始；开始的时候105. invite sb. to do sth.使某人认为106. ties and entitlements权利和义务107. extend to给与108. no…at all. 根本不是109. arguing from the view that…以…的角度看110. different from…… 与…不同111. in every relevant respect在所有相关的方面112. in action起作用113. laugh at嘲笑114. even more important更重要的是115. be able to能够116. look into洞察；观察117. put forward放出；拿出；提出118. work with与…共事/合作；起作用119. close in on接近，差不多120. as expected正如预期的121. a refinement of一种更为完美的122. as…as… 和…一样123. conform to符合；遵照124. see…as 把…看作125. less…and more 与其说…不如说…126. intellectual discipline知识学科127. whether…or 是…还是…128. refer to指代…129. peculiar to…特有的130. appropriate to适合的；恰当的131. apply to适合于；存在于132. view…as 把…看成；把…当成133. equate…with 把…等同于…；认为…是134. speclialized scientists专家135. centralized control中央控制136. under…conditions在…条件下137. such as比如138. it is obvious that很明显…139. be bound up with与…联系在一起；与…有关系140. be directly bound up with与…直接相关141. in turn依此；轮流；又142. rest upon…取决于143. of all kinds所有种类的…144. owing to由于145. be exposed to sth.暴露于；接触到146. be forced to do sth.被迫做…147. for the reasons given above由于上述原因148. far-reaching意义深远的；影响很大的149. spread over遍布；覆盖150. arise from由…产生的；由…带来的151. migration movement人口流动152. modern means of transport现代交通手段153. population explosion人口爆炸154. pollution monitor污染监测器155. digital age数字时代156. be regarded as…被当成是157. piece together拼合；汇聚；综合158.hundreds of 数以百计的159. around the world全世界160. key breakthroughs and discoveries重大突破与发现161. take place发生162. point out指出163. lead to导致164. home appliances家用电器165. result in导致166. man-machine integration人机一体化167. behavior science行为科学168. human nature人性169. natural selction自然选择170. a little more than a hundred yeras一百多年171. what is called所谓的172. trace…to… 从…寻找根源；从…研究173. state of mind心态174. and so on诸如此类175. partly because…and partlybecause…部分是因为…部分是因为…176. be held responsible for…被认为应该对…负责177. be given credit for… 为…受到称赞178. with it随之179. cross-cultrual perspective跨文化的角度180. concrete research具体研究181. subject…to…使…服从于182. in… manner以…方式；用…方法183. seek to力图；试图；设法184. combined with加上；连同185. bring to加进；使用；采用186. define…as…把…定义为187. makes…possible使…成为可能188. language and thought语言和思维189. have some connections with…与…有联系；190. take root生根；被牢固树立191. be obliged to sb.感激某人192. die out灭绝193. so…that…如此…以至于194. accuse sb. of…指责某人干某事195. be interested in doing sth.对…感兴趣196. come to开始；逐渐；进而197. believe in相信198. a sort of某种的199. habitual thought习惯思维200. grammatical pattern语法结构201. publishing houses出版社202. as elsewhere像其他地方一样203. bring together使联合；使团结204. in relation to有关205. one another/each other互相206. out of…在…当中207. make up组成208. no less than多达；不少于209. take a loss亏损210. deal with对付；处理211. on such a scale如此规模的212. it is no exaggeration to say…毫不夸张地说213. the connecting fabric of the Old Continent欧洲大陆的联系网络/把欧洲大陆连成一个整体214. define…as…把…定义为215. elect…as把…当作216. be analogous to…与…类似；与…相似216. contribute to…有助于217. be charged with…承担…；负责…218. dedicate…to…把…献给…；把…用于…219. make reflections on…对…进行思考220. rules of conct行为准则221. moral code道德标准223. moral judgments道德判断224. not…any but=noting but225. more than不只是226. special preserve特殊权利227. intellectual equipment知识才能228. everyday realities日常现实229. on a daily basis每天230. established conventions and specialresponsibilities已有传统和特殊责任231. a clear grasp/command of…对…的清晰领会232. leagal learning法律学习234. link…to把…同…联系起来235. be parallel to类似于236. on a daily basis每天237. established conventions既定惯例238. enable…to…使…。能够239. be superior to优于； beinferior to 劣于240. succeed with在方面取得成功241. well-founded有说服力的242. no power of reasoning推理能力243. the common run of men普通人244. moral character道德品质245. be injurious to

英语一 翻译2019英语一翻译讲述医疗杂志文章质量下降这样一个现象，并分析了原因及危害，以及呼吁我们应该做什么。这和考研英语作文一样的结构——提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。我们来聊聊考察语言点的变化。首先，49题考查对虚拟语气的正确理解和翻译。这是英语一1997年以来首次考查复杂虚拟语气的翻译！这表明，不能因为历年真题没有考查过就认定不会考。考生需要掌握英语所有常见语法知识点，方可应对英译汉。其次，47题考查比较结构，这是历史上第一次考查带有倍数的比较结构，并且第二比较项中的"would have done"这种带推测的动词形式在翻译中几乎没有考查过，而且也不作为阅读理解的考点。所以考生并没有予以重视，预计得分率很低。然后是词汇方面。英译汉每年都考查大量的多义词、派生词和固定用法，今年也不例外。比如46题中的多义词"lay"、复合形容词"short-lived"；49题中的多义词"associates"以及固定用法"in return for"；还有，50题中的派生词"reprocible"和"incentivize"。以上都会给考场中紧张的考生造句困难。杨凡达老师预计今年的英译汉难度系数会在0.35-0.4之间，与去年持平或略简单。46）There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.参考译文：这些医学杂志中包含大量这种无稽之谈，如果广播电台和非专业媒体对此信以为真并加以报道，这将引发人们的健康恐慌以及短期的饮食热潮。难点1："nonsense"。直接翻译成“废话”扣分，因为在这句中不是那层意思。原文前面说每周吃超过多少克的西兰花会导致年纪大了后更容易贫血。其实我们平常在新闻中看到类似的言论有很多。作者的意思是这些都是扯淡，没有严谨的科学依据。所以这里的"nonsense"译为“无稽之谈”要好一些。难点2：短语"take up"的意思是“接受并开始做/从事某事”。意思是这些广播电台听信了这样的说法就会如何如何。难点3："the lay press"中的"lay"是难点，不是我们熟知的“放置、铺设”等的意思。"lay"在这里做形容词，表示“非专业的，外行的”，所以"layman"这个词表示“门外汉”。这里的"the lay press"指的是非专业媒体，大概就是那种野鸡媒体。难点4："short-lived"可根据其本身和上下文来猜测其大概含义。"short"表示短，"lived"表示活着，所以"short-lived"大概意思是“短命的”，在这里引申为“短暂的，为期不长的”。47）nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would otherwise have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.参考译文：现如今，任何一个申请研究岗位的人事先必须发表论文的数量，是10年前申请同一岗位所需论文数量的两倍。难点1：处理这句话中的比较结构。通读句子，我们大概得到的信息是“A是B的两倍”，只是如何把这句话翻的通顺是需要思考的。难点2："would otherwise have been"是后半句的难点，"otherwise"字面意思是“否则”，但如果润色到位可以不用翻译出来。但"would have done"这种特殊的谓语形式，其实很多同学会觉得比较难。这个结构表示“合理推测”，在虚拟语气中经常出现，比如"I would have been a programmer but end up being an English teacher."(我本可以成为一名程序员，结果却当了英语老师)。在这句话中，用"would have been"表示如果是十年前，本可以怎么样怎样。48）Attempts have been made to curb this kind of tendency to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant's published papers.参考译文：人们已经尝试扭转这种趋势，比如除发表数量外，在评估申请人已发表论文时引入与质量挂钩的衡量标准。难点1：被动语态"have been made"如何处理。我在翻译课反复强调被动语态的处理方法，主要手段有将“被”字转译为其它汉子或将被动语态转为主动语态亦或者总体换一个说法。考生在考场上需要做的是用这几种方法去尝试，合理通顺即可。这一句的"Attempts have been made to …"可译为“人们已经尝试…”。难点2："as well as"。很多人以为这是“而且”的意思，可以代替"and"，但这只是它的其中一种用法。我记得我在某课中讲解过"as well as"的另一种用法——表示“除…之外还有…”，在句子中充当定语。在48题中，如果我们将"as well as"理解为第一种情况，"some measure of quality as well as quantity"的意思是“某种质量和数量的衡量标准”。好像没太明白是什么意思，对不对？上下文告诉我们，因为只看论文数量导致大家拼命写论文而导致质量下降，所以我们已经采取了一些搜段来改变这种状况，那不就是应该在数量之外引入新的衡量标准，比如论文质量。所以"as well as"在这里符合第二种情况，表示“除…之外还有…”。考生在考场上需要迅速做出这样的判断，难度比较大，所以杨老师认为这0.5分很多考生拿不到。难点3："an applicant's published papers"。这个语言点考得很细，考查过去分词的语义。过去分词可以表“完成”或“被动”，考生需要根据语境判断。这里所说的“申请者的论文”指什么？第47句告诉我们申请者需要在申请之前发表一定数量的论文。根据这一点，我们可以断定"published"在这里表示完成，那么"an applicant's published papers"指“申请者已经发表的论文”。49）This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.参考译文：这种做法本应该是合理的，但事实上，科学家可以轻易在未来发表文章中引用自己写的文章，或者和同行约定引用对方的文章。难点1：如何翻译虚拟语气（非真实条件句）？简单的诸如"If I were you, I would buy the car"（如果我是你，我会买这辆车。）很好处理。但49这一题比较复杂，其核心结构是"This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that …"，大致可以翻译为“如果不是因为这样一个事实，这会是合理的”。不过，因为“事实”对应的内容非常长，而且“如果…这会是…”也不太符合汉语表达习惯，所以杨凡达老师将其润色为“这种做法本应该是合理的，但事实上，…”难点2："associates"为多义词，通常做动词表示“联系”，在这里做名词用表示“同事”。难点3："similar favors"。这个短语的字面意思是“相类似的好处”。如果不结合上下文，很难明白这个短语真正想表达什么。前文说“开始引入论文质量衡量体系”，这本是件好事。但所谓道高一尺魔高一丈，研究者会利用机制漏洞继续发表低质量作文，也就是"the fact that …"之后的内容。比如，他们会在新文章中引用自己发表的文章已增加影响因子，或者和同事约定好互相引用，也就对应到原文"get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors"（让同事写论文时引用自己的文章，好处就是自己也去引用对方的文章）。50）If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reprocible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivize that kind of science.参考译文：如果我们认真地想确保我们的科学研究是有意义的，并且可以被后人反复利用，我们就必须保证我们的制度鼓励大家做这样的研究。难点1：如何翻译"reprocible"？这是一个超纲词，但并不“犯规”。意思是，这个单词由常见词根词缀构成——"re = again + proce = make + ible = be able to"。因此，这个单词的字面含义是“可再生的，可复制的，可繁殖的”，也就是“能够再次生产”。不过我们若将"our science is reprocible"翻译为“我们的科学是可再生/复制/繁殖的”显然不妥。那么，作者到底想表达什么？我们还需要借助上下文。整篇文章说医学界论文质量大幅下降，发表的都是“垃圾”，说明这些论文一文不值，对于社会进步没有任何帮助。而好的论文应该可被利用的，比如利用论文成果开发产品改善生活质量、或者给后续科研提供理论基础等等。所以，我将其翻译为“可被后人反复利用”难点2：超纲词"incentivize"。熟悉的配方，熟悉的味道，这依然是由常见词根词缀构成的单词。"incentive"是考研大纲收入的名词，意思是“鼓励、激励”，而"ize"是常见动词后缀，那么"incentivize"理论上可理解为“鼓励、激励”这个动作，而且这也符合原文语境。总结：英语一英译汉板块依然是整张试卷最难的板块，但在这部分上拿到不错分数也并非不可能。我们需要的是方法和态度。方法指的是了解英译汉命题规律和考点，比如一直重点考查的多义词、派生词和固定用法，以及今年首次考查的虚拟语气等。那么我们在背单词阶段的态度应该有所转变。比如，我们需要积累常见词根、词缀以便结合上下文猜测出超纲词的含义，我们还需要积累常见单词的生僻含义以及单词组合起来构成的固定用法（成语）。而且我们在做这些训练的同时，提升的绝对不只是英译汉能力，同时提高的还有阅读理解能力和写作能力。英语二 翻译It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He has such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.” Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game.”While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.参考译文：英国作家吉米哈利的实力容易被低估。他的作品讨喜且通俗易懂以致大家觉得任何人都可以模仿。“我可以写书，我只是没时间。”这种话我听过无数次。说起来容易，做起来却没那么简单。按照吉米哈利自己的说法，他在“尝试写作这种游戏”的初期并不顺利，这与大众对他的看法刚好相反。虽然大家都知道他才华横溢，但他带个世人的精彩作品都是多年阅读、练习以及不断重写的成果。和绝大数作家一样，他这一路必然有很多次被拒稿的失望经历，但这些使他对成功更加坚定。哈利一生中每一次成功都来之不易，在文学界的成就也不例外。【详细解析】和2018年真题类似，这一年翻译文章是对知名人物的介绍，文字难度低，通俗易懂，难度基本与2018持平。英语二翻译总体难度比英语一低，但每年得分率也不超过60%，这是因为字里行间中有一些细小的单词、短语、结构较难理解或润色，而这些点是阅卷者阅卷时的重点关注对象，也是得分或扣分的关键。从2010-2019这十年翻译真题，我们不断得出一个结论：重视英语基本功。这指的是对英语单词在特定语境中的理解、掌握常见的固定用法、以及了解英语和汉语在表达时的区别等等。英语二翻译价值15分，不容小觑，希望2020考研考生认真对待。1. It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot.这句话中包含的句型"It is easy to do something"通常译为“做某事很简单”，所以这句可直译为“低谷英国作家"James Herriot"很简单”。但这不够通顺，所以我们要对其润色，比如“英国作家"James Herriot"很容易被低估”，这就好比我们会把"It is easy to learn English"译为“英语很容易学”的原理是一样的。另外"James Herriot"这个名字可以不译，也可以根据读音译为詹姆斯哈里亚特（请参考007"James Bond"的译名）。尽管这个作家在国内早已约定翻译为吉米哈利，但译为“詹姆斯哈里亚特”不扣分。2. He has such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it.前半句直译成“他有如此的令人愉悦的、可读的风格”显然不妥。首先，我们在这里讨论他的作品风格，而不是他本人性格，所以"pleasant, readable"描述他的作品而非作者，因此我们可以将pleasant润色为“讨喜”，并将"readable"译为“通俗易懂”。3. How many times have I heard people say “I could write a book. I just haven't the time.”词句包含直接引语，这部分独立不可分割，我们可以先译出来——我可以写书，我只是没有时间。前半句的意思是多次听人们说这样一句话，所以整句话可译为：我听过多少次人们说“我可以写书，我只是没有时间”。也可以先翻译直接引语，再总结式地翻译前半句：“我可以写书，只是没时间。”这种话我听过无数次。4. Easily said. Not so easily done.省略句，源自成句"easily said than done"(说起来比做起来容易)，原句为"It is easily said. It is not so easily done." 因为在这篇文章中，原本的成语一分为二，翻译时也可以如此断句——说起来容易，但做起来没那么简单。5. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game.”这句话包含两个插入成分。首先是"contrary to popular opinion"（与大众观点相反的是），这是一个句子状语，通常放在句首，偶尔像这句话一样，放在主语和谓语之间。在翻译的时候，放在句首符合汉语表达习惯。后面的"as he put it"（就像他所说的）是一个状语从句，但插入在of和后面的直接引语之间，造句理解困难。将这个成分剥离，我们可以看到剩下部分in his early days of “having a go at the writing game”其实是一个时间状语，修饰主干成分。在翻译"as he put it"时，要考虑放在整句话哪个位置。放在原句那个位置显然不妥；其实我们根据汉语的语感，这种表达要么放句首起引领作用，要么放句尾起总结作用，但句首已经有了“与大众观点相反的是”，所以两者都放句首造成冲突。那么我们考虑将"as he put it"放句尾，但这样一来无论怎么润色都不通顺，所以我们考虑将它放句首并将"contrary to popular opinion"从而润色为“这与大众观点相反”。如此一来，整句话就通顺了。6. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading.连词"while"放置于句首，多半情况下表示“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句。从句中"natural talent"字面含义为“自然的才能”，也就是“天赋”的意思。另外，"an abundance of"的字面意思是“丰富的，大量的”，但搭配“天赋”不够通顺。冷静下来想一想，所谓的“丰富大量的天赋”不就是“才华横溢”嘛。主干部分都主语说的是他的作品。"Polished"一词原本指“经过打磨的”，但修饰作品时则表示“精彩的”。7. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed.连词"but"之前的句子不太好润色。"Many disappointments and rejections"直译的结果是“多次失望和拒绝”。我们需要结合文章背景来做进一步理解：这位作家并非年少成名，而偏向大器晚成。那么一个这样的作家在早期必然经历很多挫折，比如像J.K.罗琳那样写的很多稿件被出版社拒之门外，从而无比失望了，这不就对应到"many disappointments和rejections"嘛。那么我们可以将这部分润色为“他这一路必然有很多次被拒稿/稿件被拒的失望经历”8. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.前半句考查固定用法"earn … the hard way"，意思是“做到某事来之不易”。同学们可能没见过这种用法，但根据"the hard way"和全文大意也能猜测出大概含义。后半句也包含一个固定句子结构"X be no exception"，意思是“X也不例外”，这个短语在阅读真题中出现过，做过相应文章的同学应该不陌生，可以轻松翻译出来。最后，祝大家圣诞节快乐。

来源：网络考研英语翻译练习1：There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.-有很多这类无稽之谈 在医学期刊上，当被广播公司和非专业媒体接受时，会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。-在医学期刊上，有很多这类无稽之谈， 如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈，就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。在翻译的时候，有几点要注意：1.语序。状语前置，即 in the medical journals 要前置，放在句子的开头。2.英语的被动语态翻译成汉语时，常常用主动语态，即 taken up 这个地方要翻译成主动语态，并且需要补充一下主语。单词、短语：a great deal of —— 很多lay —— 外行的generate —— 引起short-lived —— 短暂的taken up by —— 被……接受；被……拿起；被……占据[此文转自本人简书：由由书儿]单选|你觉得这个句子的翻译得怎么样？很好，通顺、意思表达准确一般，有点儿奇怪不好不好，我翻译得更好打开百度APP进行投票如果你有更好的意见，欢迎在下方和大家分享~

原文+译文：Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.实际上，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者（即做实验的人）有所准备的头脑。Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple.据说艾萨克·牛顿爵士是从苹果落地现象中发现了万有引力。Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets.多少个世纪以来，许多地方一直都有苹果落到地面，成千上万的人也都看过苹果落地。但多年来只有牛顿一直对月球和行星沿轨道运行的起因感到好奇。What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.是什么使它们保持在现在的位置？它们为什么不从天上掉下来？苹果向下落到地面而不向上飞到树上，这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大的“果实”——月球和行星所存有的疑问。How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree?多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢？Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research.牛顿这样做了，因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是怀有好奇心。他的头脑在准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究的一个基本特征。If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。科学家们在为学术刊物撰写呆板的例行报告时往往会忘记这一点，而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought.在和一些科学家，特别是年轻科学家交谈时，你可能会有这样一种印象：他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment.我出席过一些科研会议，会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.”那位科学家皱了皱眉，又看了看图表，然后说：“数据还是不够确定。”“We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.预算部门的人说：“这点我们知道，但你的意见如何？你觉得值得做下去吗？你觉得我们可以期待什么呢？”这位科学家感到很震惊，他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.当然，这几乎等于说：这位科学家成了自己所写报告的受害者。He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced instrial and business management that they are true.他所提出的种种论断是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不仅他自己相信了，而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to proce results measurable in dollars and cents.假如科学实验像科学杂志报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可用美元、美分衡量的结果是完全合理的。It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.审计人员也完全有理由相信，确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要分心：用一只眼盯着现金计数器的同时，用另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家渴望规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，也就是无可指摘的。试题：51. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are concted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research52. The author asserts that scientists.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings53. It seems that some young scientists.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”54. The author implies that the results of scientific research.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by management答案：A B D A

According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 新学派的科学家认为，技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。Science moves forward, they say, not so much throughthe insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniquesand tools.他们说，科学的进步与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。“In short,” a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution,as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instrumentsthat expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”“简言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物主张：“我们所称的科学革命，主要是指一系列工具的改进、发明和应用，这些改进、发明和应用扩大了科学在各个方向上的发展”。Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被史学家和哲学家忽视了。The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.鼓吹技术、否认天才的支持者的论据核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪明才智来源于第二世纪的天文学家托勒密，他创立了详尽的太空体系，该体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he wasthe first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planetsrevolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.伽利略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，旨在证实行星围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转。But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eye-glasses.但是，在新学派科学家看来，这件事件真正成功的因素是镜片制造机械长期以来不断的改进和发展。Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.联邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技术与天才之争中去。Whetherthe Government’s should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technologyor vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。试题分析31.[解析]本题考核的知识点是：not so much…的译法。这个句子的主干是Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of… as because of…。 这个句子的难点在于not so much… as 的译法。实际上它是对两种事物做比较，否定前者，肯定后者，这里是否定through the insights of great men of genius，肯定because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools，一般译为“与其……不如”，相类似的表达还有：more… than…, less… than…, not…but rather…等等。它们都是对一个事物的肯定和对另一个事物的否定。like在这里表示举例或列举的意思，译为“像”或“比如”。译文：他们（新学派科学家们）说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。32. [解析]本题考核的知识点是：定语从句先行词的判断和翻译时的前置和后置。句中的主句是a leader…contends; in short 至句末是contends的宾语从句。在这个从句中，主语是the scientific revolution, was是系动词，the improvement and invention and use of instruments是表语。as we call it意为“我们称之的”，it指revolution。表语the improvement and invention and use由介词词组of instruments和一个that引导的定语从句修饰。of短语一般译作前置定语。虽然离that 引导的定语从句最近的名词是instruments，但是此定语从句从意思上看并不是修饰instruments，而是修饰the improvement and invention and use。类似的这种情况经常可见，再例如：In fact a basic amount of movement occurs ring sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.事实上，在睡眠期间仍然有一个基本的活动量，这种活动量特别与防止肌肉活动中断有关。which 引导的定语从句不修饰靠它最近的sleep,而是修饰a basic amount of movement.如果一个词有多重定语，很难按中文的习惯把它们都译作前置定语。在这个情况下，可以根据通顺的原则将其简短地译作前置定语，而其他的则灵活处理。一般用“这”来代替先行词，或用重复先行词的方法。词汇方面：school 在这里意为“学派”；in short意为“简单地说，简而言之”。译文：“简言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物主张：“我们所称的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和应用使科学向各个方向发展发展。”33. [解析]本题考核的知识点是：as的用法和被动语态。这个句子是主干是tools and technology… have largely been ignored by…。被动句的完成时态，强调被动意义，可以译成汉语的被动语态。as的用法灵活，意思多样，出现频率也很高。它可以做连词、介词和副词，还有一系列的含as的短语。as在本题中后面带一个名词性的结构，因此是介词，意为“作为”。词汇方面：over the year意为“多年来”。themselves意为“本身”。译文：工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被史学家和哲学家忽视了。34.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：抽象名词、目的状语从句和rather than的译法。这是一个简单复合句。句子的主语是glory,谓语是was,表语由that引导的表语从句构成，基本符合中文的语序，可以顺译。表语从句中he是主语，was是系动词，the first person是表语。to turn the newly invented是不定式做定语修饰the first person。to prove that… 是目的状语，可以前置译作“为了……”，亦可以后置译作“以……”；prove后的that从句做动词prove的宾语。rather than 一般译作“而不是”。主语glory是一个抽象名词。翻译某些抽象名词时，在符合含义的情况下可以增词把它具体化，glory可译作“光辉的业绩”。译文：伽利略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，旨在证实行星围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转。35.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：at the expense of 和whether… or…的含义。这是一个简单复合句。句子的主干是Whether… or… often depends on…。主语是whether… or vice versa“是……还是相反”。Whether…or…一般译成“是……还是”，表示两者选择，因此or后头的vice versa表达的即是“以减少对纯科学的投入来增加对技术的投入”。谓语是depend on…。 宾语部分the issue意为“问题”，它表达的事情就是后面of加which从句的内容，即“把哪一方看做是驱动力量的问题”。词汇方面：financing显然是由动词finance变过来的动名词，其意思可以由动词或名词的意思猜出来。at the expense of 意为“以……为代价”。“以技术为代价去资助科学”的意思是“以减少对技术的投入来增加对科学的资助”。译文：政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入而增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看做是驱动力量。

【近20年考研真题--翻译常考词组】翻译是比较容易得分的题，记住这些历年真题中的常考词组，发挥的更好哦！

本文强调了要为大学生提供更多课程方面的信息，从而使他们在对各门不同学科进行钻研之后，选择符合自己兴趣和能力的学科。It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards.发现有多少上大学的年轻人对将来要做什么没有任何明确的想法，将是一件有趣的事情。(21) If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities.（21）如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程，我们就不难发现，对一个学生来说，要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。(22) If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit.（22）如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识，为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有好处的。(23) Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do.（23）学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束，气氛往往令人感到过于拘束，使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。(24) Most students would, I believe, profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all rounders” with no particular interest.（24）我认为大多数学生，尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”，经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益。They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say, “I should like to have been an archaeologist.他们应该有更长的时间来决定想拿什么学科的学位，以便在以后的岁月里回顾过去时不会说，“我希望自己是一名考古学家。If I hadn’t taken a degree in Modern Languages, I shouldn’t have ended up as an interpreter, but it’s too late now. I couldn’t go back and begin all over again.”如果我没有获得现代语言的学位，就不会成为一名翻译，但现在为时已晚。我不能回头再重新来过了。(25) There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one’s time at university.（25）当然，关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间，还有另外一个方面。(26) This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning.（26）某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。(27) He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about.（27）他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受，再花三、四年时间成为一名专家。结果他以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位，但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知。(28) It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.（28）因此，如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会，就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的的建议。这个问题显得越来越重要了。Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject,只有这样，我们才能确保：一方面，我们不会有一帮对自己学科以外的事情完全无知的专家，and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.另一方面，我们不会有越来越多的毕业生具备这个工作世界很少或没有需求的学科的知识。

While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但是现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.由于受其所处时间和地点的限制，每一代史学家都要重新判断过去哪些史料对他们具有重要价值。In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan.在这种探索中，所发现的证据总是不完全的、零散的，而且常常是不全面的或带有派别色彩的。The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.历史研究这个行当的讽刺意味在于，从事研究的人一直知道，他们的努力只不过是为永无止境的过程添砖加瓦而已。Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.尽管历史学一度崇尚它与文学和哲学的相似之处，但新兴的社会科学似乎提供了更多机会，以便人们能够提出新问题，有了解过去的有效途径。Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.社会科学研究的方法论必须进行改变以适应这样一个学科，其基础是史料，而不是当代社会的需要。During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.在历史学界，方法论这个词从来都是模棱两可的。There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical workin general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historicalinquiry.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.”史学家，尤其是那些单纯局限于他们研究兴趣的史学家，被指责为使用“单方向研究法”，他们常常成为“纯技术方法论”的牺牲品。Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.纯技术方法论错误地把整个学科与学科研究的某些操作方法等同起来，这种情况在自然科学领域里也屡见不鲜。It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者则认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。