2020年考研英语大纲原文

2021年研究生招生考试英语大纲已发布，研学长发现，相比去年的大纲，2021新大纲主要在词汇部分有所变动。总体来看，2021新大纲的变化对各位考研er的备考影响不大，大家可以重点去看一下新增的词汇，在原有复习计划基础上相应调整，继续复习即可。一、2021新大纲总体变化2021考研英语(一)、英语(二)新大纲考试性质、考查目标、考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构、评分细则均无变化。二、2021新大纲局部微调虽然2021新大纲大的考察方向及题型设置没有改变，但存在局部微调，2021新大纲主要改动的是词汇部分。具体而言，与去年相比，今年的大纲在"部分国家(或地区)、语言、国民及国籍表"部分新增了33个国家(或地区)的名称及相关信息，且9个国家的信息有变化，英国和美国的国家名称标记了全名，有7个国家(或地区)的"人"的称呼增加了"-woman"和"the-"的叫法，在"大洲名和大洋名"中也新增了四大洋的名称及形容词。根据上述变动，我们着重需要注意翻译和写作两个模块。1.翻译2021新大纲新增的国家及地区名在暗示考题的难度加大，因为这意味着考研文章的选取可能会涉及到这些国家的时事。同时，这也对考研翻译增加了难度，如果今年的翻译里面出来了这些地名，则一定要会翻译。但是各位考研er也不必心存恐惧，考研英语考察的是考研er的综合英语水平，因此，各位考研er在熟记考研新增词汇后继续按照之前的复习方向展开即可。2.写作今年新增的30多个一带一路友好国家、地区名称，反映今年考研作文可以多关注下【国际文化交流】、【文化之间的理解、沟通】之类的话题，渗透着教育部考试中心的意志，这个变化是值得深思的。2021年考研er想要了解更多考研资讯、复习资料与备考经验，可以搜索研学长进入学长考研资料页。 考研不是一个人的战斗，漫漫考研路上，研学长会一直陪伴在各位考研er左右。祝2021年考研er备考顺利，考研成功！

2021考研的同学们大家好，我们在9月初，如期的盼来了2021年考研大纲的发布。大纲是我们广大考生的复习指南，因此大家一定非常关注。我也是在第一时间就拿上了我们的英语新大纲，给同学们进行这一期的大纲解析。考研总体来说，今年的英语大纲，无论是英语一还是英语二，除了词汇部分以外，其他所有内容，包括大纲样题，都与去年保持一致。这是一个好消息。先说不变的部分。大纲的对考试的要求没有变化，说明今年的考试题出题规律将和往年保持一致，同学们在暑假之前做的所有复习准备都是有效的。还有就是，今年的英一英二的大纲样题也和去年一致。大纲样题是大纲附上的一套题目，英语一来自过去考过的历年真题，比如今年英语一大纲样题的阅读部分来自于2004第二篇文章、2005第四篇文章以及2006年的第二和第三篇文章。大纲样题的作用就是让今年考试的考生了解出题情况，换句话说就是今年考场上的题目会与大纲样题保持高度一致。因此，大家在秋季冲刺复习的时候，可以把大纲样题当成重点，反复进行研习。此外，我们还可以通过大纲样题对今年的出题难度窥知一二。因为今年的样题与去年一致，因此今年的总体难度应该会与去年保持一致。其中英语二因为考的人数在逐年增加，因此英语二的难度有可能会稳中稍有提升，考英语二的同学不能一概认为英语二不难，于是放松备考。

2020届考研大纲公布了一段时间了，管理类联考综合没有任何变化，英语增加了一些词汇，今天坤则MBA考前辅导中心就把新增的词汇总结出来，请各位需要的同学惠存。一，新增国家及其描述2020考研英语新增词汇（一）二，新增四大洋及描述2020考研英语新增词汇（二）2020年备考更多最新政策，备考干货请持续关注坤则MBA

此次英语大纲变动不大，只有词汇发生了变动。具体新增了80个词汇，前后缀增加了28个。相应的，原有词汇范围也有所减少。新增词汇:前后缀:最后预祝大家2021考研成功，一战成硕！最后的百日冲刺，加油！相关资料来源于新东方，同学们有感兴趣的可以关注新东方考研。如有侵权，联系可删。敬请谅解

考研英语大纲终于不负众位考生的期待而浮出水面，那么这次考研英语大纲较之前的大纲有什么样的不同呢？对于2020的各位考生又意味着什么呢？各位考生不要急，接下来，文都教育的考研英语老师就此次考研英语大纲变化及接下来的复习规划给各位同学详细解说。第一点：2020大纲新增了33个国家（或地区）的名称及相关信息，较2019考研英语（一）大纲只列举了25个国家（或地区）的名称及相关信息而言，我们不能难发现，大纲增加了要求记忆的词汇，也就意味着在今年的考卷上，我们需要“提防”那些原本为超纲词的名称，而现在已经是大纲要求范围内了。由此，各位考生则需要在之后的复习中对于外媒上发表的关于该些地名相关的文章加以重视。许多考生在复习时经常会增加时文精析这一项，这些地名的增加也就意味考研文章的选取可能会涉及到这些国家的时事。同时，这也对考研翻译增加了难度，考研英语一的翻译会涉及到众多体裁及不同主题的文章，因此，新增的国家及地区名也是在暗示考题的难度加大。但是各位考生也不必心存恐惧，考研英语考察的是考生的综合英语水平，因此，各位考生在熟记考研新增词汇后继续按照之前的复习方向展开即可。第二点：2020考研英语（一）、英语（二）大纲考试性质、考查目标、考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构、评分细则均无变化。那也就意味着，大的考察方向及题型设置没有改变，这是最为可喜的。大纲大方向没有变化，历年考研英语真题仍可以作为考研英语复习的参考。同时，考生在接下来的复习中，需要继续将分数大户——考研英语阅读及写作作为复习的重点。得阅读者得天下，考研英语的分数高低绝大程度决定于考研英语阅读。同时，鉴于考研英语写作复习的高性价比，对该模块的复习时间偏重也需要有所注意。以上就是文都教育给各位考生带来的2020考研英语大纲变化的解读，以及对之后考研英语复习的影响。总而言之，考研英语大纲的考试性质、考查目标、考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构、评分细则均无变化，这一点对于我们考生而言是喜闻乐见的，而对于新增词汇，各位考生也不必过于担忧。千里之行，始于足下，考研复习，就在今朝。文都教育预祝各位考生金榜题名。

2021考研的同学们大家好，我们在9月初，如期的盼来了2021年考研大纲的发布。大纲是我们广大考生的复习指南，因此大家一定非常关注。我也是在第一时间就拿上了我们的英语新大纲，给同学们进行这一期的大纲解析。来说说变化的部分，那就是词汇出现了一些增减。先给大家罗列一下变化的词汇：增加的词汇：aftermath, aggregate, albeit, algorithm, align, archive, arena, artefact/artifact,, bearing, bolster, brevity, check, concurrent, configuration, contingent, convene, coronavirus, corporate, culminate, cumulative, deplete, deploy, deter, directly, discrete, discretion, drone, al, elicit, empathy, enquiry/inquiry, epic, equity, erode, facet, gadget, icon, imminent, inflict, Influenza, invoke, jurisdiction, lawsuit, lucrative, mandate, mentor, overt, tangible, temporal, transition, usually, variance, venue, viable, volatile, warranty, wary, whereby, worker, workout, sceptical/skeptical减少的词汇：acrobat, adjoin, amplifier, bosom, brim, brittle, brook, caress, defendant, disgrace, bious, fell, flu, fridge/refrigerator, gasolene/gasoline, highland, inlet, invariable, loudspeaker, mutton, Negro, overpass, piston, prick, quartz, quench, rotary, ruby, seaside, sham, shopkeeper, slit, snowstorm, tar, telegram, tramp, trolly, uproar, weld, wreath, zinc英语词缀也发生了一些增减，不过只要把这些变化的词汇掌握了，词缀的变化也就掌握，因此这里就不再单独列出变化的词缀了。对于这些变化的词汇来说，把它们记住是当然的了。但是，通过这些新增加的词汇，提醒大家把医学类或者健康了题材的文章多准备一下，或许有用！

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

原定于7月13号发布的2020年考研大纲可能有新变化，将于7月8号正式公布，这个措手不及的改动相信给广大“考研党”打了一剂“催心剂”，大家不得不重新制定自己的考研复习计划，然而万变不离其宗，2020考研大纲虽有变化，但只体现在政治、英语上，其他科目变化不大，那么，2020考研大纲具体存在哪些变动呢？小编总结如下：考研：政治大纲的变动根据表中信息所示：“马克思主义基本原理”和“中国近代史纲要”这两部分的变动不会太大，因为这两门课程的基本知识点是来自于固定书籍，除非书籍做修订，否则这两部分的大纲不会有太大变化，纵观往年考研政治，这两部分内容变动幅度都不大，属于微调。“毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论”应该会有较大的调整，因为有“新中国特色社会主会议思想”这一新内容的出现，包括该思想的扩展内容在内，因此“毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论”这一部分存在较大调整的可能性。“形势与政策”部分每年都是调整幅度最大的，这取决于“形势”本身多变的特点，而政策也是一直在变化，因此“形势与政策”这部分绝对会有大的变化，关注时事变化，关注政策变化，是“形势与政策”得分的关键。考研：英语大纲的变动英语大纲的变动每年都有很多“考研党”关心，但没有意外的是：英语大纲年年变化不大，纵观往年的考研英语，按规律可作如下分析：1、考研英语依然不会有听力测试，这一点大家可以宽心。2、阅读理解仍然需要巨量的词汇积累，偏词的出现频率会比较高。3、英语能够跟时事挂上钩的无非是英语作文写作和翻译题，因此备考时多关注时下热点话题即可。因此，考研英语大纲可以说是几乎不会有太大的变化，因为英语本身作为一门固定学科，她的变动范围是在有限，题型变动也不会太大。以上就是关于2020年政治、英语考研大纲变化的相关预测，正式的大纲尚要等正式公布，不过，根据往年的考研大纲分析，政治和英语大纲的变化，无非似本文所述，八九不离十。预祝2020年各位考研学子考研大捷。

今年的2021考研英语大纲跟2020年的考研英语大纲没有出现实质性的变动，仅是有考研英语词汇的增减，虽然并未出现太大的变化，但今年考研的学生还是要重视大纲，为以后的百日冲刺指明方向。考研大纲变化主要集中在单词和词根词缀上，更加倾向于考察学生的基本功，所以即使到了最后的冲刺阶段，单词的背诵依旧不能松懈。其余题型并未出现实质性的变化，所以考生参照往年真题复习即可。最后这个阶段的复习要点主要集中在词汇，阅读和写作三个方面，词汇需要重点复习高频词汇，而高频词汇需要结合自身的实际掌握情况，从历年真题中进行提炼，建议考生准备一个单词本，把真题的各大题型中经常出现的，影响做题正确率的单词进行挑选和记录，有针对性的背诵，而非复习之初的大面积单词背诵。阅读需要考生进行的复习工作是整理错题，并在错题下面写清楚解题思路，以及对正误ling需要考生做完近十年真题，近五年真题做两遍，近三年真题做三遍。写作部分需要保证至少一周一篇的练习量，不要把希望寄托在最后的押题和模板上，模板再好，也避免不了空洞和千篇一律的问题，想要在英语考试中取得高人一等的分数，就不能完全模板化的套用。多背范文，储备大量语料，每周进行练习，并发送老师进行批改，坚持下去，一定可以取得提高。另外，考生要注意字体的美观，有意识地对字体进行练习，保证卷面的美观整洁。最后，希望各位考生能够戒骄戒躁，稳住心态，相信自己的付出终会获得收获，稳扎稳打，未来一定能成为更好的自己。祝大家考试顺利，金榜题名。