1997年考研英语答案

Do animals have rights?动物有权利吗？This is how the question is usually put.人们通常这样提问。It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start.这像是一个实用且具创新的提问方式。71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreedaccount of human rights, which is something the world does not have.事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的，而这种共识并不存在。On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.诚然，根据对权利的一种看法，必然认为动物没有权利。72) Somephilosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange ofties and entitlements.有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权益交换的一部分。Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights.因此动物不可能有权利。惩罚吃人的老虎的想法是荒谬的。同样，认为老虎有权利也是荒谬的。However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one.然而，这只是一种认识，而且是一种有争议的认识。It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people -- for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations.这种认识不仅剥夺了动物的权利，而且也剥夺了某些人的权利，例如婴儿，这些还不会用大脑来思考问题的下一代。In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “I don’t like this contract”?此外，谁也不清楚，对于从来就不同意契约的人来说，这项契约又具有多大约束力，如果有人说“我不喜欢这项契约”，那你又如何回答呢？The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.问题的症结在于，如果对人的权利没有一致的看法，争论动物的权利是徒劳无益的。73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites youto think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to otherhumans, or with no consideration at all.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅动物，要么完全冷漠无情。This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?这是一种不真实的选择。这是一种错误的选择。最好以另一种更为根本性的提问开始：我们对待动物的方法是一个道德问题吗？Many deny it.许多人否认这种提法。74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in everyrelevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake -- a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.任何关心动物疾苦的想法都是错误的，因为它把应该用来关心其他人的同情心错误地用到动物身上。This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical.”这种观点认为，折磨猴子从道义上讲无异于劈柴，这种看法似乎是大胆的“逻辑推理”。In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it.实际上，这种看法非常肤浅，因为其中心混乱到应该被摒弃的程度。The most elementary form of moral reasoning -- the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl-- is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own.道德推理的最初级形式，和学习爬行的理论一样，是把自身利益和他人利益加以权衡考虑。This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought.那么，这就需要同情心和想象力。没有这两点，就无法用道德观念来进行思考。To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.看到动物受苦足以使大多数人产生同情感。75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it ismankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged ratherthan laughed at.这种反应并不是错误，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应该遭到嘲笑。

原文+翻译：Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.很多用来描述货币政策的词，如“引导经济软着陆”，“触动经济刹车”，使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。事实远非如此。The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain.利率和通货膨胀之间的关系难以确定。And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy.在政策改变对经济产生影响之前，会有一段较长时间且变化不定的后滞期。Hence the analogy that likens the conct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.因此，才会有人将货币政策的制定比作是驾驶一辆汽车，这辆车挡风玻璃被涂黑了、后视镜裂了，方向盘也失灵了。Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late.尽管有这么多不利因素，中央银行家们似乎对近来之形势有了不少值得夸耀的东西。Average inflation in the big seven instrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.西方七大工业国去年的平均通货膨胀降至仅2.3%，接近三十年来的最低水平。今年7月略微升高到2.5%。这远远低于许多国家在70年代和80年代早期经历的两位数的膨胀率。It is also less than most forecasters had predicted.这也低于许多预测者预测的数字。In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole.1994年底，每月接受《经济学家》意见调查的一组经济学家指出，美国在1995年的平均通货膨胀率将达到3.5%。实际上，8月份就降到了2.6%，而且有望全年仅为3%。In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year.去年年底，英国和日本的通货膨胀率实际上比预测的要低半个百分点。This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.这不是昙花一现；在过去几年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little proctive slack.经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率特别感到诧异，因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济，特别是美国经济几乎没有出现生产萧条。America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.比如，美国的生产力利用率在今年早些时候达到了历史最高水平，失业率（八月份为5.6%）已降到低于很多人对自然失业率的估测——过去，当比率低于自然失业率时，通货膨胀率早已迅速上升。Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective.为何通货膨胀如此和缓？可惜的是，即使是最令人兴奋的解释也会有小的缺陷。Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.一些经济学家认为，世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了以往那种以经济增长和通货膨胀率的历史关联为基础的旧有的经济模式。试题：51. From the passage we learn that.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates[B] economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation52. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy53.The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present54.The passage shows that the author is_____the present situation. [A] critical of[B] puzzled by[C] disappointed at[D] amazed at答案：CBAD

原文+翻译：No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation.没有一家公司乐意听到别人说自己引起了社会的道德败坏。“Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”参议员罗伯特·多尔上星期质问时代—华纳公司管理人员时说：“难道这就是你们要成就的事业吗？你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，难道还非要败坏我们的国家、威胁我们的孩子不成？”At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990.不过，对于成立于1990年的时代—华纳而言，这样的质问仅仅是公司进行反思的最新表现，It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.是一种自我反省，在不同时代已涉及到责任、创作自由和公司底线等不同问题。At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and rece the company’s mountainous debt,56岁的现任董事长杰拉德·列文是争论的焦点人物，他于1992年接替已故董事长斯蒂夫·罗斯。财政方面，他承受着使股价升值，减少公司巨额债务的压力。which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.在两笔新的有线电视交易谈妥后，公司债务将达到173亿美元。他也允诺出售部分资产并对公司进行重组，但现在投资者们仍在焦急地等待着。The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him.人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没使他的日子好过一些。Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression.列文一向以表现方式为理由来捍卫公司的说唱音乐。In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet.1992年公司因出品Ice-T乐队暴力的说唱歌曲《警察杀手》后倍受谴责时，列文却将说唱音乐描述为街头文化的合法表达方式，并说它应该有自己的宣泄途径。“The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”他在《华尔街日报》一篇专栏文章中写道：“对任何一个民主社会的检验，不在于它能多有效的控制情感的表达，而在于是否给予了人们最广泛的思考和表达自由，尽管有时这种结果会引起争论和愤怒。我们不会在任何威胁面前退却。”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent.列文不愿对上周的辩论做任何评论，但有迹象表明，这位懂事长至少在某种程度上放弃了自己强硬的立场。During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.在上个月就摇滚乐的歌词进行讨论的股东会议上，列文宣称“音乐不是社会问题的病因”，他甚至还以自己的儿子为例，他儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一名教师，上课时用说唱的形式与学生进行交流。But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.但他也谈到了创作自由和社会责任之间要“保持平衡”的问题，还宣布对一些可能令人反感的音乐，公司将致力于制定一套发行和标识的标准。The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy.一般来说，时代—华纳公司的15位董事是支持列文和他为公司制定的经营策略的。But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter.但内部人士透露其中几位对此事表示担忧。“Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”“我们中的一些人多年来一直知道，《宪法》第一修正案所规定的自由并非毫无限制”，鲁斯说，“我认为与公司有关系的一些人可能最近才意识到这一点”。试题：51. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for.[A] its raising of the corporate stock price[B] its self-examination of soul[C] its neglect of social responsibility[D] its emphasis on creative freedom52. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.53. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman.[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection[D] received more support from the 15-member board54. The best title for this passage could be.[A] A Company under Fire[B] A Debate on Moral Decline[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[D] A Form of Creative Freedom答案：CDBA

原文：A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise ll existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and indivial interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.试题：51. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world,.[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors[D] most Americans are ready to offer help52. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that. [A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship[B] courteous convention and indivial interest are interrelated[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions53. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers.[A] to improve their hard life[B] in view of their long-distance travel[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life[D] out of a charitable impulse54. The tradition of hospitality to strangers.[A] tends to be superficial and artificial[B] is generally well kept up in the United States[C] is always understood properly[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trails全文翻译去过美国的人回来总是说大多数美国人对他们是多么友善、好客、乐于助人。公正地说，人们对加拿人也经常作出有这样的评论，因而，这应当被认为是北美的普遍现象。当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭隘的官员，举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。尽管有不如人意的地方，但因为热情好客是人们常常作出的评论，所以值得讨论一番。过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来总是颇受观迎，因为他们打破了当地居民沉闷单调的生活。无聊、孤独是一般相互之间距离很远的家庭普遍存在的问题。陌生人和旅行者不仅转折了人们的注意力，他们还带来了外面世界的消息。拓荒地区的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统的形成。单独旅行时，如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说也，这也并非是行善的一时冲动。它反映了日常生活的严酷现实：如果你不收留陌生人，那他便无处求助了。请记住，有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇。如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者。不过，热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。“我只是路过，和这个美国人聊了聊。很快，他就请我到他家吃饭——这真令人惊奇。”去过美国的旅客的这种谈论很普遍，但并非都能被正确理解。很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看作是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看成是文化传统的历史发展结果。同任何发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化符号、设想和习俗构成了美国所有社会关系的基础。当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解其社会和其文化模式。不能正确“诠释”文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论。例如，美国人所说的“朋友”一词，其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的“朋友”大相径庭。要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的邂逅是远远不够的。不过，友好是很多美国人推崇的美德，也是希望从邻居和陌生人那得到的。答案： D A C B你做对了吗？

原文+翻译：Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.从专业角度说，除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.很多人错误地认为“药物”一词仅仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品。They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物。This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists.这就是为什么现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用“物质”这个更加中性的词。The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚表示滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质可能如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.我们生活在一个物质（药物）在医疗和社交方面使用广泛的社会里：用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林，用来应酬的酒，早晨用来提神的咖啡，还有定神用的香烟。When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses?使用这些物质得到了社会认可，且显然具有积极的作用，但什么时候就变成滥用了呢？First of all, most substances taken in excess will proce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.首先，大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面影响，如中毒或严重的知觉错乱。Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.反复使用一种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖。Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance,依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量，with more and more of the substance required to proce the desired effect,要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大，and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.然后是一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.影响中枢神经系统，改变知觉、情绪和行为的药物（物质）被称为精神活性物质Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.它们通常按照功能被分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system,兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，whereas depressants slow it down.而镇静剂则减缓它的活动。Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including procing hallucinations.幻觉剂主要影响人的知觉，通过多种方式扭曲或改变知觉，其中包括产生幻觉。These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.这些物质常被认为能“引起幻觉”（psychedelic一词源于希腊语，意为“心灵显现”），因为它们似乎能彻底改变人的意识状态。试题：51. “Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that.[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used [B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous52. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean.[A] widespread[B] overwhelming[C] piercing[D] fashionable53. Physical dependence on certain substances results from.[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms54. From the last paragraph we can infer that.[A] stimulants function positively on the mind[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups答案：DAAB

原题：Directions:Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 120 words.Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:Interpret the following pictures.Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.审题谋篇1997年的作文看起来非常简单，是我们非常熟悉的吸烟问题，似乎每个人都能就此发表自己的观点。实则不然，这篇文章有几个暗含的难点。首先，与往年不同，本年度的图表比较复杂，包含四幅图画。第一幅图是1994年与1995年世界烟草总产量的一个比较图；第二幅图是一个扇形图，说明烟民占世界人口的比例（在此，我们可以看到这个比例是非常高的，言外之意，对吸烟的控制将不是一件轻而易举的事情）；第三幅图和第四幅图分别显示吸烟带来的经济损失和人员损失之大，进一步说明控制吸烟势在必行。考生看了四幅图后，首先应该做的一件事情就是寻找四幅图之间的逻辑联系和内在线索，而不是简单地依次描述四幅图。其次，本作文另外一个难点就是文章的重点或落脚点比较隐蔽，也就是在文章提纲的第二点要求上：预测烟草消费的趋势并给出原因。基于以上的分析，这篇文章最好分为两段或者三段。第一段段首可以着重利用后两幅图，论述吸烟的危害性，段末部分使用第一幅图点出文章的中心：烟草消费量可能下降的趋势。文章第二段可着重论述这种消费下降趋势的原因。考生也可以在第二段段首点明烟草消费下降的趋势，进而阐述原因。范文使用第二种方法。考生可以根据实际情况，增加一个第三段，客观地分析烟草消费量下降不是一件容易的事，在此可以利用第三幅图，说明烟民占世界总人口的比例较大，控制吸烟不是一件容易的事情。二、参考范文It goes without saying that tobacco consumption and tobacco instry have always been a hot-debated issue in our society. With the increasing scope of the tobacco instry, more and more people become addicted to smoking. The tremendous tobacco consumption not only causes vast economic losses but also threatens people’s health. The annual economic loss e to tobacco consumption amounts to 200 billion US dollars, and meanwhile 3 million people worldwide lose their lives because of smoking-related diseases.To our great relief, there is a tendency of declining in tobacco consumption—the year between 1994 and 1995, as indicated by chart 1, witnessed a drop in total tobacco proction in the world, declining from 14.364 million pounds in 1994 to 14.2 million pounds in 1995. The reason that more and more people begin to quit smoking is mainly people’s increasing awareness of the harmful effects of tobacco. If this trend can be maintained, the number of people dying of smoking-related diseases can be significantly reced. Therefore, great efforts should be made by people in all walks of the society to stop smoking.Needless to say, no easy solution can be found to solve the smoking problem. To begin with, the percentage of smokers is too large: according to a survey, there are 1.2 billion tobacco consumers in the world, accounting for approximately 20 percent of the world population. It wouldn’t be an easy task to persuade such a large amount of people to give up their smoking habits, especially the heavy smokers. In addition, tobacco instry still plays a very important role in the development of the economy. As a consequence, only with concerted efforts of all people, can this problem be properly dealt with.三、范文点评文章结构：从结构上看，该范文对提纲做出适当调整，分为三段而不是两段。第一段采用了先总后分的写作方法，段首先对图画做出总体评价，进而指出烟草业和吸烟对人类社会的危害。第二段段首和上段形成对比，段首指出这种现象有所改变：烟草消费数量有所下降，进而结合图表，指出这种下降的原因何在。第三段采用总—分—总的写作方法，段首为主题句，指出吸烟问题解决起来并没有那么容易，段落中使用To begin with和In addition从两个方面进行论证，段尾对本段进行了总结。语言亮点：1. hot-debated issue：“讨论的热点”，还可以说widely-discussed issue。2. become addicted to：或be addicted to上瘾。例如：More and more young people become addicted to on-line chatting.（越来越多的年轻人着迷于网上聊天）。3. annual：每年的，近义词为yearly。Every year为副词，相当于annually。4. e to：“因为”，如：Most accidents are e to driving at high speed.（大部分事故是由于高速驾驶造成的）。类似的表达有：because of, on account of, as result of, in consequence of, caused by等。5. amount to：“达到（某数量），到…之多”。这是一个图表题中经常使用的结构，例如：Expenses on food amount to 30% of every Chinese family’s income.（用于食物的开支占每个中国家庭收入的30%）。类似的表达有：add up to, come to, total, sum up等。6. meanwhile：与此同时。词性为副词，相当于at the same time。7. smoking-related diseases：与吸烟有关的疾病。8. （much）to one’s great relief：使某人大为放心，使某人深感宽慰。9. witness：“时间+experience /see /witness +变化+在哪方面”可用来表达某段时间发生的变化。10. The reason that... is... ：用reason接从句表原因有两种方式：一种是范文中的用法the reason （that）（定语从句）... is（that）...，另一种是the reason why（接同位语从句）... is that...，如：The reason why we cook food much faster today is that the changes in food preparation methods（今天我们烹饪食物的速度提高了很多的原因是在准备食物的方法上有了变化）。11. maintain：保持。例如：If the present rate of economic increase can be maintained, the majority of Chinese will live a well-off life in the middle of the 21st century.（如果中国经济增长能保持目前的速度，21世纪中叶，大部分中国人就能过上小康生活）。12. in all walks of the society：“社会的各个方面”，又如：men in all walks of life（各行各业的人）。13. To begin with：首先，相当于first of all或first(ly)。14. account for：（在数量、比例方面）占。例如：Farmers account for about 80% of the total population of China.（农民占中国总人口的约80%。）15. In addition：而且，再者。相当于What’s more。16. concerted：“商定的，共同计划或完成的”，如：We made a concerted effort to solve the problem.（我们一起努力解决了这个问题）四、写作误区篇章结构误区：生硬的图表罗列是本题写作的第一个误区。任何形式的图表作文，考试的目的都不是单纯的描写，而是要抓住图表之间的内在联系。如果只是罗列现象、描写图表，就会犯言之无物的错误，难以展开有力有效的分析。本题写作的第二个误区是跑题，因为很多考生一看到题目，就理所当然地认为这是非常熟悉的“吸烟有害健康”主题的文章，便开始大谈吸烟的危害、主动吸烟、被动吸烟，及至如何降低吸烟对社会及个人造成的危害，等等。考生犯这样的错误说明没有审清楚题，题目的要求有两点：解释图片；预测烟草消费的趋势并给出原因。换句话说，这样的考生没有意识到或者根本没有看清楚第二个要求。语言表达错误：①用词不当：The other reason is that smoking is forbidden in the popular areas in more and more countries.（The other reason is that smoking is forbidden in public areas in more and more countries.）Thus I think the tendency of world tobacco consumption is descend.（Thus I think the tendency of world tobacco consumption is to decrease.）②动词误用：Even the strongest method can’t decline the number of smokers.（Even the toughest method can’t make the number of smokers decline.）③连词误用：Because of the tendency of tobacco consumption, I think the number of cigarette smokers is rising in some developing countries.（As far as the tendency of tobacco consumption is concerned, I think the number of cigarette smokers is rising in some developing countries.）④冠词错误：For above-mentioned reasons, I believe the consumption of tobacco will decrease and all problems it causes will be solved.（For all the above-mentioned reasons, I believe the consumption of tobacco will decrease and all the problems it causes will be solved.）⑤主谓搭配错误：More and more people believe smoking do harm to health, waste money.（More and more people believe smoking does harm to health, and is a waste of money.）⑥中式英语：From the pictures, we first know that there are a lot of smoking people in the world.（From the pictures, we first know that there are a lot of smokers in the world.）⑦句意笼统：You can see the number from the chart, which make you think deeply of the harm of smoking. （It can be seen from the chart that there are 200 billion dollars’ loss and 3 million deaths resulting from smoking.）

许多老师都说过这样一句话：一定要用考研英语真题来练习。但真正的问题是，如何用好考研真题呢？我为大家安排了一些真正的方法，让我们一起看看吧！（1）我们何时做真题是最好的时机？真题什么时候做，非常多的学长学姐告诉我们，一定要尽快做！现在开始做！马上开始做！是不是觉得这句话有点过头了？你觉得你还没准备好？英语复习的最早准备是什么呢？每个人都会有自己的理解。事实上，在实际准备时，记忆单词是最有效的方法。英语阅读中所包含的词汇是研究生入学考试的关键词。在真题阅读中学习单词不仅可以理解词义，还可以理解上下文的使用，可以说是一举两得。有些学生害怕浪费考研真题，并希望在使用考研真题之前使用模拟题来练习。对于模拟题，可以使用来背诵单词并找到语言意义。这很好，但请不要太过认真。用一句学长的话，“如果你总结模拟题的解题思路，那就真的悲剧了。”因为模拟题类似于真题，但绝对相差很远，所以如果你把大量时间浪费在模拟题，就吃大亏了。（2）考研真题太少，要是做完了怎么办？首先，这就不是个问题。有个考研名师说，大多数英语得分超过75分的考生至少三次研究过考研真题。这个问题的答案是“再做一次”。什么时候结束不再做考研真题了呢？当你能从每一组测验中找到命题老师的命题，每一组考题的出题逻辑，每一问题的陷阱设置，你就算是真正的完成了。在此之前，不管你做了多少次，考研真题都是你最好的选择。（3）记忆力很好。如果你在做了一次之后记住了答案，该怎么办呢？当然，如果你今天完成一份考研英语真题，明天再做，答案当然会被清楚地记住。但如果过3周呢？过了10周呢？你还会记得吗？通过之前同学的经验，我们知道每一份考研英语真题的重点都是不同的，虽然当你再次讨论这个话题时，你隐约记得一些文章的含义和选择，但这也并不重要了。（4）考研英语真题从哪年的开始做？考研英语真题从2000年到2019年，都是可以准备的。从1997年到1999年，精力充沛的学生也可以尝试。最重要的是，你能真正理解每一组考研英语真题。在暑假前，你就应把2005年前的考研真题都完成，因为这些年的考研英语真题相对简单，可以放在复习阶段使用。可以让你用来复习：核心词汇、核心语法、长难句，掌握命题思想和考试技巧。暑假过后，仔细研究06-19年的考研英语真题。具体的做题顺序及安排，我们可以根据每个人不同的基础和复习进度来调整。

1、考研英语真题要做多少年呢？这个问题其实也是需要结合自身基础、复习时间和目标分数综合分析的。实际上，基础越弱，可能越要付出更多努力，花费更多时间和精力，研究更多真题。对于基础薄弱和一般的考生来说，英语一做20年差不多就足够了；英语二相对简单，做15套左右也够了，最重要的还是要把真题研究透彻。如果有其他特殊情况，比如基础特别好，或者时间比较紧张，可以在此基础上进行调整。这里给大家补充一点儿考研相关背景知识：1980年，全国研究生入学考试初次考查考生的英语知识运用能力；从1997年起，我国MBA入学考试的初试开始实行统一命题、统一阅卷的全国联考制度，此时全国考研英语真题开始分化为两个方向：原有的研究生入学考试真题（英语一前身）和MBA真题（英语二前身）；2005年，原有的研究生入学考试真题再次改革，改革后的题型设置和试题分值均与现在的考研英语（一）真题一致；2010年，MBA入学考试的英语科目正式更改为考研英语（二）。补充它的意义在于，如果你考英语二，要是想多做一些试题，早期可以做一部分之前的MBA试题（后期也可以做几套英语一试题，但不要太在意结果，英语二相对更简单）。如果你的时间不是很充分，建议英语一从2005年往后做，英语二从2010年往后做。2、真题要刷多少遍呢？这个问题和上个问题一样，也是因人而异的。具体来说，一般复习都是至少经过两轮：第一轮，精研真题；第二轮，再做一遍真题。至于要不要做第三遍甚至是第四遍，需要综合自己的复习时间、前期的复习成果来定。但是，无论如何，一定不要追求数量，而是要学会在刷题的过程中分析自己的问题所在，对症下药。比如，第二轮开始刷题时，如果发现自己在文章理解层面还存在很多问题，就不要一味多做题，而应想办法巩固词汇语法基础；如果发现某个题型的方法不是很熟练，可能还需要再进行专项训练。3、刷题就是“做题，做题，再做题”吗？（1）全真演练，提前培养考试状态。（2）全面检测，分析自身存在问题。（3）查漏补缺，明确后期复习重心。你要是基础比较差的话，建议你真题选解析详细的，用真题补基础！考英一推荐《考研 真相》！考英二推荐《考研 圣经》！同一系列的，解题模式都是一样的！很适合基础差想多提分的考研党用，里面每个句子都拆分图解，重点单词有标注，很容易理解；解题方面总结了一套完整的做阅读的方法，还逐一排除了干扰项，这样做题思路就会清晰很多。4、怎么进行全真演练？（1）选择和考场一样排版的真题。提前了解考场真题布局，到了考场会更心安。《考研真相》/《考研圣经》和闪过“真题真练”（励志版）的试卷排版都是仿照考场排版，可以提前把《考研真相》的试卷册多复印几份，也可以直接备几份闪过“真题真练”（励志版），后者比复印更方便、也更划算。它们也都赠送了仿真答题卡。（2）准备考场答题卡，进行填涂。提前了解考场答题卡的布局，到了考场上就不会因为紧张而出现填涂错误。（3）模拟考场环境，培养考试状态。严格遵循考试时间（14:00—17:00），选择最贴近考试环境的地方，比如极其安静的教室，来进行自我测试。（4）合理分配每部分做题时间。每个版块所用时间尽量遵循平日复习的时间安排（比如，完型：20min；阅读：60min；新题型：15min；翻译：20min；小作文：25min；大作文：40min），每个版块所用时间尽量遵循平日复习的时间安排，如遇疑难问题，自己一时无法解答，切忌在此花费过多时间，应果断舍弃，直接切入下一题。（5）按照自己熟悉的顺序和方法做题。如遇特殊情况，可灵活调整。5、怎么分析自身问题？（1）把真题中所有不认识的单词/遗忘的单词用彩色笔划出来，估算大致比例。（2）把真题中所有看不懂的长难句用彩色笔划出来，估算大致比例。（3）把所有错误的试题、蒙对的试题及花费时间较长的试题用彩色笔划出来，并分题型整理，估算大致比例。6、怎么进行查漏补缺？上述比例仅供参考，总之，一定要通过检测，找到自己比较薄弱的地方，进行再次巩固。当然，正如之前提到的，也要关注自己的提分空间，避免花费太多时间做无用功。关于怎么最大化利用真题，永远有挖掘的空间，本文仅是列举一些常见问题进行探讨，希望对你的复习有所帮助。希望大家无论是在今天的考研复习中，还是在将来参加社会工作后，都能够从底层逻辑方面深入思考，做到“人尽其才，物尽其用”。你的思维方式、思维宽度和思维深度，才是最核心的竞争力，加油！！！

小编是Claire，本科就读于山东某双非大学国际经济与贸易专业，从大三下学期开始备考研究生考试，目前已获得对外经贸大学国际商务专业硕士拟录取，其中初试成绩、复试成绩和总成绩均为专业第一名。今天和大家分享的是英语一备考规划。先说一下自己英语的情况。因为一直对美剧电影非常感兴趣，所以从高中一直很喜欢学英语。四级626，六级602，几乎裸考。但是四六级分高也不意味着考研可以高枕无忧，分低也不意味着就没有翻身的机会了。毕竟出题思路和难度都存在差异，而我们学习是为了应试，所以科学规划加上恒心和毅力，英语75+应该是不难做到的。下面是自己的备考过程，大家可以酌情参考。第一阶段：2017年暑假之前目标：夯实基础。在这一阶段真题适当做1-2套熟悉试卷结构即可，不要急于做真题。按照单词、语法分类学习。这一阶段用来打好英语基础、提高英语能力，不要过分关注应试技巧。用书：①星火英语考研词汇②考研阅读理解1997-2007真题③张剑黄皮150篇学习内容：①星火英语共15个单元，第一遍两周记一个单元，每个周末给自己做检测，盖住汉语写出英语；②每周背诵2篇阅读理解文章。背的时候先通读，把不认识的单词先查好，标注意思和读音。我大概每天会拿出1-2个小时背诵文章，周末也要进行检测，将背诵的文章默写下来，生词自然就背下来了。个人觉得背诵是学习语言最有效的方式，在情境中记忆单词，背下来的单词在写作的时候是真的能用得上的。③找出阅读理解真题中的长难句进行翻译。一般辅导书上都会有全文翻译或者长难句解析，拿到长难句一定要先自己翻，具体标准参照英语一对于翻译题的要求，然后再进行校对，并且把里面的生词和语法弄明白。如果觉得语法有困难可以适当地看一下语法书，语法还是应该重视起来，尤其写作中，罗列了10个高级词的错误句也比不上一个正确的简单句。④张剑黄皮书每天做一篇。这个时候不要在乎正确率，不要把时间浪费在数错题上面。因为考研英语的文章基本上来自于外刊，涉及的题材也比较广泛，包括经济学、政治、医疗、法律等。做张剑的目的是增加阅读量，习惯英语写作的逻辑思维以及初步熟悉各种题材的文章。一开始无论多么难一定要硬着头皮读下去，先有量变才有质变，后期读文章才会比较顺畅。第二阶段：2017年暑假目标：开始刷真题，按照阅读、完型、新题型、翻译、写作进行分类学习。熟悉题型，寻找规律，形成自己的做题方法。用书：①1997-2015真题②其他模拟题（阅读）③《王江涛范文》学习内容：①阅读：从97年开始做，每周大约做2年的真题。经过之前的训练，到暑假开始的时候我大概读一篇文章不会超过十分钟，并且在理解文章上不会有问题。这个阶段要解决的就是为什么文章能读懂题还是做不对。所以在做题的时候要格外重视对于错题的研究。我这个时候就发现考研出题基本是对应段落，因此改掉了之前先通读文章再把题一气儿做完的习惯，改为先读题目，再带着问题去一段一段读文章，读到问题相关的段落时选定答案。那么除了做题顺序，我还发现自己经常因为主观臆断做错题。也就是说做题的时候要抛弃掉你原有的知识，一切以文章为准（这一点在后来考雅思做阅读True/Falset given题型的时候感触更深）。这样经过分析错题找到自己的症结所在，并且后面做题的时候有意识地进行训练，两个月下来之后阅读题就几乎不会做错了。②完形、新题型、翻译：这三个题型也是根据自己的进度安排刷题。刷的时候自己准备了一个笔记本，将题目里出现的生词、同义替换词、反义词、易混词、固定搭配进行分类整理。新题型，难度飘忽不定，比如今年我遇到的排序题就出自白宫网站原文，这道题与其说是考英语，不如说是在考逻辑。在英语学习过程中一定要注意体会英文写作的内在逻辑，这一点对所有题型都很重要。关于翻译就是要学会先拆再合。也就是先找出句子里哪些是主干，哪些是修饰成分，然后再按照汉语的习惯将句子表达出来。这时候就很考验前期的语法和单词功底了。③写作：写作前期要做的就是精析范文。比如小作文你要了解都有哪些类型，各种类型的格式，如何分段等等。大作文当时自己选取了几篇打印出来，把字号和行间距设置的比较大，这样一句一句地看，第一步先把生词和固定搭配画出来，第二步就是把每个句子的作用写出来，比如每段第一句是点明主旨，第二段一般会从几个角度进行论证，那么这几个角度分别是什么都写出来。这样几篇下来，考研大作文写作的结构和套路也就很清晰了。这一步做完之后就是一定要自己动笔写。我是每周一篇大作文加一篇小作文，一直持续到考研之前。还是用真题来写，先自己写再去读范文，找出自己写的和范文的差距，首先看是否存在语法的错误，尤其是漫画题时态是否用对了。然后看范文的论证方法是不是比自己的更有说服力，角度更新颖。分析之后有精力的话可以接着背诵范文。第三阶段：9月1日到考研前目标：做英语套卷，控制做题时间，形成自己的做题方式。用书：①1997-2017真题②其他模拟题学习内容：我一进入九月份之后分配给英语的时间就少很多了，因为这时候已经开始了专业课的背诵和政治的学习。所以这个阶段除了开始成套做题之外，就是延续暑假的计划，做一个进一步的查缺补漏和加强积累吧。英语学习是一件天长地久的事业，哪怕其他学科再忙也要抽出一些时间每天充分利用暑假的笔记进行阅读和背诵，保持大脑对于英语的敏感度。到考前两周的时候每天限时做套卷，做完自己批改。这个时候也不要在意能得多少分了，目的就是保持手感。无论自己学到什么程度，考试那天唯一要做的就是拿出120分的自信上考场！以上就是我的考研英语经验分享，希望能对你有所帮助！