2017年考研试题答案

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论试题 一、单项选择题:1~16小题,每小题1分,共16分。下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。1.马克思主义的产生具有深刻的社会根源、阶级基础和思想渊源,其创始人马克思1818年5月5日出生在德国特利尔城的一个律师家庭,恩格斯1820年11月28日出生在德国巴门市的一个工厂主家庭,他们放弃了舒适安逸的生活,毅然选择了充满荆鯨坎坷的革命道路,创立了科学社会主义,马克思、恩格斯之所以能够创立科学社会主义，主要是因为A.德国是当时最为发达的资本主义国家B.他们对时代有着超越常人的认知能力C.社会历史条件和个人努力的相互作用D.他们拥有优良的家庭背景和教育经历2.“马者所以命形也;白者所以命色也。命色者非命形也,故曰白马非马。”从唯物辩证法的观点看,“白马非非马”这一命题的错误在于A.颠倒了事物形态和功能之间的关系B.割裂了事物共性和个性之间的联系C.混淆了事物内容和形式之间的区别D.模糊了事物本质和现象之间的联系3.坚持以人民为中心,就必须坚持人民主体地位,坚持立党为公、执政为民,践行全心全意为人民服务的根本宗旨,把党的群众路线贯彻到治国理政全部活动之中,把人民对美好生活的向往作为奋斗目标。“坚持以人民为中心”的理论基础是唯物史观关于A.总体的人在总体的历史过程中的主体地位的原理B.人的本质是一切社会关系的总和的原理C.人民群众的活动受到社会历史条件制约的原理D.人民群众是历史的创造者的原理4.资本论(德文版)第一卷于1867年9月在汉堡出版,其影响力历经150年风雨而不衰,至今对我们分析、理解现实经济问题依然具有很强的指导意义。马克思主义政治经济学的理论十分丰富,其中“理解政治经济学的枢纽”的理论是A.剩余价值理论 B.价值规律理论C.劳动二重性理论 D.商品二因素理论5.经济建设是全党的中心工作,坚持以经济建设为中心不动摇,就必须坚持以经济体制改革为重点不动摇。当前,我国深化经济体制改革的重点是A.建立更加有效的区域协调发展新机制B.扩大优质增量供给,实现供需动态平衡C.加快培育国际经济合作和竞争新优势D.完善产权制度和要素市场化配置"6.实现人民民主，保证人民当家做主，实现形式是丰富多样的。经过长期探索，我国在通过依法选举让人民的代表来参与国家生活和社会生活管理的同时,找到了一种保证人民在日常政治生活中有广泛持续深入参与权力的,特有民主形式。这一特有民主形式是A.竞争性民主 B.协商民主 C.票决民主 D.判断民主7.党的十八大以来,我国大力实行创新驱动发展战略,加快创新型国家建设步伐,成果丰硕,天宫、蛟龙、天眼、悟空、墨子。大飞机等重大科技成果相继问世。我国实施创新驱动发展战略所坚持的方针是A.原始创新、集成创新、引进消化吸收再创新B.企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合C.自主创新、重点跨越、支撑发展、引领未来D.集中力量、重点突破、实现跨越式发展8.解决台湾问题,实现祖国完全统一,是全体中华儿女共同愿望,是中华民族根本利益所在,党的十八大以来,在习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下,在两岸同胞共同努力下,两岸关系取得重要积极成果，两岸关系和平发展的政治基础是A.深化两岸利益融合,共创两岸互利双嬴,增进两岸同胞B.相互尊重,求同存异C.增强两岸同胞的民族认同、文化认同、因家认同D.坚持“九二共识”反对“台独”9.近代中国半殖民地半封建社会的矛盾,呈现出错综复杂的状况。其中,贯穿整个中国半殖民地半封建社会的时钟,并对中国近代社会的发展变化起着决定性作用的最主要矛盾是A.帝国主义和中华民族的矛盾B.无产阶级和资产阶级的矛盾C.封建主义与人民大众的矛盾D.农民阶级与地主阶级的矛盾10.19世纪60年代到90年代,清朝统治阶级内部的洋务派兴办近代企业,建立新式海陆军,创办新式学堂派遣留学生。洋务派兴办洋务新政的主要目的是A.迎合帝国主义 B,维护封建统治C.对抗顽固派 D.发展资本主义11.中国共产党在领导人民革命的过程中,积累了丰富的经验,锻造出了有效的克敌制胜的武器。武装斗争就是中国共产党在中国革命中战胜敌人的重要法宝之一,其实质是A.无产阶级领导的反帝国主义战争B.资产阶级领导的反封建战争C.工农联合的反军阀战争斗D.工人阶级领导的农民战争12.20世纪40年代前期,为了提高广大党员的思想建设水平中国共产党在全觉范围内开展了一场整风运动A.反对享乐主义以整顿作风B.反对宗教主义以整顿觉风C.反对党八股以整顿文风D.反对主观主义以整顿学风13.社会公德是指人们在社会公共生活和社会交往中要遵守的行为准则,利益公共秩序、社会和谐稳定的起码要求。社会公德A.遵纪守法B.助人为乐C.爱护公物D.文明礼貌14.习近平总书记在《关于中共中央关于全面推进》A.维护社会公平正义的决定因素B.社会公正的最终目标C.维护社会公平正义的最后一道防线D.社会公正的唯一标准15.2017年中央一号文件继续聚焦“三农”工作,提出新的历史阶段我国农业农村工作的主线是A.深入推进农业供给侧结构性改革B.发展农村新产业新形态C.确保国家粮食安全D改善找农业生产环境16.2017年12月1日,中国共产党与世界政党高层对话在北京开幕。来自120多个国家近300个政党和政治组织的领导人分享治党治国经验,共商合作发展大计,本次对话会的主题是A.为完善全球经济治理贡献智慧和力量B.构建人类命运共同体,共同建设美好世界C.从严治党S执政党的使命D.中国改革:执政党的角色二、多项选择题:17-33题2分,共34分。下列每题给出的四个选项中,至少有两个选项是符合題目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。多选或少选均不得分17.2017年6月,我国科学家利用“墨子号”量子科学实验卫星在国际上率先成功实现了千公里级的星地双向量子纠缠分发,“量子纠缠”就是两个或多个粒子共同组成的量子状态,无论粒子之间相隔多远,测量其中一个粒子必然会影响其他粒子。“量子纠缠”现象虽然未被完全认知,但它仍然能够说明A.世界的真正统一性在于它的物质性B.事物联系的主观性和偶然性C.事物联系的复杂性和多样性D.物质世界联系的客观性和普遍性18.社会形态的变更其具有客观性和必然性,但这并不否定人们历史活动的能动性,并不排斥人们在遵循社会发展规律的基础上,带有某种社会形态的历史选择性。人们历史活动的能动性和选择性主要体现在A.社会发展的客观过程由每一个参与历史活动的个人的主观意志所决定B.社会形态更替的过程是主体能动性与客观规律性相统一的过程C.人们的历史选择性归根结底是人民群众的选择性D.社会发展的客观必然性为人们的历史选择题供的基础、范围和可能性空间19.为了追逐最大化的利润,咱们家总是想方设法地进行资本积累,而资本积累的源泉是剩余价值。一般而言,资本积累规模的大小取决于A.所用费用及所费资本之间的差距B.劳动生产率的高低C.资本家垫付资金的大小"D.资本家对工人的剥削程度20.与第二次世界大战之前的资本主义相比,当代资本主义生产关系中的社会阶层、阶级结构发生了很多新的变化,主要表现在A.知识型和服务型劳动者数量随科技根本不断深入而持续地増加B.资本家由从前的直接生产经营者变成了以剪息票为生的食利者C.职工持股和参与决策使得劳动者成为资本家集团的重要力量D.高级职业经理成为资本主义社会大公司经营活动的实际控制者21.列宁指出:“一切民族都将走向社会主义,这是不可避免的。但是一切的民族的走法却不会完全一样在民主的这种形式或那种形式上,在无产阶级专政的这种或那种形态上,在社会生活各方面稍微改造的速度上,每个民族都会有自己的特点。”这一论述从历史唯物主义的高度介绍了各民族发展道路多样性的内涵。下列关于受力发展道路多样性特点的正确观点有A.时代和实践的不断是造成社会主义发展道路多样性的现实原因B.历史文化传统的差异性是造成不同国家社会主义发展道路多样性的重要条件C.各国民族因素和地理环境的不同是造成社会主义发展道路多样性的决定因素D.各国生产力发展状况和社会发展阶段决定了社会主义发展道路具有不同的特点22.从现在到2020年,是全面建成小康社会的决胜期,也是确保实现第一个百年目第二个百年目标打好基础的关键阶段,而对各种严竣复杂的挑战,如期全面建成小康社会必须打好的攻坚战有A.防范化解重大风险B.污染防治C.产业结构调整D.精准扶贫23.积极发展混合所有制经济,是完善我国基本经济制度的重要途径。2017年9月11日,我国首条由民营资本控股的高铁一—杭绍台高铁项目在浙江杭州签约。该项目预计总投资超过400亿元,其中民营联合体占比51%。,中国铁路总公司占比15%,各级地方政府合计占比34%。本项目坚持风险分担、利益共享原则。构建政府和社会资本都能接受的投资回报机制。这是我国发展混合所有制经济的一个典型案例。发展混合所有制经济有利于A.改善企业股杈结构和公司治理结构B.各种所有制资本、取长补短、互相促进、共同发展C.发挥国有资本的带动力和影响力D.各种所有制企业公平参与市场竞争24.维护河湖健康生命,实现河湖功能永续利用,需要进一步加强河湖管理保护工作,落实属地责任,健全长效机制。2016年11月28日,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅联合印发《关于全面推行河长制的意见》.2017年11月20日召开的中央全面深化改革领导小组会议审议通过了《关于在湖泊实施湖长制的指导意见》.全面推行河长制、湖长制是建设生态文明制度体系的重要举措。我国生态文明制度体系建设主要包括A.完善部门职责,分散交叉的环保监督体系B.完善生态环境损害责任终身追究制度C.完善生态环境保护管理制度D.完善经济社会发展考核评价体25.党的十九大提出以党的政治建设为统领,全面推进党的政治建设、思想建设组织建设、作风建设、纪律建设，把制度建设贯穿其中，并特别强调把党的政治建设摆在首位。之所以要把党的政治建设摆在首位，是因为A.旗帜鲜明讲政治是我们当党作为马克思主义政党的根本要求B.坚定政治立场是党的根本宗旨C.政治建设是党的根本性建设,决定党的建设方向和效果D.政治属性是党政的第一属性26.全国提高对外开放水平,需要实施更为主动的开放战略。近年来,我国坚持引进来和走出去并重,全面开放进一步深化。据统计,2016年中国企业对外直接投资1832亿美元,连续两年位列世界第二;中国境外企业销售额1.5万亿美元,向所在国缴纳税费400亿元,雇佣外方员工150万人:我国高技术服务业实际使用外资超过955亿元人民币,同比增长86%,在全国引资东道主中排名第三位,高附加值以及服务行业的外国直接投资流入量持续増长,这表明A.我国对外直接投资已经完全转向高端B.我国防范经济风险和外部冲击的能力已经形成C.我国吸引外资的结构和质量正在不断优化D.我国国际投资合作水平进一步提高27.忠诚于党、听党指挥是我军的光荣传统,1929年12月下旬,红四军党的第九次代表大会在福建上杭县古田村召开,这次会议史称古田会议。会议通过的毛泽东起草的决议案,确立了思想建党,政治建军原则，规定红军是一个执行革命的政治任务的武装集团,必须A.实行全国军事的总动员B.担负打仗、筹款和做群众工作的任务C.加强政治工D.绝对服从共产党的领导28.抗日民主根据地是认真贯彻和实现中国共产党全面抗战路线,坚持抗战和争取胜利的坚强阵地,中国共产党高度重视抗日民主根据地的政权建设。其主要举措有A.在少数民族聚居地区试行民族区域自治B.各级抗日民主政权机构领导人通过人民选举产生C.实行工农兵代表大会制度D.抗日民主政府在工作人员分配上实行“三三制”原则29.从1953年开始,在过渡时期总路线的指引下,中国共产党领导人民开始进行有计划的社会主义建设和有系统的社会主义改造,当时中国之所以要着力进行和可能进行社会主义改造,主要是因为A.资本主义国家的封锁和遏制,社会主义国家的同情和援助B.资本主义经济力量弱小,发展困难C.对个体农业进行社会主义改造,是实现国家工业化的一个必要条件D.社会主义性质的国营经济力量相对来说比较强大30.“天下之事,不难于立法,而难于法之必行。”法律的生命力在于实施,法律的权威也在于实施,守法是法律实施和实现的基本途径。对守法的正确理解是A.守法是遵守宪法和法律B.守法是行使法定的权力,履行法定的义务C.守法意味着一切组织和个人严格依法办事的活动和状态D.守法的主体是一切组织和个人31.我国民法通则、合同法、物权法中,都有要求民事主体在进行民事活动时应当尊重社会公德,不得损害公共利益和经济秩序的內容,已经具有“公序良俗”的含义。2007年10月1日起施行的民法总则明确规定民事主体从事民事活动,不得违反法律,不得违背公序良俗”,从民法基本原则的高度确立了禁止违反序良俗的原则。这一规定体现了A.道德为法律提供价值基础B.对传统民法上的公序良俗原则的继承和发展C.法律为道德建设提供制度保障D.依法治国和以德治国的有机统一32.2017年4月1日,中共中央、国务院发布通知,决定设立河北雄安新区。这是以习近平同志为核心的党中央作出的一项重大的历史性战略选择,是千年大计、国家大事。雄安新区的设立有利于A.集中疏解北京的非首都功能B.调整优化京津冀城市布局和空间结构C.探索沿海和内地对外开放新模式D.探索人口经济密集地区优化开发新模式33.2017年9月5日,新兴市场国家与发展中国家对话会在金砖国家领导人厦门会晤期间举行。金砖国家领导人和受邀的埃及、几内亚、墨西哥、塔吉克斯坦、泰国五国领导人出席会议,开启了“金砖+”合作模式。其重大意义在于A.全面提升了金砖机制的代表性和影响力B.对南南合作形成了有机补充C.进一步推动了全球治理体系的改善D.破解了南北对话的僵局三、分析题:34~38小题,每小题10分,共50分。要求结合所学知识分析材料并回答问题。将答案写在答题纸指定位置上34.(1)如何理解“抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就迎刃而解”?(6分) (2)根据矛盾主要方面在事物发展中的地位和作用原理,说明为什么“发展是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键”。(4分) 35.(1)如何理解“中国特色社会主义进入新时代”?(5分) (2)为什么说习近平中国特色社会主义新思想是马克思主义中国化最新成果?(5分) 36.(1)为什么说中国共产党“应运而生”?(4分) (2)中国共产党为什么能由“简”而“巨”,团结带领人民取得举世瞩目的伟大成就? (6分) 37.(1)为什么说青年时代树立正确的理想信念能为人的一生提供“无穷的力量”?(6分) (2)青年如何在中国梦的实践中放飞青春梦想?。(4分 38.(1)为何要引导经济全球化释放更多的“正面效应”?(5分) (2)如何理解“一带一路”不是中国的独奏而是沿线国家的合唱？(5分) 参考答案2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论试题 一、单项选择题:1~16小题,每小题1分,共16分。下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑1.C 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.D 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B二、多项选择题:17-33每小题2分,共34每题给出的四个选项中,至少有两个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答題卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。多选或少选均不得分17.ACD 18.BCD 19.ABCD 20.ABD 21.ABD 22.ABD 23ABCD 24.BCD 25.ACD 26.CD 27.BCD 28.BD 29.ABCD 30.ABCD 31.ABCD 32.ABD 33.ABC 三、分析题小题,每小题10分,共50分。要求结合所学知识分析材料并回答问题。将答案写答题纸指定位置上。34. (1)在矛盾群中存在着主要矛盾与次要矛盾,主要矛盾在矛盾体系中居于支配地位,对事物发展起决定性作用;次要矛盾在矛盾体系中处于从属地位,对事物发展不起决定性作用。主要矛盾和次要矛盾相互依赖、相互影响,在一定条件下可以相互转化。主次矛盾的辩证关系原理要求我们在解决问题时,善于抓住重点,集中力量解决主要矛盾同时还要统筹兼顾,恰当的处理次要矛盾,坚持两点论和重点论的统一。因为主要矛盾在事物发展过程中起决定性作用,所以“抓住了主要矛盾一切问题就迎刃而解。 (2)在矛盾群中存在着矛盾的主要方面和次要方面,矛盾的主要方面是指在矛盾中处于支配地位,发挥主导作用的方面;事物的性质主要地是由取得支配地位的矛盾的主要方面所规定的,矛盾的次要方面是指在矛盾中处于被支配地位、分化从属作用的方面,所以我们看问题时既要全面又要分清主流和支流,坚持两点论和重点论的统一，在我国的现代化进程中,发展问题是我们的主要方面,是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键。 35. (1)“中国特色社会主义进入了新时代”这是对我国发展新的历史方位的科学判断深刻理解中国特色社会主义进入新时代的重大政治论断,需要与深刻理解我国社会主要矛盾发生新变化的新特点、深刻理解分两步走全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新目标有机结合起来。进入新时代意味着中国特色社会主义站到更高层级的历史方位上,我们坚持和发展中国特色社会主义,面对的最大国情是我国正处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段。进入新时代的重要标志是我国社会主要矛盾的变化,中国特色社会主义进入新时代的重大政治论断,最关键的理论和实践基础是我国社会主要矛盾已经从“人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的会生产之间的矛盾”转化为“人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾”。进入新时代要朝全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新目标前进(2)马克思主义中国化就是将马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合,不断形成具有中国特色的马克思主义理论成果的过程。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想,是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观的继承和发展是马克思主义中国化最新成果,是党和人民实践经验和集体智慧的结晶,是中国特色社会主义理论体系的重要组成部分,是全党全国人民为实现中华民族伟大复兴而奋斗的行动指南,必须长期坚持并不断发展。 36.(1)近代以来,为改变中华民族的命运,中国人民和无数仁人志士进行了千辛万苦的探索和不屈不挠的斗争。然而不触动封建根基的自强运动和改良主义,旧式的农民战争,资产阶级革命派领导的革命,照搬西方资本主义的其他种种方案,都不能完成中华民族救亡图存的民族使命和反帝反封建的历史任务。中国的发展进步,客观上要求有能够指导中国人民进行反帝反封建革命的先进理论,有能够领导中国社会变革的先进社会力量,中国共产党的诞生成为历史发展的必然。可以说,中国共产党是“应运而生(2)中国共产党是中国人民可以信赖的组织者和领导者,是中国革命坚强的领导力量。中国共产党的成立,使中国革命有了科学的指导思想,拥有着马克思主义这个最先进的思想武器。党所提出的纲领和奋斗目标,代表着中国社会发展的正确方向,代表着中国无产阶级和其他广大劳动人民的根本利益。因此,中国共产党从诞生时起,就充满着生机和活力,预示着中国的光明和希望。而且,中国共产党始终坚持“红船精神”,开天辟地、敢为人先,坚定理想、百折不挠,立党为公、忠诚为民,不断为中国人民谋幸福,为中华民族谋复兴。因此,在96年的奋斗探索中,中国共产党带领人民找到了一条适合中国国情的中国特色社会主义道路,将继续延续举世瞩目的伟大成就37. (1)理想与信念是如影随形,相互依存的。理想是信念的根据和前提,信念则是理想实现的重要保障。理想信念的作用与意义主要表现在第一,指引奋斗目标。理想信念对人生历程起着导向作用,是人的思想和行为的定向器。材料中的黄旭华、黄大年等人物青年时期即树立了正确的理想信念。第二,提供前进动力。有了坚定正确的理想信念,就会以惊人的毅力和不懈的努力,成就事业、创造奇迹。材料中黄旭华、黄大年等人物正是在正确的理想信念的指引下,对社会做出了突出贡献第三,提高精神境界。理想信念一方面使人的精神生活的各个方面统一起来,另一方面又引导着人们不断追求更高的人生目标,塑造高尚的人格。材料中黄旭华、黄大年等人物的成功离不开个人高尚的人格因此,青年时代确立正确的理想信念能够为人的一生提供“无穷的力量”。(2)材料通过对黄大年等人物事迹的阐释,使我们知道青年学生只有把实现理想的道路建立在脚踏实地的奋斗上,才能放飞青春梦想,实现人生理想第一,立志高远。志向高远,就是要放开眼界,不满足现状也不屈服于一时一地的困难与挫折,更不斤斤计较个人私利的多少与得失第二,立志做大事。青年学生应该把个人的命运与国家和人民的命运联系在一起,在为实现社会理想而奋斗的过程中实现个人理想第三,立志须躬行。崇高理想的实现需要一点一滴地奋斗。通往理想的路是遥远的,但起点就在脚下,在一切平凡的岗位上,在扎扎实实地学习和工作中。第四,伟大出自平凡。祖国的富强、民族的繁荣、人民的幸福,需要每一个社会成员尽其才奋其志。 38.(1)合作是全球化、信息化时代的主旋律,也是每一个参与主体借力发展的强劲引擎。积极参与各种一体化合作机制成为各个国家和地区加快自身发展的重要选择。对于发达国家而言，需要在全球贸易中寻找新的增长动力;对于后发国家而言,借助合作红利弥补发展短板是加速发展和后发赶超的关键因素。通过共建合作机制深化合作,世界各国能够为加强各项合作增强凝聚共识、强化意志、引导行动、保障落实加强发展战略、发展模式和发展经验的交流、比较和借鉴,提高各自发展潜能、促进战略优化、资源共享和共赢发展,提升自身乃至区域各国的整体竞争力。因此,必须引导经济全球化释放出更多“正面效(2)“一带一路”倡议推动了世界各国同舟共济、共克时艰,推动世界经济走出低迷、迎来新一轮强劲增长;顺应了世界多极化、经济全球化、文化多样化、社会信息化的潮流,谋求开放创新、包容互惠的发展前景;呼应了互联互通、合作共赢的时代强音,不断深化伙伴关系,实现联动发展。“一带一路”倡议在新的历史条件下促进了中国全方位对外开放和全面提高开放型经济水平,并实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦与世界各国人民的梦相融相通,这将为构建人类命运共同体的美好愿景提供有力实戮支撑。因此带一路’不是中国一家的独奏,而是沿线国家的合唱”。 本答案仅供参考，最终以官方公布为准。希望对大家有帮助，我们是知了网专注于伴随大学生成长的趣味高效在线学习网站，提供文都官方考研四六级医考公务员等课程比官网优惠，欢迎来交流，记得点关注啊点关注不迷路。

郑州大学2017年攻读硕士学位研究生入学试题考试科目名称：马克思主义中国化理论与实践考试科目代码：824答案一律写在考点统一发的答题纸上、否则无效。一：名词解释，1新民主主义文化纲领，2工农武装割据，3中国精神，二：简答题1毛泽东思想形成和发展的特点2为什么说农民问题是中国革命的基本问题三：论述题1，把从严治党落到实处必须实现思想建党和制度治党相结合郑州大学2017年攻读硕士学位研究生入学试题考试科目名称：马克思主义基本原理考试科目代码：644答案一律写在考点统一发的答题纸上、否则无效。一：名词解释：1矛盾的同一性2剩余价值规律3底线思维能力二：简答题：1为何说对立统一规律是唯物辩证法的实质和核心2实践主体与客体相互作用的关系三：论述题：1马克思主义物质观及意义PS：郑州大学2014年之后的真题都封题了，郑大考研服务站现提供真题的部分内容，仅供报考郑大的考生了解下郑大真题难度，想了解全部真题可以可以关注我们官方网站http://www.zzuziliao.com/

[A] The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.狄更斯发现他的第一部随笔，《白杨庄晚宴》，在每月杂志上刊登的时候，使他热泪盈眶。从那以后他就用笔名博兹发表随笔，刊登在《夜晚记事》上，让他小有名气。sketch文学速写，随笔chronicle编年史modest轻微的，不太多的bring tears to sb’s eyes使某人落泪from then on从那时开始[B] The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.《匹克威克外传》的巨大成功，为狄更斯赢得了名声。有匹克威克大衣和匹克威克雪茄，并且那个胖胖的，戴着眼镜的男主人公，塞缪尔匹克威克成为了一个享誉全国的人物。runaway success巨大的成功spectacled戴眼镜的plump胖胖的secure保证hero男主人公[C] Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt, was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837 and was first published in book form in 1837.《博兹札记》出版后不久，一家出版公司接触狄更斯想让他以每月连载的方式写一个故事，作为当时著名艺术家西摩的木刻画的背景，他最初构想的这个故事。带着特意的自信，狄更斯坚称西摩的版画是为他自己的故事配图。在第一期连载之后，狄更斯给这位艺术家写信让他更改绘画，因为他觉得版画与他的故事不符。西摩做了更改，回到后院，用自杀的方式表达自己的不满。狄更斯和出版商直接换了一个新的艺术家继续工作，这部喜剧小说，《匹克威克俱乐部遗稿》，在1836到1837年以连载的方式出现，并且于1837年首次出版成书。installment分期连载的部分backdrop背景originate初始characteristic独特的，特有的illustrate给…插图做说明prose散文posthumous死后发生的，死后出版的approach…to向…接洽be faithful to sth忠实于press on坚定地继续工作[D] Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer, Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.对于很多人来说，查尔斯狄更斯可能是19世纪最有名最伟大的英国小说家，他是一个道德家，一个讽刺作家，和一个社会改革者。狄更斯精心制作的复杂的故事情节和突出的人物描绘了了英语社会的全景。moralist卫道士satirist讽刺作家craft精心制作plot情节striking吸引人的capture用文章准确表达描述panorama全景，全貌[E]Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him, especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.他父亲从监狱出来后不久，狄更斯获得一个不错的工作——在律师事务所当跑腿，他自学速记，获得了一个更好的工作——在议会当记者和在法庭当速记员，在此时间，狄更斯用记者的眼光记录他身边的生活，尤其是有趣的古怪的事情，投了一些短篇初稿给那些不太出名的杂志。shorthand速记stenographer速记员obscure无名的，模糊的teach oneself自学submit…to…提交[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British Navy Pay office -- a respectable position, but with little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper, possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickenslaterconcealedtheirbackground.Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken's birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens's greatest wound and became his deepest secret.He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.狄更斯出生于朴茨茅斯，英国南海岸。他的父亲是一个英国海军出纳室的职员，一个体面的职位，但是没有社会地位，他的爷爷和奶奶，一个是男管家一个是女管家，更没有什么社会地位，都是仆人，狄更斯后来隐藏了他们的身份背景。狄更斯的母亲据说来自一个体面的家庭，然而两年后，狄更斯出生之前，他的母亲的爸爸因为偷盗被抓而逃往欧洲，再也没有回来。家庭的日益贫困使狄更斯12岁辍学在华伦黑鞋油工厂工作，这家鞋油工厂的孩子们嘲笑他是“年轻的绅士”，他的父亲由于债务问题之后被关进监狱，他父亲入狱的耻辱和他在黑鞋油厂的当劳工的痛苦成为他此生最大的伤害也是内心最深处的秘密。他甚至都不对妻子吐露这个秘密，尽管这些经历为他的小说提供了潜在的基础。paternal父亲一方的steward男管家housekeeper女管家blacking黑鞋油imprison关押，监禁humiliation耻辱confide吐露（秘密），倾诉unacknowledged未被承认的pay office 出纳室shoe-polish鞋油be caught doing sth被抓到正在做某事[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, he traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.在匹克威克外传之后，狄更斯投入到了一个更灰暗的世界，《雾都孤儿》，他追踪了一个孤儿从济贫院到伦敦犯罪贫民窟的历程，《尼古拉斯尼克贝》，融合了雾都孤儿的黑暗和匹克威克的阳光，这些享誉盛名的小说奠定了狄更斯作为国内和国际著名作家的地位。belak阴郁的，凄凉的orphan孤儿workhouse救济院slum贫民窟consolidate巩固，加强combine A with B将A和B结合起来consolidate sb as巩固某人作为…的地位man of letters文人，作家做法：1.通读全文，确定本文是传记，传记就按照时间顺序排列2.从给的已知段落，寻找上下文，使逻辑衔接3.通读检验正确语序：DFEACBG

对于真题考试题型不固定的院校应该如何复习？文都比邻带来20年华中师范大学教育硕士考研真题分析。每年考研初试结束之后我们会对历年真题进行收集整理并进行详细的分析，为了提供给考生们提供更多备考资料。一、院系解读华中师范大学是教育部直属重点综合性大学，是“211工程”、“985工程优势学科创新平台”重点建设院校，是国家教育部本科教学评估“优秀”高校、国家师范生免费教育试点高校。学校2005年进入“211工程”重点建设高校名单，2017年入选国家“双一流”世界一流学科建设高校名单，2019年入选首批国家教材建设重点研究基地。华中师范大学教育学院形成了从本科生到博士后完整的人才培养体系。现有教育学、学前教育和特殊教育三个本科专业，其中教育学专业被评为湖北省本科品牌专业，也是教育部、财政部批准的高等学校特色专业建设点；学前教育专业属国家卓越幼儿园教师培养计划改革项目和湖北省专业综合改革试点；特殊教育专业属湖北省荆楚卓越计划改革项目。二、华中师范大学教育硕士考研参考书目三、考研真题分析（一）题型变化【文都比邻解读】华中师大333真题的题型不固定，时而会增加选择题，时而又全是主观题。例如，2012年只以“名词解释、简答题、论述题”三种形式考查，但2013年、2014年增加了选择题题型，2015年、2016年继续回归传统题型即名词解释、简答题和论述题，之后2017年又增加了选择题，而2018年又继续回归传统题型即名词解释、简答题和论述题，2019年又添加了选择题，2020年呈现的仍是传统的三大题型（即名词解释、简答题和论述题）。（二）科目分值按题型分布明细表（2020）【文都比邻解读】通过分析华中师范大学真题，可知：华中师范大学333教育专硕综合试题中，每个科目对应的分值较为固定。其中，教育学原理的分值比重最大且波动幅度最小，约为60分；教育心理学和中国教育史的比重稍大于外国教育史，但同时外国教育史的分值比重也在上升。（三）命题规律1.题量相对较少，答题时间很宽裕，且简答题题量相对固定。2.名词解释题中，2020年真题与2018、2019年相比，未考查到教育心理学的相关内容。其他三门科目均考查了2道题目，且题目较为常规，容易作答。3.简答题中，题目的难度系数中等。“赫尔巴特的课程论”“不同归因对学生有什么影响，如何指导学生正确归因”等不能直接作答，需要整合所学知识点进行作答，有一定难度。4.论述题中，题目的难度系数在整个试卷中最大。作答此类题目既需要掌握知识的宏观框架，也需要对具体的知识点进行准确记忆。比如，“论述新文化教育思潮（写任意五个）”，既要对新文化教育思潮的整体内容有所了解，又要能够准确写出每一个教育思潮的相关知识点。（四）复试建议1.尽早核对答案，进行估分。2.尽早规划复习时间，准备复试，赢在起跑线上。3.切记按照复试指定书目进行复习。四、真题早知道2020年真题（部分）一、名词解释：每题5分，共30分4.社学6.现代人文主义教育思潮二、简答：每题10分，共40分3.赫尔巴特的课程论4.不同归因对学生有什么影响，如何指导学生正确归因三、分析论述题：每题20分，共80分1.结合教育实际，德育过程培养学生知情意行发展过程。4.分析论述信息加工学习理论及其对教学的启示。

物理工程学院专业：理论物理、粒子物理与原子核物理、凝聚态物理、光学、生物物理学（物理类考生）专业课考试科目：③650量子力学④901普通物理一（力学、电磁学、光学）推荐参考书目：《量子力学教程》周世勋高等教育出版社（2009年6月第二版）或《量子力学导论》曾谨言北大出版社《普通物理学》（力学、电磁学、光学）程守洙高等教育出版社（2006年12月第六版）资料清单：【资料不包括教材，下面说的只是资料的，除了教材上面列出的都包括】资料说明：经过半年多郑大考上的研究生整理，本资料是目前全郑大最全面的资料，不信，可以比对下。包括最新真题、笔记、习题等。资料虽然多，但绝对比资料比我们的少的人的资料要便宜。另外后期还会继续免费更新郑大最新资料。基础备考阶段（现在买资料就发这部分，这部分约占总部分的85%左右，强化和冲刺部分这个后期发，详情耐心往下看）一、历年真题和答案1、650量子力学2006——2018年试题2、650量子力学2006——2013年答案（8份）3、901普通物理一2006——2018年试题4、901普通物理一2006——2013年答案（8份）5、附赠：量子力学2002——2005年和普通物理一1999——2005年共11份试题二、考研专业课笔记、讲义等内部资料6、郑大量子力学本科教案7、郑大量子力学模拟题8、周世勋《量子力学教程》名校考研真题以及解析8、《量子力学教程》习题剖析（电子版）9、量子力学郑大老师上课课件（电子版）10-、周世勋《量子力学教程》课后习题详解电子版）三、考研专业课内部习题集11、《普通物理学》考研核心笔记12、《普通物理学》重点串讲辅导讲义14、郑大普通物理学复习纲要15大学物理最新期末试题（物理工程学院教研室编写）16《普通物理学》名校考研真题以及解析17、普通物理学公式大全18、程守洙《普通物理学》（上册）课后习题（含名校考研真题）详解（电子版）19程守洙《普通物理学》（下册）课后习题（含名校考研真题）详解（电子版）20程守洙《普通物理学》（上册）笔记（电子版）21 程守洙《普通物理学》（下册）笔记（电子版）强化提高阶段（2018年9月左右更新，是电子版）郑州大学650量子力学2017 、2018年试题郑州大学901普通物理一2017、2018年试题650量子力学+901普通物理一暑假强化资料其他的强化阶段资料（这个根据后期情况而定，后期整理出来什么就发什么）冲刺阶段（2018年11月左右更新，是电子版）郑州大学650量子力学2019年考研模拟题郑州大学901普通物理一2019年考研模拟题四、专业课视频考研视频链接01、周世勋周世勋《量子力学教程》冲刺串讲周世勋《量子力学教程》考点精讲周世勋《量子力学教程》考研冲刺串讲及模拟六套卷周世勋《量子力学教程》教材精讲周世勋《量子力学教程》考研真题串讲02程守洙程守洙《普通物理学》考研冲刺串讲及模拟卷程守洙《普通物理学》考研名校真题解析及典型习题精讲精练程守洙《普通物理学》考研考点精讲及复习思路程守洙《普通物理学》教材精讲程守洙《普通物理学》考研真题串讲

其他院校考研真题广东财经大学考研专业课真题试卷【2013—2020】赣南师范大学考研专业课真题试卷【2011—2020】成都大学考研专业课真题试卷【2015—2020】常州大学考研专业课真题试卷【2009—2020】北京城市学院考研专业课真题试卷【2013—2020】安徽师范大学考研专业课真题试卷【2014—2020】

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

郑州大学2017 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学试题学科、专业: 考古学考试科目名称：632考古综合答案一律写在考点统一发的答题纸上、否则无效。一、名词解释（每题10 分）1. 丁村遗址2. 类型学3. 党锢之乱二、简答题1. 简述汉武帝加强中央集权制措施2. 简述唐宋名窑三、论述题（前两题每题50 分第三题40 分）

Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.作为世界主要的国际语言，使用英语的人已经连续几十年保持增长态势。(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.尽管说英语的人数还在增加，但是有迹象表明英语在可预见的未来将失去在世界的主导地位。Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breadth of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol.复杂的国际、经济、技术和文化变革将削弱英语在国际市场上的语言主导地位，英国享受的由于广泛使用英语的便利的优势将最终面临新的压力。那些现实的可能性由大卫格拉多尔的研究强调出来。(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.他的研究会终结那些相信英语在全球的地位非常稳固而自满的人的想法，那些人认为年青一代英国人不需要额外的语言能力。David Graddol concludes that monoglotEnglish graates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations.大卫格拉多尔总结单一的英语本科毕业生面临暗淡的经济前景，因为其他国家的会说多语言的年轻人在全球公司和组织中更有资格比英国同龄人更有优势。Alongside that,(48)many countries are introcing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.同时，许多国家把英语纳入小学课程，但是英国的学生却似乎没有获得更多的鼓励去熟练掌握其他语言。If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international ecation markets as the demand for ecational resources in languages, such as Spanish ，Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.p>如果对其放任自流，这样的趋势将消减英语在国际教育市场上的相对实力，因为对西班牙语、阿拉伯语或者汉语的需求在增长，国际业务流程的外包比如日语、法语和德语也在扩张。(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all presentclear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader ecation business sectors.大卫格拉多尔指出这些变化对向其他国家提供英语教学的英国个人和组织机构乃至更大的教育产业领域构成明确的重大的挑战。The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other ecation related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more.英语教育行业的无形出口直接赚取13亿英镑，我们其他教育相关出口每年额外获得高达100亿英镑的收益。As the international ecation market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.由于国际教育市场扩大，最近到几个主要说英语的国家学习的国际学生人数减少的趋势可能会持续下去，尤其是没有有效的战略措施来阻止这种下滑趋势的话。The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:本研究对可能的需求转变的预测具有重大意义。(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.它为旨在促进英语学习和使用的所有组织机构提供了一个基础，该基础用于应对由一种或许会很不一样的运作环境所带来的的各种可能。那是必要且可行的方法。在这件事上，和许多其他事上一样，那些希望影响未来的人必须为此做好准备。