2016年考研试题答案

今天（21日）上午，备受关注的2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试泄题案在湖北公安县法院开庭审理。王某某等13名被告人到庭，涉嫌犯有组织考试作弊罪、非法提供出售试题答案罪、代替考试罪等罪行。经公诉人的举证质证，辩护人的询问和辩护，13名被告人均当庭表示认罪，但对具体作案细节提出了异议。目前该案仍在审理当中。2015年11月，《刑法修正案(九)》正式实施，首次明确作弊入刑。据了解，这起案件是作弊入刑 施行以来，首次有犯罪团伙同时涉及组织考试作弊罪、非法提供出售试题答案罪、代替考试罪三项考试类罪名。2016年5月，经过历时4个月的侦办，湖北警方成功破获这起备受关注的案件。下面是这桩案件来龙去脉的回顾。2015年12月26日，研究生考试的第一天，有考生反映，就在英语考试开考前一个半小时，一份手抄的英语考题答案就已经流传在考研聊天群当中。事后经过核对，答案和考题竟完全一致。考研疑似泄题，一时间引起轩然大波。公安部网安局指定由湖北网安部门成立工作专班具体侦查，命名为部督“1560”专案。而在此之前，湖北警方就一直在对助考犯罪活动进行跟踪追查。2015年12月26日上午11时左右，抓捕组在某大学的考点，将正在利用无线电传输设备发送答案的王某波当场抓获，王某波是武汉新生机教育考试培训机构的负责人。顺着王某波的这条线索，湖北警方抓获了涉案的20多名犯罪嫌疑人。经过一个多月的审讯，掌握了河南、武汉两个团伙 从窃题、传题、解题，再到培训、组织作弊、替考的完整犯罪链条。经警方审讯得知，试题是犯罪嫌疑人罗某、李某从河南省某印刷厂窃取的。考验前夕，李某联系到在武汉从事助考犯罪活动的陈某，在郑州和武汉两地招录培训人员。2015年12月25号晚上8点，也就是考研前一天，犯罪嫌疑人 考生胡某 参加了“秘密”培训。犯罪嫌疑人 胡某：反正都是关手机，不要看四周，不要跟别人说话，不要问别人。反正外面很多人就站岗，还有放哨的，搞得很隐蔽。就在培训的现场，他给了什么东西给你的？记者：就是卷子，普通试题卷子他让你记答案还是记什么？题干和答案。你第二天考试的时候，发现这个题目跟那个考试题一模一样了吗？对，就是发了我10分钟做完了，选择题10分钟做完了，真不可思议，我说这太神奇了。2016研究生考试当天凌晨3点多钟，胡某将偷偷从培训现场带出来的考试试卷和答案通过手机发给了犯罪嫌疑人王某波，被警方截获。顺着王某波这条线索顺藤摸瓜，盘踞在湖北长期从事助考犯罪活动的团伙落网。

In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse配偶is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1__those of the young woman, but also amatchmaker媒人. A young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. __4__, a girl may veto否决权the spouse her parents have chosen. __5__ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family.在柬埔寨，对于年轻男性来说，选择配偶是一个难题。这不仅会涉及到他的父母和他的朋友，以及涉及到年轻女性的父母和朋友，还会涉及到媒人。一个年轻男子可以自行决定一个差不多的配偶。然后可以寻求他的父母来安排婚姻的协商问题。或者这个年轻男子的父母直接选择孩子的配偶，不给这个孩子选择的机会。理论上，女孩儿有对父母给他选择伴侣的拒绝的权力，当配偶选择之后，每个家庭都调查对方家庭，以便确保他们的孩子嫁到了一个好的家庭里面。1. A. by way of经由，经过B. with regard to关于 C. on behalf of D. as well as以及答案：D 。句中有not only but also，根据首句知道“男性择偶很复杂”，不仅涉及男方亲友、女方亲友，还涉及到媒人，显然空格填写并列关系短语；B选项“关于”多用于对某事物的说明，a conutry’s law with regard to human rights；A选项误认为“男方亲友经由女方亲友向女方提亲”。2. A. decide on B. provide for 供养 C. compete with与…竞争 D. adapt to适应答案：A 。后文有父母“take the choice of”，可知前面必然是孩子自身可以“decide on”，文中“or”这个词要注意，是解决本题关键3. A. close B. arrange C. renew D. postpone答案：B 。根据句意，男性自主选择对象之后就会让父母提亲，arrange合适。4. A. In theory B. Above all 最重要的是C. In time最终；及时 D. For example答案：A 。根据句中父母giving the child little to say in the selection暗含父母包办婚姻，可知女孩选择配偶的自由只能在理论上成立。above all是递进关系，而此句前后是并列关系。5. A. Unless B. Lest以免 C. After D. Although答案：C 。配偶选定，双方家庭调查背景，unless表条件，lest表目的，although表让步，after表顺承关系6. A. into B. within C. from D. through 答案：A 。marry into嫁入一个….家庭，固定搭配，through不能与marry搭配The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerlyit lasted three days, __7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhistpriests offer a short sermon布道 and __8__ prayers祷告of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual仪式 hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the __11__. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may__12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby.传统婚礼是又长又有趣味的大事，以前持续三天，自从20世纪80年代，婚礼一般持续一天半。佛教僧侣进行简短的布道，并且吟诵主祷词。仪式包括剪发仪式，把在水中浸泡过的棉线缠绕在新娘和新郎的手腕上，那些婚姻幸福又受人尊敬的夫妇绕城一圈将一个蜡烛依次传递以祝福新婚夫妇。新婚夫妇在传统上要搬到妻子的父母家居住最多长达一年，直到他们能在附近建造自己的新房子。7. A. or B. since C. but D. so答案：C 。由Formerlyit lasted three days, __7__1980s it lasted a day and a half. 可以知道前后对比关系，所以用but表对比；since自从，与by 语义重复 8. A. test B. copy C. recite 吟诵 D. create答案：C 。and表连接，前面是offer a short sermon，后面的祝祷词自然就是吟诵祝祷词。 9. A. folding 折叠 B. piling 堆放 C. wrapping 打包 D. tying答案：D 。D选项是系，绑的意思，原句是将棉线缠绕在新郎新娘手腕上，表示永结连理的意思，所以用tie——tying的形式。10. A. passing B. lighting C. hiding D. serving答案：A 。这个很容易选择B，但是文中说一根蜡烛祝福新人，而且词组Pass sth around，light ….around搭配不合理11. A. association B. meeting C. collection D. union答案：D 。A选项是“联盟”，强调机构团体，B选项相遇、遇见、会面，C选项“聚集”，只有D是联姻、联合12. A. deal B. part C. grow D. live答案：D 。live with搭配，与….生活在一起，grow with是伴随…一起成长，part with不情愿的放弃某物，deal with对付、对待，只有D选项合适13. A. whereas 然而，但是 B. until C. for D. if答案：B 。根据上下文，搬进妻子父母的家，住一年，后面盖一个房子，则两者之间存在时间条件关系，只有Until既表示时间又表示条件。A选项表示转折，C选项表因果，D选项表示条件Divorce is legal and easy to __14__, but not common. Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval. Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up. The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__the woman must wait ten months.离婚是合法的而且很容易实现，但是并不常见，离婚的人不被认同，夫妻之间保持自己带进婚姻的任何财产，共同财产平均分配，离婚的人可以再婚，但是性别歧视会显现出来：离婚的男性不用有等待期，而离婚的女性必须等待十个月才能再婚。14. A. avoid B. follow效仿C. challenge D. obtain实现答案：D 。前面是合法，后面有but转折，所以14应该与合法并列，即容易得到、实现；follow有理解、领会的含义，但和disapproval矛盾，排除15. A. isolated 孤立，区别看待 B. persuaded C. viewed 看待 D. exposed暴露答案：C 。viewed with词组“以….的目光看待”，A选项和from搭配，isolate sb from sb/sth，exposed与to搭配，不与with搭配16. A. wherever B. whatever C. whenever D. however答案：B 。句子是宾从，只有whatever能引导宾从，D选项引导方式状语，C选项引导时间状语，A选项引导地点状语17. A. changed B. brought C. shaped D. pushed答案：B 。根据常识，离婚后财产分割包括婚前各人财产和婚后共同财产，只有bring …. into，即婚前夫妻各自带来的财产18. A. invested 投资B. divided C. donated捐献 D. withdrawn取出答案：B 。这句是说婚后共同财产处置，按照常识也是平分，更何况还有个equally，只有B分割更为符合题意19. A. warms B. clears C. shows D. breaks答案：C 。介绍离婚人士再婚，冒号后面的句子是对男女离婚后的不同对待，也就说明男女存在性别偏见，离婚后偏见会“显露”出来，show up也是词组显露，而clear up是清晰起来，warm up活跃起来，break up终结，都不符合题意20. A. while 然而 B. so that C. once D. in that因为答案：A 。表示前后对比，while表示转折，符合题意。

2016年中山大学894管理学（B）考研真题中山大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：894科目名称：管理学（B）考试时间：12月27日下午一、名词解释（每小题6分，共5题30分）1．平衡计分卡2．竞争优势和竞争战略3．盈亏平衡分析4．组织承诺和组织惰性5．基本归因错误和自我服务偏见二、问答题（每小题10分，共8题80分）1．事业部制组织结构有何优点？2．管理者解决组织冲突的策略有哪些？3．构成管理外部环境的内容有哪些？4．减少变革阻力的策略有哪些？5．有效的团队应具有怎样的特征？6．大五人格模型所包含的人格特质有哪些？7．实施控制的主要方法有哪些？8．战略管理过程存在哪些步骤？三、案例分析（每小题20分，共2题40分）1．亨利的困惑亨利已经在数据系统公司工作了5年。他从普通编程员升到了资深的程序编制分析员。他对自己所服务的这家公司相当满意，很快被工作中的创造性要求所激励。一个周末的下午，亨利和他的朋友及同事迪安一起打高尔夫球。他了解到他所在的部门新雇了一位刚从大学毕业的程序编制分析员。尽管亨利是个好脾气的人，但他听说这新来者的起薪仅比他现在的工资少30美元时，不禁发火了。亨利找到了人事部主任爱德华，爱德华说，确有这么回事。但他试图解释公司的处境；“亨利，编程分析员的市场相当紧俏，为使公司能吸引合格的人员，我们不得不提供较高的起薪。我们非常需要增加一名编程分析员，因此，我们只能这么做。”亨利问能否相应提高他的工资。爱德华回答说；“你的工资需按正常的绩效评估时间评定后再调。你干的非常不错！我相信老板到时会给你提薪的。”亨利在向爱德华道了声；“打扰了！”便离开了他的办公室，边走边不停的摇头，对自己在公司的前途感到疑惑。（1）本案例描述的事件会对亨利的工作动力产生什么样的影响？哪一种激励理论可以更好的解释亨利的困惑？为什么？（8分）（2）你觉得爱德华的解释会让亨利感到满意吗？请说明理由。（6分）（3）你认为公司应当对亨利采取些什么措施？（6分）2．准确决策与盲目投资A建筑卫生陶瓷厂是一家国有中型企业，由于种种原因，2005年停产近一年，亏损250万元，濒临倒闭。2006年初，郑先生出任厂长。面对停水、停电、停发工资的局面，郑厂长认真分析了工厂的现状，果断决策：治厂先从人事制度改革入手，把科室及分厂的管理人员减掉3/4，充实到生产第一线，形成一人多用、一专多能的治厂队伍。改制后的企业像开足马力的列车一样急速运行，在运行过程中，逐渐显示出规模跟不上市场的劣势，束缚了企业的发展。有人建议投资上千万元再建一条大规模的混道窑生产线，显示一下新班子的政绩。郑厂长根据职工代表大会的建议，果断决定将生产成本高、劳动强度大、产品质量差的86米明焰煤烧隧道窑扒掉，建成98米隔焰煤烧隧道窑，并对一分厂的两条老窑进行了技术改造，结果仅花费不足200万元，便使其生产能力提高了一倍。2008年，国内生产厂家纷纷上高档卫生瓷砖，厂内外也有不少人建议赶“潮流”。对此，郑先生没有盲目决策，而是冷静地分析了市场行情，经过认真调查论证，认为中低档卫生瓷的国内市场潜力很大，一味上高档卫生瓷不符合国情。于是经过市场考察，该厂新上了20多个中低档卫生瓷产品，这些产品一投入市场便成了紧俏货。目前新产品产值占总产值的比例已提高到60％以上。与A建筑卫生瓷厂形成鲜明对比的是B陶瓷公司，该公司也是一家国有中型企业，20世纪90年代初，它曾是某省建材行业领头之一。然而，近年来在市场经济大潮的冲击下，由于盲目上马，导致企业重大决策失误，使这家原本红红火火的国有企业债台高筑。2002年，该公司投资1200万元建立大断面窑生产线。但该公司为赶市场潮流，不经论证就将其改建为混道窑生产线，又投资1700万元，由于该生产线建成时市场潮流已过，因此投产后公司一直亏损。在产销无望的情况下，公司只好重新投入1000多万元再建大断面窑，这进一步使得公司元气大伤，债台高筑，仅拖欠银行贷款就达3000多万元。几年来，该公司先后做出失误的重大经营决策六项，使企业以前积累的数千万元自有资金消耗得一干二净。问题：（1）结合上述案例分析决策包括哪些基本内容？其中的关键步骤是什么？（10分）（2）本案例中两家企业形成鲜明对比的原因是什么？（5分）（3）科学决策需要注意哪些问题？（5分）来源：圣考网

2016考研英语二真题及答案解析 Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。 Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on the ANSWER SHEET。 （10 points）Happy people work differently。 They’re more proctive， more creative， and willing to take greater risks。 And new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work， too。Companies located in place with happier people invest more， according to a recent research paper。 2 ， firms in happy places spend more on R&D（research and development）。That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investment for the future。The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested。 So they compared U.S。 cities’ average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas。7 enough， firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8。 But it is really happiness that’s linked to investment， or could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D？ To find out， the researches controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest like size， instry ， and sales-and-and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in， like growth in wages or population。 They link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things。The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms， which the authors 13 to “less confined decision making process” and the possible presence of younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment。’’ The relationship was 15 stronger in places where happiness was spread more 16。 Firms seem to invest more in places。17 this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view， the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility。 It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future。 It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward –thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average，” said one researcher。1。 [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2。 [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3。 [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4。 [A] indivialism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5。 [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6。 [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7。 [A] sure [B] odd [C] unfortunate [D] often8。 [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9。 [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10。 [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11。 [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12。 [A] resumed [B] held [C] emerged [D] broke13。 [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D] compare14。 [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D] experienced15。 [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16。 [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17。 [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18。 [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19。 [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20。 [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send actSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts。 Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D。 Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET。 （40 points）Text 1It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college。 Students without experience can catch up after a few introctory courses， said Tom Cortina， the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science。However， Cortina said， early exposure is beneficial。 When younger kids learn computer science， they learn that it’s not just a confusing， endless string of letters and numbers – but a tool to build apps， or create artwork， or test hypotheses。 It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students。 Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal。 Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap， Cortina said。Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college， where introctory computer-science classes are packed to the brim， which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away。The Flatiron School， where people pay to learn programming， started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for alts looking for a career change。 The high-schoolers get the same curriculum， but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in，” said Victoria Friedman， an instructor。 For instance， one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood。The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook。 Programming languages have a quick turnover， so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market。 But the skills they learn – how to think logically through a problem and organize the results – apply to any coding language， said Deborah Seehorn， an ecation consultant for the state of North Carolina。Indeed， the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all。 But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes。 These kids are going to be surrounded by computers-in their pockets ，in their offices， in their homes –for the rest of their lives， The younger they learn how computers think， how to coax the machine into procing what they want –the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that –the better。21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to _______A。 complete future job trainingB。 remodel the way of thinkingC。 formulate logical hypothesesD。 perfect artwork proction22.In delivering lessons for high - schoolers ， Flatiron has considered their________A。 experienceB。 interestC。 career prospectsD。 academic backgrounds1、[答案]C how[解析]根据空格所在句子可以看出，空格处应该是一个引导宾语从句的从属连词，做influence的宾语。四个选项的意思中，只有C。 how引导后面的内容做influence的宾语，前后意思合理。2、[答案]B In particular[解析]空格的前一句话的内容是：坐落在幸福人群所在地的公司投资更多的钱。空格所在句的内容是：坐落在幸福人群所在地的公司在…方面投入更多的钱。很显然，前后句子是总分关系。选项中，只有B选项可以体现总分关系。3、[答案]D necessary[解析]根据空格处前后的内容，_____ for making investments for the future是做后置定语修饰longer-term thinking和happiness。幸福，这种持久的思维模式对于对未来进行投资_______，四个选项中只有D。 necessary 做后置定语符合前后内容。其他选项与原文内容语义不符。4、[答案]C optimism[解析]空格处的内容与inclination for risk-taking由and连接，构成并列关系，后面that come with happiness定语从句既修饰空格处的内容，也修饰inclination for risk-taking，所以选项中可以由that come with happiness修饰的只有C选项optimism。5、[答案]D change[解析]空格处的内容和the way companies invested构成动宾搭配。选项中A。 echo 回声 B。 miss 思念 C。 spoil 溺爱 D。 change 改变，所以只有D选项可以和the way companies invested构成通顺语义。故D项正确。6、[答案]B measured[解析]原文：So they compared U.S。 cities’ average happiness_______ by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas。 所以他们比较美国城市的平均幸福，这种幸福是根据盖洛普在上市公司的投资活动地区民意调查来________。 A imagined 想象，D assumed 假定与民意调查的客观性是不符的，故排除，C invented 发明，与文意不符，故选B measured，衡量，测量。7、[答案]A sure[解析]若要判断此空的答案，需要结合文章上下文来判断。这句话和本篇完型的第二段的首句的含义是相同的。第二段的首句：Companies located in places with happier people invest more，含义为：坐落在幸福人们多的地方的公司会加大研发投入力度。本段首句其实是对于这一中心的重复阐述，因此选A。8、[答案]D headquartered[解析]原文：firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were _________。公司的投资与研发强度与公司所_______的地区的幸福度相关。依据第7题的答案，我们可以推断，这句话所填写的单词和located应该是近义， A advertised 广告； B divided 分割； C overtaxed 负担过重；均与本文含义不符，故选D，headquartered设立总部。9、[答案]A explain[解析]原文：…could something else about happier cities ______ why firms there spend more on R&D？ 此句也是对于本文中心的再次论证。还有其他的什么可以__________公司在幸福的城市加入研发投入力度吗？ 这句话之后就是具体的原因陈述。B overstate 夸张； C summarize总结；D emphasize 强调；均不符合文意，所以以上三项皆排除。故选A express 解释，阐释。10、[答案]B factors[解析]原文： To find out， the researchers controlled for various ________that might make firms more likely to invest — like size， instry， and sales ，为了找到答案，研究人员控制了各种各样的可能会让公司加大投资的_______——比如大小、行业和销量——，联系上下文，我们可以看出，这个空格其实就是下文size， instry， and sales的上义词，可以包含这三个名词的内容。A stages 阶段；C levels 水平，标准； D methods 方法；均不符合文意。故选B factors 原因，因素。11、[答案]A desirable[解析]该句意思为：研究者掌控了各种使公司更愿意投资的因素（比如规模、行业、销售），也掌控了居住起来____的住处的征兆（比如工资或人数的增长）。此处需填入形容词，前后两句为并列关系，感情色彩应保持一致，所填词应和空前more likely to invest更可能投资，以及空后like举例的内容涨工资一致，也是好事，所以答案desirable可取的、令人满意的为正确选项。Sociable善于交际的，reputable有声望的，reliable可靠的虽为正向词汇，但均与上下文衔接不紧密，因此答案为desirable。12、[答案]B held[解析]即使说明这些问题，总体来讲，快乐与投资之间的关系____。Resume继续、重新开始，hold保持不变，维持，emerge出现，break破裂。前后为递进，说明这些问题后，二者关系应仍然保持不变，所以hold为正确答案。13、[答案]A attribute[解析]该句意思为：快乐与投资之间的相互关系对年轻的企业特别强烈，作者把这一点____于“缺少编纂的做决定过程”。此处考搭配，attribute…to把……归咎于，assign…to把……指派给，transfer…to把……传递给，compare…to把……相比较，其中attribute…to符合文意，作者把这一点归因于于“缺少编纂的做决定过程”。14、[答案]D experienced[解析]该题为并列平行关系考查，and前后情感色彩、所属范畴应保持一致，younger并列，应为less experienced缺少经验的，故为正确答案。Serious严肃的，civilized文明的，ambitious有野心的，与年龄无直接关系，故排除。15、[答案]C also[解析]该句话上一句为The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong，此句为The relationship was 15 stronger，显然，二者之间为并列关系，因此选择also也。Thus表结果，instead表转折，never从不，不符合此处逻辑。16、[答案]D equally[解析]此题考查副词。四个选项中，A选项rapidly意为“迅速地”， B选项regularly意为“常规地”，C选项意为directly“直接地”，D选项equally“平等地”。此处讨论的是公司投资与快乐之间的关系。空格后指出，相较于在快乐不平等的地方，或者幸福感有巨大鸿沟的地方，公司更愿意在大多数人都较为幸福的领域投资， D选项equally是对inequality的反义复现，因此，D选项是正确选项。17、[答案]C While[解析]此处考察上下文的逻辑关系。上文指出，公司愿意在幸福的领域里投资， 而空格后则提到“这并不能证明幸福引发了公司扩大投资或者采用较长远的眼光看问题”，显然，这二者之间是转折关系，正确选项为C选项While “然而”。A选项 After“在……之后” ， B选项Until “直到”，D选项Since“因为”或“自从”，都不符合文意。18、[答案]C hints[解析]空格所在句的前半句质疑了投资与幸福的关系，后半句的作者表现的态度是“believe”， 因此此处要填入一个表积极立场的词，且能与后面的at that possibility构成搭配， 表明“作者”的认可态度。A选项arrive“到达”，B选项jumps“跳跃”，D选项strikes“打击；罢工”，均不能与at that possibility搭配，C选项hints“暗示”符合语意，因此正确答案为C。19、[答案]A shape[解析]结合文意，此处是在正面论述“当地文化和氛围”对公司运营的影响，且二者之间的因果关系一直贯穿全文。四个选项中，A选项shape意为“形成，塑造” B选项rediscover“重新发现”， C选项simplify“简化”，D选项share“分享”， 其中只有A 选项最贴近语意，因此正确答案为A。20、[答案]B lean towards[解析]此处考察固定词组。 A选项pray for意为“为……祈祷”，B选项lean towards意为“向……倾斜”，C选项give away意为“泄露； 失去；赠送”，D选项send out意为“发送，发出”。空格所在句的前后语意为“快乐的人比普通人更加的具有正向思维，更有创造力，并且更加的_____研究和发展。”可知最符合文意的只能是选项B。Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121、[答案][B]remodel the way of thinking[解析]观点题。根据题干Cortina holds回文定位在第二段。第二段指出Cortina认为过早的接触电脑是有益的，紧接着指出当小孩子学习电脑科学，他们就学习了如何去开发手机应用程序，或者创作艺术，或者验证假设。对于他们来说与大孩子相比，改变思维并不难。综上所述，[B]remodel the way of thinking是对原文“transform their thought”的同义置换。22、[答案][B] interest[解析]事实细节题。根据题干关键信息“in delivering lessons for high-schoolers”、“Flatiron has considered”，定位到第三段。整个第三段在叙述Flatiron School。其中，第三行The high-schoolers get the same curriculum， but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in”（高中生们上同样的课程，但是“我们力图以他们的兴趣来调整课程”），表明了该校开设课程的依据是“学生的兴趣”，故选[B] interest。23、[答案][A] help students learn other computer languages[解析]细节题。根据Deborah Seehorn 定位到文章第五段最后一句。Deborah说他们学习的技能（如何思考问题具有逻辑性并组织结果）可以应用到编码语言中去。选项[A]帮助学生学习另外的电脑语言是对这句话的概括。24、[答案][C] become better prepared for the digitalized world[解析]推理题。根据题干关键词“the last paragraph”和“Flatiron students”回文定位在最后一段。最后一段第一句指出Flatiron的学生不会全都进入IT界。紧接着第二句说明培养编码人员不是唯一目的，第三句进一步指出这些学生将会一生“被电脑包围”（生活在电脑时代），对比四个所给选项，[C] become better prepared for the digitalized world与原文意思一致，故正确。25、[答案][A] persuade[解析]词义题。根据题干关键信息“coax”（Line 4， Para.6），定位到最后一段第四行how to coax the machine into procing what they want（如何…电脑生产他们想要的），且该部分是与how computers think（电脑是如何思维的）并列的，都是学生学习的具体内容。正是因为两者并列，因此根据单词think可知coax同样含有一定比喻色彩，且coax指的是“让电脑生产他们想要的”一种手段或方式。将四个选项分别带入原文：[A] persuade“劝说，劝诱”，即“劝诱电脑生产他们想要的”，语意恰当，是正确选项；[B] frighten“吓唬，使惊吓”，即“吓唬电脑去生产他们想要的”，该方式带有贬义色彩，故排除；[C] misguide“误导”，与[B]同理，故排除；[D] challenge“挑战”，即“挑战电脑去生产他们想要的”，语义不通顺，故排除。因此，本题正确答案为[A] persuade。Text 226、[答案][A] its drastically decreased population[解析]本题属于细节题，考查了考生对文章首段中关于草原鸡数量的变化的理解。根据对首段首句当中生物学家预测的数量是2百万，而在首段末句出现but转折以及末句当中关于草原鸡现在真实的剩余数量只有2万2千只，都可以说明草原鸡的数量急剧的下降；另外，这道题还有一种做法是通过第二段首句的主语的作用，某些情况下，文章中间段落的首句主语起到承上启下的作用，那么中间段落首句主语就会有概括上一段的作用，本文第二段的首句：The crash was a main reason USFWS decided to formally list the bird as threatened。 就是对第26题题干和正确选项的同义替换，根据第二段第一句的主语：the crash （这种暴跌），对应正确选项A。27、[答案][D] went against conservation policies[解析]本题属于推理题，根据题干信息：the “Threatened” tag 令许多环境学家感到失望，定位到第二段的第三句，因此，原因应该出自第三句之后，而第四句和第五句中间有很明显的转折词but，因此答案定位在第五句，很多同学可能会问，这里并没有表示原因的词去与题干当中的in that进行对应，但是在我们的钻石卡的课程中提到，原文当中给出原因的并不一定是直接给出表示原因的连词或者介词，在本文第三句的but Ashe and others argued that the “threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new， potentially less confrontational conservation approaches。 当中的gave这个词是“使得”的意思，A使得B如何如何，也就是A是B的原因，因此这道题的答案是D （违反了保护措施）。28、[答案][B] volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[解析]本题属于推理题，根据题干当中给出的位置信息（第三段）以及表示条件与结果的逻辑关系的if这个信息，可以迅速定位到第三段的第一句，其中题干当中的if与文章当中的as long as 进行对应，而题干当中的表示结果的部分与as long as 之前进行对应，因此，正确选项应该出自as long as 之后，也就是原文当中的：they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat。 “签订一系列管理计划去恢复草原鸡的栖息地”，对应到的正确选项是B （volunteer to set up an equally big habitat 帮助搭建同样大小的栖息地）29、[答案][D] the states[解析]本题属于细节题。答案定位在文章第三段最后一句，从Ashe所说的话中“states remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species”可以得出，选项D the states在管理物种方面起着领导作用。30、[答案][B] the win-win rhetoric[解析]本题属于推断题。答案定位在文章最后一段，从Jay Lininger所说的话中，可以得知他认为政府应该为导致鸟类濒临灭绝的产业负责任，因此可以得出，他最可能支持本段开头所提出的双赢的说法。Text 331、[答案][D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed[解析]细节题。根据题干回文定位到第二段第一句“what makes…management techniques don‘t seem sufficient”，，但是这句并没有提及原因。真正的原因是第二段最后一句“Deep reading requires not just time， but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient”。（深度阅读需要的不仅仅是时间，而且仅仅通过高效率所获得的那种时间也不够），因此选项D what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed为正确答案。32、[答案][B] make passing time fulfilling[解析]细节题。根据题干回文定位到第三段第五句：we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles（days， hours， minutes） as they pass。故正确答案应该与to fill…相一致。这句话中将时间单位天，小时和分钟比喻成了不同大小的瓶子。而压力来自于我们填充这些大小不一的瓶子时，即把自己的时间充实起来时。故正确答案为选项B，其中passing time是原文as they pass的同义替换，making … fulfilling是to fill的同义替换。33、[答案][D] achieve immersive reading[解析]细节题。根据题干定位到第四段第二句：…such ritualistic behavior helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time。 （这种仪式化行为指代有助于我们从拜托时间流进入灵魂阅读），soul time 即选项D 中immersive reading （沉浸式阅读），故正确答案为选项D。题干“scheling regular times for reading helps”是题干中的“such ritualistic behavior helps”的同义改写，“soul time”是“immersive reading”的同义替换。34、[答案][A] reading becomes your primary business of the day[解析]细节题。根据题干中的carry a book with you at all times can work if， 可以定位到第四段倒数第二句 “providing you dip in often enough， so that reading becomes the default state”（假定你经常沉浸在阅读中，以至于阅读成为一种默认设置），因此可以确定选项A reading becomes your primary business of the day（阅读成为你一天中的主要事情）为正确答案。35、[答案][B] How to Find Time to Read[解析]主旨题。根据文章首段转折之后出主旨。But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully： There’s never any time to read。（但是其中一个特别悲哀的抱怨是：没有时间阅读）。第二、三、四段都在论证深度阅读才是解决之道。因此选项Dhow to find time to read为正确答案。Text 436、[答案][B] having a family with children[解析]根据题干给出的mark， successful life等词可以定位到第二段的第一句话，successful life可以找到原词，而mark对应milestone，including后面的内容就是这种生活的特征，包含“结婚，有孩子，有家，60岁退休”，和选项对比，只有B项符合原文给出的特征，属于同意替换。A项这里未提，略有干扰的是后面but句中的different paths，但这和题干不符，C项的退休后工作和原文刚好相反，D项未提到。37、[答案][C] attach importance to pre-martial finance[解析]根据题干给出的段落序号可以定位到第三段，另又提到young people，故可以定位到第三段开头第一句话。题干问的是年轻人倾向于……，题干中的tend在这句话中可以找到同意置换词more likely，句子中后面有5个to do表示年轻人倾向于做什么，所以答案就在这些动词不定式中。和选项对比，只有C项符合原文的含义“婚前或者有孩子之前要有经济保障”，属于同意替换。A项这里未提，也不符合当下年轻人的生活习惯，B项和原文刚好相反，原文说的是经常换工作来提升职业，而选项说的是长时间做一份工作，D项只是有childcare outside the home和原文一样，但是原文说的是父母都工作对孩子好，选项则是说年轻人更注重照顾孩子，两者含义并不相符。38、[答案][D] reach almost all aspects of American life[解析]根据题干给出的the priorities and expectations等词可以定位到第四段的第一句话的中间，that后面的内容是对这两个名词的修饰，故答案应该在这个从句中。和选项对比，只有D项符合原文，ripple through和选项中的reach属于同意替换。A项和B项这里均未提，C项只是politics和preferences这两个词有在文中出现，但是语义并不相符。39、[答案][D] getting established is harder for the young[解析]根据题干给出的young and old等词可以定位到第五段开头，这句话有冒号，解释key point，所以答案应该在冒号之后，题目问的是他们同意什么，也就是观点，所以可以再缩小范围为believe后面的内容为正确选项的含义。和选项对比，只有D项符合原文，属于同意替换。A项和C项这里均未具体提及，B项相对干扰性强，但是文中只是提到说在实现这些重要成就时，晚辈会比长辈遇到更艰难的挑战，并不是说老辈比晚辈创造了更多的成就，故排除。40、[答案][C] His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree[解析]根据题干给出的Schenider可以定位到最后一段开头。这段话开头就说这个人认为今天的生活更艰难，后面的内容都在介绍他的生活。因为题干除了这个人名之外并没有给出其他更细定位的信息，可以选择从选项定位入手反推正确答案。A项“他毕业后找到一个理想工作”，文章只在最后一段第二句后面说到这个问题，但并没有说这个工作是dream work，故排除。B项的work steady在第三局也有提到，但并没有说是父母认为的，故排除。C项说到父母的好生活在第四、五句有提到，尤其引号中的内容和选项相符，故为正确答案。D项认为工作很有挑战性，这并没有提到，属于无中生有。Part B41、[答案]D （Express your emotions）[解析]emotions一词在本段中原词复现了两次，而且出现了其下义词，比如sad， angry，本段最后一句提到对待情绪的方式是：acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately。选项D与此完全对应。因此确定正确答案为D选项。42、[答案]F （Be easily pleased）[解析]该段通过举例来说明段落主题，提到it cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed，本句话的含义是“虽然礼物不值钱，但是让她特别开心”。并且核心词overjoyed与小标题F中pleased属于近义词。该段第二句话在转折后提到the reality is these things have little lasting impact on our happiness levels，即“这些东西对我们的幸福水平影响很小。”接着最后一句总结到“感激生活中的小事情是提升我们幸福感的一个好方式”，因此本段重点在于强调要感激生活中的小事情，所以正确答案是F选项。43、[答案]A （Be silly）[解析]该段开头提及一个问题，那么问题的答案正是本段的中心句。第二句正是对问题的解答，根据本句话的前半部分：if we alts could inlge in a bit of silliness and giggling， 核心词silliness与选项A中的silly为同源词，因此确定选项A为正确答案。44、[答案]B （Have fun）[解析]首先明确本段中第二句为转折句，在找段落中心时，是必读部分。本句话含义是“成年人有能力按照自己的想法去享受时光（enjoy the things）”，紧接着下句举例说明享受的这些快乐的事情分别有哪些。因此本段重点在于说明成年人可以按照自己的意愿享受快乐时光。故选择 Have fun 。45、[答案]E （Don’t overthink it）[解析]该段主题句是段落首句it’s important to add that we shouldn’t try too hard to be happy，强调“我们不应该着急要快乐”。第二句借科学家的话提到这样做的不良影响，下文更是引用哲学家庄子的话来证明这一论点，最后一句再次突出，我们应以孩子为榜样，对于孩子来说，快乐不是一个目标，而是他们生活方式的自然副产品。可见，该段整体上是总分的结构，先提出论点再论证。此外too hard与选项E中的overthink属于近义表达，natural与overthink是反义复现。因此，答案选E。Section III Translation46、[解析]句1：The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors。[题目考点]被动语态，不定式短语作目的状语[句子结构]简单句。句子的主干是“The supermarket is designed to……”，被动语态翻译的时候变为主动，不定式短语做目的状语，可以翻译为“旨在……”。“lure……into”表示引诱……做……，在这里可以意译为“意在……”。“as much time as possible”表示“尽可能长的时间……”[重点词汇] design：设计；lure：吸引，引诱。[参考译文]超市旨在吸引顾客在店里停留尽量长的时间。句2：The reason for this is simple： The longer you stay in the store， the more stuff you’ll see， and the more stuff you see， the more you’ll buy。[题目考点]并列结构，比较结构[句子结构]复合句。本句用连词and连接两个比较句。本句包含一个常用的比较结构“the+形容词+……，the+形容词+……”表示“越……，越……”。[重点词汇] the more……， the more……：越…，越…。[参考译文]原因非常简单：顾客在店里停留的时间越长，看到的商品越多；看到的商品越多，买的越多。句3：And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff。[题目考点]词的翻译[句子结构]简单句。本句是简单的主语+谓语+宾语结构。“contain”原本表示“包含，包括”，在本句中可以意译为“陈列”。[重点词汇]contain：包含，包括。[参考译文]超市陈列了大量的商品。句4：The average supermarket， according to the Food Market Institute， carries some 44，000 different items， and many carry tens of thousands more。[题目考点]并列结构[句子结构]复合句。And连接了两个简单句。第一个简单句句子的主干是“The average supermarket carries items……”；第二个简单句句子的主干是“many carry……”。“ according to……”表示“根据……”做方式状语。[重点词汇]Food Market Institute： 食品营销研究院， tens of thousands：成千上万。[参考译文]根据食品营销研究院的调查，一般超市里有约44000种不同的商品；大多数超市都有上万种。句5：The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload。[题目考点]词的翻译，不定式短语做目的状语[句子结构]简单句。句子的主干是“The sheer volume of available choice is enough”，不定式“to ……”做目的状语，表示“足够去干……”。[重点词汇]sheer：绝对的，纯粹的； available：可利用的，可供选择的；overload：符合过多。[参考译文]如此众多的选择足以使顾客面对的信息过于繁杂。句6：According to brain-scan experiments， the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us。[题目考点]词的翻译[句子结构]简单句。句子的主干是“the demands……become……”，表示“需求……变得……”。短语“：According to……”做方式状语，表示“根据……”。[重点词汇]brain-scan：脑部扫描 ，decision-making：作出决定，决策。[参考译文]根据脑部扫描实验，需要做这么多的决定很快就会使我们难以承受。句7：After about 40 minutes of shopping， most people stop struggling to be rationally selective， and instead began shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying。[题目考点]并列结构，定语从句[句子结构]复合句。句子主干为most people stop struggling to be rationally selective and instead began shopping emotionally，其中instead和rationally，emotionally含转折和对比的意味。after about 40 minutes of shopping为介词短语做时间状语。which is the point是which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的整个句子。at which引导限制性定语从句，修饰point，相当于when，这个定语从句中主干成分为we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff，in our cart做地点状语。句中的最后一个that引导定语从句，修饰前面的先行词the 50 percent of stuff，整个句子中呈现从句套从句的句式。[重点词汇]rationally：理性地；emotionally：情感地，情绪冲动地；accumulate：累积；cart：购物车。[参考译文]大约购物40分钟以后，大部分顾客就无法试图做出理性的选择，而会冲动购物——此时，在购物车里，我们已经装了一半根本没想买的东西。[全文翻译]超市旨在吸引顾客在自己店内停留尽量长的时间。原因很简单：顾客在店里停留的时间越长，看到的商品就会越多；而看到的商品越多，你就会买的越多。超市有大量商品。根据食品营销研究院所说，普通超市大概有44000种不同的商品；很多超市更是会比普通超市多上万种商品。众多选择足以让顾客面临各种信息，不堪重负。根据脑部扫描实验，需要做这么多的决定很快就会使我们难以承受。大约购物40分钟以后，大部分顾客就无法试图做出理性的选择，而会冲动购物——此时，在购物车里，我们已经装了一半根本没想买的东西。Section IV Writing47、 [参考范文]Dear Jack，Your letter of congratulations was received。 Thank you for your nice words on my winning the contest。 In the letter， you asked me about the skills to do translation， so the following are my advice for you。Firstly， you should analyze the sentence structure， thus catching the meaning of the sentence。 Secondly， find the proper words to translate the meaning of the source language into the target language。 Thirdly， revise your translation at least three times to check if there are any mistranslations or missed meanings。I hope my advice helpful。 Wish to see you soon。Yours sincerely，Li Ming48、 [参考范文]Portrayed in the above pie chart is a survey of college students’ purposes of traveling。 The number of students who take traveling as a chance to see beautiful scenes accounts for 37%， while students who would like to travel to relieve pressure from study take up 35 %。There are several reasons behind the trend revealed in the above chart。 To begin with， as the present society is filled with fierce competition， most college students nowadays are under great pressure to stand out among others or to lunch a decent job after graation。 Therefore， they tend to choose traveling as an outlet to relieve their stress。 Secondly， with the fast advancement of the living standards of Chinese families， traveling is increasingly affordable to most college students。 For this reason， students prefer to travel to see different views to enjoy themselves or to make some friends。From my perspective， no matter what reason it is for， traveling is of great benefit for students to

The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.超市的设计目的是吸引顾客在超市内尽可能长时间的停留。The reason for this is simple:原因很简单The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy.你在店里待的时间越长，你看到的东西就越多，你看到的东西越多，你买的东西就越多。And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.超市里有很多东西。The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more.根据食品营销协会的数据，平均每家超市有大约44，000种不同的商品，而且有很多超市有比这多数万件。The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload.可供选择的数量之多足以使购物者陷入信息过载的状态。According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.根据脑部扫描实验，如此多的决策要求使我们很快承受不了。After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective,在大约40分钟的购物之后，大多数人不再挣扎于理性的选择，and instead began shopping emotionally-which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.而是开始冲动性购物，在这时候，我们把50%从来不打算买的东西放进购物车里。

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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“法制晚报”微信公号11月26日消息，受刑满获释的罪犯百万报酬的诱惑，河南省第一监狱八监区三分监区分监区长曹某从负责印刷2016年度全国研究生考试试卷的第八监区偷拍了综合能力、政治、数学（一）、数学（二）、数学（三）、英语（一）、英语（二）、西医综合8张考卷，通过弹射装置将存储卡弹射到监狱外，最终造成2016年度研究生考试外泄到全国各地。法制晚报 看法新闻记者独家获悉，这起公安部督办案件，是我国刑法修正案（九）规定作弊入刑以来警方破获的首起大规模有组织考试舞弊系列案，涉案人员已经陆续获刑。其中，监区长曹某被湖北省潜江市法院以非法获取国家秘密罪判处有期徒刑1年6个月，八监区教导员张某被河南省开封市鼓楼区法院认定构成玩忽职守罪，但免于刑事处罚。2016年研究生考题泄露 公安部督办侦查2015年12月26日，是2016年度研究生考试的第一天。据北京青年报等多家媒体报道，多名网友爆料称考试泄题，开考前手抄的考题答案就已经在考研QQ群、微信群中流传，而这些内容大多与真题一致。27日，教育部通过官方微博通告，已经接到举报，报请公安机关调查。在公安部督办下，湖北省公安厅组成专案组侦查此案。经过侦查，武汉一教育咨询服务部负责人王某被抓。顺藤摸瓜，民警又抓获了王某的合作伙伴詹某以及詹某的上家、从河南携带试卷和答案来武汉培训的李思源。经过审讯警方了解到，李思源等人获取试题后，先是在河南郑州举办培训班，按政治、英语、数学等单科5888元、两科10800元、三科16800元的标准收费，考生也可签“包过”协议，考后证实押题成功后再付余款。但李思源办的培训班知名度太低，只招到20多人。于是，他们又与武汉的培训机构联系，共同以“包过班”名义招录到数百名学员。培训采取全封闭授课形式，每位培训者进入培训点时，要通过金属探测器检查，所谓授课就是将试题和答案发给考生背诵，所有的培训材料不许带出，考生看完后集中销毁冲入下水道。此外，试题和答案还被泄露给王某、梁某、詹某等考试舞弊团伙，他们以高价销售给更多考生。罪犯服刑时发现秘密 出狱后开考研培训公司在审讯中，王某承认了来武汉培训时带过来的考题就是真题，而试题是从印刷厂窃取的。而这个印刷厂，在河南省第一监狱里。根据王某交代出的线索，警方终于找到了泄密的源头。法院审理后查明：曹某是河南省第一监狱八监区三分监区分监区长，其所在的第八监区，长期承担印刷国内各类考试试卷的任务。而李思源、罗银山是在河南省第一监狱服刑的罪犯。李思源当初入狱，就是因为组织考试舞弊被判非法泄露国家秘密罪，罗银山则是因销售赃物、盗窃罪、聚众斗殴罪和非法持有枪支罪“三进宫”。服刑期间李思源发现，罗银山参与劳动的印刷厂内有“高考试卷”字样的档案袋，之后得知一些重要考试试卷在此印刷。于是他和罗银山多次商议，决定将来出狱后从第一监狱窃取试卷，对外招生组织培训挣钱。2015年3月罗银山刑满获释后，通过他人介绍结识河南省第一监狱八监区三分监区分监区长曹某；2015年9月李思源出狱，之后立即与孙某等人共同出资成立了郑州楚博教育咨询有限公司。据李思源交代，罗银山称他有渠道能拿到研究生试卷，但要求给他200万。李思源、罗银山两人商定，由罗银山负责从第一监狱窃取2016年度全国硕士研究生招生考试试卷，李思源负责对外招生。之后，郑州楚博教育咨询有限公司开办硕士研究生考试辅导班，宣称有70%的试题命中率。被获释犯人“百万”报酬利诱 监狱领导偷出考题2015年11月，经罗银山多次劝说利诱，并许诺考试后给予百万报酬，曹某最终答应帮忙从第一监狱第八监区内窃取2016年度全国硕士研究生招生考试的试卷，罗银山将照相机、内存卡、弹射装置等物品交给曹某。11月底，曹某趁人员封闭前，将上述物品带入第八监区生产厂区自己的铁皮柜内藏匿。12月4日，曹某进入厂区进行封闭式的研究生考试试卷印制工作。12月11日，河南省第一监狱第八监区开始印刷2016年度全国硕士研究生招生考试的各科试卷。曹某使用照相机先后拍摄了综合能力、政治、数学（一）、数学（二）、数学（三）、英语（一）、英语（二）、西医综合8张试卷，于12月15日中午、12月18日中午在河南省第一监狱兆润宾馆三楼分别将存储上述试卷照片的内存卡通过弹射装置弹射至监狱外。罗银山交代说，弹射装置是自己用钢管加橡皮筋做的，类似弹弓，将储存有偷拍试卷照片的TF卡（存储卡）绑在木棍上，曹某弹出后自己在监狱外捡。请高校老师作答后 掺入三成非真题形成“押题版”12月16日、12月19日下午，罗银山分两次将存储试卷照片的内存卡交给李思源等人。李思源等人拿到试卷后进行编辑。12月19日至21日，他们请来高校教师解答试卷，再由李思源等人对答案进行编辑，将试题、答案汇总。在真题中，他们加入了30%的非考试题目，形成“押题版”。12月23日至25日，郑州楚博教育咨询有限公司对参加培训的20多名考生在郑州进行“考前培训”，培训内容为窃取的政治、英语（二）、综合能力等科目试卷中的试题。李思源等人还到武汉与当地培训人员合作，约定由王某对外招生、联系场地与授课教师，李思源等人负责提供试题及答案，考试结束后根据正确率，王某付款40万元；成绩公布后王某再付40万元。李思源等人在武汉大学三环公寓等地组织研究生考试培训，讲解英语（二）、政治和综合能力试卷中的试题及答案。律师称被告人系被利诱应轻判 法院不认可身为河南监狱干警的曹某，被公诉至湖北省潜江市法院。法庭上，曹某的辩护律师称，监狱干警曹某犯意的产生，是刑满释放人员罗银山多次劝说、利诱、指挥和安排下的结果，曹某主观恶性小，系初犯偶犯，且归案后认罪态度好，归案后能如实供述自己的罪行，建议从轻处罚。经过审理法院认为，曹某以窃取方法，非法获取绝密级考试试题，其行为已构成非法获取国家秘密罪。李思源、罗银山等人在全国硕士研究生招生考试中，非法获取试题后，对外招生培训，组织作弊，行为均已构成组织考试作弊罪。法院同时认为，曹某虽然系初犯偶犯，但这并非从轻处罚的量刑情节；对于辩护律师提出的主观恶性小及曹某系受他人指挥安排实施犯罪行为的意见，法院认为被告人作为监狱的分监区长，不应在别人劝说、利诱之下产生犯罪的故意，因此系利诱和指挥后实施犯罪不能作为从轻处罚的情节。最终，湖北省潜山市法院以非法获取国家秘密罪判处曹某有期徒刑1年6个月，以组织考试作弊罪判处李思源有期徒刑2年6个月、罗银山有期徒刑2年3个月。管理有漏洞 监区教导员被判玩忽职守罪2017年9月29日，河南省第一监狱八监区教导员张某被判构成玩忽职守罪，但免于刑事处罚。判决书显示，2017年4月24日，河南省开封市鼓楼区检察院刑事执行检察局干警联系河南省第一监狱纪委，通知张某到纪委谈话室等候，同日张某被取保候审。法院认定，张某作为河南省第一监狱八监区教导员，在2016年度研究生试卷印制工作中带队负责印制期间的全面工作。在安全保密检查、生产厂区出入检查登记、外向窗户封闭等诸项管理工作中，张某不认真履行职责，不严格落实相关安全保密规定，造成印制试卷期间存在管理上的诸多漏洞，曹某正是利用了这些管理漏洞窃取了8份研究生试卷，造成国家绝密试卷泄密的严重后果，央视等诸多媒体报道后造成恶劣的社会影响。法院审理后认为，张某作为国家机关工作人员，在负责入闱印制全国研究生考试试卷期间，不认真履行职责，致使国家绝密级试卷泄密，造成恶劣社会影响，其行为已构成玩忽职守罪。鉴于其案发后主动向组织说明情况要求处罚，能如实供述自己的犯罪事实属自首，依法可以免予刑事处罚。向教育部举报者也不干净 也被查出组织作弊获刑2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试泄题事件，是我国刑法修正案（九）作弊入刑施行以来，警方首次破获的大规模有组织考试舞弊案。在公安部指挥下，此次事件中处于窃题、传题、解题、招生、培训、组织作弊、替考各个环节中的全国各地多个考试舞弊团伙被破获，最终分别获刑。令人愕然的是，2016年度研究生考试期间向教育部举报考试舞弊的人，最终也被抓获。向教育部举报2016年度研究生考试期间存在严重作弊问题的，是培训行业的彭某。彭某和李思源曾因争夺生源有矛盾。2015年12月25日下午，他听说李思源已经拿到了2016年研究生考试试题和答案并在武汉向考生兜售，为报复，于是向教育部举报，之后教育部联合公安部查处。而在侦查过程中警方发现，彭某得知袁某正在组织考试作弊后，招收2名郑州考生到宾馆，由袁某提供作弊器材；12月24日晚，袁某收到覃某发送的部分考题和答案，遂将英语作文等考题和答案透漏、提供给考生和彭某。其实，覃某拿到的答案，源头正是李思源。2015年27日凌晨，民警将彭某抓获。最终，郑州市管城回族区法院以组织考试作弊罪判处彭某有期徒刑1年。据了解，所有涉案考生，已全部被取消考试成绩。其他参与组织作弊、非法提供考题答案等人员的获刑情况

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论试题 一、单项选择题:1~16小题,每小题1分,共16分。下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。1.马克思主义的产生具有深刻的社会根源、阶级基础和思想渊源,其创始人马克思1818年5月5日出生在德国特利尔城的一个律师家庭,恩格斯1820年11月28日出生在德国巴门市的一个工厂主家庭,他们放弃了舒适安逸的生活,毅然选择了充满荆鯨坎坷的革命道路,创立了科学社会主义,马克思、恩格斯之所以能够创立科学社会主义，主要是因为A.德国是当时最为发达的资本主义国家B.他们对时代有着超越常人的认知能力C.社会历史条件和个人努力的相互作用D.他们拥有优良的家庭背景和教育经历2.“马者所以命形也;白者所以命色也。命色者非命形也,故曰白马非马。”从唯物辩证法的观点看,“白马非非马”这一命题的错误在于A.颠倒了事物形态和功能之间的关系B.割裂了事物共性和个性之间的联系C.混淆了事物内容和形式之间的区别D.模糊了事物本质和现象之间的联系3.坚持以人民为中心,就必须坚持人民主体地位,坚持立党为公、执政为民,践行全心全意为人民服务的根本宗旨,把党的群众路线贯彻到治国理政全部活动之中,把人民对美好生活的向往作为奋斗目标。“坚持以人民为中心”的理论基础是唯物史观关于A.总体的人在总体的历史过程中的主体地位的原理B.人的本质是一切社会关系的总和的原理C.人民群众的活动受到社会历史条件制约的原理D.人民群众是历史的创造者的原理4.资本论(德文版)第一卷于1867年9月在汉堡出版,其影响力历经150年风雨而不衰,至今对我们分析、理解现实经济问题依然具有很强的指导意义。马克思主义政治经济学的理论十分丰富,其中“理解政治经济学的枢纽”的理论是A.剩余价值理论 B.价值规律理论C.劳动二重性理论 D.商品二因素理论5.经济建设是全党的中心工作,坚持以经济建设为中心不动摇,就必须坚持以经济体制改革为重点不动摇。当前,我国深化经济体制改革的重点是A.建立更加有效的区域协调发展新机制B.扩大优质增量供给,实现供需动态平衡C.加快培育国际经济合作和竞争新优势D.完善产权制度和要素市场化配置"6.实现人民民主，保证人民当家做主，实现形式是丰富多样的。经过长期探索，我国在通过依法选举让人民的代表来参与国家生活和社会生活管理的同时,找到了一种保证人民在日常政治生活中有广泛持续深入参与权力的,特有民主形式。这一特有民主形式是A.竞争性民主 B.协商民主 C.票决民主 D.判断民主7.党的十八大以来,我国大力实行创新驱动发展战略,加快创新型国家建设步伐,成果丰硕,天宫、蛟龙、天眼、悟空、墨子。大飞机等重大科技成果相继问世。我国实施创新驱动发展战略所坚持的方针是A.原始创新、集成创新、引进消化吸收再创新B.企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合C.自主创新、重点跨越、支撑发展、引领未来D.集中力量、重点突破、实现跨越式发展8.解决台湾问题,实现祖国完全统一,是全体中华儿女共同愿望,是中华民族根本利益所在,党的十八大以来,在习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下,在两岸同胞共同努力下,两岸关系取得重要积极成果，两岸关系和平发展的政治基础是A.深化两岸利益融合,共创两岸互利双嬴,增进两岸同胞B.相互尊重,求同存异C.增强两岸同胞的民族认同、文化认同、因家认同D.坚持“九二共识”反对“台独”9.近代中国半殖民地半封建社会的矛盾,呈现出错综复杂的状况。其中,贯穿整个中国半殖民地半封建社会的时钟,并对中国近代社会的发展变化起着决定性作用的最主要矛盾是A.帝国主义和中华民族的矛盾B.无产阶级和资产阶级的矛盾C.封建主义与人民大众的矛盾D.农民阶级与地主阶级的矛盾10.19世纪60年代到90年代,清朝统治阶级内部的洋务派兴办近代企业,建立新式海陆军,创办新式学堂派遣留学生。洋务派兴办洋务新政的主要目的是A.迎合帝国主义 B,维护封建统治C.对抗顽固派 D.发展资本主义11.中国共产党在领导人民革命的过程中,积累了丰富的经验,锻造出了有效的克敌制胜的武器。武装斗争就是中国共产党在中国革命中战胜敌人的重要法宝之一,其实质是A.无产阶级领导的反帝国主义战争B.资产阶级领导的反封建战争C.工农联合的反军阀战争斗D.工人阶级领导的农民战争12.20世纪40年代前期,为了提高广大党员的思想建设水平中国共产党在全觉范围内开展了一场整风运动A.反对享乐主义以整顿作风B.反对宗教主义以整顿觉风C.反对党八股以整顿文风D.反对主观主义以整顿学风13.社会公德是指人们在社会公共生活和社会交往中要遵守的行为准则,利益公共秩序、社会和谐稳定的起码要求。社会公德A.遵纪守法B.助人为乐C.爱护公物D.文明礼貌14.习近平总书记在《关于中共中央关于全面推进》A.维护社会公平正义的决定因素B.社会公正的最终目标C.维护社会公平正义的最后一道防线D.社会公正的唯一标准15.2017年中央一号文件继续聚焦“三农”工作,提出新的历史阶段我国农业农村工作的主线是A.深入推进农业供给侧结构性改革B.发展农村新产业新形态C.确保国家粮食安全D改善找农业生产环境16.2017年12月1日,中国共产党与世界政党高层对话在北京开幕。来自120多个国家近300个政党和政治组织的领导人分享治党治国经验,共商合作发展大计,本次对话会的主题是A.为完善全球经济治理贡献智慧和力量B.构建人类命运共同体,共同建设美好世界C.从严治党S执政党的使命D.中国改革:执政党的角色二、多项选择题:17-33题2分,共34分。下列每题给出的四个选项中,至少有两个选项是符合題目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。多选或少选均不得分17.2017年6月,我国科学家利用“墨子号”量子科学实验卫星在国际上率先成功实现了千公里级的星地双向量子纠缠分发,“量子纠缠”就是两个或多个粒子共同组成的量子状态,无论粒子之间相隔多远,测量其中一个粒子必然会影响其他粒子。“量子纠缠”现象虽然未被完全认知,但它仍然能够说明A.世界的真正统一性在于它的物质性B.事物联系的主观性和偶然性C.事物联系的复杂性和多样性D.物质世界联系的客观性和普遍性18.社会形态的变更其具有客观性和必然性,但这并不否定人们历史活动的能动性,并不排斥人们在遵循社会发展规律的基础上,带有某种社会形态的历史选择性。人们历史活动的能动性和选择性主要体现在A.社会发展的客观过程由每一个参与历史活动的个人的主观意志所决定B.社会形态更替的过程是主体能动性与客观规律性相统一的过程C.人们的历史选择性归根结底是人民群众的选择性D.社会发展的客观必然性为人们的历史选择题供的基础、范围和可能性空间19.为了追逐最大化的利润,咱们家总是想方设法地进行资本积累,而资本积累的源泉是剩余价值。一般而言,资本积累规模的大小取决于A.所用费用及所费资本之间的差距B.劳动生产率的高低C.资本家垫付资金的大小"D.资本家对工人的剥削程度20.与第二次世界大战之前的资本主义相比,当代资本主义生产关系中的社会阶层、阶级结构发生了很多新的变化,主要表现在A.知识型和服务型劳动者数量随科技根本不断深入而持续地増加B.资本家由从前的直接生产经营者变成了以剪息票为生的食利者C.职工持股和参与决策使得劳动者成为资本家集团的重要力量D.高级职业经理成为资本主义社会大公司经营活动的实际控制者21.列宁指出:“一切民族都将走向社会主义,这是不可避免的。但是一切的民族的走法却不会完全一样在民主的这种形式或那种形式上,在无产阶级专政的这种或那种形态上,在社会生活各方面稍微改造的速度上,每个民族都会有自己的特点。”这一论述从历史唯物主义的高度介绍了各民族发展道路多样性的内涵。下列关于受力发展道路多样性特点的正确观点有A.时代和实践的不断是造成社会主义发展道路多样性的现实原因B.历史文化传统的差异性是造成不同国家社会主义发展道路多样性的重要条件C.各国民族因素和地理环境的不同是造成社会主义发展道路多样性的决定因素D.各国生产力发展状况和社会发展阶段决定了社会主义发展道路具有不同的特点22.从现在到2020年,是全面建成小康社会的决胜期,也是确保实现第一个百年目第二个百年目标打好基础的关键阶段,而对各种严竣复杂的挑战,如期全面建成小康社会必须打好的攻坚战有A.防范化解重大风险B.污染防治C.产业结构调整D.精准扶贫23.积极发展混合所有制经济,是完善我国基本经济制度的重要途径。2017年9月11日,我国首条由民营资本控股的高铁一—杭绍台高铁项目在浙江杭州签约。该项目预计总投资超过400亿元,其中民营联合体占比51%。,中国铁路总公司占比15%,各级地方政府合计占比34%。本项目坚持风险分担、利益共享原则。构建政府和社会资本都能接受的投资回报机制。这是我国发展混合所有制经济的一个典型案例。发展混合所有制经济有利于A.改善企业股杈结构和公司治理结构B.各种所有制资本、取长补短、互相促进、共同发展C.发挥国有资本的带动力和影响力D.各种所有制企业公平参与市场竞争24.维护河湖健康生命,实现河湖功能永续利用,需要进一步加强河湖管理保护工作,落实属地责任,健全长效机制。2016年11月28日,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅联合印发《关于全面推行河长制的意见》.2017年11月20日召开的中央全面深化改革领导小组会议审议通过了《关于在湖泊实施湖长制的指导意见》.全面推行河长制、湖长制是建设生态文明制度体系的重要举措。我国生态文明制度体系建设主要包括A.完善部门职责,分散交叉的环保监督体系B.完善生态环境损害责任终身追究制度C.完善生态环境保护管理制度D.完善经济社会发展考核评价体25.党的十九大提出以党的政治建设为统领,全面推进党的政治建设、思想建设组织建设、作风建设、纪律建设，把制度建设贯穿其中，并特别强调把党的政治建设摆在首位。之所以要把党的政治建设摆在首位，是因为A.旗帜鲜明讲政治是我们当党作为马克思主义政党的根本要求B.坚定政治立场是党的根本宗旨C.政治建设是党的根本性建设,决定党的建设方向和效果D.政治属性是党政的第一属性26.全国提高对外开放水平,需要实施更为主动的开放战略。近年来,我国坚持引进来和走出去并重,全面开放进一步深化。据统计,2016年中国企业对外直接投资1832亿美元,连续两年位列世界第二;中国境外企业销售额1.5万亿美元,向所在国缴纳税费400亿元,雇佣外方员工150万人:我国高技术服务业实际使用外资超过955亿元人民币,同比增长86%,在全国引资东道主中排名第三位,高附加值以及服务行业的外国直接投资流入量持续増长,这表明A.我国对外直接投资已经完全转向高端B.我国防范经济风险和外部冲击的能力已经形成C.我国吸引外资的结构和质量正在不断优化D.我国国际投资合作水平进一步提高27.忠诚于党、听党指挥是我军的光荣传统,1929年12月下旬,红四军党的第九次代表大会在福建上杭县古田村召开,这次会议史称古田会议。会议通过的毛泽东起草的决议案,确立了思想建党,政治建军原则，规定红军是一个执行革命的政治任务的武装集团,必须A.实行全国军事的总动员B.担负打仗、筹款和做群众工作的任务C.加强政治工D.绝对服从共产党的领导28.抗日民主根据地是认真贯彻和实现中国共产党全面抗战路线,坚持抗战和争取胜利的坚强阵地,中国共产党高度重视抗日民主根据地的政权建设。其主要举措有A.在少数民族聚居地区试行民族区域自治B.各级抗日民主政权机构领导人通过人民选举产生C.实行工农兵代表大会制度D.抗日民主政府在工作人员分配上实行“三三制”原则29.从1953年开始,在过渡时期总路线的指引下,中国共产党领导人民开始进行有计划的社会主义建设和有系统的社会主义改造,当时中国之所以要着力进行和可能进行社会主义改造,主要是因为A.资本主义国家的封锁和遏制,社会主义国家的同情和援助B.资本主义经济力量弱小,发展困难C.对个体农业进行社会主义改造,是实现国家工业化的一个必要条件D.社会主义性质的国营经济力量相对来说比较强大30.“天下之事,不难于立法,而难于法之必行。”法律的生命力在于实施,法律的权威也在于实施,守法是法律实施和实现的基本途径。对守法的正确理解是A.守法是遵守宪法和法律B.守法是行使法定的权力,履行法定的义务C.守法意味着一切组织和个人严格依法办事的活动和状态D.守法的主体是一切组织和个人31.我国民法通则、合同法、物权法中,都有要求民事主体在进行民事活动时应当尊重社会公德,不得损害公共利益和经济秩序的內容,已经具有“公序良俗”的含义。2007年10月1日起施行的民法总则明确规定民事主体从事民事活动,不得违反法律,不得违背公序良俗”,从民法基本原则的高度确立了禁止违反序良俗的原则。这一规定体现了A.道德为法律提供价值基础B.对传统民法上的公序良俗原则的继承和发展C.法律为道德建设提供制度保障D.依法治国和以德治国的有机统一32.2017年4月1日,中共中央、国务院发布通知,决定设立河北雄安新区。这是以习近平同志为核心的党中央作出的一项重大的历史性战略选择,是千年大计、国家大事。雄安新区的设立有利于A.集中疏解北京的非首都功能B.调整优化京津冀城市布局和空间结构C.探索沿海和内地对外开放新模式D.探索人口经济密集地区优化开发新模式33.2017年9月5日,新兴市场国家与发展中国家对话会在金砖国家领导人厦门会晤期间举行。金砖国家领导人和受邀的埃及、几内亚、墨西哥、塔吉克斯坦、泰国五国领导人出席会议,开启了“金砖+”合作模式。其重大意义在于A.全面提升了金砖机制的代表性和影响力B.对南南合作形成了有机补充C.进一步推动了全球治理体系的改善D.破解了南北对话的僵局三、分析题:34~38小题,每小题10分,共50分。要求结合所学知识分析材料并回答问题。将答案写在答题纸指定位置上34.(1)如何理解“抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就迎刃而解”?(6分) (2)根据矛盾主要方面在事物发展中的地位和作用原理,说明为什么“发展是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键”。(4分) 35.(1)如何理解“中国特色社会主义进入新时代”?(5分) (2)为什么说习近平中国特色社会主义新思想是马克思主义中国化最新成果?(5分) 36.(1)为什么说中国共产党“应运而生”?(4分) (2)中国共产党为什么能由“简”而“巨”,团结带领人民取得举世瞩目的伟大成就? (6分) 37.(1)为什么说青年时代树立正确的理想信念能为人的一生提供“无穷的力量”?(6分) (2)青年如何在中国梦的实践中放飞青春梦想?。(4分 38.(1)为何要引导经济全球化释放更多的“正面效应”?(5分) (2)如何理解“一带一路”不是中国的独奏而是沿线国家的合唱？(5分) 参考答案2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论试题 一、单项选择题:1~16小题,每小题1分,共16分。下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑1.C 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.D 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B二、多项选择题:17-33每小题2分,共34每题给出的四个选项中,至少有两个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答題卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。多选或少选均不得分17.ACD 18.BCD 19.ABCD 20.ABD 21.ABD 22.ABD 23ABCD 24.BCD 25.ACD 26.CD 27.BCD 28.BD 29.ABCD 30.ABCD 31.ABCD 32.ABD 33.ABC 三、分析题小题,每小题10分,共50分。要求结合所学知识分析材料并回答问题。将答案写答题纸指定位置上。34. (1)在矛盾群中存在着主要矛盾与次要矛盾,主要矛盾在矛盾体系中居于支配地位,对事物发展起决定性作用;次要矛盾在矛盾体系中处于从属地位,对事物发展不起决定性作用。主要矛盾和次要矛盾相互依赖、相互影响,在一定条件下可以相互转化。主次矛盾的辩证关系原理要求我们在解决问题时,善于抓住重点,集中力量解决主要矛盾同时还要统筹兼顾,恰当的处理次要矛盾,坚持两点论和重点论的统一。因为主要矛盾在事物发展过程中起决定性作用,所以“抓住了主要矛盾一切问题就迎刃而解。 (2)在矛盾群中存在着矛盾的主要方面和次要方面,矛盾的主要方面是指在矛盾中处于支配地位,发挥主导作用的方面;事物的性质主要地是由取得支配地位的矛盾的主要方面所规定的,矛盾的次要方面是指在矛盾中处于被支配地位、分化从属作用的方面,所以我们看问题时既要全面又要分清主流和支流,坚持两点论和重点论的统一，在我国的现代化进程中,发展问题是我们的主要方面,是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键。 35. (1)“中国特色社会主义进入了新时代”这是对我国发展新的历史方位的科学判断深刻理解中国特色社会主义进入新时代的重大政治论断,需要与深刻理解我国社会主要矛盾发生新变化的新特点、深刻理解分两步走全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新目标有机结合起来。进入新时代意味着中国特色社会主义站到更高层级的历史方位上,我们坚持和发展中国特色社会主义,面对的最大国情是我国正处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段。进入新时代的重要标志是我国社会主要矛盾的变化,中国特色社会主义进入新时代的重大政治论断,最关键的理论和实践基础是我国社会主要矛盾已经从“人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的会生产之间的矛盾”转化为“人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾”。进入新时代要朝全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新目标前进(2)马克思主义中国化就是将马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合,不断形成具有中国特色的马克思主义理论成果的过程。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想,是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观的继承和发展是马克思主义中国化最新成果,是党和人民实践经验和集体智慧的结晶,是中国特色社会主义理论体系的重要组成部分,是全党全国人民为实现中华民族伟大复兴而奋斗的行动指南,必须长期坚持并不断发展。 36.(1)近代以来,为改变中华民族的命运,中国人民和无数仁人志士进行了千辛万苦的探索和不屈不挠的斗争。然而不触动封建根基的自强运动和改良主义,旧式的农民战争,资产阶级革命派领导的革命,照搬西方资本主义的其他种种方案,都不能完成中华民族救亡图存的民族使命和反帝反封建的历史任务。中国的发展进步,客观上要求有能够指导中国人民进行反帝反封建革命的先进理论,有能够领导中国社会变革的先进社会力量,中国共产党的诞生成为历史发展的必然。可以说,中国共产党是“应运而生(2)中国共产党是中国人民可以信赖的组织者和领导者,是中国革命坚强的领导力量。中国共产党的成立,使中国革命有了科学的指导思想,拥有着马克思主义这个最先进的思想武器。党所提出的纲领和奋斗目标,代表着中国社会发展的正确方向,代表着中国无产阶级和其他广大劳动人民的根本利益。因此,中国共产党从诞生时起,就充满着生机和活力,预示着中国的光明和希望。而且,中国共产党始终坚持“红船精神”,开天辟地、敢为人先,坚定理想、百折不挠,立党为公、忠诚为民,不断为中国人民谋幸福,为中华民族谋复兴。因此,在96年的奋斗探索中,中国共产党带领人民找到了一条适合中国国情的中国特色社会主义道路,将继续延续举世瞩目的伟大成就37. (1)理想与信念是如影随形,相互依存的。理想是信念的根据和前提,信念则是理想实现的重要保障。理想信念的作用与意义主要表现在第一,指引奋斗目标。理想信念对人生历程起着导向作用,是人的思想和行为的定向器。材料中的黄旭华、黄大年等人物青年时期即树立了正确的理想信念。第二,提供前进动力。有了坚定正确的理想信念,就会以惊人的毅力和不懈的努力,成就事业、创造奇迹。材料中黄旭华、黄大年等人物正是在正确的理想信念的指引下,对社会做出了突出贡献第三,提高精神境界。理想信念一方面使人的精神生活的各个方面统一起来,另一方面又引导着人们不断追求更高的人生目标,塑造高尚的人格。材料中黄旭华、黄大年等人物的成功离不开个人高尚的人格因此,青年时代确立正确的理想信念能够为人的一生提供“无穷的力量”。(2)材料通过对黄大年等人物事迹的阐释,使我们知道青年学生只有把实现理想的道路建立在脚踏实地的奋斗上,才能放飞青春梦想,实现人生理想第一,立志高远。志向高远,就是要放开眼界,不满足现状也不屈服于一时一地的困难与挫折,更不斤斤计较个人私利的多少与得失第二,立志做大事。青年学生应该把个人的命运与国家和人民的命运联系在一起,在为实现社会理想而奋斗的过程中实现个人理想第三,立志须躬行。崇高理想的实现需要一点一滴地奋斗。通往理想的路是遥远的,但起点就在脚下,在一切平凡的岗位上,在扎扎实实地学习和工作中。第四,伟大出自平凡。祖国的富强、民族的繁荣、人民的幸福,需要每一个社会成员尽其才奋其志。 38.(1)合作是全球化、信息化时代的主旋律,也是每一个参与主体借力发展的强劲引擎。积极参与各种一体化合作机制成为各个国家和地区加快自身发展的重要选择。对于发达国家而言，需要在全球贸易中寻找新的增长动力;对于后发国家而言,借助合作红利弥补发展短板是加速发展和后发赶超的关键因素。通过共建合作机制深化合作,世界各国能够为加强各项合作增强凝聚共识、强化意志、引导行动、保障落实加强发展战略、发展模式和发展经验的交流、比较和借鉴,提高各自发展潜能、促进战略优化、资源共享和共赢发展,提升自身乃至区域各国的整体竞争力。因此,必须引导经济全球化释放出更多“正面效(2)“一带一路”倡议推动了世界各国同舟共济、共克时艰,推动世界经济走出低迷、迎来新一轮强劲增长;顺应了世界多极化、经济全球化、文化多样化、社会信息化的潮流,谋求开放创新、包容互惠的发展前景;呼应了互联互通、合作共赢的时代强音,不断深化伙伴关系,实现联动发展。“一带一路”倡议在新的历史条件下促进了中国全方位对外开放和全面提高开放型经济水平,并实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦与世界各国人民的梦相融相通,这将为构建人类命运共同体的美好愿景提供有力实戮支撑。因此带一路’不是中国一家的独奏,而是沿线国家的合唱”。 本答案仅供参考，最终以官方公布为准。希望对大家有帮助，我们是知了网专注于伴随大学生成长的趣味高效在线学习网站，提供文都官方考研四六级医考公务员等课程比官网优惠，欢迎来交流，记得点关注啊点关注不迷路。

【考试科目】马克思主义基本原理概论【名词解释】物质（中央财经大学2016年；华中农业大学2015年研）【参考答案】列宁是从物质与意识的关系来解释物质：物质是标志客观实在的哲学范畴，这种客观实在是人通过感觉感知的，它不依赖于我们的感觉而存在，为我们的感觉所复写、摄影、反映。物质范畴是对物质世界多样性和统一性所作的最高的哲学概括。物质的唯一特性是客观实在性，它存在于人的意识之外，可以为人的意识所反映。【概念解读】今天我们一起来学习“物质”这一概念。这个概念出现在2018版统编教材《马克思主义基本原理概论》的第一章，马克思主义物质观是考研专业课马克思主义哲学部分经常考察的知识点，马克思主义的物质观的掌握程度将直接影响到后续马克思主义基本原理的学习。同时物质与意识的关系问题又是哲学的基本问题，可见，物质观的学习是学习马克思主义唯物论的基础。接下来学长将首先带领大家回顾一下教材对这一概念阐述的框架，然后在此基础上学长会对这一概念进行扩展以帮助大家更好地领会这一概念！【教材逻辑】2018版统编教材《马克思主义基本原理概论》主要按照以下逻辑进路对物质观进行阐述，首先从哲学的基本问题入手引出物质概念，回答了对该问题进行研究的缘起；其次，梳理了马克思主义物质观的发展历程，尤其肯定了列宁对马克思主义物质观发展作出的杰出贡献；第三详尽阐述了马克思主义物质观的具体内涵，落脚点在“客观实在性”；第四阐述的马克思主义物质观的理论与实践意义等。学长在此梳理教材的原因是希望大家在复习备考中注意把握教材的逻辑主线，只有这样才能更好地吃透教材！通过上述简单的梳理，我们会发现物质概念既是理解马克思辩证唯物主义的主要内容，又是把握马克思历史唯物主义的核心。因此，正确理解“物质”概念是掌握马克思主义理论的前提。同时，回归考试本身，如果仅仅从列宁物质概念作答名词解释，显然是不够的！学长认为可以从“物质的存在形态”、“物质观的生成背景”、“物质观的理论意蕴”等角度对上述答案进行完善！【逻辑进路】下面学长将帮助大家深入理解马克思主义物质观，列宁的物质概念把人的认识产生的根源归结为外物，而不是人的主观意识的产物，这就反对了唯心主义的认识论。马克思主义的物质观是对外在客观世界的一种抽象，而不是简单的直观地反映，从而克服了旧唯物主义认识论。在方法论意义上列宁物质观的意义在于把物质观和辩证法结合起来，说明了历史唯物主义的哲学基础。综上，我们会发现对马克思主义而言，世界起源意义上的物质观已经不再有价值或实际意义了，机械论意义上的物质观更没有价值！马克思关心的是，社会中的物质意义！具体而言，马克思主义社会意义上的物质观其实就是19世纪资本主义的现实境况，而正是对资本主义社会的分析与批判才能够体现马克思主义物质观的革命意蕴！【理论扩展】从上述的分析我们可以知道，马克思主义物质观的政治指向不是对传统意义上的哲学和科学的革命，而是对现实社会尤其是资本主义社会的革命。也就是说，马克思主义物质观的关注点在于对资本主义制度的批判，他研究关注的物质现实是19世纪资本主义的剥削本质和现实情形！那么马克思主义物质观的目的是什么呢？学长的回答在现实基础上用共产主义社会制度完成对现实资本主义社会制度的超越！可见，我们要想深入把握马克思主义基本原理，就需要把辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义联系起来，不能人为“割裂”二者的联系，否则就会出现以偏概全的问题！此外，你在复习备考中有任何问题都可以给我留言哦！学长一定会耐心解答！