2017年考研试题

郑州大学2017 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学试题学科、专业: 考古学考试科目名称：632考古综合答案一律写在考点统一发的答题纸上、否则无效。一、名词解释（每题10 分）1. 丁村遗址2. 类型学3. 党锢之乱二、简答题1. 简述汉武帝加强中央集权制措施2. 简述唐宋名窑三、论述题（前两题每题50 分第三题40 分）

来源：新华网（ID：newsxinhua）资料图“考划线部分但卷面上没划线”“去年的试卷今年拿来继续考”……这两则2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试试卷出错的新闻引起网友关注。近日，涉事的两所大学分别给出了处理决定。中传考题出错，地大发错试卷近日，有考生爆料，在2016年12月25日进行的全国硕士研究生招生考试中，中国传媒大学汉语国际教育专业试卷出现错误。考生反映，一道25分的题目要求翻译文言文并分析划线部分，但卷面上并没有标注划线。考试时，有监考老师“建议不做那道题，先空着”。无独有偶，中国地质大学（武汉）地球科学学院在2017年硕士研究生招考中也发生了类似失误。2016年12月30日，校方在其官方网站上发布通知，称由于工作失误，《普通地质学》（自命题）科目考试使用了错误的试卷。校方回应中国传媒大学研究生招生办公室张老师介绍，试题出现失误的是研究生考试初试自命题的汉语基础科目，第6大题第2小题，整个大题要求翻译5个文言文的句子，并让说明“划线部分在意义用法上的特点”。“经过我们核实卷子，题目上确实没有标注划线部分。出错部分涉及分值为10分，涉及报考学校汉语国际教育专业的考生263人。”张老师告诉记者，对于此事，目前基本情况已分析确定，但出错原因还在调查中。“事后我们及时跟学校做了汇报。学校的意见是，出错这部分题目所占的10分全部进入考生得分。”中国地质大学（武汉）公告中称，根据国家研究生招生管理相关规定，报省级教育招生考试机构审批后决定，1月7日将对发错试卷的科目进行补考，相关考生均须参加，该科目成绩以补考成绩为准。此外，补考不收取考生任何费用，而且学院可以为考生报销城市间的交通费，提供食宿费、市内交通费定额补助。考生吐槽一位考生告诉记者，考试时发现题目出错后，他立即向监考反映，监考也向上级反映了。在考试快结束时，有老师过来说不用做那道题，空着那部分。“但那时我已经完成了部分题目的要求，自己猜了几个词写上的，时间太紧张了。”该考生说，“出了这种问题感觉挺尴尬，毕竟是只要看一遍卷子就能发现的错误。”而对于中国地质大学（武汉）的“补考”决定，一名考生表示，自己考完试后就回老家了，没想到还要继续备考，回武汉参加补考。“学校出现这种低级失误实在不应该，但也理解这种处理办法。听说发错的卷子是前一年的，那一定有考生之前接触过，对其他人就不公平了。”试卷出错，谁来“背锅”？“由于我们的工作失误，给你带来了很大的不便，对此深表歉意！——中国地质大学（武汉）在公告中表示”中国传媒大学研究生招生办表示，“长期以来，学校很重视研究生考试，没有出过类似错误。学校将来会从各个方面加强管理，包括梳理流程等，在招考程序上更加完善，杜绝类似情况发生，确保考试公平公正。”对于不少考生质疑的“试卷出错后校方为何迟迟不回应”，张老师表示，“回应必须代表学校的整体意见，尽量保持公平和公正。招办在向学校汇报后，还要向教育部备案处理意见。目前的处理意见是我们得到备案、分析完成各种因素后得出的。有关说明将会按照国家、学校的要求以妥当的程序来答复考生。”对此次试卷问题，该校研招办还表示，将认真核查问题原因，完善自命题工作流程，加强对命题相关人员及工作环节的管理。考研大事，岂能儿戏？在对近日两所高校考研试卷出错事件的讨论中，一些网友表示，自己也有过类似的经历。“机械原理好多题目要做图，专门的答题卡都不发。”“我参加管理联考，发的却是政治的卷子。”“开考半个小时了，考场还是混乱一片”……“此类问题并不难防堵，原本不应该出现。这反映出一些高校工作人员工作没有尽职尽责。——中国教育学会名誉会长顾明远”顾明远认为，尽管存在考生数量众多、组织招考工作细碎繁忙等实际困难，但学校应秉承对每一个学生负责的态度，严肃认真地对待选拔考试的每一个环节。中国教育科学研究院研究员储朝晖认为，此次两所高校出现的问题要查清原委、严肃追责，但更重要的是，要进一步推动完善招生考试制度。“出题、监考、判卷等各个环节，都需要建立专业的标准，组织专业的队伍，需要学校、监管部门共同努力。”“招生考试关乎学校发展的基础，更直接影响到每个学生及背后家庭的命运。”顾明远表示。教书育人应在细微处，毕竟教育无小事！综合：新华社、中国青年报本期编辑：胡洪江、蒋波觉得不错，请点赞↓↓↓

2020考研再有十天左右就要开考，现在考研已经进入了最后复习阶段。很多考研学生都在担心今年的考研试题难度会不会变，怕试题难度加大自己考试成绩分数低过不了国家线，因此心理压力有些大。那么2020考研考试试题难度可能会哪些变化呢？作为老师，结合自己近几年对考研的观察，认为考生需要注意这四点变化。具体内容如下。第一，考研英语一阅读难度可能会提高。2019考研英语一的阅读理解和新题型的难度比2018年的难度相差无几，2019年全国英语一的平均分是48.59分，2018年的平均分是48.61分，因此二者难度持平。但是考虑到2019年的考研英语国家线很多专业已经提高了5分左右，而随着今年考研报考人数的继续增加，如果难度不变，那么考研英语国家线还会继续提高，因此意味着2020考研英语试题难度将会提高，以发挥考研英语的门槛作用。第二，政治选择题难度略有提高，材料题难度一般。从2019考研政治试题分析来看，单选题的难度并不大，而多选题的个别题有一定的难度，材料题难度一般，考生结合平时学习的内容就可以轻松得分。而从2020考研来看，考研政治更会侧重时事政治类试题的考察，这类试题内容多，考生不容易区分，因此在多选题部分难度会有所提高。而在单选部分政治经济学内容的考察可能会难度加大。而材料题的难度预计和往年持平。第三，数学难度可能会提高。从近五年的考研数学分数线来看，无论是数一、数二，还是数三，试题难度大概都是偶数年份难度略高，而奇数年份难度低一些。这一点可以从数学全国平均分可以看出来，2016年数学平均分比2015年低，2017年数学平均分又比2016年高，而2018年的数学平均分又比2017年分数要低，2019年数学平均分要比2018年数学平均分高。结合这几年的分数线变化来看，预计2020考研数学的难度将会略有提高，数学平均分将会比2019年的分数要低一些。第四，专业课难度呈现“两极分化”。回顾2019考研，可以看到一些自主划线的大学，他们的专业课分数线不是特别高，而且很多学生的专业课考试成绩甚至低于学校规定的分数线。但是反观一些普通大学的专业课考试，可以发现这些学校的专业课考试成绩都特别的高，而且随着招生难度的加大，预计2020考研普通大学的专业课考试难度不会太高，但是985等大学的考研专业课试题难度将会有一定的难度。对于2020考研，大家还有哪些问题和看法呢？

今天是2019年的第 331 天，距考研仅剩24天.....这两天，朋友圈被刷屏了『2017-2019』对比图的梗！引发一波回忆杀。可能你没注意到，两年时间到底发生了多少变化？...打个比方但作为MBA考研界的“资深”小编看到的绝不这么“单一”毕竟考生在我心里才是第一位他们关心的才是我最关注的举几个例子报考人数江苏省为例招生人数报录比分数线2017的题可能太简单了，18年题难度加大分数线降到165分，结果19年人数太多了，分数又恢复170分，这就是“命”啊~考生平均年龄考生薪资分布考研，从2017年开始变得异常火爆，报考人数也是飓风增长。或许，在经济发展放缓的背景下，考研成了一条怎么选都不会出现错儿的路。这期间，一直陪伴着MBAer的MBAChina，也在悄然发生着变化。MBAChina我们变得更加成熟、更加专业、更加全面了。在中国MBA即将迎来30周年之际，为了表彰与激励在MBA发展路上涌现的优秀项目、团队与个人，2020年1月9日，《经理人》杂志与MBAChina联合主办“中国商学院教育盛典”。届时将有西交利物浦大学执行校长、利物浦大学副校长、教育部工商管理类教育指导委员会主任委员席酉民，中国人民大学商学院院长、长江学者，国际信息系统协会中国分会主任毛基业，对外经济贸易大学副校长，财政部会计名家张新民，中山大学副校长校长、全国工商管理专业学位研究生教育指导委员会副主任委员李善民等多位行业“大咖”出席盛典并发表重要讲话。盛典将由凤凰卫视中文台副台长、总编室主任、电影台台长黄海波主持。想在盛典现场与这些“大咖”进行互动，并见证中国商学院教育盛典的荣耀时刻，扫码预约！本文由MBAChina-xy整理，转载请注明来源。欢迎大家分享

中新网北京12月25日电(吕春荣)24日，2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试开考，据教育部发布的消息，共有201万人报名参加本次考试。这一数字较上年增加24万，增幅超过13%，创下历史新高。图为北京，2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试开考。 图片来源：视觉中国增长——报名人数首破200万人 多地大幅增长根据教育部发布的数据，共有201万人报名参加本次硕士研究生招考。中新网(微信公众号：cns2012)记者注意到，近十年来，每年考研的报名人数均在120万以上，到2016年达到了177万，本次报名人数则首度超过200万人。各地报名情况如何？中新网记者梳理发现，本次考研，河南、辽宁、黑龙江等地报名人数创新高。以河南为例，报名确认考生15.66万人，比2016年增加2.07万人，报考人数和增幅均创历史新高。此外，北京、广东、新疆、江西等地报名人数均出现了20%以上的增幅，广东较上年增幅更是达到了38.5%，新疆则是达到32.18%。值得一提的是，北京、江苏、上海等地由于名校资源丰富、经济发展水平较高，今次考研仍是考生报考的热门地区。以北京为例，今次报考北京研究生招生单位的考生为28.9万人(不含推荐免试生)，同比增加18.9%。其中，报考北京大学、清华大学等10所高校的考生均超过万人。图为北京，2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试开考。 图片来源：视觉中国原因——在职研究生首次纳入统考今次考研报名人数增幅较大，在职研究生首次纳入统考成一大原因。与往年考研相比，2017年考研的一大变化是，在职研究生首次纳入统考。这也意味着，全日制、非全日制研究生招生考试首次统筹管理、合并进行。日前，中国教育在线发布的《2017年全国研究生招生数据调查报告》显示，报考非全日制硕士研究生的考生占比明显，北京、江西的报考人数占比达到13.1%、10.7%。就业压力，也是今次考研人数增长的一大因素。中国教育在线针对2017年全国硕士研究生报考动机进行在线调查，数据显示，35%的被调查者选择“本科就业压力大，提升就业竞争力”。值得注意的是，因“继续深造，提高学术研究能力”选择考研的人仍占不小比重，达到31%。另外有19%的被调查者是“为了获得学历、学位证书”而考研。此外，中公教育考研研究院院长李擂此前在接受中新网记者采访时分析，目前中国就业人员的学历普遍升高，本科学历难度较低，想要在人群中脱颖出来，进一步提升学历成为更多人的选择，所以2017年考研的报考人数继续突破。图为江苏省南京市，在南京林业大学考点，考生开始进入考场。 图片来源：视觉中国现场——临考前十多分钟 一些在职考生慌忙找考场今年考研的时间为12月24日至26日，24日，在中国传媒大学考点，早上7点50分，考点前早早地聚集了数百名排队等候入场的考生。8时左右，经过安检及身份认证后，考生们陆续进入考场。中新网记者注意到，有些考生“姗姗来迟”，在考前十多分钟，他们仍急于在考点前的座位安排表上找座位。这些考生中许多为在职考生，据了解，由于工作原因，他们中的很多人，并没有提前到考场踩点，因此，只能在早晨的匆忙中走进考场。虽然参加考研的考生都是大学生或者上班族，但是，在考点外，也有不少考生家长在清晨寒冷的天气中“送考”。有家长告诉记者，家里人对孩子这次考试很重视，“希望孩子能考个好成绩，现在，我就想等到考试铃响后再走，这样比较安心。”(完)

近日，中国传媒大学新媒体研究院联合新浪AI媒体研究院发布《中国智能媒体发展报告（2019-2020）》，旨在对全球人工智能媒体发展背景、产业生态、应用情况及发展趋势进行研判。同时，报告聚焦了国内七大年度优秀案例以及疫情期间的智媒创新服务，从中管窥中国智媒的发展潜力。《中国智能媒体发展报告》精华看点（一）全球视野下智能媒体的差异化发展与共性聚焦看点1：全球人工智能“军备竞赛”已经启动，中、美、日、英、欧盟等国家及地区纷纷制定顶层设计、战略布局和关键政策保障人工智能发展，中国人工智能发展迎来政策红利和投资热潮，顶级科技公司逐鹿人工智能赛道。看点2：华盛顿邮报、纽约时报、美联社、彭博社、BBC、GiveMeSport等外媒在智能采集与智能生产环节优势突出；Facebook、Google、Amazon等科技平台智媒体化趋势显著。平台智媒化和智媒平台化发展加速汇流。看点3：全球智能媒体产业生态在基础层、技术层与人工智能产业的架构支撑保持一致，应用层则形成了更适配媒体行业应用场景或需求的软硬件产品及解决方案。（二）中国智能媒体发展现状与未来趋势研判看点4：当前，人工智能贯通信息采集、内容生产、内容分发、媒资管理、内容风控、效果检测、媒体经营、舆情检测、版权保护九大环节，驱动中国媒体的智能化迭变。看点5：对国内主要通讯社、报纸、广播、电视、媒体网站、新媒体智媒转型的专项调研结果显示：多数国内媒体机构高度重视智能化战略，但整体仍处于起步阶段，技术基础薄弱、专业人才缺乏和资金投入不足是目前智媒转型面临的三大挑战。看点6：中国智能媒体发展势不可挡。在主流价值导向引领下，以计算机视觉、强化学习、知识图谱、情感计算等关键技术领域加速突破，推动媒体认知智能升级，全链智媒应用得以纵深发展，智媒商业化得以实质性突破。新型主流媒体与头部商业平台将成为智媒生态两大中坚力量，而先进技术、创新管理和内容建设协同发展将持续激活媒体AI能力。同时，伦理标准、职业规范的建设成为行业关注焦点，为智媒行业健康高速发展保驾护航。（三）优秀案例直播中国智媒转型进行时看点7：国内智能媒体发展百花齐放，领先智能媒体路线践行者为行业发展带来了宝贵经验，本报告将详解CCTV微视AI in TV模式、封面新闻智能泛内容生态、广州日报智能化融媒体方阵、闪电新闻“AI+广电”融媒体资讯平台、新华社智能化编辑部、新浪新闻智能化媒体平台、央视网“人工智能编辑部”七大年度案例。看点8：新冠疫情期间，人工智能助力疫情防控、集结战“疫”舆论宣传工作，人工智能在疫情信息采集、疫情报道内容生产和新闻播报、舆情分析、内容分发、鉴谣辟谣及信息治理等方面形成了多个优秀应用案例，成为战胜信息疫情的“特种智能部队”。智媒时代的新闻传播业变革智媒是以技术为导向的一种媒体形式，智媒时代，以人为主导的媒介形态开始被打破，各种智能物体及新技术的交互融合，推动传媒产业链的新变革。人工智能、物联网、VR/AR等技术的发展是驱动媒体智能化的直接技术动因，并最终使智媒成为未来媒体发展的一种主要趋向。可以看出，智媒的技术基础主要是人工智能技术，一般认为人工智能可以分为“弱人工智能”和“强人工智能”。弱人工智能即针对特定的应用领域的人工智能技术，学界和业界已经有了显著的成果。比如语言翻译、自动驾驶、图像识别等。强人工智能是一种未来人工智能状态的概念，强人工智能的人工智能系统的智能行为至少能够达到与人类一样的程度，能够完成各种认知任务。弱人工智能与强人工智能之间的鸿沟一直难以跨越，研究者们进行了各种尝试但是未能实现突破。美国国家科技委员会也认为，强人工智能至少在几十年之内是无法实现的。现阶段智媒的技术基础仍处于弱人工智能的阶段。智媒时代是人工智能与互联网、传媒业融合的时代，该时代以新技术为基础，万物皆联，万物皆媒，机器能够进行自我学习，实现信息从生产、分发、交互到消费过程的全自动化。这一时期传统媒体行业与其他行业协同创新发展，形成了新的媒体业态环境，再造了媒体的组织结构。智媒时代的发展过程中传媒业革新了信息生产流程，使产品形态得到丰富，商业模式升级，打造出全新的产业链。（一）智媒时代的特点1、万物皆媒。在过去，媒体都是以人为主导。智能媒体发展时至今日，部分与人生活密不可分的物品及生产相关的系统，都可以成为为人类提供信息的媒介。人工智能技术赋予了这些物体或系统分析、发掘、预测及生产信息的能力，用户接受信息的来源平台不再单一。2、人机合一。目前，智能时代的发展趋势是人的智能与人工智能机器融合发展，在媒体智能化的进程中，单单依靠技术，人很容易被偏见和欺骗影响。只有人的智能与智能物体结合，在实践的过程中进行调查核实，才有助于构建新的人工智能理论以指导智媒朝着更好的方向发展。3、自我进化。智能媒体具有自我学习的能力，衍生出能自我控制、自我进化的信息处理控制能力。智能媒体通过对算法的改善，对数据认知的结果，能够形成自我循环的智能程序，使智能媒体能够自感受、自处理、自反馈、自修改，提高传播效率。（二）智媒时代的新闻生产智媒时代的新闻生产是依靠人工智能技术基于前期采访和数据分析基础的再生产。生产从“记者导向”转移到了“技术导向”，使新闻生产不再仅仅依靠专业记者采编信息汇总，转向采编→生产→分发→体验智能化。智媒时代新闻生产的特点表现为：1、新闻生产系统智能化升级。从信息采集、加工到发布的过程，人与机器、环境等一切可成为媒体的事物都将参与进来，处于物联网中的一切物体都能够成为信息采集者。这个系统就是基于采集的信息形成的大数据库和精进的算法技术实现的，也有利于分布式新闻的发展，社交平台上的大部分自媒体都会成为这个系统的一员。2、机器人协助采集新闻线索。新闻生产趋于人和机器的协作，机器可以将人从繁琐的事物中解脱出来，使人的视野和感觉不再具有局限性。未来机器人可以帮助我们发现选题、发掘新闻线索，拓宽新闻报道的广度和深度，对新闻传播效果进行预判，引导人的写作思路。3、新闻生产紧跟用户社交兴趣热点。用户接受新闻靠社交和个人兴趣。新闻生产只有了解用户的社交渠道和浏览新闻习惯及兴趣范围，才能做到精准推送，实现按需创作。为用户提供匹配的新闻生产，通过社交渠道扩大新闻的效度，同时关联相关的网络服务，就可以为用户提供附加价值，吸引用户使用匹配生产的新闻。4、新闻生产以用户多元化体验为目标。人工智能技术与媒介融合，通过AR和VR，用户可以基于终端将新闻投射在特定的场所，通过虚拟信息与真实世界相结合，增强用户对新闻新鲜、趣味、交互的体验。5、新闻生产过程注重智能化反馈。传统新闻生产机制中，受众参与程度很小，属于信息的被动接受者。而在智媒时代，受众地位进一步提高，新闻生产过程中注重受众对新闻内容的反馈，智能系统根据反馈，实时在新闻中增加新的信息。主流智媒应用现状及问题反思就目前智媒发展状况来看，当前人工智能.在传媒界的应用还处于“弱人工智能”阶段。所谓“弱人工智能”是指模拟人活动或动物智能解决各种问题的技术，包括问题求解、逻辑推理与定理证明、自然语言理解、专家系统及人工神经网络、机器学习、模式识别以及机器视觉等。该阶段，人工智能主要依托算法，面向图像和语音识别、机器翻译以及自然语言处理、以VR为代表的沉浸式传播等领域。虽然智媒处在“弱人工智能”阶段，但它给传统新闻传播行业带来的颠覆性变革却不容小觑。（一）算法“黑箱”：一切皆可量化算法技术主要应用于自动化新闻和算法推荐领域。按照卡尔森(Carlson)的定义，自动化新闻生产是“将数据转化为新闻叙事文本的算法过程，其中涉及的人力干预仅限于最初的编程活动”。而算法推荐是以定制化信息服务为出发点，使用特殊的推荐引擎系统，借由机器算法推选出用户感兴趣的内容，并将其推送至用户端。从具体应用上来说，在国外Facebook早已解散了负责“热门话题（Trending）”的团队，改以利用人工智能算法来抓取数据，通过对用户搜索、浏览的分析，对热门搜索词进行排序，抓取热门话题呈现给受众。在国内，今日头条可谓是算法推荐的先驱平台。算法可以解释为“用于解决某一特定问题或达成明确的目标所采取的一系列步骤”。这样做的好处在于快速、准确，数据丰富且强调之间的相关性，缺点在于“生活情景、生活意义”被忽视，由于不强调因果性和思维上的逻辑性有可能导致因果颠倒、信息失实的现象发生。换言之，人工智能的技术操作逻辑是“一切皆可量化”，而在新闻专业主义中所强调的人文价值被忽视，数据与人文精神的匹配成为人工智能亟待解决的问题。算法犹如一个未知的“黑箱”——用户并不清楚算法的目标和意图，也无从获悉算法设计者、实际控制者以及机器生成内容的责任归属等信息，更谈不上对其进行评判和监督。到了智媒时代，一些较有影响力的聚合类新闻资讯平台进入用户视野，其影响力和用户范围十分广大，进一步弱化了主流媒体的影响力。由于这类资讯平台和内容平台本身不是专业媒体，对于新闻伦理问题并不重视。在新闻信息生产过程中更多依靠算法的判断，“把关人”权力逐渐被算法消解。因此就有了今日头条CEO张一鸣曾表示“算法没有价值观，今日头条不设置总编辑”的观点。（二）机器人新闻：颠覆内容生产主体机器人新闻压缩了内容生产流程的环节。机器的自动化带来环节合并，如Veo公司的产品能全景追踪体育赛事，在无人监管模式下，自动追踪体育场上的动向，并将素材自动组合成片，将拍摄、剪辑、后期多个环节进行整合。在国内，如新华社的“快笔小新”、腾讯财经的“Dreamwriter”、今日头条的“张小明”和第一财经的“DT稿王”都是机器人新闻投入媒体应用的例证。它们依赖先进的机器学习算法，提取新闻事实中的数据、资料加以整合，转化为新闻文本。利用机器人写稿，可大大减少新闻写作者的工作量，将其工作重心转移到提高对新闻的深度分析上来。自动化新闻尤其适用于财经金融、体育等方面的报道，根据其“人工模板+自动化数据填充”的内在设定，可以极为快速地向受众传递新闻事实。当然，现在讨论机器人是否能够取代人类还为时尚早，学者喻国明就认为“机器取代人”其实只是一个纯粹逻辑的问题，还不是一个现实的问题。目前机器人新闻发展的关键问题是，人和机器如何在人机对话中实现功能的互补和价值的匹配。在大跨度的复杂变量的处理和判断方面、在微妙情感关系的处理和表达方面，尤其是在价值规则的制定和参照框架的选择方面，人的智能和介入不可或缺。那么，未来的机器新闻写作是否会停留在这类程式化的写作模式中？答案也许是否定的。“微软小冰”与《钱江晚报》等媒体的合作，就在向更广泛的领域延伸。“基于大数据分析，小冰可以准确追踪受众关注的热点和话题，并以此为基础有的放矢产出与投放信息。”由此可见，机器人新闻的出现已经颠覆了传统新闻生产者的定位，原本由人为主导的新闻内容生产变为人机共同协作甚至以机器为主体自动化完成。在未来，传播者和内容生产者的角色被重新定义，谁是新闻生产主体？谁控制着内容输出？机器人新闻在传媒界如何被界定身份等都是我们将要面临的不可回避的问题。（三）VR场景：沉浸式传播的真实体验以VR为代表的场景式、沉浸式传播，也逐步渗透到新闻传播领域，并且已经有了一些有影响的作品。2012年，《新闻周刊》记者诺尼·德拉佩纳与学生帕尔默·洛基拍摄了第一部VR纪录片《饥饿洛杉矶》，这也是VR第一次显示它强大的新闻叙事潜力。2015年开始，美国新闻界全面应用VR技术，出现了《丰收的变化》《无家可归者》等新闻作品。就国内而言，2015年，财新网拍了《山村里的幼儿园》，讲的是农村基层的故事。此后的两会大量使用了VR直播，主要是全景展示，让普通老百姓通过VR/AR加入国家政治生活的最高情景当中。从传播学角度来说，VR有三个核心特质：一是沉浸，传播不再是信息，不再是观点，而变成一种体验植入你的身体，这就是传媒作为人的延伸的重要体验；二是互动；三是想象。VR/AR对于传统新闻业而言，它最大的意义在于，创造了场景式传播。学者彭兰甚至从构成要素的角度将场景提升至与内容、形式、社交并列的地位，称之为媒体的第四种核心要素，将人们所处的“空间环境、实时状态、生活惯性和社交氛围”归纳为场景的基本要素。梅罗维茨则创造了一种全新的社会场景观念——“情境”(situation)，既包涵了物理场景（房间和建筑物等），又囊括了媒介所创造的信息场景，将场景作为构建社会事实的重要维度。对于受众而言，这种场景化传播所带来的是跨越时空的“全觉接受”，即不同场景的相互交叉促使人们的身体所在地与交流空间可以分离，但处于不同时空的人们可以在意识上共享同一时空。当不断更新的传收界面持续中介我们的生活世界时，跨越时空的全觉传收以前所未有的速度贯穿人们的社会生活，更新社会文化的结构方式、表现方式。实际上，全觉传收“更加符合人类交往交流的自然状态，更加符合人类自在自发的交往交流方式”。由此形成收受者从语境模糊到清晰、从单一感官到全觉获取的立体传收模式。如何迎来一个更好的智媒时代我们对于智媒的发展应该持有审慎的态度，这并非是要阻止和限制智媒的发展，而是在深刻洞察其所带来的问题后，寻求相应的解决方案和对策，从而让智媒更好地为人类服务。重回新闻专业主义核心精神，将智媒发展纳入依法治理的轨道，深化认知与人的主观能动性的发挥是解决问题的关键。（一）呼唤与重构新闻专业主义面对算法“黑箱”所带来的一系列问题，如何在这个新的信息角逐场构建应有的伦理秩序和操作规范已经迫在眉睫。由于当前的媒体传播平台已经不仅仅限于传统媒体，一些商业化组织和企业成为这个领域巨头的趋势明显。技术对公共领域的深度入侵、人类对技术的过分信赖，以及相关企业对业内伦理规则的选择性失明正在导致一个风险社会的出现。在智媒背景下，有必要从更宽广的视域来审视和重构传统的新闻专业主义。从理论层面上来说，工具理性和价值理性应达到平衡。学者吴飞、田野认为，新闻的专业主义理念是工具理性和价值理念的混合体。算法机制具备工具理性特点，但它目的至上，忽略了价值理性中那些义务、尊严、美等信念。因此建议通过人机交互加强智能算法中人的主体性，即通过人+机器、机器帮人，让人工智能更好地体现人的主导性和价值观，最终实现技术理性与价值理性共融。从技术层面上来说，算法应该透明。按照新闻透明性的要求，通过公开信息披露，无论是否属于新闻从业人员，只要对新闻作品及其生产制作流程感兴趣，均享有监督、核查、评判甚至参与到新闻采集、生产以及分发过程的机会，用户借此可以更多地了解新闻生产过程及其背后的设计逻辑。这种透明包含算法要素的透明，即对数据质量、可信度、准确性、误差范围、采样范围、缺失值、机器学习过程中训练数据的规模等进行必要说明；算法程序透明，即算法程序的推理规则，如分类、数值推测、推荐等，其中包含的准确度、基准值、置信水平、外部接口的开关、输入与权重的可调整性以及呈现给终端用户的界面设计等；算法背景透明，即自动化新闻生产过程中是否有人工编辑和记者的干预，以何种形式、在什么程度上参与，谁应对报道的准确性负责，媒体机构应该予以明确说明。（二）将智媒纳入依法治理轨道可以预见，智媒必将给人们的生活带来巨大的变化，这也加剧了制定行业规范和配套完善法律法规的必要性和迫切性。美国南部卫理公会大学管理信息科学专家迈森（Richard O. Mason）在其《信息时代的四个伦理问题》中，提出了著名的“PAPA”理论，即：信息隐私权（Privacy）、信息正确权（Accuracy）、信息产权（Property）、信息资源存取权（Accessibility）。从专业行业协会来看，各国也形成了从事信息技术企业行为规范的基本伦理原则。如在美国计算机协会（Association of Computing Machinery，ACM）的十二条伦理守则中，第一和第三条分别是“对社会和大众的福利要有所贡献”“诚实和值得信赖”；加拿大信息处理学会（Canada Information Processing Society CIPS）的伦理准则第三条和第五条分别是“抵制错误信息”和“不提供误导信息”。此外，英国计算机学会（British Computer Society）、日本电子网络集团（Electronic Network Consortium）等都也制定了类似的职业伦理守则。2017年7月8日，我国国务院印发《新一代人工智能发展规划》，提出“建立人工智能法律法规、伦理规范和政策体系，形成人工智能安全评估和管控能力”，可以视为国内对规范人工智能发展迈出的重要一步。当然，距离真正实现智媒进入依法治理的轨道还有很长的路要走，但这种制定业内规范和法律法规的意识不可或缺。（三）深化认知与主体作用发挥美国学者曾经提出过“共进共存”理论，这个理论认为，媒介的演进从不以替代原有媒介为演进方向，而是在既有媒介基础上叠加式地向前发展，由此形成不断创新的媒介生态环境。媒介的“共进共存”的关键，是经过人的选择后存续下来的媒介形态。这也就是说，在任何一种传播新样态出现时，真正决定其发展方向的还是人。施拉姆说：“归根究底说来，媒体的格调是由阅听大众来决定的。在大众手里，他们掌握着一张王牌，问题在于他们愿不愿来参加牌局。”其实，参加牌局的方式有很多种，他们既可以像施拉姆所言，“使自己成为机警而又有鉴别能力的阅听大众”，也可以成为积极参与的从事媒介监督的大众，通过媒介行动主义（Media Activism）实践来对信息内容、媒介行为进行监督和督促，通过自己能动的建设性作用，来实践自己的传播权。在人与媒介技术的互动中，既需要媒介技术的使用者提升媒介素养，以抵制强大媒介技术对人的心理和行为产生的“促逼”作用，也需要专业新闻从业人员的新闻价值观及时更新，不仅要顺应时代的潮流，熟悉掌握并合理使用人工技能技术，还要提高个人的社会责任心，加强人的主体性与能动性。参考[1] 新浪新闻.中国传媒大学新媒体研究院&新浪AI媒体研究院：中国智能媒体发展报告（2019-2020）[2] 彭兰．智媒化:未来媒体浪潮———新媒体发展趋势报告( 2016)．国际新闻界，2016[3] 洪杰文,兰雪.从技术困境到风险感知:对智媒热的冷思考[J].新闻与传播评论,2019[4] 梁辰,李萍.智媒时代的新闻生产[J].青年记者,2019[5] 滕瀚,王一鸣.智媒热的冷思考[J].视听界,2019(03)

黑洞照片成为今年考研试题湖南12.28万人走进考场，人数再创新高；专家称命题难度有所下降12月21日，中南林业科技大学考点，一名考生面带微笑地走出考场。图/记者张云峰人工智能、黑洞照片、五四运动100周年、新中国成立70周年……这些热点都进入了考研试题中。又到了一年一度的研究生考试时间，湖南今年考试人数超过12万，再创新高。专家分析，今年的考试仍然十分注重对热点的考查。潇湘晨报记者李柯夫长沙报道12月21日，2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试正式开考，今年全国报考人数再创历史新高，首次突破300万人，较2019年增长17.59%。湖南“考研大军”人数近几年也是逐年攀升，今年再创历史新高，达到了12.28万人，比去年的11.05万人增加了1.23万人，增幅为11.13%。中公教育考研政治研究院院长杨攀告诉潇湘晨报记者，总结来看，考研政治考试的难度有所下降，更加注重考查考生的基础能力。同时，也越来越重视考查考生的政治素养，对考生的时政积累提出了要求。湖南多所高校考研报名人数创新高从湖南高校考研报名情况来看，湘潭大学、湖南农业大学、长沙理工大学多所高校的考生报名踊跃，报考人数也均创下新高。公开数据显示，湘潭大学2020年硕士研究生一志愿报考人数共计7887人(不含推免生)，相比2019年增长51.79%，连续三年报名人数增长率远高于全国当年平均增长水平。报名人数超过200人的学院有11个，依次是：法学院、知识产权学院(1380人)、公共管理学院(1335人)、商学院(1315人)、信息工程学院(697人)、碧泉书院·哲学与历史文化学院(478人)、文学与新闻学院(473人)、数学与计算科学学院(355人)、机械工程学院(320人)、化学学院(274人)、马克思主义学院(239人)、材料科学与工程学院(205人)。另外，长沙理工大学2020年硕士研究生报名人数达8228人，增长34.4%。其中，该校考点共有2536名考生进行了网上确认，其中该校一本应届生2098人，城南学院应届生293人，其他考生145人（报考艺术类和建筑类的往届生和外校应届生）。“中国之治”、人工智能进入考题杨攀分析说，从今年考试的难度来看，整体命题难度有所下降。在政治考试的五个科目中，《马克思主义基本原理概论》（以下简称“马原”）一直是难度担当。能结合古今中外各学科知识灵活考查，对考生的逻辑思维能力有较高要求。例如，2018年第17题通过量子纠缠理论考查联系的观点，仅有31%的考生选对；第19题考查资本积累的源泉，仅有14%的考生选对。但是在今年的马原题中，9道选择题中有5道考查的是识记型知识点。史纲学科在去年考察了“安源路矿工人罢工事件”、“确定在井冈山建立根据地的原因”等知识点，都相对冷僻，但今年涉及的考点都十分中规中矩。这都体现了政治学科在考试难度上，有下降的趋势。毛泽东思想与中国特色社会主义理论体系概论，考4道单选、5道多选、1道分析，内容全部来自中国特色社会主义理论体系概论，整体难度较低。其中选择题部分，大部分来自今年的时政热点，比如“一国两制”、实体经济、人民政协、精准扶贫等，都是之前反复强调的重点。针对这部分知识，单选题主要掌握时政中的关键说法，如“全面提升实体经济的重点是加快发展先进制造业”、“新时代做好人民政协工作的中心环节是加强思想政治引领、广泛凝聚共识”等。多选题主要理解时政本身的来龙去脉，即使记不住时政原文，用知识储备，结合言语理解去做。分析题部分，以“中国之治”切入，围绕十九届四中全会中反复提及的中国特色社会主义制度，及治理体系、治理能力的现代化来命题，也是今年很热的时政，只要考生稍做准备和记忆，难度较低。人工智能、黑洞照片、五四运动100周年、新中国成立70周年、人民政协成立70周年、中俄建交70周年等都进入考研政治考题。这一趋势启示广大考生，考研备考一定不能两耳不闻窗外事、一心只读圣贤书，而应该积极关注热点时事和大政方针，积极将所学知识与时政热点结合起来理解和运用。分析金融、法律、新闻传播等专业受青睐从全国报名人数来看，近五年来考研报考人数屡创新高：2016年，177万人；2017年，201万人；2018年，238万人；2019年，290万人；2020年，341万人。就业前景好、职业发展需要、换专业、换行业是考生考研的几大主要原因。从考生报考的专业来看，中国教育在线报告显示，近年来，金融、法律、新闻与传播、工商管理等社科类专业更受考生青睐，而工科类专业报名热度远低于社科类专业，报录比差异明显。但从本科及研究生就业情况看，社科类专业无论从就业率、薪资待遇方面，表现均不如工科类。而社会需求量更大的是理工科专业，尤其是工科专业。湖南启善尚行生涯规划研究中心首席专家欧阳文邦分析，省内目前多场校招表明，研究生在职场确实更有优势，比如研发岗、技术岗，包括一些互联网公司，薪酬研究生会高10%～20%。为何新闻传播专业受到不少考研生的青睐？对此，欧阳文邦表示，这与当下新媒体行业的异军突起不无关系。部分试题1.逐渐“飞入寻常百姓家”的人工智能对人类的社会生活产生了巨大影响，对此，技术乐观派认为人工智能为人类发展更新了“发动机”，悲观派则认为人工智能的发展可能导致“人类的终结“。对人工智能社会效用的评价是（）（单项选择）A.对客观事物发展规律的真理性评价B.对主体需要发展程度的认知性评价C.受主体情感、兴趣和爱好影响的主观性评价D.对客观事物的属性及其满足主体需要的价值性评价2.2019年4月10日晚9点，全球多国科研人员合作的“事件视界望远镜”项目在全球六地同步举行新闻发布会，发布了世界上首张黑洞图像，公布了人类首次拍到的黑洞照片，这是继2015年人类通过引力波视测“听到”两个“黑洞”合体之后，证明黑洞存在的直接“视界”证据。有科学家认为，这张看起来有点模糊的照片意义非凡，它再次验证了爱因斯坦广义相对论的预言是对的，并将进一步帮助科学家解答星系演化等一系列宇宙本质问题。人类首次“看到”黑洞正面照表明（）（多项选择）A.空间的性质依赖于物质的分布及其运动状态B.世界是物质的统一体C.物质世界的客观存在与人的实践和认识水平有关D.空间的观念随着人的认识发展而拓展答案：1.D2.ABD

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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