历年研究生真题库

无论是第几遍做真题，做错的题目，都要做记号，并找出错因。如果下一次还犯类似错误（尤其是计算失误），一定要好好反思反思。

当大家决定考研的那一刻起，是否又觉得毫无头绪，不知如何去复习准备，到处找相关信息，尤其是自己想考的学校专业考研信息，但是考研信息网上又不是很全面，有的可能比较幸运会有考研经验看看，多多少少会给自己带来一些头绪，但大多还是不全的，今天给大家一个分享一个考研资料查询的网站——考研文库。这个网站是新祥旭考研创建的，为广大考研学生提供方便查询各个学校专业信息的。新祥旭做了十五年的考研一对一辅导，师资力量很强，很多考上的学长学姐都会在新祥旭考研文库上传一些经验和资料，以下这篇考研经验就是新祥旭考研文库的。考研的同学想查院校专业信息可以去考研文库这个网站看看。先介绍一下自己，我本科是西北农林科技大学，环境科学专业，一志愿中科院生态环境研究中心，2018年分数347（英语72，数学108，专业课110，政治57），过了复试线因为觉得不想一直做研究但是放弃调剂去了中国矿业大学（北京）。院校专业选择篇生态所水污染控制方向全国数一数二，每年报考能有80多个人，专硕加学硕能录取20多个（报考的时候可以先报学硕，分数不够还可以调剂专硕，但专硕调剂就相对困难一点），还会有几个可以调剂到生态，因此报录比大概能在三分之一，已经很高了，一般只要能进复试就不太会被刷，但是分数低有可能调剂到生态或者化学专业，专业排名高，相对好考，三年都在北京，这是我选择它的理由。因此开始选择了它，但是因为在中科院更多的像一个在职的研究员，基本只能做科研，而我初试后做毕设进了实验室，发现自己不太适合蹲实验室，因此我选择了调剂，去了选择更多的高校。大家一定要吸取我的教训，好好审视自己是不是真的适合做科研。初试备考篇在备考时间方面个人比较推荐的是从大三结束的那个暑假开始大概是7月份，接近6个月，时间比较充裕也不至于把战线拉的太长。下面我说说我的备考方法。首先是英语，学硕一般是英语一，比英二略难，英语最重要的一点就是单词，最重要的事情说三遍，单词！单词！单词！不用太在意长难句，如果词都认识，再有基本的语法储备，阅读不是大问题。每天都要背单词，我不建议直接拿着书背，根本记不住，记住也不会用，把题目中不会的词查一下，加入有道词典的单词本，这样可以随时都能看一看，记住的单词都会用，保证了单词的最大利用，也可以看网课，推荐朱伟恋恋有词及配套书目，前两个月每天花1个小时刷恋恋有词，再花一个小时精读一篇真题阅读(推荐何凯文阅读及长难句)，并记住不会的词，总结同义替换和熟词新义，对于写作也很有帮助，中间两个月开始隔天刷一套近15-20年真题（推荐陈正康真题超精读系列，这套书最大的亮点是单词总结的很精准，可以节省大量总结时间，做题技巧可以和前面的何凯文系列取长补短），第一天做，第二天总结并精读题目中的单词并练习写作，作文想初步提高也挺容易的，不需要用太花哨的词汇和语法，确定好几个语法。比如虚拟语气，状语从句，每次写作文时都刻意的去写这几个确定了的语法，词汇不用太难，但是要广，注意同意替换。后面一个多月偶尔刷套题保持手感就可以了。数学是拉分的关键，我考的是数二，不建议张宇的除了预测卷之外的任何资料，太花哨，用到一半弃了，李永乐的复习全书以及配套660题比较好，稳扎稳打，尤其是线性代数部分真的很好，两个月要把全书结合课本刷完，建议自己把高数和线性代数自己总结出一个大纲，将知识点整理归纳分类，这一步可以让你后期刷真题的时候能够很容易的回顾书中的知识，然后中间两个月刷15-20年真题，真题太重要了，至少要刷3遍，总结思路和错题。最后一个多月可以做些预测卷保持手感和适应新题型（李林的预测题一定要做，宁可信其有不可信其无）。政治的话想得高分不太容易，肖老的精讲精练太厚，太费时间，等风中劲草出来以后把它过一遍，不要占用太多时间，最后一个多月中拿出一半时间过风中劲草，剩下时间背下来肖四肖八，政治五六十分没问题。（考研政治的基本情况是只要能把肖四肖八背熟，过线都不成问题，所以放到最后两个月不要看别人都复习了发慌，政治拉不开分，不如时间多放在数学上）生态所环境工程水污染控制方向专业课参考书目是水质工程学上下册、给水工程、排水工程，一般无计算题，都是背的内容，这四本书重点在两本水质工程学，给水工程、排水工程太厚，里面很多东西都和水质工程学重复，只需看考研大纲（生态中心官网上有）里列出的但是水质工程学里没有的章节即可，专业课是信息战，前人总结专业课资料和真题参考价值很大，生态所环境工程有一波生态所的在读研究生专门在做这个资料，他们出的一本复习全书大概200多页，对于考点的覆盖率很高，全部吃透100分以上不是问题，在读研究生现在是在新祥旭考研一对一辅导机构做兼职老师，报他们的专业课一对一辅导班后资料是免费赠送的。建议在第3-4个月过一遍参考书目，结合考研大纲和真题总结知识点，将书读薄，再结合买来的资料查漏补缺，这一阶段无需背诵，理解即可，和政治一样放到最后一个多月集中背诵自己总结的知识点，高频考点要熟记，低频考点要能理解意思用自己的话写出来，细枝末节有精力的话都过一遍，有点印象，万一考到也能答上一部分。总结：第1-2个月主要任务，记单词，练习精读英语阅读，做李永乐全书打好基础。第3-4个月，刷英语和数学真题，并总结解题技巧规律，总结专业课资料。最后一个多月，集中背政治和专业课，偶尔做英语真题和数学预测卷保持手感。最后强调一遍，单词每天都要记，过了最初两个月可以减少单词任务量，但是还是要每天记。一些小建议：在复习的过程中，我们最大的敌人就是自己，每周给自己留一天休息，社交，其他时间一定要坚持住，可以找个研友相互鼓励，个人觉得有个伴儿还是挺好的，互相激励，数学的复习过程中经常会遇到看不懂的情况，一定要学会问，闭门造车效率很低，而且真题做多了，可能会让自己膨胀，因为平时做的练习题大部分都是根据真题改编的，因此做真题的时候会比较顺手，但是一遇到新题可能会不适应，所以一定要做一些预测卷，英语还是一点要坚持，政治一般没什么问题，好好背就好了，专业课不能死记硬背，一定要成系统，理解第一，污水处理中有很多工艺环环相扣，比如预处理+A20+深度处理，要把这一系列的工艺结合起来系统性的理解记忆，这样记得既快又牢。调剂复试篇：因为我最后决定调剂去中国矿业大学（北京），所以只参加了它的复试，在说复试之前我先说一下调剂的一些情况吧。要提前估计一下自己的初试情况，如果不稳又不想二战，就要开始两手准备了，可以去考研帮和小木虫上搜集以下往年一些院校的调剂情况，初步定几个学校，多关注他们的官网，不同学校的调剂开始时间不同。调剂最主要的因素就是城市，因为能调剂的学校水平都差不多，专业也不会太好，这个时候只能放眼于城市了，像北上广这些地方的学校资源会比其他地方的好很多。值得一提的是有些211学校会有一个优秀生源调剂，专门招一些985出身的没有考好的同学，这个是不会占用他们表面上的名额，所以如果进了复试，基本就稳了。我就是走的这个，不过复试流程和普通考生是一样的。矿大复试分为三部分，专业课笔试，英语面试和专业课面试。专业课笔试从2020考研开始就只能考环境工程学了，环境化学被取消了，但是好好看看这本书，再找一找往年真题，大部分内容准备初试的时候都会涉及到，再熟悉一下就可以了，问题不大，而且题目是选做（比如十个选六个），极大地增加了得分的可能，题目偏矿井水和含油废水处理的多一些。英文面试先是自我介绍，然后两人一组抽取一个话题（生活中常见的一些小问题）进行辩论，听起来有点难，但是不用怕，大家口语都没那么好，只要你敢大声开口说就先赢了一半。专业课面试要好好表现，进门先抽题，从一堆纸条中抽出三道题（题目覆盖面很广，就没什么好准备的了）进行作答，不会也没关系，重要的是要有自己的想法，然后老师会问一些有关你本科做过什么实验和项目，毕设做的什么等问题，大家如实作答就可以，自信一点这关也很好过。矿大复试基本不刷人！！！！以上，就是我的一些备考经验。考研就像是一杯茶，入口苦，但是只苦一阵子，苦完之后的回甘会绵绵不绝。预祝大家都能考上心仪的学校。

考研复习到最后阶段，同学们也要抓紧时间熟悉专业课的真题了，有些院校会在学校官网或者研究生院官网直接提供真题资源，方便学生下载学习。但是也有很多学校不提供考研专业课历年真题，那这部分同学该去哪儿找真题？今天新与成商学院小编来为大家盘点真题来源六大途径：1、参考相关院校的真题这个只是用来参考，毕竟学校和学校的具体要求还是不一样的，但还是有借鉴价值。在备考的时候，时间充裕的话，多做一些同类专业院校的真题集，当然一定要学会甄别，那些不考的题型和内容就不要浪费精力了！2、在线图书馆有些作者会把全国相关专业的真题都编成一本书，上传到在线图书馆或者在线书店等网站，甚至还给出详细的解答，尤其是热门专业的资料更多，这对于考生来说算是提高自己应试能力的最好捷径了。3、关注各类帖子论坛网上会有很多帖子和论坛，除了热心人会无私地分享出自己掌握的真题，还有一些专门的网站会提供专业课真题下载。有时候还会有热心的网友做出参考答案。大家可以有正对性地进行搜索并选择性取舍。很多学长学姐在写下自己备考心路的时候除了会介绍学习方法，很多人也会回忆真题，这就需要你会看经验帖了，基本都是干货哟。4、和研友多交流探讨想要在复习过程中有所突破，就不能闭门造车，不与外界交流。多注意身边考同一地方的同学，没事就与他们谈谈在学习过程中的问题，有时候别人那里往往有自己得不到的东西。经常跟同学彼此沟通复习程度，不但可以巩固关系，更能在复习资料及专业课的上相互补充，实现资源的最大化利用。5、备考院校周围的旧书店和复印店有一些不需要的书籍直接低价卖给书店回收，学校的同学或者教师想要打印资料也都会去复印店，在这些偶尔能淘到一些自己需要的专业课资料。虽然这个概率比较小，但是也不要错过，如果有这种环境的同学们留意一下身边的资源，适当地利用起来。6、移动的资源库，灵活的书袋除了与自己一同备考的研友交流之外，我们一定不要忘记一条最重要的途径：师兄师姐。作为已经成功读研的前辈，他们可以当之无愧的被称为“移动的资源库，灵活的书袋”了，借复习资料的时候，他们都会无私的为学弟学妹提供帮助的，尤其是对于已经考上的师兄师姐而言，非常乐于分享自己的备考经验与收获的，他们更能理解你们的情况，基本都会非常主动给我们备考的同学介绍自己之情考研遇到的难题、分享自己总结的备考经验、解说本专业的重点要点。

对于每一位考研er来说，历年考研真题都是相当题重要的复习资料，相比公共课而言，专业课真题不仅更重要，获取难度也大了不少。要知道，其他的复习资料可以先不买，但以前的专业课试卷或者专业课笔记是必不可少的。但有的时候方法不对，费时费力还浪费金钱也不一定能找到。所以学姐今天给大家推荐几种方法，帮助大家简单省心的找你需要的真题。01 找学长学姐这个是最靠谱的办法：如果是本校的，真题与讲义的获取其实很简单，自己本科课程的资料积累、学长学姐，甚至有可能直接跟出题老师沟通哦，是不是很刺激~如果是外校的，可以找自己身边考上的学姐学长，也可以在各大网络论坛、qq群、微博里面找到前辈，可以咨询他们哪里有卖资料，如果有的话，那就万事大吉了。其实一般情况下，你找学姐学长借复习资料的话，他们都会比较大度地送给自己的小学弟学妹们，尤其是对于已经考上的学长学姐而言，一般在这个时候还处于成功的喜悦当中，对于学弟学妹们的要求当然是来者不拒，更会主动介绍自己考研的经历以及报考专业的情况。不过除此之外，各大高校一般在毕业季都会有跳蚤市场，同校或同城市的小伙伴可以去逛一下，运气好可以淘到师兄师姐用过的考研资料，更能因此认识学长学姐，何乐而不为呢？02 辅导机构这个也是一个很靠谱的办法，它与上一个办法最大的区别就是，找学长学姐有可能免费获得，但是辅导机构一般不会。但是它的好处也显而易见，找辅导班一般比较省心，花钱就是买了个放心+靠谱，而且辅导班老师一般都会在课上讲解真题，这比自己钻研的效果好多了。专业课的辅导班，一般有两种渠道：一是一些公共课辅导机构也开设一些名校的著名专业的辅导班（比如X东F之类的）。这些辅导班的讲课教师一般是这些专业的老师，当然也会在辅导班上发放专业课的真题及复习笔记，这样的辅导班能上还是去上，一般也不是很贵。二是专门的专业课辅导班。这种辅导班一般是由上岸的学长学姐组织的，价格可能会比略高，但是都是学长学姐，会更了解学生，也可以咨询更多的考研经验，重要的是，这种学姐学长组织的专业课辅导班一般还会告诉你上一届的复试题目，这很有可能就是下一年的初试题啊！！！03 资料网站1）搜索相关考研资料的论坛。考研论坛（没错，都0202年了，我们考研er还是要用论坛的）上经常会有热心的同学贴出真题，比如考研帮，考研吧等。2）拥有海量题库的网站，这也是一种稳妥的选择，挑选网站时一定要看近年来，特别是当年考研后资料更新整理的速度和试题数量。一般特别正规的网站都会及时更新当年的真题，并且针对全国范围内几百所考研院校的各大专业考研真题都有不同程度的搜集和整理，在每年夏秋时候会海量上线。04 与研友交流这是一个“活泼”的方法（活泼？），我们可以和一起考的小伙伴多交流，这真的是一个很好的办法，大家跟同学相互交流也不仅限于学习，可以放松心情，更能在复习资料及专业课的复习上得到起帮助。有些同学可能喜欢闭门造车。但就普遍来看，往往是热心分享的同学最后能有不错的结果，保守和封闭对自己是弊大于利的。05 附近打印店可以去找目标院校校内或学校周围的打印店向老板购买，如果能找到必定很靠谱，但是这个办法其实局限性很大，对地理位置和院校知名度都有要求，但是即使概率小，也还是要留意下下，因为一定会有各种条件都满足的小伙伴的~不过，跨地区的小伙伴也可以托同校或同城的朋友帮忙，只要能获取真题，怎样都可以的~06 研招办不管是研招网还是各大高校的研究生院网站上肯定都会有研招办电话的，我们就打电话问一下研招办的老师到底该怎样才能得到历年的考研真题。通过电话，可能的结果：1）研招办对外出售考研真题，万事大吉。2）研招办不对外出售考研真题，需要联系报考的学院获取，那我们就查下学院电话获取。3）学校以及学院都不提供考研试题，那就参考上面的其他方法获取。07 某宝某鱼这个方法写出来是来给大家排雷的。一般情况下上某宝某鱼搜索相关名称的店铺购买，这种店铺打着100%真题的口号，利用刷单和社交水军疯狂宣传，交易量一般都是一天几百笔以上，而且价格动辄几百块起！但是试题真假很难分辨，质量也很难保证。因为现在大家对淘宝还是比较上瘾的，但这种甚至连评论区都不能参考的店铺，自己是没法分辨试题真假，学姐实在是……不推荐！总之，在网上购买资料一定要注意分辨真假，钱是小事，但复习了个错的，那就十分尴尬了……学姐说真题的重要程度不用我再说了，一般学校出题组不换，专业课也是自成风格的，有“侧重点”，有每隔两年都要拿出来溜溜的“必考点”，如果学校在这某段时间内研究的课题不变的话，甚至上一年的复试题还会成为下一年的初试题……

考研单词分析：根据初中、高中、四级、六级、研究生五个等级为什么我背了那么多年单词，单词量还是这么少？考研单词难度怎么样？哪些单词考研试卷真题中出现的最多？考研单词在非考试情况下，日常使用频率怎么样？比如看期刊和英文小说我将考研单词分为初中、高中、四六级和研究生五个等级。直观感受上来说，初中单词最常用，也最容易记下来，对分数快速提升最有效，然后依次是高中、四六级、研究生，实际也是如此，下文将逐步分析。一、为什么我背了那么多年单词，单词量还是这么少？从纵向角度来看。市面上的单词书为了兼顾大部分人的需求，会把以前背过的单词也放入进来，使得一个本来就很熟悉的单词也被迫再看几遍。而且人本身就讨厌主动记忆难记的事物，会主动逃避没背过的单词，去背那些曾经背过的单词。是这样的评论区扣个1.举个典型例子，abandon这个单词最早是在高中出现的，但是无论是四六级考研，还是雅思托福，都能看到这个单词。大家戏称官方劝退，每次一背单词就是“放弃”，实在不是什么好的体验。不过大部分人，包括我自己还是会读一读或背一背。所以很多人虽然从小学一路背到考研，实际上大部分时间和注意力都是放在自己熟悉的单词上。从横向角度来看“三天打鱼，两天晒网”是背书最常见的一件事情必须承认的是，无论是大学以前的高考单词，还是现在的考研单词。它的数量对于基础较差的人来说，数量都是很不友好，很多。以我自己高中经历来说，我高一的时候准备半年把高中全部单词背完。计划也很明确，每天一百个单词，一个多月就能背一遍了。真实结果是，背了几天就因为各种原因断了进程，下一次继续背的时候又是从第一页开始背，一直这样循环往复。也就是说，背书没有持久且系统的计划时，会一直背着单词书的前几十页。从我和众多网友交流的经历来看，大部分人都是这样的。根据上面分析推导出的解决方法1、纵向来看，必须将单词按照熟悉程度分为几类，最简单明了的就是根据初中、高中、四六级、研究生这种类别了。2、横向来看，需要制定严格且有效的背单词计划2、考研单词难度怎么样？从单词等级角度：如下图我统计的考研考纲单词占比（考纲单词来源于考研官方发布的考纲）在所有考研单词中：初中单词1478个，占比27%高中单词1610个，占比29%四级单词1346个，占比25%六级单词842个，占比15%研究生单词203个，占比4%考研单词中初中和高中部分单词占比接近一半了，四六级总共占比40%，而真正的研究生等级单词才203个。也就是说，如果是一个一路认真准备高考、四六级的学生，考研单词基本没什么难度。想准备考研的大一大二学弟学妹们，也记得认真对待四六级考试。从单词本身背诵难度上来看：根据研究显示，大部分人瞬间能记住的无规则字母数量最多是6到7个。所以我这里按照单词长度来定义一个单词是否难背。字母数量超过6或者7的单词就是比较难背的了。首先是考研大纲单词中的初中单词，如下图所示：字母数4的数量最多，然后一路减少。1457个单词中，字母数超过7的仅仅只有两百个左右，所以可以判断初中单词是比较简单的。接下来继续看高中单词对照一下，下图是考研大纲单词中的高中单词，如下图所示：考研大纲中的高中单词总量是1610个，和初中单词数量差距不大但是高中单词明显出现了变化，字母数量最多的恰好是字母数6和字母数7,分别是276个和277个，只相差一个。高中单词从字母数7后也逐渐在减少，超过字母数7的的单词数量有500多个。这也很好解释了为什么很多人到高中后觉得单词总体变的更长更难记了。继续看四级单词，如下图所示：四级单词走势和高中单词差不多，但是超过字母数7的后半部分，下降明显更加平缓了四级单词总数是1346个，超过字母数7的单词数量恰好也是500多个。因为四级单词总数比高中少，超过的数量却差不多，也可以认定四级比高中部分又更难了一些。接下来是六级单词，如下图所示：六级单词是842个，从上图中可以看出，主要单词长度集中在6到9这个区间了。换句话说，单词大部分都是长度比较长的单词了。从实际体验来看也是这样，我第一次背六级单词的时候，就明显感觉到难度的增加了。最后是研究生单词了，如下图所示：研究生单词数量比较少，从图表上来看，字母难度介于四级和六级，这倒是挺意外的。难度总结：总的来说，从初中到考研，单词难度是一直增加的。所以如果准备从简单单词开始背的话，可以先背初中单词增加信心。考研考纲总共5500个单词，超过7个字母的单词总共1500个左右，这是很多人必须攻克的一个难关。所以，为了减少不必要的时间浪费，根据等级划分单词来进行背诵是最有效的方法。可以将自己背单词分为五个阶段第一阶段把初中最基本的单词背完，相当于英语扫盲的水平了。第二阶段把高中单词背完，至少能看懂大部分基础文章了。第三阶段把四级单词背完，这个阶段背完了，考研英语二考50-60分基本不是什么难题了。第四阶段把六级部分背完，恭喜你单词水平已经超过大部分人了。第五阶段把剩下的研究生单词背完，考研基本就只剩下超纲词不认识了。三、哪些单词考研试卷真题中出现的最多？上面的分析仅仅是考纲单词中，各等级单词的分布，真正试卷里又是怎么样的呢？会不会我背了所有考纲单词，却很多不考的呢？下面这张图是我以前统计的真题试卷中各等级单词所占比例，详情可以看我以前的分析文章。可以看出，单词等级比例基本和考纲单词中一致。所以出现的多依然是初高中和四六级这些单词。而且从我统计的历年真题单词和考纲对比中来看，基本所有考纲单词都是考过的，并不存在什么不考的单词，只能说哪些单词考的多，哪些考的少。四、考研单词在非考试情况下，日常使用频率怎么样？比如看期刊和英文小说上面的分析都是从官方资料角度分析的，也就是应试角度。那么从日常使用角度，考研单词中各部分单词使用情况又是怎么样呢？首先解释个概念，柯林斯分级词汇，以下解释来自于百度：《柯林斯》是1819年哈珀·柯林斯(Harper Collins)出版集团出版的图书。内含118000条词汇，220000条相关解释，这些词汇在图书、报纸、广播、电视、杂志、信函或演说中被使用过的例句，准确地表达出今天人们所使用的英语词汇的涵义。柯林斯从语料库中将单词在日常生活中的使用频率统计出来，按照频率的高低将单词分级，五星的就是日常生活中最常用的，星级越高越常用，依次类推。我根据柯林斯词表，统计了考研单词中各等级单词的日常使用频率，使用频率5的最常用，依次类推，使用频率1的相对最不常用。（实际上，即使是使用频率1的单词，在整个词库中也是常用的，所以这里写的是相对不常用）为了方便比较，我们将使用频率5、4、3的归为一类，认定为相对常用，2、1的归为一类认定为相对不常用。首先是考研单词中的中考单词：从上图可以看出，中考单词中，相对常用的单词占大部分，符合它这个等级所期待的功能。实际上也是这样，认识全部初中单词后，基本就能一些简答交流和看一些简单文章了。然后是高考单词：到了高中就有明显变化了，相对常用的只有一半多一点了。再看看四级单词：四级单词中，相对常用的已经不足百分之四十了，相对不常用超过了百分50.然后是六级单词：六级单词差距更加明显了，相对常用的仅仅百分之10，相对不常用的基本占据整个图表了。不出意外的话，研究生等级应该差距更加悬殊。最后是研究生单词：研究生单词相对常用的仅仅只有8%了。另外，在相对不常用的单词中，使用频率1的单词也超过了40%。从上面一路看下来，很明显，随着等级的提升，单词再日常使用中的频率也在降低。不常用的英文单词，通常翻译成中文后，这个中文在汉语中也不常用。从另一个角度来说，单词也是越来越难。所以无论是你为了考试还是以后日常英语交流，按照初中到研究生这个顺序是比较合适的。

能不能考得上还不一定呢，不要拿导师当保姆！考研是一场信息战，在海量信息中找到自己需要的资料，本来就是一项基本技能。考研你连专业课都找不到，立即推放弃考研！把机会留给能找得到专业课的人。考研不同于高考，高考的试题绝对是100%原创，而考研不一样，尤其是专业课，每年都会有重复的题，能否找得到历年的专业课真题，直接决定你专业课的成绩高低。为什么学校不公布专业课真题呢？因为编写专业课试题费时费力，而且容易编写错误，最简单的方法就是改编例题或者是将课后习题拿出来考。因此你会发现每个学校的专业课都会有一个题库，每年考试都会有几道新题出来，但是还是有许多试题往年重复考过。你去翻看历年的考研真题，是不是有很多原题？因此你把往年的真题每一道题都搞懂背会了，遇见原题直接默写就行了。图片来源于网络那么如何找到专业课真题呢？1.官网下载如果学校官网提供考研真题，对于报考的学生来说，真的是太幸运了，如何找到专业课真题这个大难题就这么被轻而易举的解决了。其实官网提供真题的学校还是少数，大部分学校都是不提供考研真题的，这么就需要你自己去寻找！2.专业论坛每个专业都会有自己领域的专业论坛，而在论坛上基本上都会有一个模块叫做考研保研，找到考研保研领域的专业课，你会发现那真的是一个宝库，往届热心的师兄师姐上传了很多资料在里面。找到目标院校，把有用的资料下载下来慢慢看。3.找师兄师姐如果你能认识到往届的师兄师姐那是最好不过了，师兄师姐都是考过并且考上的人，因此他们手上一定有搜集的历年的专业课试题，白拿肯定不合适，有机会请师兄师姐吃顿饭，一切就都搞定了，毕竟你以后复试的时候还要靠师兄师姐指点。4.淘宝咸鱼花钱买找师兄师姐毕竟是欠着人情，能用钱解决的事情都不是事儿，去淘宝上搜一搜，各个学校各个专业的考研真题，基本上是应有尽有，有时候你找师兄师姐要再请客吃饭，也往往要花不少钱，直接在淘宝上购买反而会更省钱一些。图片来源于网络以上是收集专业课真题的三种主要方法，除此之外，研友之间相互交换资料也都是正常的，如今网络如此发达，你能找到的资料别也能找到，没必要藏着掖着，无非是多花点时间罢了！

考研中有一个重要的复习资料，就是各科目的往年真题。由于真题数量有限，很多童鞋都有一个疑问：什么时候开始做真题比较好呢？经常刷经验贴、逛考研论坛的同学，可能会看到这样一种观点，”因为真题很珍贵，所以要晚做“。惠园教育小编并不是十分赞同这个观点。事实上，“真题很珍贵”同“真题要晚做”根本构不成因果关系，恰恰相反，正是因为真题很珍贵，所以作为考生，我们一定要尽早了解真题、熟悉真题，做到考点清楚、思路清晰。谁占领了先机，谁就为后半程的复习打下了坚实的基础。考研真题很重要，不要犹豫该什么时候做考研真题，你应该思考的是，如何快速找到真题，高效使用考研真题，如何通过做考研真题，从中摸索出命题人的出题思路和命题规律。一、如何快速找到真题对任何一位准备考研的同学来说，历年考研真题的重要性是显而易见的，其他的复习资料可以不买，但前几年的真题是必不可少的。收集历年真题，一直是很多考生头痛的事情，因为大部分院校，不对外公布历年真题，所以，网络上流传的，大多是“回忆版”，不全，而且可能错漏百出。但是也有一部分院校，会在官方网站公布自己院校的历年的真题，供考生下载使用。其实寻找真题也需要好的方法，不然会白白浪费很多时间和金钱。下面为各位考研er提供一些过来人的经验，总结了以下几种方法来帮助大家找真题。1、学校官网查看院校自身的官网，有些学校会公开发布历年真题。2、各大院校考研论坛在各大学校网站的BBS上，总会有热心的师兄师姐介绍自己的考研经验以及上传专业课的考研真题，甚至有过来人连答案也一起贴出！这些帖子在论坛上也很容易找到，因为通常是加精或者置顶的。在百度等网站上发帖求助，一般也会有热心人回复。但是这个考题的准确度和真实性就无从考量了。 3、考上目标学校的师兄师姐“借”如果是本校有师兄师姐考过同一个学校的话，找师兄师姐借考研资料是最好不过。这里的借打了引号，是因为一般找师兄师姐借复习资料的时候，他们都会比较大度地送给自己的小弟小妹们，尤其是对于已经考上的师兄师姐而言，一般在这个时候还处于成功的喜悦当中，对于师弟师妹们的要求当然是来者不拒，更会主动介绍自己考研的经历以及报考专业的情。这对于考研的同学们来说那真是一举两得。每年毕业前，各大高校都会有跳蚤市场，有条件的同学可以去逛逛，运气好可以淘到师兄师姐用过的考研资料，更能因此认识学长学姐。4、考研QQ群QQ群里有很多共享的考研复习资料，考研真题是必不可少的。一般在考研BBS上面会提供不少QQ群供大家在考研路上相互鼓劲。向QQ群发出申请要求加入，一般都会批准，然后就有海量的资料可大量下载。而且在QQ群里，会很快找到大家一起奋斗的感觉，有利于进入状态。QQ群里的考研人很多，最好是能找到本科同一院校或报考同一专业的，因为这样很多真题资料可以共享，和很多相同专业的同学讨论1小时，胜过自己苦思冥想好几天！5、目标院校书店和复印店基本上各高校研招办都会卖各专业5年内的真题，一般是都不贵，有的学校会提供邮寄，如果不提供邮寄的话，那就只有托人买了，或者勤快一点的话，也可自己赶到学校去买，顺便看看学校的环境，憧憬一下自己在这里读研时的场景。去目标院校买真题无疑是最放心的途径，但是成本也比较高。6、利用网络资源（1）利用网络搜索引擎，进行关键词搜索，会有很多网页，一些机构的网页，能够找到一些；（2）到各大网络文库去找，比如百度文库、豆丁文库、道客巴巴文库等，以及一些博客文章等。（3）到网络云盘去搜索，有些人会在云盘分享历年真题。7、淘宝店铺购买通过淘宝进行购买，有些人会专门售卖真题及答案解析，不过大家在购买的时候，一定要注意辨别真伪、年份，以及齐不齐全等问题，不然买了假真题也是劳民伤财。一定要选择那些开设时间比较长，信誉比较好的店铺。8、从专业课辅导班上得到一般辅导班会发放专业课的真题及复习笔记。当然，要不要选择报辅导班，还是看自身情况而定。二、如何高效使用真题由于政治是时事热点和背诵结合的科目，出题倾向受国家、国际大背景影响，真题的重复率低，考场上见到原题基本上是不可能的，所以政治的真题价值相对有限。而英语和数学则不同，由于采取题库制命题，出题规律比较明显，真题利用价值极高。真题的价值大致呈以下顺序排列：数学＞英语＞专业课＞政治下面具体介绍一下如何使用真题：1、近三年考研真题用来摸底自测可以把近三年的考研真题先预留出来，放在一边先不要做，等复习有了一定基础之后，用之来进行模拟自测。年份近的考研真题，最接近真实考试难度，用来考前自测效果最好。考前模考时一定要尽量模拟真实的考试时间，寻找接近真实考场的环境，对完答案后，不必过于在乎分数，认真分析错题原因，查缺补漏，回归课本，学习掌握不清的知识点。2、深入研究十年考研真题的出题规律考研真题作为最宝贵的复习资料，绝不能草草的做一遍就完事。一般来说，考研真题要做十遍，第一遍用来做题，第二遍、三遍用来纠错、总结错误原因，第四到七遍可以用来深入研究总结，比如出题方向、出题规律、考点分布、常见的错题的设置陷阱、以及正确答案的设置原则。考研真题不能光去做，还要认真去研究它的规律，等你摸清出题人的思路，你便能更好的避开出题陷阱，更好的预测出题方向，做到心中有数。3、以考研真题为指向，建立知识体系然而，光研究考研真题，吃透考研真题还不够，因为毕竟考研真题只是覆盖了少量的高频知识点，做考研真题只是考研复习的一种手段，而考研复习的真正目的是建立起完整的知识体系，同学们可以以考研真题为指向，回到知识本身，把课本上的基础知识牢牢掌握。在不同阶段，考研真题具有不同的作用。大家根据复习阶段以及自己的复习程度来分配真题的使用。除了留下用于模拟的真题，其他真题都是要反复研究的。三、各科真题如何使用1、政治由于政治是时政和背诵总和的科目，真题的重复率极低，出题倾向随大环境(国家、国际)而定，所以政治的真题价值可能相对就要低点了。政治历年考试基本都偏重基本知识点的考察，所以我们更多的是要全面了解考试大纲中指出的全部基本知识、基本概念、基本原理(规律和论断)，可按大纲所列的知识点，提出问题，回答问题，并力求理解和记忆。对于政治真题，通过对试卷的分析，可能更多的是需要你掌握基本知识点后要学会加以灵活运用，如果只是背下知识点，不一定能够把题做对，如果一旦换个说法，有些同学就做错了，所以要求大家不仅要会还要懂，将知识点融会贯通。2、专业课专业课方面，往往学校与学校、系与系之间差距较大，真题的价值也各不相同。但是根据大部分老生和科系的经验，专业课方面真题的重复率极高，如果在复习的过程中能拿到近几年的真题，那么在专业课考研中取得高分可能会更容易些。了解了真题之后，我们还有了解一下真题答案。因为通过答案，我们也能了解出题学校的风格，有的学校注重基础的考查，有点像期末考试；有的学校注重对考生学术潜力和文采的了解，有点像写毕业论文、所以，真题的答案也就十分重要了。总的来说，专业课真题的使用要明确下面几点：（1）把握命题风格因为每年的同一章节往往是由同一位或几位命题人命的题，从而可以洞察他们的命题风格，例如是重能力、重基础、还是重应用，书本知识还是延伸扩展知识等等。例如难易程度、考查趋向，是注重基础知识、应用能力还是发挥能力，以及是否存在偏、难、怪等现象。（2）明确专业课考试的题型例如选择题、简答题、论述题、案例分析题等题型类型；通过分析真题，就可以分析得到历年考试什么题型最受关注、什么题型最难答等，从而在具体的复习过程中，提请注意，并在实际练习中，有所侧重关注。（3）可以预测专业课考试范围和考试的高频考点通过对真题的分析，可以发现一个非常普遍的现象，有些知识点同一个学校隔几年都会考，甚至每年都考。相同专业同档次的学校专业课也会反反复复考。这些反反复复考的知识点就是老师容易出题的地方，需要考生高度重视。3、英语英语真题的价值，体现在阅读。如果你做了考研英语阅读，你一定会真正推翻真题要后做这个观点。考研英语阅读与四六级，甚至托福都大不相同。举个最简单的例子，如果把考研英语阅读翻译成汉语，那么你还是很有可能做错题。为什么会这样？很简单，考研阅读不仅考英语能力，更重要的，它考得是你对文章的理解，对出题思路的体会。因此，考研英语的真题确实是很重要，但是并不是说一定要反复做多半。在现阶段，你可以每天的题量都很少，比如一天一篇阅读。但重要的是做完后的分析。其实真题是可以早早做起的，但是你要懂得如何利用和处理它。真题是考研复习资料中的重头，在什么时候使用和如何利用都是需要自己去注意和解决的。考研真题往往需要我们至少做上3-5遍，才能吃透出题人的意图，找到一些命题的规律和答题的技巧。可试卷只有一套，还想做第二遍怎么办？这时候，一种办法是可先用铅笔做，对过答案总结完成后，再用橡皮擦掉痕迹，反复利用。还有另外一种办法：复印3-5份真题或者多买几套真题。这样一来，就可以“肆无忌惮”地在试卷上勾勾画画了。当然，这种方法会增加一些考研花费。4、数学考研数学又分数学一、数学二、数学三，具体考查内容，略有不同。但是复习的宗旨是不变的，那就是充分利用好真题。数学真题的价值，体现在对难易度、出题点和题量时间的把握。考研数学的复习，我们虽然不提倡题海战术，但还是需要一定做题量作为基础的。面对做题时，我们的心态很重要。第一、题目做得好，不要骄傲，做得好并不代表你的成绩就一定好。第二、题目做得差了，得分差了，也千万不要灰心丧气。大家一定要调整做题心态，要尽量把精力放在知识上，而不是分数上。在做题时，不要测试分数，只要能把这几套卷子都吃透，以做试卷，做题为主线来带动知识点的复习，从而查漏补缺，做到科学预测。考研数学后期的复习，要以真题为中心，围绕真题反复复习全部的基础知识，只要抓住真题，就抓住了考研数学复习的“骨”。考研真题真的真的很重要，所以在里再啰嗦一句，一定一定要好好利用真题，期待大家都可以圆梦目标院校。

2020考研初试已经结束了，紧张复习了一年时间，终于可以稍微放松下了，紧绷的神经也得到了休息，休息过后，大家还有好好准备下复试，不管知不知道考试成绩，也要好好准备下，本校本专业的考生可能不需要过多准备，但是那些跨专业跨地区跨院校考试的考生，可是要好好的准备了。初试过后，各种真题资源及答案满天飞，不过有的题目不准，有的没有答案，有的缺少试题。今天给大家来过来的也是真题，完整高清版本，可以拿去打印。想要获取历年真题资料PDF版的可以评论留言获取。2020考研真题：政治真题及答案解析，高清完整版来源：文都（免责及版权声明：仅供个人研究学习，不涉及商业盈利，如有侵权请及时联系删除，观点仅代表作者本人，不代表本号立场）

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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