考研长难句翻译

学英语我们逃过了听力，逃不过口语，逃过了口语，却逃不过翻译，据说每年英语（一）的翻译都要刷下一群小伙伴，明明我翻译的意思是对的，可是却得不到高分这是为什么呀？嘿嘿，直译当然不得分了，翻译哪有那么简单呀，所以做好考研翻译还是要能正确的理解长难句的，我们来看看今年的考研真题英语（一）的翻译吧！Part C 解题步骤：(46)Those societies came out of the war (0.5 分) //with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% (0.5 分) // of the relevant age groups(0.5 分) // ring the decades before the war. (0.5 分) 句法分析：2． 句子注释 本句中含有一个 that 引导的定语从句修饰 enrolment。Those societies came out of the war，可以翻译为这些国家（社会）从战争中走出来，或者在战争结束之后。 the relevant age group 指的是相关年龄群体，其实就是适龄群体。3.词义确定 （1）come out of 从……走出来 。 （2）enrolment 注册 入学的人数 。由于上下文都在讲 higher ecation，所以这 里是（高等教育）入学的人数。 4. 全句调整，得出译文46. 战争结束的时候，这些西方社会有一定的高等教育的入学水平。而这种入学 水平在战争之前的几十年间一直保持在相对年龄群体的 3% 到 5%。(47) And the demand that rose(0.5 分) // in those societies for entry to higher ecation (0.5 分) //extended to groups and social classes (0.5 分) //that had not thought of attending a university before the war. (0.5 分) 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句 解题步骤： 1、句法分析：2、句子注释 本句主干是 the demand extended to groups and social classes。这些需求延伸到了群 里和社会阶层， 两个 that 引导的定语从句分别修饰 the demand 和 groups and social classes。 3、词义确定 （1）rose： 上升 rise 的过去式 。 （2）extend 延伸，这里可以理解为“涉及到”群里和社会阶层。4. 全句调整，得出译文 47. 这些社会中对高等教育的越来越高的需求延伸到了那些战争之前从来没有 考虑过上大学的群体和社会阶层中。(48) in many countries of Western Europe, (0.5 分) // the numbers of students in higher ecation (0.5 分) //doubled within five-year periods ring the 1960s(0.5 分) // and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. (0.5 分) 本题考核的知识点是：并列结构 后置定语 状语 解题步骤：1、句法分析： 2． 句子注释 本句是 and 连接的两个谓语，主语都是 the number of students，in higher ecation 是介词短语作后置定语，double 是翻倍，within five-year periods 指的是每五年翻 一倍。In seven ，eight，or 10 years 指的是西欧的很多国家分别花了 7 年，8 年， 10 年的时间。 3.词义确定 Western Europe：西欧4. 全句调整，得出译文 48. 在西欧的许多国家，在 20 世纪 60 年代，接受高等教育的学生人数五年内 翻了一番；到 70 年代中期，接受高等教育的学生人数又在 7 年、8 年或 10 内 年翻了一番。 (49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women(0.5 分) // fresh from postgraate study, (0.5 分) //they largely define the norms(0.5 分) // of academic life in that faculty. (0.5 分) 本题考核的知识点是：状语从句 后置定语。解题步骤：1. 句法分析： 分句 1：条件状语从句 2． 句子注释 本句为主从复合句，when 引导条件状语从句，翻译为如果。they largely define the norms.主句是主谓宾结构。fresh from postgraate study 是后置定语修饰 young men and women。 3. 词义确定 （1）predominantly 占主导地位的，结合上下文，翻译为主要是……。 （2）norm 规范（3）study 学习，研究，结合上下文，这里翻译为（研究生）研究比较好。 （4）faculty 院系4. 全句调整，得出译文 49. 当新员工主要是刚从研究生院毕业的年轻男女时，他们在很大程度上决定了 该学院的学术生活规范。 (50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation: (0.5 分) //they also weakened the forms and processes(0.5 分) // by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars(0.5 分) // ring periods of stability or slow growth. (0.5 分) 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句 被动语态 解题步骤：1、句法分析：2． 句子注释 冒号后的句子是对冒号前的句子进行解释说明。For academic innovation 是后置 定语，在翻译时处理为学术创新的（机会）。teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars 是被动语态，习惯上翻译为主动，可以翻译为学术圈录取 老师和学生。 3. 词义确定 （1）be admitted into 被录取 （2）stability 稳定性 4. 全句调整，得出译文 50. 高升学率为学术创新增加了机会，也弱化了稳定增长或缓慢增长期间学者团 体录取学生和老师这一途径的形式和过程。

我最近一直在马不停蹄的整理各种我的考研方法，生怕我的更新速度赶不上你们复习速度。考研长难句大体上分为阅读长难句+翻译题;我一共有三本长难句的笔记本，分别是阅读长难句；作文经典句型 ；翻译长难句句句真研+里面的练习题二十天左右可完成。我的长难句是从田静老师的句句真研开始学习的。建议搭配她的视频听课，会理解的更快一点。我真的第一次听这么轻松易懂的长难句讲解! ! !课本里每一章节都有配套的习题，大部都是真题里的。学完一章一定要去做，很有用!这里我想补充一 点，在我看阅读之前读过朱伟老师《题源报刊泛读100篇》;有精力的同学可以参考一下哦。阅读中的长难句+熟词辟意总结最好在第一轮复习阅读时完成，第一轮阅读书最好做到全篇无死角翻译的;每一篇阅读都有几句肥肠典型的长难句。这些句子不仅是解题的重点，还可以有一通百通的效果。建议把这些句子摘抄出来， 逐句分析+单词的熟词辟意总结。理解句子不在于多， 在于精。前期可以看着解析分析，后期一定要试着自己分析哦~关于作文中的长难句作文最出彩的地方除了整篇文章的逻辑以外就是长难句的使用;建议背完一篇作文，摘抄出来重点的句子结构(作文书上加黑的部分]或者是自己喜欢的句子也可以。这一步骤非常有利于后期的自己总结作文模版!关于英语翻译的长难句参考书目《唐静-长难句的拆分与 组合》是一本很厚的翻译书、但是讲的真的很到位、很详细。如果有能力可以背诵经典的句子上!注意:不能只看书不写，看的时候感觉自己都能翻译，其实不然。所以一定要在看答案之前自己翻译一遍!长难句的学习是贯穿始终的，也是需要日记越累的过程，所以一定要有耐心的一点一点来。希望这篇笔记可以帮助到你们，如果对你有帮助，请动动你的手帮我点下赞，分享一下，谢谢。

长难句If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect, we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.句子分析1. 本句为典型的多重复合句。2. if引导条件状语从句，If /humanity /has made /some headway /in realizing …3. that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect为that引导的宾语从句，做realizing的宾语4. 如果翻译前半句If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect时遭遇困难，建议将that从句单独处理成句子，即：每个机构的最终价值在于其独特的人文影响，如果人类在这一认识上能更进一步5. 主句主干为we maybe believe that……，其中that引导的从句做believe的宾语。词的处理humanity n. 人类；人道；仁慈make some headway 取得一定的进展ultimate adj. 最终的human effect 人文作用lesson n. 教训；经验参考译文If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.译文1：每个机构的最终价值在于其独特的人文影响，如果人类在这一认识上能更进一步，我们或许就完全相信这一经验主要是通过与年轻人的交往得到的。译文2：如果人类能进一步认识到每个机构的最终价值在于其独特的人文影响，我们或许就完全相信这一经验主要是通过与年轻人的交往得到的。欢迎加入高联考研交流群免费答疑、领取最新考研资料19管理类学硕考研交流：141296273高联2019暑假封闭集训营全封闭、半军事化管理高三式、高效率、高强度统一管理吃住学一体来高联上自习，暑假清凉高效备考！集训营特点1、全封闭、全日制、半军事化管理。2、沿用高三班级管理授课，吃住学一体化、统一作息、班主任、辅导员监管的辅导模式。3、针对学生的公共课、专业课进行小班辅导。4、集训学生无需占座，每人固定教室、固定座位，每周固定安排课程，固定检测，固定时间休息。集训营特色1、三高模式：高三式、高效率、高强度2、全封闭、半军事化管理3、班主任、辅导员监督4、不限课时一对一答疑，查缺补漏5、周测评+月模拟6、专业院校推荐7、辅导资料：配套提供名师图书，专用教材，内部核心讲义等辅导资料，提供政治密押卷、英语精讲讲解真题、数学真题等8、初试后提供免费复试指导，包含英语口语、面试。营地剪影集训营优势考研学生集结学习氛围浓厚远离喧嚣目标性明确最适合考研的学习圣地！课程详情2019考研暑假集训营2018年7月18日至2018年8月22日服务详情：公共课集训面授课程+班主任考勤督学+一对一答疑+每周系统检测及讲评+专业院校评估S1班（政、英）9600(含食宿)S2班（政、英、数）10600(含食宿)S3班（政、英、数、专业课）金融、经济、会计、企业管理工科类等12600（含住宿）S4班（政、英、数、专业课）公共管理、教育、新闻、法学、文学、医学类等12600（含住宿）S5班（英、管理类联考）10600(含食宿)S6班（政、英、法硕考）11600(含食宿)不想做一个多牛逼的人只想做一个不可替代的人高联集训营高联集训营暑假集训，半年集训，全年集训正在火热招生中。。。

考研英语必背长难句1. This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. 【词汇突破】cognitive 认知的 （后天习得的） intuitive 先天的和以上这组单词概念相同的表达还有：nature先天；nurture后天；born先天的；made后天的；innate天生的；acquired后天习得；determine 决定coupled with 相当于and,想类似的表达还有along with; combined with等。【主干识别】句子的主语是This success和later research；谓语是led; 宾语是Ericsson; 不定式短语to conclude 做状语；主干结构是：this success and later research led Ericsson to conclude that …【其他成分】在research后面接一个现在分词短语做后置定语，在这个现在分词短语中that引导的从句做showing 的宾语；在不定式短语中that引导的从句做conclude的宾语；more…than结构翻译为与其说，不如说。【微观解析】由于主语中的第二个并列成分比较长，且是用两个逗号隔开的，在阅读的时候可以跳读；把This success和动词led先连起来然后再来解析其他成分。【译文赏析】这种成功和后来表明记忆本身并不是先天决定的研究使爱立信总结道，记忆的行为与其说是一种先天的行为不如说是一种习得的行为。 2. It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. 【词汇突破】visualize 想象 figure out 发现和找出 suits 使…适合【主干识别】句子主语是由how引导的一个主语从句，it是句子的形式主语；句子主干为: How…is not obvious.在主语从句中主语是capacity，谓语是suits 宾语是one ;【其他成分】状语为to answer…主语后加上两个动词不定式做后置定语；动词不定式中的宾语questions后面接一个that引导的定语从句。【难点揭秘】这个句子是一个由形式主语it引导的主语从句，其中难点为需要识别出主语从句中的动词suits.【译文赏析】构思物体和找出数字模型的能力是如何让一个人去回答那些连最好的诗人和哲学家都回避的问题的，这点我们还不是很清楚。 3．Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.【词汇突破】toil through (辛苦的经历)名词：Winston Churchill: “Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat” (丘吉尔演讲)sweat and toil （汗水和辛苦）He succeeded after years of toil. (他经历数年的辛劳之后成功了)SAT 美国高考 全称为scholastic assessment test 学术性评估测试testify 证实 matter 这里是动词，重要；sth matters 事情很重要；【主干识别】anyone 为句子的主语，will testify 为句子谓语，that引导一个宾语从句；【其他成分】that 引导的宾语从句中test-taking skill 为主语，matters 做谓语，whether 引导一个状语从句【译文赏析】任何一个曾经辛苦的经历过SAT考试的人都会证实考试的技巧也很重要，无论这种技巧是知道什么时候去猜还是知道什么问题应该跳过。【造句】Anyone who has achieved the success to any extent will testify that cooperation matters, whether it’s indivial’s willingness to cooperate or team work spirit of a group.4. During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.【词汇突破】count on 依靠； fair play 公平竞争【主干识别】the American middle-class family has been transformed主干是主谓结构被动态；【其他成分】that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure 定语从句修饰middle-class family；During the past generation和by economic risk and new realities做状语；【微观解析】the American middle-class family 为句子主语，谓语是has been transformed；During the past generation和by economic risk and new realities 为状语；that 引导一个定语从句，that在从句中做主语，谓语为 could count on， 宾语为hard work and fair play；to keep itself financially secure为状语。【难点揭秘】主语后接了较长的修饰成份使这个句子在阅读时主干不容易把握。造成理解的困难。【译文赏析】在过去的20多年时间里，那些曾经依靠辛勤工作和公平竞争就可以保证自己财政收支安全的美国中产阶级家庭已经被经济风险和新的现实所改变。（定语从句前置的翻译方法来处理这个句子）5. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.【词汇突破】steer 指挥，控制 precise 精确的【主干识别】Much of the language makes it sound like precise science.主+谓+宾+宾补结构【其他成分】used to describe monetary policy过去分词短语做后置定语修饰the language；such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”形容词短语；形容词短语做后置定语修饰the language。【难点揭秘】主语后接了较长的修饰成份使这个句子在阅读时主干不容易把握。造成理解的困难。【译文赏析】有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇，例如“操纵经济软着陆”或者“轻踩刹车”，使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。没有什么比这更远离实际情况的了。（但这些说法是最不靠谱的，事情远非如此用来表示强烈的反对 这与I cann’t agree with you more有异曲同工之妙）【翻译点拨】第二个句子的翻译中可以使用正话反说的方法来进行翻译，在肯定和否定之间进行转换。可以参考下面的两个例子：（1）An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself. 机会难得。（2）Such things are of no rare occurrence. 这些事情经常发生。【作文】用于批驳对方的时候就可以用：Nothing could be further from the truth.6. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted--suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.【词汇突破】agony 痛苦 despair 绝望 prolong 延长【主干识别】many acknowledge that +宾语从句 （many 作为代词表示很多人，或者很多个体）【其他成分】on another level 做状语和in the medical community做定语；the assisted--suicide debate has been fueled by the despair of patients为宾语从句主干；* 特别提示：fuel本来意思是燃料，但是这里可以理解为由于、因为、加剧的意思；为了以后阅读理解更透彻，可以直接把结构A is fueled by B 理解为：A是结果；B是原因例句：China’s success is fueled by the age of globalization.【微观解析】in part宾语从句中的状语，for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. 定语从句修饰patients; 定语从句还原为一个独立的句子就是：Modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying for them. 这个句子中的them 和前面句子中的patients 为相同名词，因此在这里作者将其写成了一个定语从句，但是在翻译的时候是要分译的。这句话在定语从句的前世和今生：suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients.The modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying for them.(两个句子中出现了共有的名词patients 和 them,于是them 被换成了whom；for whom 一并提前。)【难点揭秘】同样是隔离结构在阅读的过程中给我们带来不舒服的感觉，in part 放到了 fueled 和 by 之间，in the medical community放到了many和acknowledge之间。【译文赏析】在另一个层面上，很多医疗界的人士承认，关于医生帮助下的自杀的讨论，部分是因为病人的绝望情绪，对病人来说，现代医学已经延长了死亡的生理的痛苦。【写作】On another level，many in the ecational establishment acknowledge that the debate on the ranking of universities has been fueled in part by the despair of graates for whom the discrimination brought by the ranking of university has put more obstacles on their job hunting way.7. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.【词汇突破】illustrate 例证； in terms of 根据，以…为依据；【主干识别】The trend was most obvious and can be illustrated. 主系表结构两个并列的动词【其他成分】naturally ,in those areas of science, in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom为状语。【微观解析】based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修饰状语中的名词science做定语。【难点揭秘】naturally 和 especially 副词做状语放的位置都不是在开头和结尾，而是放在了中间部分，这样给我们阅读带来一定的困扰，但是难点既亮点，我们在写作的过程中就可以灵活的运用：based especially on这样的表达了。【译文赏析】很自然，这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域中表现的最为明显，并且可以用英国地质学的发展作为例证来说明。【翻译点拨】把副词放到开头来翻译，正是体现了前面所讲到的副词很多时候就是在修饰整个句子。8. The report identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medicalproceres” that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying as the twin problems of end-of-life care.【词汇突破】under treatment 治疗不足aggressive 1.侵略的,侵犯的 2.好斗的,挑衅的 3.有进取精神的;有干劲的 4.大胆的dishonor 使丢脸,使受耻辱 medical proceres 医疗手段【主干识别】The report identifies…and…as the twin problems of end-of-life care 主谓宾宾补结构；the under treatment of pain和 the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical proceres” that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying 为并列的宾语成分。【微观解析】that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying为定语从句修饰ineffectual and forced medical proceres，定语从句中有两个并列的动词prolong and dishonor做谓语。【难点揭秘】这个句子的困难之处就在于并列宾语的后半部分加上了一个定语从句进而使identify 和as 之间的距离拉大，产生了阅读障碍。【译文赏析】报告把对疼痛处理不够和大胆使用可能延长死亡期甚至让病人死的不体面的无效的和强制的医疗手段确定为临终关怀的两个问题。报告确定了临终关怀的两个问题，一是对疼痛处理不够，二是大胆的使用可能延长死亡期甚至让病人死的不体面的那些无效和强制的医疗手段。【翻译点拨】这个句子的翻译主要考察对于词的理解：dishonor the period of dying 直接翻译就是:使死亡的阶段受到耻辱。可以转译为：让病人死的不体面。中文是习惯是以人为主体的。还有就是medical proceres 表示医疗手段而不要翻译成医疗过程。9. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case.【词汇突破】inspired 有激发性的 establishment 机构，建立nonetheless 但是 case 事实,实情【主干识别】The notion would seem merely silly. 主系表结构【其他成分】that learning should have in it an element of inspired play 同位语从句修饰notion；主干为that learning should have an element of inspired play，是主谓结构；in it 为状语。to the greater part of the academic establishment状语。【难点揭秘】这个句子的难点就是在主干中加入了状语和同位语从句使句子结构变得复杂。很多同学会对but 和 nonetheless 连用感到困惑。两个句子之间是需要连词连接的，but是连词，起连接两个句子的作用。但是两个句子之间的转折关系并不是像but所表达的那样强烈，前后两句之间为“部分肯定”的转折关系，因此使用nonetheless 转折副词，表明转折的意味并不强烈。这里的but也可以换为and。【译文赏析】大多数的学术机构认为在学习中加入有启发性玩耍的理念是非常愚蠢的，但是这样的事情确实常常发生的。【翻译点拨】把状语翻译为中文中的主谓结构，我们也可以翻译为：“对于大多数的学术机构而言”，但是翻译为中文的主谓结构更简洁，that is the case 如果翻译为这就是事实，没有能表达出准确的句意。就正如迈克尔杰克逊的纪念电影this is it 我们翻译为:就是这样。10. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students" career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical ecation reform.【词汇突破】argue for 支持 argue against 反对on the behalf of = on behalf of 代表career prospects 就业前景 radical 彻底的，根本的，激进的【主干识别】An invisible border divides those and those. 主谓宾结构【其他成分】arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects 和arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical ecation reform 现在分词短语分别修饰两个those 作后置定语。【微观解析】arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects相当于who argue for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects【难点揭秘】divide those …and those…在两个those后面加上了很长的修饰成分造成了结构识别的困难。【译文赏析】一条无形的界限将支持计算机进课堂的人分为两类：一类人是从学生的职业前景从发思考的，另一类人想的是像教育的彻底改革这样的一些更广泛的理由。【翻译点拨】在翻译的过程中，我们把arguing for computers in the classroom放到了those 前作汉语中的前置定语再把过长的定语部分单独成句，这样更符合中文的表达习惯。）11. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in proctivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.【词汇突破】the treasury secretary 财政部长（美） anecdote 轶闻，趣闻statistics 数据（还有一个我们不熟悉的意思：表格）picture 情况，事态，局面，状况，情形，形势【主干识别】There is a disjunction.【其他成分】as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says 插入语；between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in proctivity and the picture reflected by the statistics后置定语修饰a disjunction.【微观解析】between the mass of business anecdote and the picture; 为定语的主体部分；that points to a leap in proctivity修饰anecdote；reflected by the statistics修饰statistics。【难点揭秘】由于插入语的加入，造成了对主干是别的难度，尤其是在between… and…结构的识别中由于加入了定语从句使其难于理解。【译文赏析】正如财长鲁宾所说，在表明生产力飞跃发展的商业佚事和数据所反映的情况之间存在着脱节。【翻译点拨】也可以把比较长的那个部分单独翻译，这样更符合中文的习惯：有大量表明生产力飞跃发展的商业佚事，但是财长罗伯特.鲁宾认为现实的数据表明的情况并不能支持这些传奇。前11个句子都属于主谓被隔离的情况。而今天则是并列的结构开始出现了。12. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.【词汇突破】estimate 估量，评估 not…but 不是……而是……【主干识别】Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass but changes.【其他成分】 括号中的内容对biomass进行解释和说明；of species和in particular parts of the ocean做后置定语修饰biomass，in that biomass over time后置定语修饰changes；【难点揭秘】estimate的宾语为the actual biomass 和changes的并列，并列连词为but , 在阅读的过程中往往 会由于长定语的分割而产生阅读的障碍；【译文赏析】他们的研究方法并不是想估计出某些特定地区鱼类的实际生物量（活的生物总量），而是估计出这些生物量随着时间发生的变化。【翻译点拨】多个定语在修饰着changes因此顺序应该做符合中文习惯的调整。13. One leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.【词汇突破】authority 权威harness 使……停止的意思；和stop 可以互换但是更加正式的表达；还有一个单词是curb，这个单词表示控制的意思相当于control，原意是缰绳的意思，这个单词为考研高频词。conscious 有意识的intensely powerful mental event在原文中就等于dreams;【主干识别】one leading authority says that+宾语从句；【其他成分】宾语从句的主干是these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control;并列连词not only…but also…连接两个并列的动词harnessed 和 brought；to help us sleep and feel better 为目的状语【难点揭秘】动词的并列造成识别上的困难。【译文赏析】而一名顶级权威认为，这些极其强烈的大脑活动不仅可以被抑制，实际上还可以受到意识的控制，进而帮助我们睡眠，使我们感觉好一些。14. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for them- selves—goals that pose a real challenge.【词汇突破】utility 运用 supervision 监管【主干识别】they will have to operate and be able to make a few decisions. 并列的两个谓语由and 连接；【其他成分】But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility状语；with less human supervision状语；at least状语；goals that pose a real challenge整个句子的同位语。【微观解析】同位语goals 被定语从句修饰；【难点揭秘】动词的并列，状语的隔离；同位语的识别需要关注。【译文赏析】但是如果机器人能在下一个阶段达到节省人工的运用，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要至少能够自己做出几个决定--这些目标才会带来真的挑战。【翻译点拨】对于the next stage of laborsaving utility的处理，如果直译就是：如果机器人要达到节省人工的运用的下一个阶段在，这样的表达不仅拗口而且难懂，就是典型的死译，所以把定语转译为状语。15. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.【词汇突破】glimpse 快速的看一眼； disregard 抛弃，丢弃 irrelevant 不相干instantaneously 立即 winding 蜿蜒曲折的 suspicious 可疑的【主干识别】the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent并列的两个动词glimpse和disregard【其他成分】that is irrelevant 修饰 the 98percent; focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. 现在分词短语作状语，focus 的动作发出者就是句子主语human mind。【微观解析】the monkey or the single suspicious face 为focus on 的并列宾语【难点揭秘】动词的并列在主句中出现；而在现在分词短语中出现并列宾语；【译文赏析】但是人类的大脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立刻放弃98％的不相关信息，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。16. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.【词汇突破】reveal 揭露 constitutes 包含 primacy 重要性，首要地位【主干识别】A comparison reveals not…but also…主谓宾结构【其他成分】of British geological publications定语修饰comparison, over the last century and a half定语修饰publications，an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research宾语，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper并列宾语【微观解析】an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research其中on the primacy of research修饰emphasis; research修饰definition ; what 引导一个宾语从句作of 的宾语，what为宾语从句中的主语。【难点揭秘】出现并列的宾语并且在宾语中的定语又出现一个宾语从句，这样就增加了句子的复杂性，并且在句中出现了好几个动态名词。【译文赏析】将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较，(我们)就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研论文所包含的内容的定义也有所变化。【翻译点拨】在这个句中有两个动态名词一个是comparison，还有一个为emphasis，其中还有一个动态形容词changing；在翻译的处理上都翻译为动词，并增加概说的主语“我们”。17. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers demands.【词汇突破】M&A 为mergers and acquisitions 的缩写表示合并和兼并的意思为经济术语。underlie 构成…的基础；导致…发生。例如：The social problems underlying these crises remain unsolved.（引起这些危机的社会问题尚未解决。）trade and investment barriers 贸易和投资壁垒globalization process 全球化进程(可以作为写作词汇使用)【主干识别】I believe that+宾语从句【其他成分】the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same 为宾语从句主干；that underlie the globalization process为定语从句；“：”后为对forces的解释；【微观解析】三种力量的并列为falling transportation and communication costs,以及lower trade and investment barriers 和 enlarged markets后面接一个定语从句 that require enlarged operations和后置定语形容词短语：capable of meeting customers demands【难点揭秘】并列的三种力量，由于修饰语比较长和并列连词较多使其解析较难；【译文赏析】我认为巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力和促进全球化进程的力量是一样的：即降低交通运输成本，逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒，以及为能满足消费者需求而大幅度拓展得市场。18. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.【词汇突破】auditors 审计人员 distract 分散注意力【主干识别】It is entirely reasonable to believe that +宾语从句. 形式主语从句【其他成分】for auditors 状语；scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.宾语从句。【微观解析】scientists should not be distracted 宾语从句主干；who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there 定语从句修饰scientist；where they are going and how they will get there定语从句中know的宾语从句；by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.状语；of keeping one eye on the cash register修饰the necessity 作定语。while the other eye is on the microscope状语修饰keeping。【难点揭秘】主语从句中出现定语从句，定语从句中出现并列的宾语这样隔离的障碍就更为显著了。【译文赏析】审查者完全有理由相信，知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机，另一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。【翻译点拨】by短语在句子中是充当状语，翻译为原因，where they are going and how they will get there处理为知道做什么，知道怎么做，这样的表达符合中文的习惯。如果直接翻译为：知道他们要去哪里和怎么去，就是对于字面含义的翻译。属于死译。19. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical bookswho takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.【词汇突破】hypocritical 虚伪的； spectacles 景象 ample 充足的radical 激进的，根本的 journalist 记者，新闻工作者 advocate 支持participatory democracy 参与制民主 enrolled in 注册入学，入伍【主干识别】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles 主谓结构的被动态【其他成分】which now more than ever seem in ample supply 定语从句修饰spectacles；“：”之后列出三种虚伪的景象的代表人物，举例说明。【微观解析】定语从句还原为一个完整的句子：The spectacles now more than ever seem in ample supply.其主干为：The spectacles seem in ample supply；now more than ever为状语。代表人物一 the critic of American materialism（美国物质主义的批评者） with a Southampton summer home;（其拥有南安普顿的避暑山庄）；代表人物二 the publisher of radical books（激进书刊的出版者）who takes his meals in three-star restaurants，定语从句讲他们却在三星级酒店就餐（因为激进主义者往往是最求生活极简的）；代表人物三 the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life（支持在人生的各个阶段推崇参与制民主的记者）whose own children are enrolled in private schools定语从句讲他们自己的孩子却在私立学校上学（私立学校的教育是精英制的，而参与制民主是需要和大众贴近的）。【难点揭秘】冒号后并列的三个部分就是三个名词后面接上比较长的定语修饰，这样就造成了阅读的困难；【译文赏析】相反，我们看到了这些非常虚伪的景象，他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更多见：批判美国式物质主义的人却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄：激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐；倡导在人生各个阶段实施参与式民主的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。【翻译点拨】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles如果直接翻译那就是：我们被招待了很好的虚伪景象；这样的说法并不符合中文的习惯，中文是多主动，英语多被动，因此句子转译为：我们看到了这些非常虚伪的景象fine 处理为非常。20. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to findthat the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”【词汇突破】explanatory 解释性的 upsetting 不安 consists of 包含【主干识别】it is a little upsetting to read that+宾语从句and then to find that+宾语从句；形式主语句，句子主语为 to read and to find.在主语中带有两个动词不定式中的宾语从句；【其他成分】in the explanatory notes 状语；a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge宾语从句主干；off which they both fall into the river起连接句子作用的定语从句；the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers宾语从句主干；”Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”是Line的同位语。【微观解析】off which they both fall into the river还原为一个句子就是：they both fall into the river off the bridge.【难点揭秘】主语是两个并列的成分识别并列主语是一大难点；【译文赏析】但当我们先是从解释性注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上格斗并双双掉进河里，而后又发现该行诗中只充斥着"扑通，扑通，185公斤重"这类对他们落水时的声音以及对军官们体重的描写时，我们不免感到困惑不安。【翻译点拨】先把两个比较长的主语单独译成两个句子，再翻译剩下的部分，打破英语中的句子限定，单独成句是很重要的翻译技巧，简单讲就是哪个部分太长就尽量的单独翻译。21. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of procts with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.【词汇突破】interactivity 互动性 hospitality 友好性 security 安全性【主干识别】The examples show that…+宾语从句；主谓宾结构【其他成分】of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers作example的同位语；我们把其看作为：A of B 的结构，A为上义词，B 为下义词，这样在翻译的处理中我们不需要生硬的翻译为“……的例子”；a Web site selling the right kind of procts with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.宾语从句【微观解析】selling the right kind of procts with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security现在分词短语修饰a web site; 宾语从句主干为：a Web site will attract online customers.【难点揭秘】由于出现并列使得主语和谓语之间出现了较长的修饰，产生隔离，在宾语从句的后置定语中也出现并列产生隔离，这样了产生了隔离。【译文赏析】像Virtual Vineyards，Amazon．com这样的先驱网站表明，一个将交互性、服务性和安全性合理结合，且销售正确产品的网站是可以吸引来网上客户的。【翻译点拨】宾语从句单独成句; 在翻译example of…的时候翻译为“像……”。22. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.【词汇突破】statistics 数据 achievers获得成功的人写作过程中可以使用固定词组：statistics and details【主干识别】They gather all the data. 主谓宾结构。【其他成分】they can 的完整表达为：that they can gather ; 出于简洁的考虑省掉了that 和gather；not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers整个部分是data 的同位语。【微观解析】同位语中第一部分是performance statistics and biographical details；第二个部分为the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers，其中with high achievers为定语修饰experiments.【难点揭秘】同位语部分出现并列现象造成比较冗长产生阅读难点。【译文赏析】他们尽其所能收集了一切数据，这些数据不仅包括表现数据和传记式资料，而且也包括了那些取得了表现优异者在实验室实验中的实验结果。补充一些心理学术语：biographical characteristics 传记特点biographical data 传记式资料biographical inventory 传记式量表Biographical Inventory for R & T Talent 科研人才甄选传记式量表biographical inventory tests 传记式问卷测验biographical method 传记法biographical study 传记研究biographical type case study 传记式个案研究23.During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society’s ills "and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.【词汇突破】verse 歌词，诗句 stockholder 股东assert 声称，认为，宣称 social ill 社会问题【主干识别】Levin asserted that +宾语从句and even cited his son. 主谓宾结构【其他成分】During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders meeting状语；music is not the cause of society’s ills 宾语从句主系表结构；a teacher in the Bronx, New York同位语；who uses rap to communicate with students.定语从句修饰a teacher。【难点揭秘】并列的动词和同位语构成一定的阅读难点【译文赏析】在上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中，莱文宣称说："音乐不是社会问题的原因"，他甚至还以他的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师，他儿子正在用说唱音乐与学生们进行沟通。【翻译点拨】将同位语单独翻译为一个句子是在翻译中的常用手法。24. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.【词汇突破】constitutional 宪法的 physician-assisted suicide 医生帮助下的自杀permissible 可以被允许【主干识别】the Court supported the medical principle of "double effect" 主谓宾结构【其他成分】Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide状语从句；in effect作状语；a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect整个都是the medical principle of "double effect" 的同位语

Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.劈树：本句含有一个谓语成份，“has arisen”，所以是简单句。造竹：本句的主干是“Interest in historical methods has arisen”“less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline”同“more from internal quarrels among historians themselves”是并列的介词短语结构，在本句中构成了原因状语成份的比较使用。 主干中，“in historical methods”是后置定语，翻译为“历史研究的方法论”，“Interest in historical methods has arisen”直译为“对于历史研究方法论的兴趣提升了”，往往习惯性添加泛指主语“人们、大家”，即“人们对于历史研究方法论的兴趣提升了”。比较并列原因状语是通过“less through…and more from...”构成的，字面含义为“较少的原因是…而更多的原因是…”，通常情况下，“less A，and more B”的结构我们意译为“与其说B，不如说B”，其中“external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline”的结构较为复杂，其中“to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline”是“challenge”的后置定语，“validity”的含义为“真实性；有效性；合理性”，“as an intellectual discipline”的含义为“作为一门知识学科”，所以“external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline”整体含义直译为“业外对于历史学作为一门知识学科的合理性提出了挑战”；句中“internal quarrels among historians themselves”含义为“史学家们当中出现的学术争论”。这个比较级原因状语结构整体理解为：“与其说是因为业外对于历史学作为一门知识学科的合理性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为史学家们当中出现的学术争论所导致的”。全句翻译为：人们对于历史研究方法论的兴趣提升了，与其说是因为业外对于历史学作为一门知识学科的合理性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为史学家们当中出现的学术争论所导致的。句式结构考点：介词短语结构，原因状语的比较并列使用难度级别：4星

考研英语经典长难句·新东方在线出品打卡第4天！原句：Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)步骤一：原句＋翻译步骤二：难点＋图难点：通过连接词和标点断开多个句子通过连接词but和标点冒号，把句子断开为三段：but连接并列的两件事，表示转折关系；冒号表示后面是对前面的解释说明。第一段中，if表示“是否”，引出wonder后的宾语从句；第二段中，that同位语从句，解释说明前面的名词message。此句中，只需要根据连接词和标点把句子断开，然后逐句（一件一件事）去看即可。翻译：不快乐的父母们很少被诱导去思考自己是否本不应该要孩子，但是，不快乐的无子女的父母会不断被“孩子是世界上唯一最重要的事情”这一信息所困扰。当然，他们的不幸必须通过生儿育女才能得以消除。THE END

1.真题再现 What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources.语法精析本句主干是What matters is that，是主系表结构，主语是What引导的主语从句，在主语从句中，What作matters的主语。that引导的是表语从句，在该从句中，which引导一个限制性定语从句，using public resources为现在分词短语作方式状语。难句精译重要的是，它们将属于利用公共资源发展自己的私人垄断企业。2.真题再现 Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried.语法精析 Last year为时间状语。本句主干为the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found,介词短语in a secret check作状语，that引导宾语从句。该宾语从句的主干为undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons past airport security，两个破折号之间的内容为后置定语修饰说明weapons。难句精译去年，美国运输安全管理局在一次秘密检查中发现，卧底调查员几乎每次都能够躲过机场安检，偷带武器——不论是假武器，还是真武器。3.真题再现The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other sources, not a president's social media platform.语法精析该句的主干结构是The implication is that。that引导表语从句，该表语从句的主干为Millennials prefer news。to be filtered through other sources为后置定语修饰先行词news。难句精译这暗示着千禧一代并不喜欢从总统的社交媒体平台上获知白宫新闻，而是喜欢通过其他渠道获知白宫新闻。4.真题再现Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.语法精析Their analysis是句子的主语,ruled out 是谓语动词,the possibility是句子的宾语。that引导the possibility的同位语从句,从句中的it was...that...为强调句型。难句精译他们的分析表明,让企业受到宽大处理的是其企业社会责任立场而非其政治影响力:对政治活动投入更多的企业并没有获得较少的罚款。5.真题再现Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?语法精析本句为倒装句。该句的主干结构是Among the annoying challenges...is one...。that引导定语从句，修饰先行词one。难句精译 在中产阶级面临的令人气恼的挑战中，有一个可能在下届总统竞选时不会被提及：机器人要是上岗抢中产阶级的饭碗的话，会有什么后果？6.真题再现But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.语法精析本句中，it did so为句子主干。which引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词为his conct。seeking access to government为company的后置定语。难句精译 虽然如此，但它(最高法院)却对他(麦克唐纳)的行为的道德标准嗤之以鼻，他的行为包括从一家寻求接近政府的公司那里收受像劳力士手表和法拉利汽车等礼物。7.真题再现Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert's appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conctor about him”.语法精析本句主干为Tommasini calls him “an unpretentious musician”。其中who had advocated Gilbert's appointment in the Times为定语从句，修饰Tommasini；with no air of the formidable conctor about him是介词短语作后置定语，修饰musician。难句精译即使是在《泰晤士报》上对吉尔伯特的任命予以支持的托马西尼也称他是 “一位身上没有指挥家那种令人望而生畏的神态的、谦逊的音乐家”。8.真题再现We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.语法精析本句主干为We define such sold media as owned media。whose引导定语从句，修饰前面的先行词owned media。难句精译我们将这种出售了的媒体定义为自有媒体，其访问量是如此强大以至于其他组织就在该环境中投放信息或电子商务引擎。9.真题再现As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.语法精析该句是一个复合句，主干为knowing...and knowing...allow us。As指代整个句子的内容，引导非限制性定语从句。翻译时注意结构和语序。难句精译你会慢慢发现,明白心理健康一直在身边并且懂得坚信它,可以让我们放慢节奏、快乐地生活。10.真题再现Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure?语法精析本句主干为Do you remember all those years?其中when引导的定语从句修饰前面的名词those years，其主干为scientists argued that but the doubters insisted that。难句精译还记得那些年科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡，而那些怀疑者们却坚信此事还没有定论吗？11.真题再现Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution.语法精析Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution是现在分词短语，与句子主语British social philosopher Herbert Spencer之间是主动关系，此处是用现在分词表伴随。proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin是过去分词短语，修饰theory of biological evolution，两者之间是被动关系，过去分词在这里指已经完成的动作。难句精译19世纪60年代英国博物学家查尔斯·达尔文提出了有突破性的生物进化论，与此同时，英国社会哲学家赫伯特·斯宾塞也提出了自己的生物进化和文化演变理论。12.真题再现We are fortunate that it is, because building new ecational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.语法精析本句省略上句尾词wrong,填充完整即为We are fortunate that it (=the conventional view) is wrong。because引导原因状语从句作整个句子的状语；在原因状语从句中，building...和putting...是动名词短语作从句主语；would require是从句的谓语；two or three generations是从句的宾语。难句精译这种观点不对让我们感到幸运，因为在贫穷国家创立新的教育体制并让足够多的人接受教育从而推动经济发展需要两三代人来完成。13.真题再现To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.语法精析本句主干为To read such books today is to marvel at the fact。其中不定式短语To read such books作句子的主语，to marvel at the fact作表语，that引导同位语从句，对the fact进行解释说明。难句精译如今再去读这种作品会让人们对这样一个事实感到惊讶：他们的学习内容曾经被认为适合刊登在面向大众发行的日报上。14.真题再现When people place their trust in an indivial or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that proces pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instinct that prompts humans to connect with one another.语法精析该句主干是their brains release oxytocin。When people place their trust in an indivial or an institution是一个时间状语从句。难句精译当人们相信一个人或一个机构时，他们的大脑会释放催产素，这是一种会产生愉悦情感和激发群集本能的激素，这种本能促使人们彼此联系。15.真题再现Some experts attribute the stress-recing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone” because it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies.语法精析Some experts attribute the benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin为本句主干。because it promotes attachment in relationships为原因状语从句，在该从句中，介词短语including that between mothers and their newborn babies作定语修饰relationships。难句精译一些专家将拥抱的减压、与健康有关的益处归因于催产素的释放。催产素通常被称为“亲密荷尔蒙”，因为它可以增强人们之间的联系，包括母亲们和她们刚出生的婴儿之间的联系。16.真题再现Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.语法精析本句主干为Mental health allows us to view others。三个并列with引导的介词结构做状语，两个if引导的条件状语从句和no matter who引导的让步状语从句共同修饰主句。难句精译心理健康使我们在他人遇到麻烦时心怀同情,在他人遭遇痛苦时善意相待,而且使我们在无论对方是谁的情况下都给予他们无条件的关爱。17.真题再现Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages，Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.语法精析本句中Although在句首引导让步状语从句，句子主干为Sapir never supported the notion。难句精译虽然萨皮尔和沃夫都强调语言的差异性，但萨皮尔本人从来没有明确表示过支持语言决定论的观点。18.真题再现His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.语法精析His analysis should end any self-contentedness为本句主干。第一个that引导宾语从句作may believe的宾语，该宾语从句由“主语(the global position of English) +系动词(is)+表语(stable)”构成。so...that...引导结果状语从句，作宾语从句的结果状语。难句精译因此，对于那些可能认为英语的全球地位如此稳定以至于英国年轻人不需要获得额外的语言能力的人，他的分析应该会终结这些人的自满情绪。19.真题再现However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.语法精析本句中when two monkeys...for its rock是时间状语从句，so that在从句中引导结果状语从句。主干是their behaviour become markedly different。难句精译然而，当把两只猴子分别关在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，它们能够互相看见对方用石头换回来的东西时，猴子的行为就会变得明显不同。20.真题再现Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.语法精析在本句中，surrounded by promises of easy happiness是过去分词短语作伴随状语；as religion once did作方式状语；句子主干为we need art to tell us Memento mori；冒号后面是对Memento mori进行的解释。难句精译如今，我们周围到处都是对唾手可得的幸福的承诺，我们需要艺术像过去宗教所做的那样告诉我们“死的警告”：记住你会死去，一切都会消亡，幸福的到来不是否认这一点，而是与其共存。21.真题再现What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.语法精析本句主干是主系表结构，as...as部分是原级比较，lest引导目的状语从句。难句精译 现在的情况是人们完全不能像以前那样轻易地、公开地坦陈自己的梦想，唯恐别人认为自己爱出风头、贪婪、庸俗不堪。22.真题再现The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive.语法精析以分号为切入点，前一部分用and连接了两个并列的谓语结构，后一部分为主系表结构，逗号后where引导的地点状语从句指its public defenders are few and unimpressive出现的情况。难句精译对雄心的批评比比皆是，而且来自于不同角度。它的捍卫者在并不是毫无吸引力的处境中，人数很少，并未给人们留下太深的印象。23.真题再现To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.语法精析本句主干为we must remember。and连接两个并列的由that引导的宾语从句。第二个宾语从句中，whose引导定语从句，修饰author。难句精译为了意识到戏剧艺术有多么的伟大，我们必须进一步记住，大量的戏剧已经不复存在，而且也许没有任何一位著名作家的全部作品都能够幸存下来。24.真题再现Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can proce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.语法精析本句是一个含宾语从句、定语从句的复合句，其框架结构分析如下：主句的主干为Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism；which引导的定语从句修饰先行词linguistic determinism；定语从句中又包含两个并列宾语从句that language imprisons the mind和that the grammatical patterns in a language can proce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society，作states的宾语；介词短语in its strongest form作方式状语。难句精译沃夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢了思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。25.真题再现At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable ring the first decade or so of life.语法精析本句中第二个that引导定语从句，修饰those modes of thought。难句精译 然而，在青春期结束时，大脑关闭它一半的功能，仅仅保留了那些在生命最初的十多年里似乎最为宝贵的思维方式。26.真题再现The charter's main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute.语法精析which引导的非限制性定语从句补充说明CFW。难句精译该宪章的主要执行方式是不允许设计师和模特经纪公司参加由丹麦时装协会举办的哥本哈根时装周(CFW)。27.真题再现 The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorising “off-plan” building where local people might object.语法精析本句主干为The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation。gives...priority over...意为“相比……给……优先权”;现在分词authorising与句子主语之间是主动关系，表示伴随的动作。难句精译保守党的规划改革明确将优先开发乡村,然后再考虑乡村保护问题,甚至批准了“期房”建设,而当地人可能反对该建设。28.真题再现In a recent study involving over 400 healthy alts, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs on the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being exposed to the virus.语法精析句子主干为researchers examined the effects。现在分词短语involving over 400 healthy alts作后置定语修饰study。难句精译在最近一个涉及400多名健康成人的研究中，位于宾夕法尼亚的卡内基梅隆大学的研究人员研究了感知到的社会支持和接受到的拥抱对于参与者暴露于病毒后患普通感冒的敏感性的影响。29.真题再现 More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor proctivity standards despite the complexity of the building instry's work.语法精析More recently作状语，while (they were) examining housing construction是省略主语和be动词的时间状语从句，句子主干为the researchers discovered that。难句精译最近，在进行住房建设检查时，研究人员发现在得克萨斯州的休斯顿，尽管建筑行业的工作复杂，但是未受过教育的、不会说英语的墨西哥工人总是能够达到劳动生产率的最佳标准。30.真题再现As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as institutional, with display becoming sharper and storage capacity increasing.语法精析本句为and连接的两个并列句。As time went by为第一个分句中的时间状语从句，其主句为computers became smaller and more powerful。难句精译随着时间的推移，电脑体积变得越来越小，功能却越来越强大。而且随着显示效果越来越清晰、存储量越来越大，计算机不仅普遍应用于公共机构，还普及到个人。

The sensible place to build new housesfactories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns whereinfrastructure is in place.主干：The sensible place is where表语从句：wherepeople are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. where引导的表语从句，做主句的表语。定语从句：whereinfrastructure is in place. where 引导的定语从句修饰citiesand towns。(注：incities and towns 解释说明wherepeople are)翻译：人群聚居的地方，也就是基础设施完善的地方，通常是适合建造新住房、工厂和办公室的场所。

In today’s world, it has become normal thatwell—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in theorganizations that they run.主干：well—paid executives should not be accountablefor what happens in the organizations that they run has become normal。it 为形式主语, that 引导的从句为真正的主语(that well—paid executives should not beaccountable for what happens in the organizations that they run).宾语从句：whathappens in the organizations that they run。What引导的宾语从句做be accountable for的宾语从句。翻译：当今世界，高薪资的管理者不为发生在其组织内的事情担责，这已属正常现象。