1996考研英语阅读真题

大家好，咱们来看一篇完形填空，这篇是1996年考研英语试卷一的完形，是一篇介绍维生素的科普性小短文，可以先做题，最后有答案讲解。Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, 1 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 2 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 3 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 4 .Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 5 nitrogen. They are different 6 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 7 one or more specific functions in the body.8 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 9 vitamins. Many people, 10 , believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. However, a wellbalanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.1.［A］either ［B］so ［C］nor ［D］never2.［A］shifting ［B］transferring ［C］altering ［D］transforming3.［A］any ［B］some ［C］anything ［D］something4.［A］serious ［B］apparent ［C］severe ［D］fatal5.［A］mostly ［B］partially ［C］sometimes ［D］rarely6.［A］in that ［B］so that ［C］such that ［D］except that7.［A］undertakes ［B］holds ［C］plays ［D］performs8.［A］Supplying ［B］Getting ［C］Providing ［D］Furnishing9.［A］exceptional ［B］exceeding ［C］excess ［D］external10.［A］nevertheless ［B］therefore ［C］moreover ［D］meanwhile试题讲解：1.［A］ either ［B］ so ［C］ nor ［D］ never［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：否定倒装句的连词。空格前文讲到维生素不能提供能量，是一个否定句；后文讲到它们构建身体的任何部分，是倒装句，因此选项必须既能引导倒装句，又能与前面的否定相呼应。四个选项中，either表示“也”，可以用在否定句中，但一般放在句尾，例如：She didn’t go there, either（她也不去）；so 可以引导倒装句，但它用在肯定句中，表示“也”，如：They can leave now, so can we.（他们现在可以离开了，我们也能）。nor也可以引导倒装句，并可用在否定句中，构成not...nor...（既不…也不…）固定结构，如：You can’t do it, nor can I.（你不能做这件事，我也不能）；never也可以引导倒装句，表示否定，但它必须放在句首，如：Never in my life have I heard such nonsense.（我一辈子都没听说过这样的无稽之谈）。综合以上因素，C为正确选项。2.［A］ shifting替换，转移 ［B］ transferring迁移，移动，传递［C］ altering改变，变动 ［D］ transforming转换，改变［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配 + 动词词义辨析。空格所在句子的含义是“需要维生素将食物转化为能量，以维持身体的健康”。空格填入的分词需和into搭配，并符合文意。transform常与into搭配，强调的是“事物大的变革或质的改变”。在此从food（食物）到energy（能量）的转变是一种质的改变，因此，D符合句意。shift 不与into搭配，如：The wind shifted to the south（风转向南吹）；transfer多用于位置的改变，也不与into搭配，如：His employer transferred him to another office.（老板把他调到了另一个办公室）；alter强调部分或少量的变动，程度较轻，如：These clothes are too large; they must be altered.（这些衣服太大，得修改）。因此以上三个词都不能表示事物质的改变。知识点补充：trans-为前缀，与动词连用，表示“横过，越过”或“转变，转移”，例如：transact（办理, 交易, 谈判, 处理），transatlantic（横渡大西洋的），trans-national（跨越国界的），transplant（移植），transport（运输）。3.［A］ any任何一个 ［B］ some一些［C］ anything任何事物 ［D］ something某事物［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：不定代词的用法。空格所在句子是一个由and连接的并列句，前一个分句There are thirteen or more of them中的them指的是vitamins，后一个分句是一个由if引导的条件状语从句，意为“如果…缺乏，（会出现）维生素缺乏症。”由于if引导的从句中谓语动词is是单数，因而，只能由一个表示单数意义的不定代词作为被选项。首先排除some，它一般用于肯定句，做主语时谓语动词用复数；其次anything与something泛指任何事或某些事，放入句中不符句意；any放入后相当于any of them，即“任何维生素”。注意any一般用于否定或疑问句中，做主语时，谓语动词常用单数，如：Any of the hunters is able to catch the tiger single-handed.（任何一个猎人都能单独抓住老虎）。因此答案只能选A。4.［A］ serious严重的，严肃的，认真的 ［B］ apparent明显的［C］ severe严厉的，剧烈的，严峻的 ［D］ fatal致命的［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。本题要求考生判断，如果缺乏任何一种维生素，缺乏症就会变得怎样。四个备选项表示的程度不同，从语意的角度来说都可以与disease相搭配。但是，根据上下文，这里需要填入一个准确描述疾病症状的词。serious、severe和fatal这几个词都表示程度严重，甚至危及生命。但上下文没有暗示缺乏一种维生素会导致严重的后果，因此，这三个词都不可作为被选项。apparent只是简单地描述了疾病的症状，为正确选项。5.［A］ mostly大部分，主要地 ［B］ partially部分地［C］ sometimes 有时候 ［D］ rarely很少地，罕有地［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语义搭配 + 副词词义辨析。本句破折号后举例说明维生素的组成成分：碳、氢、氧和5氮，and 表明各成分之间为并列关系，那么，选项应与usually相呼应。usually是频度副词，选项也应是频度副词。选项中，mostly和partially不是频率副词，而是强调事物部分与整体的关系，如：The audience consisted mostly of women.（观众主要是妇女）；The driver is partially to blame for the accident.（司机对那次车祸应负部分责任）。rarely是频率副词，但它含否定含义，若用于句中，之前的连词and应改为表示转折关系的but。所以只有sometimes为正确选项。全句意为“通常是碳、氢、氧，有些时候还有氮”。6.［A］ in that在…方面；因为［B］ so that以致，以便，(引导结果或目的状语从句)［C］ such that那样，以至，(不能连接两个完整的句子)［D］ except that除了［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。上句提到维生素相似的原因，这句开始提到维生素也是有区别的，由于两个句子是平行的结构，我们可以预测，本句的后半句也会解释为什么不同。下文果然提到原因是“元素的排列方式不同，每种元素在人体内（有）一种或多种特殊功能”。因此空格处应填入表因果关系并连接原因状语从句的短语。选项中，except that不表因果，so that和such that后面接结果。只有in that后面接原因，并且空格前面的different与介词in连用，表示“在哪一方面不同”。例句补充：Self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes.（自我批评是必要的，因为它能帮助我们改正错误）；Speak louder so that all the people in the hall can hear you.（大声点讲, 以便大厅里的人都能听清）；The situation was such that political observers found it difficult to predict.（形势如此，连政治观察家们也觉得难以预料）；His account is correct except that some details are omitted.（除了有些细节未提到之外，他的叙述是正确的）。7.［A］ undertakes承担，采取 ［B］ holds保存，把握，握有［C］ plays担当，承担 ［D］ performs表演，执行，履行［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：动宾搭配。本题考查动词与function的搭配。四个选项中能与function搭配的只有perform，即perform a function（具有…的功能，发挥…的作用），如：The brain performs a very important function: it controls the nervous system of the body.（大脑具有非常重要的功能，它控制着身体内的神经系统）。在文中，它意为“每种元素在人体内承担一种或多种特殊的功能”。其它能与function搭配的动词还有fulfill、serve等。其它选项的常用搭配有：undertake a mission/task/project承担使命/任务/工程；hold a share持有股份；play a role/part扮演…角色。8.［A］ Supplying补给，供给，提供，补充［B］ Getting获得，变成，收获，使得［C］ Providing供应，供给，准备，预防 ［D］ Furnishing供应，提供，装备，布置［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：动名词的逻辑主语 + 动词词义辨析。本题空格所在句子是一个含让步状语从句的复合句：8enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for9vitamins，其中空格部分和enough vitamins构成动名词的复合结构做主句的主语。考生关键要判断出，空格处填入的动名词的逻辑主语也就是后面although引导的让步状语从句中的主语，即：the body。这样，动名词所表示的动作必须是the body发出来的，又能接enough vitamins做宾语。选项中，Supplying，Providing和Furnishing均表示“提供，供应”，动作的发出者不是“身体”。句子表达的含义是身体需要获取维生素的营养，而不是“提供”，因此只有Getting（获取，获得）符合。知识点补充：supply、provide、furnish是一组近义词，都有“提供，供应”含义。furnish主要指提供一些基本的必要物品，可译为“配备”，如：furnish the new apartment(为新房间配备家具)；supply强调“提供物品以备需要的时候用”，可译为“供给，供应”，它常和with搭配，如：supply the market with new commodities（向市场供应新商品）；provide也强调“提供物品，为…做准备”，它常和介词for，with和against搭配。provide...with...意为“给…提供”，provide for/against都指“为可能的困难做准备，防备”，如：He worked hard to provide for his old age.(他努力赚钱以防老)。9.［A］ exceptional例外的，异常的 ［B］ exceeding非常的，极度的，过度的［C］ excess额外的，多余的 ［D］ external外部的，客观的，外用的［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 形容词词义辨析。本题空格所在部分是although引导的让步状语从句。前面主句提到，获取足够维生素是必要的，因此从句很可能要从相反的角度来说明获取维生素对人体的意义。have use for是固定短语，意为“需要”，主要用于否定和疑问句中，如：I have no further use for it.（我不再需要它了）。因此，根据所在从句的含义，考生需判断人体对什么维生素没有营养上的需要。选项中，首先排除external和exceptional，因为不存在“外部的维生素”或“例外的维生素”；剩下两个选项中，exceeding用来指被修饰的成分超出了一般的限度，如：exceeding darkness（极度黑暗），exceeding beauty（美丽无比），显然，它不能直接修饰“维生素”；只有excess指“超过正常或所需数额的数量”，强调“摄入过多的维生素”符合逻辑。10.［A］ nevertheless然而，不过，（表示转折关系）［B］ therefore因此，所以，（表因果关系）［C］ moreover而且，此外，（表示递进关系）［D］ meanwhile（=at the same time）同时，（表示时间关系）两个逗号之间的空格处应填入一个逻辑连接词，因此考生需判断空格所在句子和上文之间的逻辑关系。上文提到，过量维生素对身体没有营养价值，接着作者指出很多人的心态：为“安全”考虑，而服用额外的维生素。从语意上看，两句之间存在转折关系，选择项应该是一个表示转折关系的词，因此nevertheless为正确答案。整个句子意为“尽管获取过量的维生素对身体没有营养价值，但很多人出于安全考虑，还是摄取额外的维生素。”

In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. 19世纪后半叶，“资方”和“劳方”按现代方式不断扩大并各自完善相互对立的组织。Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers.许多旧式企业被有限责任公司所取代，由领薪经理构成其管理机构。The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。It was moreover a step away from indivial initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business.而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造力，向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business.铁路公司，虽然仍是为股东谋利的私有企业，但还是与旧家族企业大不相同了。At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.与此同时，大城市的市政府也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人提供照明、电车及其他服务。The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences.有限责任公司及市政企业的发展带来了重大变化。Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and instry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the ties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了持股人作为一个阶层的数量及其重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着不承担责任的财富，与土地及土地所有者责任相分离，几乎也同样与企业的经营责任相分离。All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards instrialization.整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都是靠英国的资本发展起来，而英国股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management.像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起，原因在于给大批“享乐”阶层提供居住场所，这些人不工作却有丰厚的收入，除了领取红利，偶尔参加股东会议向管理人员发号施令外，他们与外界几乎没有任何联系。On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.另一方面，“持股”就意味着悠闲和自由，维多利亚后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.这种股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求,他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.领取报酬后代表公司经营的经理与工人以及工人需求的关系更加直接，但甚至他也不像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样熟悉了解工人的情况。Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible.的确，单就公司的经营规模和雇佣的工人数量而言，就使得建立这种私人关系不再可能。Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.然而，幸运的是，工会的势力和组织在日益壮大，至少在各个技术行业情况如此，这就使工人与雇用他们的公司经理们处于平等的地位。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量，理解公正谈判的含义。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。第一段第二、三句介绍了旧式家族企业的情况。文中指出，许多旧式公司被有限责任公司代替。这一变化防止了效率的下降，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代手中破产倒闭。由此可以推知旧式家族企业缺乏效率。C选项正确。A选项属于过度推理，文中提到的是decline in efficiency commonly spoiled the fourtunes of family firms，可见家族企业败坏在晚辈手中的根本原因还是效率低下。该段第四句表明，（由家族企业到有限责任公司）这一变化也是由个人独创到集体创业迈出的一步，由此推知家族企业并不缺乏个人独创精神，故B选项与原文不符。D选项属于张冠李戴，该段最后一句只提到，市政当局也开始为纳税人提供各种服务，和旧式家族企业无关。技巧：解此题重在对长难句的结构分析与理解。第二段前两句指出，有限责任公司及市政企业的发展引起了重大变化。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着非责任性的财富，与土地和土地所有者责任分离，几乎也同样与企业的责任经营分离。接着文章以英国持股人为例子进行说明。由此可推知，有限公司的发展引起了财富或资本与经营管理分离；投资者并不实际参加经营，而是坐吃红利（dividends）或有时参加些间接管理；真正的管理者未必再是公司的拥有者。因此A选项与原文内容相符，为正确答案。文章第一段第二句指出有限责任公司中领取薪金的经理构成管理体系。因此，经理只是经营者，并不是公司的所有者。B选项与此不符。文章首句表明劳资两个阶级早在有限责任公司出现之前就已经存在，由责任有限公司导致出现的是持股人这一新的阶层。因此，C选项也不对。D选项与原文不符。从第二段倒数第二句可知，股东们只是享受红利，偶尔开会给经营者发布指令。从文中无法知道他们参与市政企业。技巧：根据题干关键词和先读各段首句迅速定位答案所在句（第二段首句）。此题考查对细节的综合概括能力。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。对于正误判断题，可以采取排除法解题。A选项在文章第三段首句中涉及：“这种股东不了解持股公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求”；B选项在该段第二句涉及：“．．．但是甚至他——经理也很少像现在正在消失的世袭的旧式家族企业中的雇主那样对工人有着亲近的、个人化的了解；D选项也可以从文章最后两句得出：值得庆幸的是，工会与日俱增的力量使工人与他们的雇主可以平起平坐。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重，明白了公平协商的价值。可见，在这方面，工会起到了保护工人的积极作用。而C选项在文章中未涉及。技巧：Except类型的题目可能涉及一段或数段，考点范围广泛，此题目就几乎涉及到第三段每句话。因此考生该尽量将每个选项都对照原文，找到相关内容，确认该选项正确与否。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：作者态度题。通观全文，发现文章花了许多笔墨描述股东阶层。如第二段第四句中说他们是comfortable class。他们与别人的关系仅仅限于抽取红利，偶尔参加股东会议对企业管理指手画脚，shareholding 意味着悠闲和自由；第三段首句也提到股东不了解工人们的生活、思想和需求。引号的多次使用表示作者对这个称号的否定。由此推知，作者对股东阶层持强烈的批评态度。因此，D选项为正确答案。作者对其他选项中的人群则没有明显的批评。技巧：纵览全篇，体会字里行间流露的语气和注意most关键词。此题实际上也考查了文章主旨。

大家好，咱们来看一篇阅读，这篇阅读是1996年考研英语试卷一的第五篇阅读，介绍了一本关于批评创世论的著作，原文如下，并把原文内的中文翻译也一并给出，方便理解。原文：Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared.有传言说，有20多本关于创世论与进化论之争的书即将出版，其中有几本已经面世。The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.出版所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓：就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened.对于所发生的一切，宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。“Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.而“科学”创世论——当课堂上讲授进化论时，有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释它——是基于宗教，而非科学的。Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.实际上，所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将“科学”创世论看作是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introction to evolution.金切尔这本书的前四章简要地介绍了进化论。At appropriate places, he introces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers.在适当的地方，作者引入了对创世论的非难并提供了回答。In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating.在书的后三章，他毫不客气地对创世论者进行了猛烈抨击。He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.他揭露了这些人的行动计划和骗人手段，对那些不了解创世论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会令人感到气愤和震惊。When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.由于他们的基本动机是宗教，人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的行为。Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments.金切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory.非专业人士起码可以从中了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all.关于创世论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。On the st jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.”这部优秀作品的护封上，斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德这样写道：“本书代表了理性”。And so it does -- and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.的确如此——如果理性是创世论和进化论之争的唯一评判标准，一切问题就已解决了。试题：51. “Creationism” in the passage refers to.[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe[B] a notion of the creation of religion[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe52. Kitcher’s book is intended to.[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists[B] expose the true features of creationists[C] curse bitterly at this opponents[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists53. From the passage we can infer that.[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings54. This passage appears to be a digest of.[A] a book review[B] a scientific paper[C] a magazine feature[D] a newspaper editorial简单介绍几个单词的含义：creationism 创世论st jacket（n.）（精装书的）护封deceptive 骗人的，迷惑人的；误导的newspaper editorial 报纸社论答案：D B B A你做对了吗？

What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出，其原因何在？Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.在诸多形成因素中，我想特别指出如下因素：这个国家优异的小学教育；欢迎新技术的劳动大军；对发明者进行奖励的做法；尤其是美国人在处理技术性事物时所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.为什么要提小学教育？正是因为有了这些学校，我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写，并精通算术及部分几何和三角，这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this ecational advantage.目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样，“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑，美国小伙子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度，它产生于我们的专利制度之前，且多年来与后者一同实施。这种做法起源于国外，做法是为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the instrial fairs in major cities.在美国，大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机器，因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology.有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度，美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”正如尤金·弗格森曾指出的：“技术人员思考那些不能被简化为用明确的语言进行描述的物体；这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工…设计者和发明者…能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特·法欧曾写道：“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，如同一位诗人处在词汇之中，应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达，每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they proced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在富饶的美国大陆上相互作用时，便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示“模仿”（取其仿效之意），而在早期美国，它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。文章首句是个设问句，题干是对它的改写，其中e to和account for是同义短语。第二段对此设问予以回答，给出的原因有：优秀的初等教育；欢迎新技术的劳动力；给发明者以奖励的制度；而最重要的是美国人对技术性事物进行非语言的、“空间”思维的才能。前面三个原因之间的分号表明一种并列关系，说明分号前后是同等重要的原因，而最后一个分号后的above all（最重要）一词，与题干中的in a large part同义，显示它后面的内容与前面所列原因相比，更具重要性。因此D选项为正确答案。其他选项都是次要原因。技巧：文章首句出现问句一般是设问句，即有问必有答，而且它的回答往往是文章中心句或表明作者态度的句子。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。根据题干中关键词adaptiveness and inventiveness定位到文章第四段首句，该句指出：敏锐的外国观察家将美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这个教育优势（this ecational advantage）联系在一起。解题的关键在于找到“这个教育优势”指的是什么。This作为代词，一般往回复指前述的最后内容，也就是第三段末句谈到的“早期技工们有文化并且熟知算术（arithmetic），还通晓一些几何学（geometry）和三角学（trigonometry）”，从而可知这种教育优势就是熟练掌握数学。因而A选项为正确答案。B选项的干扰来自第四段末句，该句提到彻底的学校训练（school discipline）让美国小伙子迅速成长为技术人员，这里的学校训练就是指上文中的“数学教育优势”，而非选项中的“学校管理”。C选项中的home training 是对第三段at home in...（熟知）进行断章取义。D选项在文中未提及。技巧：指代关系是常考点。代词指代的位置原则是就近指代，即在上下文中，指代内容可以是一个词或句子。代词指代体现的是句子之间的关系，正确答案从意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上而言都应该通顺。第七段中引用Eugene Ferguson的话说明技术专家以非语言的方式进行思考。第八段首句指出：这种非语言的“空间”思维在创造力上可以与绘画和写作相比。接着文章又引用Robert Fulton的话说明a mechanic和a poet在使用“空间”思维方面的相通之处。因此，B选项为正确答案。此题还可以通过排除法求答。A选项无中生有，难道所有的技术专家和艺术家都是获奖者吗？C选项过度推断，显然不适用于艺术家。试问放弃语言描述的文字作品会是如何？况且进行非语言的空间思维不等于说放弃语言表达。D选项缺乏比较力度。若以使用多种工具为比较基础，岂不是各行各业的人都可以认为相似？技巧：类比可以看作是特殊的例证，但常使用比喻手法，用熟悉的、具体的、简单的事物来说明陌生的、抽象的、复杂的事物，目的不在比较，而在说明。考生关键要找出它所说明的论点或找出类比双方的相似性。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。总结主旨需要通观全文：文章一开始通过设问句点明主题，指出美国初期出现大量发明创造的众多原因。从第三段开始文章就各个原因分别论述。最后一段是全文的总结。可见，本文主要探讨早期美国人的发明创造热及其根源。因此A选项为最佳答案。也可用排除法解题。B、C选项都是部分原因，不能概括全文主旨；D选项太泛，文章只探究了引起发明热的原因。技巧：主旨题旨在考查考生对全篇文章信息综合归纳的能力。首先，文章开头部分对设问的回答往往是文章中心所在。其次，还应注意：(1)片面性、细节性的选项不能作题目。(2)可以假设某选项为题，然后试想在这样的题目下，应该写的内容。若与文章内容相悖，则不能作为题目。

Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”出言谨慎的年长者过去总说：“重要的不是在这个世界上你想要什么，而是你得到了什么。”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.心理学教导人们，如果你知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理，你就能得到它。You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.你可以在头脑里勾画出愿望的蓝图，如同设计房屋的蓝图一样。而我们每个人在日常生活中都在不停地勾画着这样的愿望蓝图。比方说，想请朋友吃晚餐，我们就会筹划菜谱、列购物单、决定先煮什么菜等，这样的筹划对于举行任何形式的宴请都是必不可少的。Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.同样，如果你想找一份工作，那就拿一张纸，写一份对自我的简单描述吧。为找工作制订计划蓝图时，要从你自己开始，因为只有当确切知道你可以提供什么服务时，你才能明智地筹划到哪儿去推销它们。This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include ecation, experience and references.对自我的描述实际上是对你的职业生涯的简介，它应包括教育背景、经验和证明材料。Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews.这样的描述是很有价值的，在填写标准的申请表格时可作为参照，在面试时更是尤为有用。While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your ecation, your experience, and other qualifications, will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.在与你面谈时，你未来的雇主将根据你的教育背景、经验和其他的资历来确定雇用你是否值得，因此你必须把你“待售的物品”和能力以有序而合理连贯的方式呈现出来。When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell.当你为自己的能力和愿望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后，你就有实在的东西可以推销了。Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment.那时你就准备去找工作，先搜集所有与你可能选择的工作相关的信息，对工作和公司的详情进行调查，留心看，留意听，使用你的判断力。Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.每天花一定的时间寻找你想要的工作，请记住：找工作就是你现在的工作。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：句意题。原句it’s not...but...结构否定的是“你所想”，肯定的是“你所得”。即，得到什么比想要什么重要。B选项较好地概括了原文意思，为正确答案。A选项强调“所想就一定所得”，其中certainly一词过于绝对，而且第二段提到，得到“所想”的条件是：知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理。C选项中“不满足”是文中没有的内容。D选项强调“所想”的重要性，与原句意思相反。技巧：本题属于句子理解题，考生需反复琢磨句意，并注意选项中将what you want 和what you get具体化后的含义。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。题干的内容是第三段中的举例，举例是为了说明论点，上文即该段第一句中作者表述的观点是：在日常生活中我们每个人都在不停地勾画这样的（愿望）蓝图。因此，“请人吃饭前制定计划”是说明人们勾画“愿望的蓝图”的一个例子。第四段首的逻辑词likewise （同样地，照样地）表明，后面提到的内容和“请朋友吃饭前制定计划”一样，也是在勾画“愿望的蓝图”。整个第四段主要介绍了找工作前应写简历，故A选项是举例所要说明的内容。B、C和D选项中分别出现good job、job description、job evaluation这些原文未有的内容。技巧：对于涉及举例的题，上下文的阅读甚为重要。考生关键要通过句子间的逻辑关系准确把握作者的写作意图。此外，要熟悉段落关联词和短语的用法，如：likewise表并列，暗示不同成分间的平等和相似。例句：This place is pretty beautiful, likewise the people here. 这地方美，人也美。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。根据题干关键词before starting to find a job定位到第四段第二句。该句中for引导的原因状语从句对该题作了回答：当确切知道你自己能够提供什么服务时，你才能明智地筹划到哪里去推销它们。D选项是对此句的改写，其中exactly与clearly相对应，know what you have to offer与become aware of himself 一致。C选项偷梁换柱，将该原因从句中的where换成了when。文章第五段第四句提到写明个人情况只是利于雇主做出选择，并非取悦，因此A选项不正确。B选项属常识项，但文中未提及。技巧：细节的因果关系处是常考点。本题的考点是第四段第二句。题干加正确选项就是它的改写。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。本题题干和文章最后一段第一句几乎一模一样，除了sell在四个选项中分别换成了同义词offer、provide、supply和present。故本题考点是对文中tangible一词的理解。可联系上文第五段中提到的“简历中的教育背景、工作经历、证明材料”这些求职硬件，来推测tangible的含义。tangible意为clear and definite（明确的，确实的），因此A选项为正确答案。B容易排除，Practical意为workable, useful（可行的，有用的），计划蓝图中的东西不一定就可行或令人满意，排除C和D。

With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it.随着BBC（英国广播公司）国际电视频道的开播，现在亚洲和美洲数以百万计的人不仅可以听到广播，也能看到它的电视新闻报道了。And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, ecation, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of ￡83 per household.当然，英国听众和观众可以收到两个BBC电视频道，五个BBC全国广播电台和几十个地方电台。(佳句)每户每年交83英镑的收视费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years -- yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt.延续七十多年，BBC可谓历程辉煌，然而现在，BBC的未来却令人疑虑。The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.虽然至少目前，它仍可以以公办广播机构的身份生存下去，但它的作用、规模和节目类型却成了全英国争论的话题。The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-- including ordinary listeners and viewers -- to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.英国政府发起了这场讨论，它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通的听众和观众——对公司好坏进行评说，甚至可以评说他们是否认为公司值得办下去。The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.这样做的原因是BBC所持的皇家特许证于1996年到期，政府必须决定是让公司维持原状还是进行变革。Defenders of the Corporation -- of whom there are many -- are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” The BBC “ain’t broke,” they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?公司的捍卫者为数不少，他们喜欢引用美国的广告口号：“如果没坏（broke），就不要修。”这里说英国广播公司还没有“broke”，意思相当于既然没有“broken”（跨掉）（它区别于broke的意思，broke表示“没有钱”），那为什么还要自找麻烦去改变它呢？Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels – ITV and Channel 4 -- were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels -- funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions -- which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.然而BBC将不得不进行变革，因为周围的广播世界正发生变化。商业电视频道——ITV和第四频道——应撒切尔政府广播法案的要求进一步商业化，彼此竞争广告业务，降低成本，裁减劳务。但从长远来看会引起最大变化的是新的卫星频道的出现，它们的部分资金来自广告收入，部分来自用户收视费。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。文章第一、二段描述BBC自开播以来其接收范围和节目类型已经非常广泛，这两段间用and 相连，表明一种顺承、并列关系，都介绍了BBC令人乐观的一面。接着第三段首句用yet表明与前两段有转折关系，yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt（BBC前景不明）说明了它现在面临的情况。因此，B选项为正确答案，其中原文的future和in doubt对应选项中的prospect和uncertain。新闻报道覆盖范围在第一段提到，是BBC值得骄傲的方面，而不是“问题”，故排除A选项。第四段提到，政府对公众进行调查，即邀请人们对BBC做出评价。而C选项则成了公众对BBC的调查。D选项在原文中未出现。技巧：议论文非常强调逻辑的严谨性，因此考生应特别注意表示逻辑关系的关联词或短语，如：although， though， but, yet, however等，从而把握作者的思路。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。解此题可采用排除法。A选项在文章第一段提到，“成千上万的亚美观众现在都能观看和收听该公司的新闻报道”，选项中的Far East就是西方国家对亚洲最东部国家的称呼。B选项和D选项都在文章第三段第二句提到，“BBC公司将作为国家赞助的广播机构而存在，至少暂时会是这样，但其地位、规模和节目类型却已经成为全英国谈论的话题”。文章只提到BBC自身的变革，而未涉及国际合作问题。故C选项为答案。技巧：原文中没有涉及的细节一般包括两种：一是文中根本没有提到；二是与文中其他内容相冲突。解此类题时常将选项和原文对号入座，将原文中提到的内容划线，表示是排除的内容；无法对号的即是答案。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。第四段末句提到政府进行民意调查的原因是：the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes，可见，royal charter和BBS的存在大有关联。解此题的关键是了解run out 的含义。run out 多表示“被用完，到期”之意，能和它构成主谓搭配的只有C选项。英国是君主立宪制国家，与女王签约表明BBC是国家办的广播公司，而非私营企业。技巧：对句中词汇或短语的释义，要根据上下文所给的信息进行推理和判断。文章第六段首先指出BBC不得不进行改革，接着陆续给出原因：它周边的广播业正在发生变化；政府广播法的实施迫使电视商业频道进一步商业化，进而使广告业相互竞争，降低成本，减少劳务；但是从长远看，带来最大变化的将是新的卫星频道。实际上，原因可归纳为两点：电视频道进一步商业化的趋势和卫星电视频道的出现。最后一句使用强调句型It is the arrival...which will...the biggest changes...，强调后一原因更具重要性，其中biggest与选项中的foremost同义。因此D选项是正确答案。A、B和C选项都是和前一原因相关的内容，但不是最主要原因。技巧：因果关系中的主要原因也是常考点。考生需要在众多原因中辨别主次，注意词汇（如mainy, chief）和句型结构（如强调句）的暗示。补充：no other than意为“就是，正是”。如：He is no other than my old friend Jones.他就是我的老友琼斯。

写作要求：Directions:[A] Title: GOOD HEALTH[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “The desire for good health is universal.”[E] Your composition should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) OUTLINE:1. Importance of good health2. Ways to keep fit3. My own practices审题与谋篇本文命题形式为提纲式控制性写作，提纲有三点要求：健康的重要性；保持健康身体的方法；我自己的实践。并给出了起始句The desire for good health is universal。文章内容以健康为中心，而且从提纲也可看出，本文首段重在议论，后两段重在说明，整体为议论和说明相结合。根据提纲所示，本文分三段展开。第一段，突出健康的重要性。第二段，说明保持身体健康的途径，可用列举的方法进行说明，必要时稍加展开。第三段，描述自己的切身经历。但应注意，第三段的自身做法应呼应第二段的举例，这样文章结构会比较严谨。参考范文GOOD HEALTHThe desire for good health is universal. Wherever you are and whatever you do，staying healthy precedes a successful career and a happy life. People with good health can do work with full energy and confidence and their progress in turn contributes to their health and happiness. On the contrary, a sick one usually lacks the vigor and interest to fulfill his or her role in life, which deprives him or her of many opportunities to become successful and happy.Realizing the importance of good health is far from being enough. We must do something effective to keep fit. The best place to begin is at the dinner table. Eating less junk food and having a balanced diet is the first step for most people. The next step is to exercise regularly. Vigorous exercise can benefit not only the muscles but also the organs. Last but not the least, don’t damage the body with drugs，including cigarettes and too much alcohol.As far as I am is concerned，I am neither inlged in food nor in such harmful substances as cigarettes or alcohol. Moreover, doing exercises is part of my routine life. Therefore, I am in good shape and always energetic.范文点评文章结构：从结构上看，该范文按照提纲要求，分为三段论述。第一段采用了先总后分的写作方法，段首为题目中给出的主题句，接下来用正反对比的写法进行论证，使人印象深刻。第二段段首也是主题句，并用The best place to begin、The next step、和Last but not the least分别引导对保持身体健康提出的三点建议，段落内部层次分明。第三段采用先分后总的写作方法，呼应上段的建议，谈了自己的实际情况，并在段尾进行了总结。语言亮点：1. universal：普遍的。例如：It is a universally accepted idea that …（…是一个普遍接受的观点）。2. precede：在…之前。可代替的表达有：is the basis of或is the foundation of。3. in turn：反过来。类似用法的词还有consequently（因而）。4. On the contrary：“与此相反”，类似表示对照的短语有：unlike, in contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, by contrast等。5. deprive sb. of sth.：剥夺某人某物（或某种权利）。例如：Many children are deprived of their rights to receive ecation because of poverty.（很多孩子由于贫穷而被剥夺了受教育的权利）。6. is far from：原不…，远非…。例如：The present situation is far from being satisfying.（目前的情况远非令人满意）。7. junk food：“垃圾食品”（指一些没有营养的食物）。考生注意收集有关食物的词汇，如：take out（外卖）, fast food（快餐）8. a balanced diet：一个均衡的饮食。9. Last but not the least：最后一点，但并不是最不重要的一点。10. As far as I am is concerned：“至于我自己”，as far as … be concerned谈到…，至于…。用于提起话题。11. inlge：be inlged in …沉湎于…。12. routine life：日常生活。routine为regular的近义词。写作误区篇章结构误区：考生需要避免的第一个写作误区是跑题。本题在第三段中，跑题现象较为明显，本段要求考生谈谈自己的做法，但有的考生对practices产生误解，把它当作“实践（与理论相对应）”，而写成“实践是很重要的”或“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”，结果跑题了。还有的考生在谋篇上不够周全，将第一段写得过于庞大，而末段又过于简短，造成文章整体比例失调，头重脚轻，因此丢分。也有的同学将第二段写得过于详尽，举例过细，重在描写刻画，而非说明，也是误解本题初衷的表现。语言表达错误：①词义冗余：In my opinion, I think a good diet is the most important thing. (In my opinion / I think a good diet is the most important thing.)②词义错误：Practice is very important to health. (Exercise is very important to health.)③句子结构混乱：So careful the health, not just think medicine can care for all the illness.（So pay attention to your health, and do not just think medicine can cure all the illness.）④累赘：Eating no food shouldn’t be considered as the only way to solve the problem of keeping health.（Eating little is not the only way to keep health.）⑤句子结构不平行：We should try our best to keep healthy by taking exercises and don’t eat too much or too little.（We should try our best to keep healthy by taking exercises and having a balanced diet.）⑥不间断句子：People’s living standard improved, more and more people began to worry about their health. （As people’s living standard improved, more and more people began to care about their health.）⑦残句：I think, to have both physical and mental health to succeed in the competitive society.（Both physical and mental health are the key to success in the competitive society.）

导语众多周知，英语考试“得阅读者得天下”,现在你还在为考研英语阅读题发愁吗？但事实上，80％的阅读理解真题都来源于西方权威报刊杂志，现在了解还来得及!资料我都给你整理好了，快来看看叭~1.The Guardian 《卫报》《卫报》，英国主流报纸，全国性综合内容日报。该报注重报道国际新闻，擅长发表评论和分析性专题文章。一般公众视《卫报》的政治观点为中间偏左。2.The Scientist 《经济学人》《经济学人》，英国著名财经杂志，是考研英语阅读真题来源较多的杂志之一。该杂志主要关注政治和商业方面的新闻，但是每期也有一两篇针对科技和艺术的报导，以及一些书评，杂志中所有文章都不署名，而且往往带有鲜明的立场，但又处处用事实说话。3.The Atlantic《大西洋月刊》《大西洋月刊》，美国最受尊敬的杂志之一，是一本有关文学、政治、科学与艺术的杂志。坚持无党派、无偏见原则，对于任何事物采取一种超然、充满智力性、幽默的、有艺术感的态度。4.The New York Times 《纽约时报》《纽约时报》，有时简称为“时报”（The Times），是一份在美国纽约出版的日报，在全世界发行，有相当高的影响力，美国高级报纸、严肃刊物的代表，长期以来拥有良好的公信力和权威性。由于风格古典严肃，它有时也被戏称为“灰色女士”（The Gray Lady）。它最初的名字是《纽约每日时报》（The New-York Daily Times），创始人是亨利·贾维斯·雷蒙德和乔治·琼斯。5. Scientific American 《科学美国人》《科学美国人》，美国著名科普杂志，始于1845年8月28日。作为《自然》的姐妹出版物，《科学美国人》涵盖的受众包括企业主、高级经理人、决策者和意见领袖，与《自然》的学术受众形成互补。虽然被认为是大众化的高水平学术期刊，但这本杂志并不采用类似《自然》杂志同行评审的方式审查稿件，而是提供一个论坛来呈现科学理论和科学新发现。6. Business Week 《商业周刊》《商业周刊》，是美国著名的财政企业杂志，也是全球最大的商业杂志。《商业周刊》是最熟悉美国商业和经济情况的刊物，常发表一些美国商业和经济活动的资料。7. Newsweek 《新闻周刊》《新闻周刊》，美国主要时事周刊之一，内容广泛。长于报道和评论国际时事和美国国内政治动态。在美国，它是仅次于《时代》的周刊。在发行量上，它超过了《美国新闻和世界报道》。在这三份期刊中，《新闻周刊》通常被视作观点比《时代》更自由而比《美国新闻和世界报道》更保守。8.Time 《时代周刊》《时代周刊》，又称《时代》，创刊于1923年，是近一个世纪以来最先出现的新闻周刊之一，特为新的日益增长的国际读者群开设一个了解全球新闻的窗口。《时代》是美国三大时事性周刊之一，内容广泛，对国际问题发表主张和对国际重大事件进行跟踪报道。9.Nature《自然》《自然》，世界上最早的国际性科技期刊。自从1869年创刊以来，始终如一地报道和评论全球科技领域里最重要的突破。《自然》杂志也是一份在学术界享有盛誉的国际综合性科学周刊。杂志以报道科学世界中的重大发现、重要突破为使命，要求科研成果新颖。话不多说，先来看看历年考研阅读题都来源于哪些报刊英语(一)历年真题阅读理解文章来源年份（同种字体颜色表示来自同一报刊杂志）英语（二）历年真题阅读理解文章来源年份（同种字体颜色表示来自同一报刊杂志）是不是有点眼花缭乱的感觉没事小编都给你总结了近十年高频期刊前四名给我锁住第一名：The Guardian《卫报》 14篇第二名：The Christian science monitor《基督教科学箴言报》 8篇The Economist《经济学人》 8篇第三名：The Atlantic《大西洋月刊》7篇第四名：The Wshington Post《华盛顿邮报》 5篇The New York Times 《纽约时报》 5篇

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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