2005考研英语阅读翻译

Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the procts and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a proct that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Recing newspaper cost.13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising14. In the author’s opinion,.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement答案解析11.[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：句意题。首先看句子语法，第一句的重点是对as well as的理解。as well as 有两种意思：1）相当于in addition (to),意为“除……外，同，和，也”，如：He gave me money as well as advice. 2)用作连词引出比较对象，意为“和……一样好”。第2）种含义放在本文中才讲得通，这里as well as any相当于as well as any（money spent）, I know of 是定语从句，修饰any。其次，看下文内容。从文章第二句“它直接有助于……”可以推出作者对广告的作用持肯定态度。因此第一句应该被理解为“花在广告上的钱和任何别处花的钱一样值得”。 [D]项正是这个含义的概括，因此为正确项。[B]、[C]选项仅停留在“广告花费钱”的含义上，体现不了对广告的肯定态度；选项[A]是对从句“I know of”的错误理解。命题意图要求考生正确理解句中为避免重复而省略的部分。12.[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。第一段作者对广告给予肯定并且列举广告带来的诸多益处：（1）它直接有助于商品以合理价格迅速销出；（2）在稳定国内市场的同时，使产品能够以有竞争力的价格进入国际市场；（3）它给人以新的消费观，从而大大提高人们的生活水准；（4）它有助于增加市场需求，扩大劳动力市场，有效地扩大就业；（5）它使日报等公共事业的服务价格低廉。由此可见，[B]、[C]和[D]选项都在文中直接涉及，可以排除。第二段首句虽然谈到广告为人们购买的产品和服务的合理价格提供了保障，但是未提及[A]选项“保障更高的知名度”的内容，因而为正确答案。注意：这种“which is not included”题型相当于except题型，一般要在大范围内搜索，排除原文中已经提到的选项或直接找出与原文不符的选项。潜在命题点：依据此内容可另出一题：What is the biggest advantage of advertising?A．Providing more jobs.B．Enhancing living standards.C．Recing the costs of many services.D．Ensuring the quality of the procts and services.答案为[D]。关键是第二段首句“most important of all” 表明下面所述为最重要的优势，因此在列举题中，要注意关联词的作用。此外，也可用排除法，[A]、[B]、[C]在文中并列，作用相仿，成为答案几率均等，故都应该排除。13.[解析]本题考核的知识点是：本题考核的知识点是：作者观点题。题干要求考生回答作者对文中提到的知名人士的看法。文章第四段谈到该知名人士对广告持否定态度，即他批评广告更多的是在劝诱观众，而不是提供信息。这显然与作者前面第三段用大篇幅对广告赞扬的态度大相径庭，所以作者马上对这种观点进行驳斥，以维护自己的观点。作者认为“他把两者区分得过于细微。因为广告不可避免地要劝说消费者，如果广告的内容仅仅限于提供信息，那将会乏味之极”。由引可以推论作者对知名人士看法持否定态度。因此[D]选项为正确选项。[A]选项和[C]选项都持肯定态度，可以排除。而[B]选项也不对，因为在文中并未讨论知名人士的兴趣和关心对象问题。nothing but意为：只有，除了……之外都不。命题意图要求考生正确理解文章局部细节体现的作者态度。14.[答案]C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：作者观点题。本题考查作者对广告所持的观点。读完全文后，我们已经很清楚作者对广告的态度和观点。先是在前三段肯定广告给社会带来的诸多好处，然后在第四段和第四段又指出广告劝说消费者不仅是不可避免的也是必要的，否则便失去了吸引力，不能把广告的劝诱性作为批评它的论据。[C]选项恰恰符合这一观点，为正确答案。[A]选项与第三段的内容相悖。[B]选项与第四段作者提出的“广告不可避免地要劝说消费者，内容不仅仅限于提供信息”的看法不一致。[D]选项不正确，作者在末段提到，只提供信息的广告不会引起观众的兴趣，不能由此推出，消费者对广告信息毫无兴趣。win sb. over(to sth.)=win sb. to do sth. 意思是“说服某人做某事”。注意：做此类局部作者态度题，可以先看选项中是否有直接可排除之选项；不能排除的再定位，对照进行排除。全文翻译花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别的方面的钱一样是值得的。它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售，从而建立稳固的国内市场，并且有可能以有竞争力的价格提供出口商品。通过向公众推出新思想，它极大地促进生活水准的提高。通过帮助增加商品需求，它确保对劳动力的更大需求，因此成为对抗失业的一项有效措施。它降低了许多服务费用：没有广告，日报的价格将是现在的四倍，电视许可证价格会翻一番，乘汽车或地铁出行也将贵出百分之二十。也许最重要的是，广告对你所购买的产品和服务的合理价值提供了一种保障。除了国会制定的27项法案对广告加以约束之外，也没有哪个正规的广告商胆敢推销与广告承诺不符的产品。他也许会通过误导人的广告暂时愚弄一些人。但他这样做长不了，因为所幸的是，公众很明智，不会再次购买劣质商品。 如果你看见一种商品不断地做广告，我认为这就是最可靠的证明，商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。广告对社会的物质利益所作的贡献比我能想到的任何其他力量都要大。有一点我觉得应该在此提及。最近我听到一位电视知名人士宣称，他反对广告，因为广告是劝诱性的，而不是客观地提供信息。他在此划了一条过于清晰的界线。当然广告总是试图劝服。如果广告仅仅限于提供信息——这一点本身如果不是不可能的话，至少也难以做到，因为即使选择一件衬衫的颜色这样的细节也多少隐含劝说之意——那么广告将变得味同嚼蜡、无人理会了。但也许这就是那位电视名人所希望的结果。

考研英语，单词是基础，所以单词一定要好好背。从决定考研的那一刻开始，基本上就要背单词到考研初试的时候。但是背单词也要抓住重点，这样子才可以事半功倍。而重点的词汇无非就是每年都重复考的那些单词。单词是基础，一定要坚持记单词，每天都要记！不能偷懒的，偷懒别人不知道，你自己肯定是知道的，时间久了就会体现出来了。

英语一 翻译2019英语一翻译讲述医疗杂志文章质量下降这样一个现象，并分析了原因及危害，以及呼吁我们应该做什么。这和考研英语作文一样的结构——提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。我们来聊聊考察语言点的变化。首先，49题考查对虚拟语气的正确理解和翻译。这是英语一1997年以来首次考查复杂虚拟语气的翻译！这表明，不能因为历年真题没有考查过就认定不会考。考生需要掌握英语所有常见语法知识点，方可应对英译汉。其次，47题考查比较结构，这是历史上第一次考查带有倍数的比较结构，并且第二比较项中的"would have done"这种带推测的动词形式在翻译中几乎没有考查过，而且也不作为阅读理解的考点。所以考生并没有予以重视，预计得分率很低。然后是词汇方面。英译汉每年都考查大量的多义词、派生词和固定用法，今年也不例外。比如46题中的多义词"lay"、复合形容词"short-lived"；49题中的多义词"associates"以及固定用法"in return for"；还有，50题中的派生词"reprocible"和"incentivize"。以上都会给考场中紧张的考生造句困难。杨凡达老师预计今年的英译汉难度系数会在0.35-0.4之间，与去年持平或略简单。46）There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.参考译文：这些医学杂志中包含大量这种无稽之谈，如果广播电台和非专业媒体对此信以为真并加以报道，这将引发人们的健康恐慌以及短期的饮食热潮。难点1："nonsense"。直接翻译成“废话”扣分，因为在这句中不是那层意思。原文前面说每周吃超过多少克的西兰花会导致年纪大了后更容易贫血。其实我们平常在新闻中看到类似的言论有很多。作者的意思是这些都是扯淡，没有严谨的科学依据。所以这里的"nonsense"译为“无稽之谈”要好一些。难点2：短语"take up"的意思是“接受并开始做/从事某事”。意思是这些广播电台听信了这样的说法就会如何如何。难点3："the lay press"中的"lay"是难点，不是我们熟知的“放置、铺设”等的意思。"lay"在这里做形容词，表示“非专业的，外行的”，所以"layman"这个词表示“门外汉”。这里的"the lay press"指的是非专业媒体，大概就是那种野鸡媒体。难点4："short-lived"可根据其本身和上下文来猜测其大概含义。"short"表示短，"lived"表示活着，所以"short-lived"大概意思是“短命的”，在这里引申为“短暂的，为期不长的”。47）nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would otherwise have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.参考译文：现如今，任何一个申请研究岗位的人事先必须发表论文的数量，是10年前申请同一岗位所需论文数量的两倍。难点1：处理这句话中的比较结构。通读句子，我们大概得到的信息是“A是B的两倍”，只是如何把这句话翻的通顺是需要思考的。难点2："would otherwise have been"是后半句的难点，"otherwise"字面意思是“否则”，但如果润色到位可以不用翻译出来。但"would have done"这种特殊的谓语形式，其实很多同学会觉得比较难。这个结构表示“合理推测”，在虚拟语气中经常出现，比如"I would have been a programmer but end up being an English teacher."(我本可以成为一名程序员，结果却当了英语老师)。在这句话中，用"would have been"表示如果是十年前，本可以怎么样怎样。48）Attempts have been made to curb this kind of tendency to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant's published papers.参考译文：人们已经尝试扭转这种趋势，比如除发表数量外，在评估申请人已发表论文时引入与质量挂钩的衡量标准。难点1：被动语态"have been made"如何处理。我在翻译课反复强调被动语态的处理方法，主要手段有将“被”字转译为其它汉子或将被动语态转为主动语态亦或者总体换一个说法。考生在考场上需要做的是用这几种方法去尝试，合理通顺即可。这一句的"Attempts have been made to …"可译为“人们已经尝试…”。难点2："as well as"。很多人以为这是“而且”的意思，可以代替"and"，但这只是它的其中一种用法。我记得我在某课中讲解过"as well as"的另一种用法——表示“除…之外还有…”，在句子中充当定语。在48题中，如果我们将"as well as"理解为第一种情况，"some measure of quality as well as quantity"的意思是“某种质量和数量的衡量标准”。好像没太明白是什么意思，对不对？上下文告诉我们，因为只看论文数量导致大家拼命写论文而导致质量下降，所以我们已经采取了一些搜段来改变这种状况，那不就是应该在数量之外引入新的衡量标准，比如论文质量。所以"as well as"在这里符合第二种情况，表示“除…之外还有…”。考生在考场上需要迅速做出这样的判断，难度比较大，所以杨老师认为这0.5分很多考生拿不到。难点3："an applicant's published papers"。这个语言点考得很细，考查过去分词的语义。过去分词可以表“完成”或“被动”，考生需要根据语境判断。这里所说的“申请者的论文”指什么？第47句告诉我们申请者需要在申请之前发表一定数量的论文。根据这一点，我们可以断定"published"在这里表示完成，那么"an applicant's published papers"指“申请者已经发表的论文”。49）This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.参考译文：这种做法本应该是合理的，但事实上，科学家可以轻易在未来发表文章中引用自己写的文章，或者和同行约定引用对方的文章。难点1：如何翻译虚拟语气（非真实条件句）？简单的诸如"If I were you, I would buy the car"（如果我是你，我会买这辆车。）很好处理。但49这一题比较复杂，其核心结构是"This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that …"，大致可以翻译为“如果不是因为这样一个事实，这会是合理的”。不过，因为“事实”对应的内容非常长，而且“如果…这会是…”也不太符合汉语表达习惯，所以杨凡达老师将其润色为“这种做法本应该是合理的，但事实上，…”难点2："associates"为多义词，通常做动词表示“联系”，在这里做名词用表示“同事”。难点3："similar favors"。这个短语的字面意思是“相类似的好处”。如果不结合上下文，很难明白这个短语真正想表达什么。前文说“开始引入论文质量衡量体系”，这本是件好事。但所谓道高一尺魔高一丈，研究者会利用机制漏洞继续发表低质量作文，也就是"the fact that …"之后的内容。比如，他们会在新文章中引用自己发表的文章已增加影响因子，或者和同事约定好互相引用，也就对应到原文"get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors"（让同事写论文时引用自己的文章，好处就是自己也去引用对方的文章）。50）If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reprocible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivize that kind of science.参考译文：如果我们认真地想确保我们的科学研究是有意义的，并且可以被后人反复利用，我们就必须保证我们的制度鼓励大家做这样的研究。难点1：如何翻译"reprocible"？这是一个超纲词，但并不“犯规”。意思是，这个单词由常见词根词缀构成——"re = again + proce = make + ible = be able to"。因此，这个单词的字面含义是“可再生的，可复制的，可繁殖的”，也就是“能够再次生产”。不过我们若将"our science is reprocible"翻译为“我们的科学是可再生/复制/繁殖的”显然不妥。那么，作者到底想表达什么？我们还需要借助上下文。整篇文章说医学界论文质量大幅下降，发表的都是“垃圾”，说明这些论文一文不值，对于社会进步没有任何帮助。而好的论文应该可被利用的，比如利用论文成果开发产品改善生活质量、或者给后续科研提供理论基础等等。所以，我将其翻译为“可被后人反复利用”难点2：超纲词"incentivize"。熟悉的配方，熟悉的味道，这依然是由常见词根词缀构成的单词。"incentive"是考研大纲收入的名词，意思是“鼓励、激励”，而"ize"是常见动词后缀，那么"incentivize"理论上可理解为“鼓励、激励”这个动作，而且这也符合原文语境。总结：英语一英译汉板块依然是整张试卷最难的板块，但在这部分上拿到不错分数也并非不可能。我们需要的是方法和态度。方法指的是了解英译汉命题规律和考点，比如一直重点考查的多义词、派生词和固定用法，以及今年首次考查的虚拟语气等。那么我们在背单词阶段的态度应该有所转变。比如，我们需要积累常见词根、词缀以便结合上下文猜测出超纲词的含义，我们还需要积累常见单词的生僻含义以及单词组合起来构成的固定用法（成语）。而且我们在做这些训练的同时，提升的绝对不只是英译汉能力，同时提高的还有阅读理解能力和写作能力。英语二 翻译It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He has such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.” Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game.”While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.参考译文：英国作家吉米哈利的实力容易被低估。他的作品讨喜且通俗易懂以致大家觉得任何人都可以模仿。“我可以写书，我只是没时间。”这种话我听过无数次。说起来容易，做起来却没那么简单。按照吉米哈利自己的说法，他在“尝试写作这种游戏”的初期并不顺利，这与大众对他的看法刚好相反。虽然大家都知道他才华横溢，但他带个世人的精彩作品都是多年阅读、练习以及不断重写的成果。和绝大数作家一样，他这一路必然有很多次被拒稿的失望经历，但这些使他对成功更加坚定。哈利一生中每一次成功都来之不易，在文学界的成就也不例外。【详细解析】和2018年真题类似，这一年翻译文章是对知名人物的介绍，文字难度低，通俗易懂，难度基本与2018持平。英语二翻译总体难度比英语一低，但每年得分率也不超过60%，这是因为字里行间中有一些细小的单词、短语、结构较难理解或润色，而这些点是阅卷者阅卷时的重点关注对象，也是得分或扣分的关键。从2010-2019这十年翻译真题，我们不断得出一个结论：重视英语基本功。这指的是对英语单词在特定语境中的理解、掌握常见的固定用法、以及了解英语和汉语在表达时的区别等等。英语二翻译价值15分，不容小觑，希望2020考研考生认真对待。1. It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot.这句话中包含的句型"It is easy to do something"通常译为“做某事很简单”，所以这句可直译为“低谷英国作家"James Herriot"很简单”。但这不够通顺，所以我们要对其润色，比如“英国作家"James Herriot"很容易被低估”，这就好比我们会把"It is easy to learn English"译为“英语很容易学”的原理是一样的。另外"James Herriot"这个名字可以不译，也可以根据读音译为詹姆斯哈里亚特（请参考007"James Bond"的译名）。尽管这个作家在国内早已约定翻译为吉米哈利，但译为“詹姆斯哈里亚特”不扣分。2. He has such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it.前半句直译成“他有如此的令人愉悦的、可读的风格”显然不妥。首先，我们在这里讨论他的作品风格，而不是他本人性格，所以"pleasant, readable"描述他的作品而非作者，因此我们可以将pleasant润色为“讨喜”，并将"readable"译为“通俗易懂”。3. How many times have I heard people say “I could write a book. I just haven't the time.”词句包含直接引语，这部分独立不可分割，我们可以先译出来——我可以写书，我只是没有时间。前半句的意思是多次听人们说这样一句话，所以整句话可译为：我听过多少次人们说“我可以写书，我只是没有时间”。也可以先翻译直接引语，再总结式地翻译前半句：“我可以写书，只是没时间。”这种话我听过无数次。4. Easily said. Not so easily done.省略句，源自成句"easily said than done"(说起来比做起来容易)，原句为"It is easily said. It is not so easily done." 因为在这篇文章中，原本的成语一分为二，翻译时也可以如此断句——说起来容易，但做起来没那么简单。5. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game.”这句话包含两个插入成分。首先是"contrary to popular opinion"（与大众观点相反的是），这是一个句子状语，通常放在句首，偶尔像这句话一样，放在主语和谓语之间。在翻译的时候，放在句首符合汉语表达习惯。后面的"as he put it"（就像他所说的）是一个状语从句，但插入在of和后面的直接引语之间，造句理解困难。将这个成分剥离，我们可以看到剩下部分in his early days of “having a go at the writing game”其实是一个时间状语，修饰主干成分。在翻译"as he put it"时，要考虑放在整句话哪个位置。放在原句那个位置显然不妥；其实我们根据汉语的语感，这种表达要么放句首起引领作用，要么放句尾起总结作用，但句首已经有了“与大众观点相反的是”，所以两者都放句首造成冲突。那么我们考虑将"as he put it"放句尾，但这样一来无论怎么润色都不通顺，所以我们考虑将它放句首并将"contrary to popular opinion"从而润色为“这与大众观点相反”。如此一来，整句话就通顺了。6. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading.连词"while"放置于句首，多半情况下表示“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句。从句中"natural talent"字面含义为“自然的才能”，也就是“天赋”的意思。另外，"an abundance of"的字面意思是“丰富的，大量的”，但搭配“天赋”不够通顺。冷静下来想一想，所谓的“丰富大量的天赋”不就是“才华横溢”嘛。主干部分都主语说的是他的作品。"Polished"一词原本指“经过打磨的”，但修饰作品时则表示“精彩的”。7. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed.连词"but"之前的句子不太好润色。"Many disappointments and rejections"直译的结果是“多次失望和拒绝”。我们需要结合文章背景来做进一步理解：这位作家并非年少成名，而偏向大器晚成。那么一个这样的作家在早期必然经历很多挫折，比如像J.K.罗琳那样写的很多稿件被出版社拒之门外，从而无比失望了，这不就对应到"many disappointments和rejections"嘛。那么我们可以将这部分润色为“他这一路必然有很多次被拒稿/稿件被拒的失望经历”8. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.前半句考查固定用法"earn … the hard way"，意思是“做到某事来之不易”。同学们可能没见过这种用法，但根据"the hard way"和全文大意也能猜测出大概含义。后半句也包含一个固定句子结构"X be no exception"，意思是“X也不例外”，这个短语在阅读真题中出现过，做过相应文章的同学应该不陌生，可以轻松翻译出来。最后，祝大家圣诞节快乐。

每年四月都会写一篇关于如何正确做阅读精翻的文章给当年考研的小伙伴们看，以确保大家都能正确做精翻，不浪费时间，高效的复习，快速提高英语基本功。今年也不例外，下面我们就来看看考研英语阅读精翻的正确打开方式吧。所谓精翻，顾名思义，就是精确仔细的翻译，对于所有考研的学生来说，大量精翻历年的阅读理解真题文章是有效并快速提升英语基本功及阅读能力的途径。因为可以在精翻过程中巩固词汇，语法知识，练习翻译方法和技巧，提高语言组织和表达能力，更深入的理解文章的内容，丰富不同方面的背景知识，把握篇章整体结构，从而整体提升阅读的能力。所以，精翻绝对是提高英语水平、考研英语拿高分的必经之路。下面老毙就为大家介绍下正确做精翻的四个步骤：第一遍翻译不要查单词，不要翻语法书，就根据自己认识的词，自己的理解翻译，遇到生词就根据语境和上下文去推理和引申，争取推出单词和短语的含义，遇到长而难的复杂句子，要划分下句子结构，找出主从句，分清修饰成分，老毙告诉大家，尽量做到精细化分，然后再一点点的翻译，切忌这一步不要查参考书，一定要自己动手写到纸上，不能仅仅在头脑里想象，那不是做翻译，是在看翻译。第二遍翻译这一遍可以查单词了，把第一遍翻译时不认识的词和短语都查查，看看自己第一遍猜对了没有。如果猜对了，一定记住思路，以后遇到生词时就可以这样猜词义了。如果没猜对，那就从这个单词在词典中的几个意思里选择一个最符合上下文的意思放在文章中去理解。或者是根据语境，在单词基本含义的基础上，对单词的意思进行最符合上下文的推理引申。再就是第一遍分析长难句时如果有不懂的语法现象，翻翻语法书，再重新看看那个长句子到底怎么理解，也就是说在有参考书查阅的情况下再次翻译和修改，应该比第一次翻译的要好了。第三遍翻译这一次可以拿着参考答案的译文来对照了，包括答案中一些对长难句的解析都要看，看看自己欠缺在哪里，是没能根据单词的基本释义推出具体语境的意思，还是长难句理解有问题，没搞清句子结构，主从修饰关系，还是语序没有调整好，语言组织和表达的不够完美等等问题，然后一一改正并记录下来，把该背的单词短语都背下来，然后反思自己的不足，避免下次犯同样的错误，当然，在对照的时候不需要逐字逐句必须和答案完全一致，只要大致意思相同即可。但是语序调整的问题一定要注意。第四遍翻译有了前三遍的基础，相信你一定对文章内容有了很深刻的印象了，对大多数单词和句子以及翻译也都了解了，那么，忘记参考译文，重新再翻译一遍，凭自己对文章内容的理解，用自己的语言再好好翻译润色下自己译文。通常情况下，一篇文章经过这样四遍的翻译，无论是单词，短语，还是句子，你都会有很深刻的认识了，然后把该背下来的都背下来，如果一篇文章能够实打实的做到这四遍，经过一段时间的练习，阅读能力一定有很大的提高和质的飞跃。老毙有一点要提醒小伙伴们，四遍的翻译过程中，思考是最重要的，总结自己做的好的地方，思考自己的不足，不能心急，考研英语本就是个靠点滴积累，慢慢进步不能一蹴而就的科目，只有这样做精翻才是正确的打开方式，才不会浪费时间做无用功。考研使用毙考题，不用再报培训班。

The standardized ecational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 广泛用来帮助选择、分类、指定或者激励学生、雇员和军队人员的标准化教育或心理测试是近来书刊、杂志、日报社甚至是国会攻击的目标。71) Thetarget is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lieswith ill-informed or incompetent users.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者未注意到其弊病在于那些对测试不甚了解或使用不当的使用者。The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions.这些测试本身只是工具，其特点能够在特殊的条件下相当准确地被估量。Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.测试结果是否有价值、有意义，或者甚至误导人部分取决于工具本身，而大部分取决于使用者。All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research proctivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate.所有已知的对将来行为的预测都是基于对过去某些相关经验的了解的基础之上的：学校成绩、科研生产力、销售业绩，或诸如此类。72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends uponthe amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdomwith which it is interpreted.这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现证实，这取决于被采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.任何仔细记分的人都知道可用的信息总是不完整的，预测总是容易出现错误。Standardized tests should be considered in this context.标准化测试应该考虑在这样的环境中使用。They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is.他们提供快捷、客观的方法以获取关于某个人学到了什么、他有哪些技能或者他属于哪种人的一些信息。The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.如同其他种类的信息，如此得来的信息在质量方面也是兼有优缺点。73) Whether to use tests, otherkinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidencefrom experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.因此，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是在某一特定情况下两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和现有条件等因素。74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.一般来说，当被测定的特征能够被很准确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当被测定或被预测的东西不能够被明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people.如果测试被恰当地使用，它们将提供一种快捷的方式来获取有关很多人的可比较的信息。Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.有时，通过它们（测试）还可以发现那些高潜质以前没有被发掘的学生，但许多事情是测试做不到的。75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大才干。试题分析1.[解析]本题考核的知识点：名词译为动词和介词语短的译法。这是一个主从复合句。主干为主系表结构带一个for引导的原因状语从句。主句翻译成“目标是错误的”含义不够清楚，根据上下文可知，the target应翻译成“把标准化测试作为抨击目标”。状语从句的主干是critics divert attention from…，直译为“批评家把注意力从弊病上移开”，意译为“批评家没有考虑其弊病”。The fault和其后的定语从句直译为“在于消息不灵通或不称职的使用者的错误”也不太符合中文的习惯，原因在于英文的名词使用频率比中文高，翻译时经常需要把名词转化为动词。users的动词是use，users前的形容词应相应地转为修饰动词的状语，可以译为“人们使用测试时对信息了解不够或使用不当”。In attacking the tests是介词短语做状语，译成状语从句时关键要看此介词短语在原句中起什么作用，然后再译成中文相应的状语从句。译文：把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者未考虑其弊病是来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。2. [解析]本题考核的知识点：句子理解，代词指代。句子的主干是：How well…depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of… and (depends) on the skill and wisdom…。主语是how well开头的主语从句，其中使用了被动语态的将来时。“by+施动者”译成被动语态。depend后除了upon接了the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information做介词宾语之外，后头的the skill and wisdom with which 也是承接depend 而来，做on的介词宾语。with which引导的定语从句中it指代前文中的information，所以定语从句译成“解释这些信息的技能和才智”。词汇方面：validated的意思可以从形容词valid（有效的）推出，译为“证实”。译文：这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现证实，这取决于被采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。3.[解析] 本题考核的知识点：抽象名词的意译和代词指代。这是一个简单句。Whether to use… situation做主语；whether… or 意为“是……还是”; depends是谓语；evidence from和such factors as…共同做介词on的宾语。主语中的both根据上文应该指tests, other kinds of information两者；the evidence后有from experience修饰，experience又由一现在分词短语修饰；the evidence… validity可以译作“有关相对效度的经验依据”。译文：因此，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是在某一特定情况下两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和现有条件等因素。4. [解析] 本题考核的知识点：状语从句的翻译和句子间的对比。该句由两个并列的主从复合句构成：the tests work most effectively when…and least effectively when…。两个分句由and 连接，and 之后的分句承前省略了主语和谓语the tests work。两个when都引导了时间状语从句，翻译时应置于主语之前。第二个状语从句中的主语是what 引导的名词性从句：what is to be measured or predicted，意为“被测定和被预测的东西”。词汇方面：work在这里意马心猿为“起作用”的意思；qualities是指被测人的素质；define意为“下定义，界定”。译文：一般地说，当被测定的特征能够被很准确的界定时，测试最为有效；而当被测定或被预测的东西不能够被明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。5.[解析] 本题考核的知识点：虚拟语气，推测词义这是一个并列复合句。前一个分句的主语they指上文的the tests（本题所在段落中第二、三、四句的主语都承接第一句的主语tests，用they代替)。后一分句省略主语。由于两个分句成分相同时才会省略，因此这里省略的主语就是they(指测试)。Tell后的宾语从句用的是虚拟语气，表示对过去情况的虚拟；had he grown up 即if he had grown up。翻译时虚拟句中的条件从句应该放在其主句之前。词汇方面：gross在这里意为“明显的”；tell在此意为“判断、说明”；underprivileged 是一个需要用词汇学知识去推测词义的词，under(在……下)+privilege(特权)，意为“在特权之下”，即物质条件不好，也可以结合条件句中的favorable circumstances(好的物质环境)的反义猜出词义；how able可以译作“有多能干，有多大的才干”。译文：例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大才干。

近20年考研英语真题翻译常考词组，助你成功上岸收藏起来吧素材来源：艺考直通车

原文+译文：Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.实际上，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者（即做实验的人）有所准备的头脑。Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple.据说艾萨克·牛顿爵士是从苹果落地现象中发现了万有引力。Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets.多少个世纪以来，许多地方一直都有苹果落到地面，成千上万的人也都看过苹果落地。但多年来只有牛顿一直对月球和行星沿轨道运行的起因感到好奇。What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.是什么使它们保持在现在的位置？它们为什么不从天上掉下来？苹果向下落到地面而不向上飞到树上，这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大的“果实”——月球和行星所存有的疑问。How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree?多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢？Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research.牛顿这样做了，因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是怀有好奇心。他的头脑在准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究的一个基本特征。If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。科学家们在为学术刊物撰写呆板的例行报告时往往会忘记这一点，而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought.在和一些科学家，特别是年轻科学家交谈时，你可能会有这样一种印象：他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment.我出席过一些科研会议，会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.”那位科学家皱了皱眉，又看了看图表，然后说：“数据还是不够确定。”“We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.预算部门的人说：“这点我们知道，但你的意见如何？你觉得值得做下去吗？你觉得我们可以期待什么呢？”这位科学家感到很震惊，他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.当然，这几乎等于说：这位科学家成了自己所写报告的受害者。He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced instrial and business management that they are true.他所提出的种种论断是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不仅他自己相信了，而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to proce results measurable in dollars and cents.假如科学实验像科学杂志报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可用美元、美分衡量的结果是完全合理的。It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.审计人员也完全有理由相信，确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要分心：用一只眼盯着现金计数器的同时，用另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家渴望规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，也就是无可指摘的。试题：51. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are concted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research52. The author asserts that scientists.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings53. It seems that some young scientists.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”54. The author implies that the results of scientific research.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by management答案：A B D A

本文强调了要为大学生提供更多课程方面的信息，从而使他们在对各门不同学科进行钻研之后，选择符合自己兴趣和能力的学科。It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards.发现有多少上大学的年轻人对将来要做什么没有任何明确的想法，将是一件有趣的事情。(21) If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities.（21）如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程，我们就不难发现，对一个学生来说，要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。(22) If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit.（22）如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识，为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有好处的。(23) Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do.（23）学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束，气氛往往令人感到过于拘束，使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。(24) Most students would, I believe, profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all rounders” with no particular interest.（24）我认为大多数学生，尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”，经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益。They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say, “I should like to have been an archaeologist.他们应该有更长的时间来决定想拿什么学科的学位，以便在以后的岁月里回顾过去时不会说，“我希望自己是一名考古学家。If I hadn’t taken a degree in Modern Languages, I shouldn’t have ended up as an interpreter, but it’s too late now. I couldn’t go back and begin all over again.”如果我没有获得现代语言的学位，就不会成为一名翻译，但现在为时已晚。我不能回头再重新来过了。(25) There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one’s time at university.（25）当然，关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间，还有另外一个方面。(26) This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning.（26）某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。(27) He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about.（27）他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受，再花三、四年时间成为一名专家。结果他以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位，但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知。(28) It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.（28）因此，如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会，就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的的建议。这个问题显得越来越重要了。Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject,只有这样，我们才能确保：一方面，我们不会有一帮对自己学科以外的事情完全无知的专家，and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.另一方面，我们不会有越来越多的毕业生具备这个工作世界很少或没有需求的学科的知识。

本文是2013年考研英语试卷阅读理解Part A的Text 2部分。本文主要讲述了网络隐私问题，就“在线行为广告”引发的争议展开论述，随后追溯了争议的相关解决方案。An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half.老话说的好，广告费的一半是浪费了的——问题是，没人知道哪一半浪费掉的。In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reced.在互联网时代，至少在理论上，这一浪费的部分能够减少。By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.通过观察人们搜索什么，点击什么，在网络上说什么，公司能够瞄准那些更容易购买的客户投放“行为”广告。26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:第一段表明，“行为”广告帮助广告商：[A] ease competition among themselves缓和他们之间的竞争[B] lower their operational costs降低运营成本[C] avoid complaints from consumers避免消费者的抱怨[D] provide better online services提供更好的网络服务答案：B。解析：第一句就指出了，广告费花费了有一半被浪费掉了。后面指出互联网时代广告费用大幅减少，因为公司（广告商）能够将“行为”广告投放给最有可能购买的人群。由此可知，“行为广告”能帮助广告商“降低运营成本”这句话最符合题意。In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?在过去几周，一场争论表明这些精准信息对于广告商的价值：广告商应该假定用户乐于被追踪并且收到这些广告吗？或者应该获得用户明确的准许？In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .在2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会建议提出一个“禁止追踪”的选项加入到网络浏览器中，以便用户能告诉广告商他们不想被“追踪”。Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is e to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the instry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.微软的IE浏览器和苹果的Safari浏览器提供了“禁止追踪”选项；谷歌的Chrome浏览器在今年准备提供这样的功能。2月，联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟同意该行业尽快对“禁止追踪”这一请求作出回应。27. “The instry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers to:“该行业”指的是：[A] online advertisers在线广告商[B] e-commerce conctors电子商务运营[C] digital information analysis数字信息分析者[D] internet browser developers网络浏览器开发商答案：D。解析：FTC和DAA一致认为the instry会对DNT要求迅速做出回应。前面又指出FTC提议在浏览器上添加DNT选项，可见这个提议的动作执行者在浏览器开发商。可见FTC和DAA提议的the instry就是浏览器开发商。On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version e to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.微软在五月31日率先发起讨论，它表明随windows8一起发布的IE 10，将把“禁止追踪”选项设为默认状态。Advertisers are horrified .广告商慌神了。Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.人性本质上是，大多数人还是坚持默认设置的。Few switch DNT on now,but if tracking is off it will stay off.很少人会打开DNT选项，但是如果“追踪”是关闭的那么它就一直关闭了。Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,says consumers will be worse off if the instry cannot collect information about their preferences.国家广告协会会长Bob Liodice 表示，如果这个行业不能收集消费者们的偏好信息，消费者的情况将会更糟。People will not get fewer ads,he says.“They’ll get less meaningful,less targeted ads.人们看到的广告不会更少，他们会得到更多的“无意义的”、更不精确的目标广告。28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultBob Liodice坚称设置“禁止追踪”为默认选项[A] may cut the number of junk ads可能减少垃圾广告[B] fails to affect the ad instry对这个行业没有影响[C] will not benefit consumers对消费者不利[D] goes against human nature违反人性答案：C。解析：Bob Liodice指出了消费者的情况会更糟糕，收到的广告不会变少，反而会出现更多无意义的广告。所以C正确。It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.还不清楚广告商怎么回应。Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.收到“DNT”信号并不能迫使企业去停止追踪，尽管一些企业承诺会这么做。Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.由于不能分辨出用户是拒绝“行为”广告还是他们只是坚持微软的默认选项，一些企业可能忽略“禁止追踪”的信号并且继续追踪。29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?根据第六段，下面哪一个是正确的？[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose“禁止追踪”可能不能取得预期目标[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT广告商更希望执行“禁止追踪”选项[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers“禁止追踪”在消费者之中并不流行[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads广告商有责任提供“行为”广告答案：A。解析：公司收到DNT信号并不意味着一定要求停止追踪，而且由于他们不清楚消费者心理，可能也会对DNT默认信号加以忽略。由此，DNT并不能达到限制公司获取用户在线行为信息的目的。所以A合适。Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.并且也不清楚为什么微软一意孤行的发起行动。After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.毕竟，它也有商业广告业务。据称这些业务也遵守“禁止追踪”选项设定。不过还在具体怎样实施还在研究当中。If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising，it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.如果它是想让谷歌不高兴，谷歌的业务几乎全靠广告支持。它选择了一个不太直接的方式，没有保证说能将“‘禁止追踪’设为默认状态”成为行业规范。DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other procts favorably with Google's on that count before.“禁止追踪”看起来也不能成为Windows 8的巨大卖点，尽管此前这个公司将旗下一些产品与谷歌的进行了有利对比。Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged:" we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?Brendon Lynch，微软首席隐私官，在博客中写道：我们相信消费者将有更多的控制权。真的那么简单吗？30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:作者对Brendon Lynch在博客中所说的态度是：[A] inlgence纵容[B] understanding理解[C] appreciation欣赏[D] skepticism怀疑答案：D。解析：Brendon Lynch说消费者应该拥有更多控制权，但是作者后面又反问：真的那么简单吗？可见，作者对Brendon Lynch的观点是怀疑的。