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夜魔侠考研英语真题
考研英语真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait ten months.1.[A]by way of [B]on behalf of [C]as well as [D]with regard to2. [A]adapt to [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]decide on3. [A]close [B]renew [C]arrange [D]postpone4. [A]Above all [B]In theory [C]In time [D]For example5. [A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless6. [A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through7. [A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so8. [A]copy [B]test [C]recite [D]create9. [A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying10. [A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving11. [A]meeting [B]collection [C]association [D]union12. [A]grow [B]part [C]deal [D]live13. [A]whereas [B]until [C]if [D]for14. [A]obtain [B]follow [C]challenge [D]avoid15. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed16. [A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever17. [A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed18. [A]withdrawn [B]invested [C]donated [D]divided19. [A]breaks [B]warms [C]shows [D]clears20. [A]so that [B]while [C]once [D]in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion instry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion instry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their indivial worth.The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion instry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion instry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion instry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular instry.21.According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined.[B] New runways would be constructed.[C] Websites about dieting would thrive.[D] The fashion instry would decline.22.The phrase “impinging on” (Line 2,Para 2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of.[B] indicating the state of.[C] losing faith in.[D] doing harm to.23.Which of the following is true of the fashion instry?[A] The French measures have already failed.[B] New standards are being set in Denmark.[C] Model are no longer under peer pressure.[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse.24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting a high age threshold for models.[B] caring too much about models’ character.[C] showing little concern for health factors.[D] pursuing perfect physical conditions.25.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?[A] The Great Threats to the Fashion Instry.[B] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty.[C] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France.[D] A Challenge to the Fashion Instry’s Body Ideals.Text 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.” Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Consecutive parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London are alone, with no intrusion on green bet. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26.Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A] didn’t start till the Shakespearean age.[B] has brought much benefit to the NHS.[C] is fully backed by the royal family.[D] is not well reflected in politics.27.According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now be[A] graally destroyed.[B] effectively reinforced.[C] largely overshadowed.[D] properly protected.28.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development.[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building.[C] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.[D] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.29.The author holds that George Osborne’s preference[A] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.[B] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.[C] stresses the necessity f easing the housing crisis.[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.30.In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain.[B] the political life in today’s Britain.[C] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.[D] the town-and-country planning in Britain.Text 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of businesses,” Wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profit”. But even if you accept Firedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggest the CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR,according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s procts are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s procts as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s procts as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for briding foreign officials,” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A] tolerance[B] skepticism[C] uncertainty[D] approval32.According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A] winning trust from consumers.[B] guarding it against malpractices.[C] protecting it from being defamed.[D] raising the quality of its procts.33. The expression “more lenient” (Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning to[A] more effective[B] less controversial[C] less severe[D] more lasting34.When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record[A] has an impact on their decision.[B] comes across as reliable evidence.[C] increases the chance of being penalized.[D] constitutes part of the investigation.35.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?[A] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[B] The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.[C] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.[D] It has brought much benefit to the banking instry.Text 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Timesceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future，”the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside，there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper-printing presses, delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Timesshould’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as a blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times?“I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said. “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy proct.”The most loyal customers would still get the proct they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.” In other words, if you’re going to make a print proct, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Timesis doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year—more than twice as mush as a digital-only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly e[A] the high cost of operation.[B] the pressure from its investors.[C] the complaints from its readers.[D] the increasing online ad sales.37. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should[A] seek new sources of readership.[B] end the print edition for good.[C] aim for efficient management.[D] make strategic adjustments.38.It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy proct”[A] helps restore the glory of former times.[B] is meant for the most loyal customers.[C] will have the cost of printing reced.[D] expands the popularity of the paper.39.Peretti believes that, in a changing world.[A] legacy businesses are becoming outdated.[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges.[D] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.40.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once[B] Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand[C] Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good[D] Keep Your Newspapers Forever in FashionPart BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the A-G for each of the numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Have confidence in yourself[C] Decide if the time is right[D] Understood the context[E] Work with professionals[F] Make it efficient[G] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and like ability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader, Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips:As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful ring transitions-- when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues, and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have . Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it?For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What convey status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to rece decision fatigue . Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46)We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone.Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition of exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us, (47)Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem—confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives—the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a from of innate or unlearned optimism. (48)Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness of they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice. We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50)As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingDirections:Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题答案详解（完整版）Section I Use of English1、【答案】B as well as【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容可以判断，"择偶涉及男方的亲朋好友，_____女方的亲朋好友"显然前后是并列关系，选项中只有B选项as well as 表示并列关系。其他选项意思与原文内容不符。2、【答案】D decide on【解析】根据选项得知空格处需要填谓语动词，空格后面的宾语是"…配偶"，所以根据动宾搭配的原则，D选项 decide on可以与后面的宾语，构成通顺语义：选择配偶。所以D项正确。3、【答案】C arrange【解析】此题考查的仍是动宾搭配，空格处后面的内容the marriage negotiation，只能与选项C arrange构成通顺语义，"安排…磋商"，故选C。4、【答案】A In theory【解析】根据空格后面的内容，得知女孩可能会否定她的父母为其所选的配偶；句中的may 表示的是一种可能性。所以，与原文句子内容表达一致的，只有A选项 in theory。5、【答案】C after【解析】空格处所在的句子是现在完成时，逗号后面的内容是一般现在时，所以根据时态判断，前后内容存在时间上的先后性，所以C选项after正确。6、【答案】A into【解析】原文：each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying _______ a good family. 每个家庭调查另一个家庭，确保孩子娶或嫁到一个好家庭。此处需要填入一个介词，嫁入另一个家庭，介词选择into最合适。故选A。7、【答案】C but【解析】若要判断此空的答案，需要看到前后文的具体含义和逻辑关系。空格上半句说：原来传统婚礼持续三天，后半句说：到20世纪80年代婚礼通常持续1天半，显然前后文形成了对比，故选C。8、【答案】C recite【解析】原文：Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and______ prayers of blessing.佛教神职人员提供一个简短的布道和__________祈祷祝福。四个选项中只有recite prayers为其固定搭配，意为"诵经"。故选C。9、【答案】D tying【解析】原文：________ cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, 把浸泡在圣水中的棉线______在新娘和新郎的手腕。A folding 折叠； B piling 堆积；C wrapping 包裹；以上三项均不符合文意，故选D项tying，绑，系。10、【答案】B passing【解析】原文： around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the union.在一圈婚姻幸福美满和德高望重的情侣中_________一根蜡烛来祝福他们。根据语境，A lighting，点亮，C hiding隐藏，D serving 服务;均不合适，只能选B passing 传递。故选B。11、【答案】D union【解析】该句讲到：围坐在新婚夫妇身边祝福他们的____. 根据语境可知应填入团聚的含义，四个选项中union可以表示团聚之意， 为正确答案meeting会议、会面，association联合、联盟，collection收集、集合，均不符合语境。12、【答案】 D live【解析】该句意思是：传统意义上讲新婚夫妇搬去新娘的父母家，并和他们______长达一年之久。前文讲到新婚夫妇搬去新娘的父母家，后文应保持一致性，"和他们生活在一起"故为答案live (with) 与……生活在一起，grow成长，part (with)表分离，反向干扰，deal (with) 处理、应对，不符合题意，故live为正确答案13、【答案】 B until【解析】该句意思是：新婚夫妇搬去新娘的父母家，并和他们______长达一年之久，______他们能够在附近建造新房。空格需要填入逻辑连接词，前后为时间先后关系，故代入until，语义合理，"直到他们造新房之前都住在新娘父母家"。前后文无转折，可排除whereas然而。for表原因，if表条件，代入均不合理。因此答案为until。14、【答案】 A obtain【解析】该句意思是：离婚是合法的并容易______，但并不普遍。填入词应与legal感情色彩一致，故排除avoid（避免）及challenge（挑战，质疑），而follow（跟随）一词通常不与divorce搭配。选项obtain代入语境中，obtain a divorce可以表示获得离婚，搭配合理，语义通顺，为正确答案。15、【答案】C viewed【解析】该句意思是：人们______离婚的人是反对的。此处需填入动作，isolated隔离，persuaded劝说，viewed看待、视为，exposed暴露、揭露。代入文中viewed是最合理的，人们看待离婚的人持反对态度的。因此答案为viewed。16、【答案】D whatever【解析】此处空前有动词retain， 因此需要填入一个连词引导宾语从句， 并且与property搭配，共同充当从句中的宾语。因此排除A选项wherever"无论何地"和C选项whenever"无论何时"。B 选项"however"，作"但是"解，与句意不服， 作"无论多么"理解， 后面常跟形容词，而非名词。 而whatever 与property搭配，可以充当宾语从句的宾语，表示"一切财产"，因此选项D为正确答案。17、【答案】B brought【解析】此处需要填入一个动词，能和property 形成动宾搭配。A选项changed意为"改变"， B选项brought意为"带来"，C选项shaped意为"形成"，D选项pushed意为"推搡"。因此符合文意，能够和财产搭配的只能是选项B。18、【答案】A divided【解析】空格处是一个被动语态， 此处仍然需要填入一个与jointly-acquired property（共同获得的财产）形成动宾搭配的动词。A 选项divided"分割"，不B选项invested"投资"，C选项donated"捐赠"，D选项withdrawn"取钱；撤走资金"，均能和jointly-acquired property构成动宾搭配，但是此处的情境是讨论离婚时的行为， 因此A选项为正确选项。19、【答案】C shows【解析】此处考察固定词组。 A选项clear up意为"（天空）放晴；治疗；处理；解释"，B选项warm up意为"使变热；（使）更活跃"，C选项show up意为"显现，出现"，D选项break up意为"结束；使破碎"。后文提到离婚后，男士可以立即重婚， 而女士必须要等十个月，可知符合文意，并且能够和"性别歧视"搭配的只能是选项C。20、【答案】A while【解析】此处考察上下文的逻辑关系。上文指出，离婚男士在他再婚前没有一个等候期，空格后提到"女性必须要等待10个月"，显然，这二者之间不是因果关系，因此排除B选项 so that"所以"和D选项in that"因为"，也不是C选项once"一旦"所表达的条件关系，因此正确答案为A选项。Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121、【答案】[A] physical beauty would be redefined【解析】推断题。根据题干first paragraph定位第一段，其中第一句France ,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion instry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman.以作为全球时尚创新者为荣的法国承认已经失去定义女性形体美的绝对权利，说明法国以前制定的形体美的标准已不再适用，现在需要做出改变，故A选项为正确答案。22、【答案】[D] doing harm to【解析】词义题。根据题干关键词"impinging on"(line2, para2)，定位到第二段的第二句"They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health."（他们认为美女不应该以…健康的外表来界定）。该句承接本段第一句"Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives."其中，Such measures指代的正是第一段中阐述的"雇佣过瘦(excessive thinness)的模特会犯罪的法律规定"，且excessive一词表明了情感色彩是贬义的。因此，推断出impinging on对health是"有害的、不利的"，故选[D] doing harm to。23、【答案】[B] New standards are being set in Danmark【解析】细节题。根据题干关键词定位在原文第五段。由该段第二句可知，丹麦等国正在制定模特的标准。与选项[B]丹麦正在制定新的标准相符合，故正确。24、【答案】[C] showing little concern for health factors【解析】推理题。题干问的是"设计师似乎被CFW拒绝的原因"。根据题干关键词，回文定位到倒数第二段，其中指出"…enforcement is to deny access for designers…"，意思是"法案拒绝设计师进入CFW，它是由丹麦时装学院创办的。"，再根据该段前两句可知，丹麦时尚界同意关于模特的年纪，健康以及其他特点的法规和制裁，也就是说，丹麦时装学院不再只关注身材，也关注健康。而设计师一般都是以瘦为美，而忽视健康。综上所述，设计师被拒绝的原因是不考虑健康因素，故选[C] showing little concern for health factors。25、【答案】[A] A challenge to the Fashion Instry's Body Ideals【解析】主旨题。首段指出法律要求时尚界不能用过瘦的模特，接下来的段落重点说明时尚界的模特同时还需考虑年纪，健康以及其他方面的因素等。因此这篇文章的中心是围绕对时尚界理想体型观点的挑战，故[A] A challenge to the Fashion Instry's Body Ideals正确。Text 226、【答案】A is not reflected in politics【解析】事实细节题。根据题干"英国大众对于乡村的观点"，可定位于文章的第一段。从文章第一段的后半段能得出：英国人民在民意调查中将"乡村"和王室、莎士比亚以及英国国民保健制度并列选为英国让他们最为自豪的四个方面，但是这种观点得到的政治支持却极为有限。A选项"is not well reflected in politics"在政治中没有得到很好的体现是对原文意思的同义替换，故选A。27、【答案】D graally destroyed【解析】事实细节题。根据题干很明确能回文定位到文章第二段。该段通过第一句的"a century ago"和后面的"later"可知是在做古今对比。题干中问的是"now"，所以重点锁定在对比中的后半部分，而这部分中"They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it."一句表明现在的National Trust已背离了它原始的初衷，它之前的那些成就已经消失了。D选项 graally destroyed正是对这一意思的表述，故选D。28、【答案】C Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation【解析】推理判断题。回文定位到第三段，该段主要讲了各大党派对于这个观点（及第一段中提到的观点）的态度：基本都不赞同。最后一部分"only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pledging for a considered approach to using green land"该句说明只有Ukip这个党派是赞同这个观点，要保护乡村的。C选项正是对原文的同义置换，故选C。29、【答案】D reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas【解析】本题属于观点态度题，根据George Osborne 可以定位到文中第五段。文中提到George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. 后面一句还提到He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. 通过这两句话可以看出GO是比较喜欢rural的，而通过两个against 则可以看出对urban areas的prejudice. 故选择D reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30、【答案】C the town-and-country planning Britain【解析】本题属于观点态度题，根据最后一段第一句话可以确定本段的中心是第一句Development should be planned, not let trip, 说明发展是要有计划的，不能任其自由发展。然后再具体讲Britain经过半个世纪the town-and-country planning有计划的发展，取得了很好的成效。故选择C the town-and-country planning Britain.Text 331、【答案】A uncertainty【解析】态度题。根据题干中的关键词Milton Friedman, CSR 可以定位到第一段开头处，米尔顿·弗里德曼认为："企业有且只有一种责任，为增加利润而运用资源，开展活动"。紧接着文章转折并提出"things may not be absolutely clear-cut". 情况并不明确。由此推知，作者对此的态度是uncertainty. A选项是clear-cut的同意置换。选项B skepticism怀疑和选项C. tolerance宽容，都无从得知，选项D. approval 支持，属反项干扰，故答案选A.32、【答案】D. winning trust from consumers.【解析】细节题。根据第二段，以及题干中的关键词CSR，定位文章二段内容，公司花大笔资金在CSR上面，其结果就是"this could add value to their business in three ways", "以三种方式分别给公司带来价值"。紧接着文章分别阐述三种方式，得出正确答案为D. CSR是通过赢得顾客的信任从而帮助公司获益。33、【答案】D less severe【解析】词义题。根据题干回文定位到第四段第一句。通过该段第二句的描述可以得知CSR和政治影响是对立的两个因素。而第二句冒号后面交代，参与政治活动较多的公司不会受到较低的罚款。这就意味着，反而具有全面的CSR项目的公司受到的罚款比较低。因此，结合选项可以推出第一句话中的more lenient penalties指less severe，即不那么严重的（宽大）的惩罚。因此正确答案为D。34、【答案】B has an impact on their decision【解析】细节题。根据题干中的prosecutors evaluate a case回文定位到第五段第二句。该句指出虽然检察官在评估一个案件时，应该基于其功绩，实际上还是受到了公司CSR记录的影响。故正确答案为选项B。题干中的a company's CSR record是原文信息的复现，选项中的has an impact是原文be influenced的同义替换，their decision具体指检察官的评估决定。35、【答案】A The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown【解析】细节题。根据题干回文定位到最后一段。该段首句指出，研究者们承认他们的研究没有解决的问题是：针对CSR各大企业到底该支出多少费用。故正确答案为选项A，其中the necessary amount of companies spending on it（it指代CRS）是原文how much businesses ought to spend on CRS的同义替换，表达的核心都是"公司到底该支出多少费用"；unknown对应原文中的does not answer the question，对这个问题并没有做出回答。Text 436、【答案】[D] the high cost of operation【解析】从题干提取关键词ending和e to 定位到第二段主题句中的 incentive to ditch the print (放弃印刷的原因)。随后解释了infrastructure isn't just expensive （设备不仅仅是昂贵）。此外，该段还对比对手电子图书：don't have the same set of financial constraints（经济限制）。因此可以确定答案D： the high cost of operation 高昂的运营费用。选项A. The increasing online ad sales网络广告收入日益增加。该选项与该段 "And though print ad sales continue to dwarf their online and mobile counterparts"相违背。选项B. the pressure from its investors来自投资者的压力。该选项属于无中生有；选项C. the complaints from its readers读者的抱怨。同样是无中生有选项。37、【答案】[A] make strategic adjustments【解析】首先根据Peretti suggests定位到阐述Peretti观点的第四段第一句：Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way.可以确定答案A. make strategic adjustments进行战略调整。选项B. end the print edition for good永远结束印刷版本。该选项和shouldn't不符。选项C. seek new sources of readership挖掘更多读者。文章中未提到。选项D. aim for efficient management提高管理效率。文章中未提到。38、【答案】[B] is meant for the most loyal customers【解析】本题答案定位到第6段第1句"The most loyal customers would still get the proct they favor"以及"make it for the people who are already obsessed with it"。其他选项"会降低报纸成本""有助于恢复报纸以前的辉煌""有助于报纸的流行和普及"这些信息文中均未提及。39、【答案】[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges【解析】根据题干中的"in a changing world"定位到文章最后一段最后一句. 原文说当市场和世界形势发生变化时，我们所做的事情就毫无意义了。在这种情形下，"more aggressive（积极进取）is better", 和答案中的关键信息"aggressiveness better"相呼应。其他选项意思原文中均未提及。40、【答案】[D] Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good【解析】本文主要是讲述报纸行业为防止被淘汰的而需要做出的应对之策。根据文中第5段最后一句的"raise prices, and make it into more of a legacy proct"以及第6段中"increase it at a higher rate each year..."可得知，应该不应该立即取消或淘汰报纸行业，而应该把它变成一种更像文化遗产的一种产品，并且要不断提高报纸的价格，变成一种奢侈品。Part B41、【答案】B （Decide if the time is right）【解析】该段中出现了表示时间的词汇和短语：ring transitions; in a period of , time。在不同的时间段，作者给出了不同的策略。浏览小标题发现，只有选项B出现了表示时间的词汇。再次回看原文，本段第二句中的good与小标题中的right也恰好对应，因此确定正确答案为B选项。42、【答案】G （Know your goals）【解析】该段首句提到"弄清楚你希望达到的效果"，然后以问句形式提出段落主题，接着分两个方面来阐述：目标不同，要求不同。本段第一句话中的"get clear"与小标题中的"know"属于同义表达，并且本段第三句话中the goal 与小标题中的goal完全对应，因此正确答案为G选项。43、【答案】D （Understand the context）【解析】该段第一句话提到"要像人类学家一样来考虑你的工作环境"，接着给出了几个排比的问句，都是针对工作环境的具体细节的发问。最重要的是在结尾部分，作者总结评论道，"The better you …, the more control you …"，意为"对文化背景理解得越好，对自己的影响力就有越好的控制"。很明显，这句话凸显了context的重要性，而且出现了关键词的复现understand和context。因此，答案选D选项。44、【答案】E （Work with professionals）【解析】本段按照总分的形式安排，并且在首句给出两处关键词professionals 和 share with，即"支持专家的意见，并且与其分享个人的目标"。下文是举例论述，例如去找私人造型师而不是理发师等。紧接着下文就给出 "work with a professional photographer"让专业人士拍照片而不是自己的朋友或者是配偶。因此可以得出结论本段是围绕专业人士professionals 的重要性来展开的。故选择 Work with professionals.45、【答案】F （Make it efficient）【解析】该段落主题句出现在转折之后，即"Instead, use it as an opportunity to rece decision fatigue."，其中it指代上一句中style upgrade。通过前后两句话对比指出目的是利用style upgrade作为机会来rece decision fatigue（减少决定疲乏），从而来提高办事效率。后两句话作为论据进一步论证这一观点，因此答案选F选项。Section III Translation46、【题目考点】宾语从句，被动语态【句子结构】分号连接两个句子：第一个句子主干为we don't have to learn，how引导宾语从句作learn的宾语，其中how表示方式；第二个句子主干为it is built into us，其中代词it指代前句提及的mental health；in the same way表示方式，that引导定语从句，其中又嵌套了how引导的宾语从句，作know的宾语。【重点词汇】build sth. into sth.：使成为……的组成部分；heal：治愈；mend：修理，痊愈，愈合。【参考译文】我们不必一定去学习如何做到心理健康，这种能力植根于我们自身，就像我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口，如何修复断骨。47、【题目考点】被动语态，并列结构【句子结构】分号连接两个句子：第一个句子为主谓结构的简单句；第二个句子为but连接的两个并列分句，表达转折关系，主干为it can be hidden, but it is capable of being restored，其中介词短语like the sun behind a cloud表示比喻。【重点词汇】temporarily：暂时地；hide：隐藏，藏匿；be capable of：能够；restore：复原，恢复；in an instant：立刻，立即。【参考译文】心理健康不会去往他方。如同乌云可能蔽日，心理健康可能会暂时隐藏于视线之外，但它完全可以在须臾之间复原如初。48、【题目考点】条件状语从句，并列结构，让步状语从句，介词短语【句子结构】本句主干为：mental health allows us to view others…，三个并列的介词短语with..表示伴随。其中分别嵌套了if引导的两个条件状语从句和no matter who引导的让步状语从句。【重点词汇】sympathy：同情；unconditional：无条件的，绝对的，无限制的。【参考译文】心理健康使我们在他人陷入危难之时给予同情，痛苦不已时给予善意，无论对谁，都能给予无条件的爱。49、【题目考点】让步状语从句，原因状语从句，宾语从句【句子结构】 句子主干是it is perfectly ordinary。it指代前文提及的mental health；although引导让步状语从句，其主干为mental health is the cure-all。as引导原因状语从句，其主干为you will see；that引导从句做see的宾语，其主干为it has been there to direct you【重点词汇】cure-all：合成名词，万灵药；perfectly：完全地，指程度；see：领会，理解。【参考译文】尽管心理健康是人们度过一生的一剂万能良药，但它又普通不已，因为当你需要做出艰难决定时，都可感受到它的存在。50、【题目考点】非限定性定语从句，动名词结构，宾语从句【句子结构】句子主干是knowing that…and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily。两个动名词结构knowing…并列作主句的主语，其中that引导的宾语从句作knowing的宾语。句首的as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句，翻译时可以处理为"就像…，正如…"。【重点词汇】available：可获得的，可用的。【参考译文】就像你会渐渐明白，深悉心理健康一直触手可得并且值得信任，使我们能放慢生活脚步，活在当下，幸福生活。Section IV Writing51、【参考范文】NoticeFor better serving the international students, a notice is released here to provide the necessary information about the library.The university library opens at 8 a.m. and closes at 10 p.m. from Monday to Friday, but from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekends. If you need to borrow books, please follow the following steps. First, bring your student card and register first at the librarian's office. At most six books can be borrowed once from the library. You should keep in mind the days that you can keep the book(s) you borrow. Three months is the longest period. If you exceed the limited time, some fines should be paid.If you have any questions or suggestions about borrowing or returning books, telephone 010-8248119 or send an email to university@163.com. We sincerely hope you all enjoy the study and life in our university.University LibraryDecember 26, 201552、【参考范文】The above two pictures reveal two father's different teaching methods. In the first picture, the father is urging his son to study hard while he is smoking and watching TV idly. In the second picture, the father and his son are both concentrating on the study. The caption under the cartoon reads: "It is better to set an example than to make demands".Apparently, the author of the cartoon focuses on a fact that many parents when ecating their children tend to neglect the impact of their own acts upon their children. It is without any doubt that all parents hope that their children could have a bright future. Therefore, they tend to count on schools and the society to provide their kids with a good ecation. However, what they don't realize is that parents are the first teachers of children. Parents failing to set a role model for their children will only result in an unhealthy family atmosphere, which is definitely harmful to the future development of their children.From my perspective, ecation from parents is of vital importance to a child's healthy growth. Therefore, parents should provide their children with a favorable growing environment by being a positive role model. Only through persistent efforts and proper guidance can children enjoy a bright future.
虹2021年天津财经大学817英美文学考研真题和答案——才聪考研
关注我！全国院校英语专业英美文学考研真题分析对于报考英语专业研究生的考生而言，“英美文学”是全国各院校英语专业研究生入学考试专业课科目（一般而言，英语专业专业课分语言学、文学及翻译等三个研究方向）。需要说明的是，有的院校会将研究方向与考试科目紧密挂钩，即报考英美文学研究方向就只考英美文学试题，报考语言学方向就只考语言学试题，英美文学为单卷，分值为150分；有的院校试卷考察内容会同时涉及文学、语言学、翻译等内容（有的院校涉及两部分），各占50分，满分150分。1.1英美文学考研真题分析全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考研考试大纲时，虽然“英美文学”科目一般都有指定参考书，但考生在复习中抓不住重点，在考试中生搬硬套，考试成绩不甚理想，所以对各大院校的英美文学历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。分析各大院校的英美文学试题能够使考生对“英美文学”考试有一个全面的了解，更加清楚出题者的思路，从而正确地制定出复习方法和学习步骤，使复习具有针对性，使复习的效果更上一层楼。1．考核要求对于“英美文学”，全国各大院校自主命题，而且各院校的考核要求水平也有差异，所以没有相应的考试大纲来说明其考核要求。但国内大部分院校在命题时都会把1999年教育部批准实施的《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》作为指导标准，因此，这个大纲仍能反映目前高校对英语专业学生英美文学课程的大体要求。其要求如下：英美文学课程的目的在于培养学生阅读、欣赏、理解英语文学原著的能力，掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。通过阅读和分析英美文学作品，促进学生语言基本功和人文素质的提高，增强学生对西方文学及文化的了解。授课的内容可包括：（a）文学导论；（b）英国文学概况；（c）美国文学概况；（d）文学批评。需要注意的是，个别院校英美文学试题涉及的范围与《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》指明的授课内容会略有出入，考生复习时应以报考院校所指定参考书的内容为主要参照依据。2．试题类型和出题形式通过分析全国众多院校“英美文学”的历年真题，其题目类型大致包括填空题、选择题、名词解释（文学术语或对作家作品的解释）、简答题、作品选段分析、论述题、批判性思维(北外的特色题型)等，具体归纳如下：（1）填空题填空题出题形式有两种。一种为一个留有空白的英文句子，要求考生根据句中提供的信息填出正确的答案。一种是考查作家与作品的匹配：一般为给出作品的名称，要求考生回答作家的名字。或是给出作品的简短选段，考生回答作品及作家的名称。如：1. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote ______, which has been called “the Manifesto of American Transcendentalism,” and ______, which has been regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence.”2. Read the following excerpts and identify their authors and the titles from which they are excerpted. Give full name of the author and full title of the work.Author ______ Title ______April is the cruelest month, breedingLilacs out of the dead land, mixingMemory and desire, stirringDull roots with spring rain.填空题考核的内容比较广泛，知识点也比较分散，但难度不大。采用这类题型的院校较多，有南京大学，中国人民大学，南开大学等。需要考生对各个时段的作家作品熟练掌握。（2）选择题选择题出题形式为一个留有空白的英文句子，要求考生从所给的四个选项选出正确的答案。其主要是考查作品与作家的匹配，或是对某个作品选段的分析，或是对文学基本知识的掌握程度。如：The following selection was written by ______.A. Washington IrvingB. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowC. Emily DickinsonD. Walt WhitmanO Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done;The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is won;The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring:选择题不是特别常见，采用这类题型的院校有大连外国语学院，北京第二外国语学院等。只要考生对文学基本知识熟练把握，此题难度不大。（3）名词解释名词解释题出题形式为题目给出一个术语，或是作家作品的名称，要求考生对其解释。如：Define, in complete sentences, the following terms, writers or works in English and American literature.Harlem RenaissanceSamuel Taylor ColeridgeDeath of a Salesman名词解释题是很多学校会采用的一种题型，如中国人民大学，西安交通大学，北京师范大学，上海交通大学等。（4）简答题简答题出题形式为给出某个作家或作品，要求考生对作家所属的流派，世界观及其主要作品的分析（包括主要人物，写作风格，主题思想的分析等）。如：Give a brief answer to each of the questions below.Why does Oscar Wilde put forward the doctrine “Art for art’s sake”?简答题是很多院校都会采用的一种题型，如南开大学、上海交通大学、四川大学、武汉大学、浙江大学、中国人民大学等。（5）作品选段分析题作品选段分析题出题形式为给出某个作品的选段，要求考生根据该选段回答相应的问题，如选段的作者，选段的主体思想，写作风格，艺术手法或是对某个单词，短语或者句子的理解。如：Read the following poem by Robert Frost and do according to the requirements.该作品选段为Robert Frost的一篇脍炙人口的诗《未选择的路》，要求考生根据这首诗回答以下两个问题：1. Please analyze the symbolic meanings of this poem with your understanding of the theme implied in it (10 points);2. Please point out one or two artistic features of the poem with the examples in the text. (6 points);这种题型几乎每个学校都会涉及，要求考生对指定的教材中的作品选段要十分熟悉。有些学校会选择指定教材外的作品选段，考生对此不必担心，这样的题目弹性较大，只要能够把握选段的意思及主要思想，问题便会迎刃而解。（6）论述题论述题出题形式比较多样，但主要就是对作家作品的分析，相对于简答题而言难度稍高。有些院校擅长考查作家作品的对比比较（如武汉大学），有些院校题目中给出一些文学理论，要求考生根据理论选择作品进行文学批评（如南京大学）。论述题需要考生对英美文学有一个较为宏观的把握，但细节的东西一定要掌握牢固，能够做到活学活用。（7）批判思维题批判思维题出题形式为给出一段话，要求考生判断其逻辑错误。此题型较为新颖，但目前只有北京外国语大学采用此种题型（2010年没有考查）。考研真题精选一、填空题1. Bacon has been called the father of _____, for his works established and popularized inctive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method.（武汉大学2015研）【答案】modern science查看答案【解析】培根被称为“现代科学之父”。2. _____ is considered the first great English dramatist and the most important Elizabethan playwright before Shakespeare.（北京邮电大学2016研）【答案】Christopher Marlowe查看答案【解析】本题考查克里斯托弗·马娄的相关知识。克里斯托弗·马娄是英国诗人，剧作家，他革新了中世纪的戏剧，在舞台上创造了反映时代精神的巨人性格和“雄伟的诗行”，为莎士比亚的创作铺平了道路。3. Geoffrey Chaucer’s work The Canterbury Tales gives us a picture of the condition of English life of his day, such as its work and play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy. _____ contains the story about the three rioters as narrated by the pardoner and his long moralizings and attempts to sell fake, “relics” to other pilgrims.（大连外国语大学2010研）【答案】The Pardoner’s Tale查看答案【解析】赎罪僧的故事——关于死神降临贪财者身上的劝世寓言故事。为了杀死“死亡”，三个年轻人遇到了一个老人，他说他们会在附近的树下找到他。当他们到达的时候，他们发现了一堆宝藏，决定待在那里直到天黑，然后在黑暗的掩护下把它带走。出于贪婪，他们互相残杀。4. Of English drama in the first quarter of the 20th century mention should be made briefly of the theatrical activities in the two provincial centers of _____ and _____.（国际关系学院2010研）【答案】Manchester; Birmingham查看答案【解析】二十世纪早期，英国的两个戏剧中心为曼彻斯特和伯明翰。5. Doctor Faustus, is a play by Christopher Marlowe, based on the German story Faust, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for _____.（武汉大学2015研）【答案】knowledge and power查看答案【解析】浮士德是魔法师和炼金术士，为获得知识和权力，向魔鬼出卖了自己的灵魂。6. _____ is regarded as the third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare, and the greatest in the 17th century.（天津外国语大学2014研）【答案】John Milton查看答案【解析】弥尔顿是继乔叟和莎士比亚之后第三位伟大的英国诗人，也是17世纪英国最杰出的诗人。7. “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested” is found in Francis Bacon’s _____.（北京邮电大学2016研）【答案】Of Studies查看答案【解析】本题考查培根作品。论读书是《培根随笔》中的一篇重要的文章，收于《培根随笔》一书中。《培根随笔》是英国随笔文学的开山之作，以其简洁的语言、优美的文笔、透彻的说理、迭出的警句，在世界文学史上占据了非常重要的地位。8. The Rape of the Lock is a(n) _____ composed by Alexander Pope, which satirizes a minor incident by comparing it to the grand world of the gods.（武汉大学2015研）【答案】mock epic查看答案【解析】蒲柏的《夺发记》是最著名的英语讽刺史诗之一。9. James Joyce’s first published book, _____, is a collection of 15 stories, the most famous of which are “The Dead” and “Araby”.（天津外国语大学2014研）【答案】Dubliners查看答案【解析】乔伊斯出版的第一本书叫《都柏林人》，收集了15篇文章，其中最著名的是《死者》和《阿拉比》。10. The novel _____ written by Dickens deals with the adventures of Mr. Pickwick, a retired old merchant, who is the founder and chairman of the Pickwick Club.（大连外国语大学2010研）【答案】The Pickwick Papers查看答案【解析】《匹克威克外传》是狄更斯的第一部长篇小说，写老绅士匹克威克一行五人到英国各地漫游的故事。11. _____ are primitive creatures obsessed with “pretty stones” they find by digging in mud, thus representing the distasteful materialism and ignorant elitism Jonathan Swift encountered in Britain.（武汉大学2015研）【答案】The Yahoos查看答案【解析】《格列佛游记》中的肮脏卑劣的人性兽“耶胡”。12. Among the first dramatists to write for the popular playhouses was a group of young men called _____, because they had studied at the universities of Oxford or Cambridge. This group included Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge, and Nash.（北京邮电大学2016研）【答案】University Wits查看答案【解析】本题考查戏剧流派大学才子派。大学才子派是指16世纪80年代英国出现的一批受过大学教育的剧作家。大学才子派是莎士比亚之前的一个流派，为莎士比亚的创作提供了丰富的灵感与帮助。代表人物克里斯托弗·马洛是大学才子中最有才华、成就最大的一个，在文学史上享有“诗剧的晨星”“英国悲剧之父”的美誉。他是莎士比亚以前英国戏剧界最重要的人物，也是英国文艺复兴戏剧的真正创始人。13. Beowulf probably existed in its oral form as early as the _____ century and its hero and his adventures are placed in _____ and southern Sweden rather than in England. （国际关系学院2010研）【答案】5th; Denmark【解析】《贝奥武甫》最早在公元五世纪开始口头传诵，故事发生在丹麦和瑞典南部，诗中并没有提及英国。14. Cordelia is a character in _____, one of the four great tragedies written by _____.（大连外国语大学2010研）【答案】King Lear; William Shakespeare查看答案【解析】《李尔王》是莎士比亚的四大悲剧之一。故事讲述了年事已高的国王李尔王退位后，被大女儿和二女儿赶到荒郊野外，成为法兰西皇后的三女儿考狄利娅率军救父，却被杀死，李尔王伤心地死在她身旁。15. In more than one sense Alexander Pope was the most important English poet to come out of the 18th century. For one thing, he was the best known and the most influential not only in England but in the Europe of his time, and his _____, in rhymed iambic pentameter, took the stage and became the dominant vogue in poetic creation on both sides of the English Channel.（天津外国语大学2014研）【答案】heroic couplet查看答案【解析】蒲柏的诗多用“英雄双韵体”。他的许多词句写得工整、精练、富有哲理性，有些诗行几乎成为格言。蒲柏是第一位受到欧洲大陆关注的英国诗人，他的著作被翻译成欧洲许多国家的文字。麻烦大家关注+点赞，谢谢!!本文由【才聪学习网】原创，关注我了解更多考试资料！
爱不羁云南大学各专业2021考研资料历年真题
文章转载自：大学考研帮手公众号因篇幅限制，仅保留没目录部分1、云南大学241日语2007、2014考研真题汇编2、云南大学242法语2007、2014考研真题汇编3、云南大学338生物化学2011-2012考研真题汇编4、云南大学440新闻与传播专业基础[专业硕士]2013-2014；2014有答案考研真题汇编5、云南大学601高等数学一（自命题）07、10考研真题汇编6、云南大学606高等代数01、04-09考研真题汇编7、云南大学610基础法语07、09、14考研真题汇编8、云南大学611民族学理论与方法2007、2014考研真题汇编9、云南大学612政治学概论2007-2008、2014考研真题汇编10、云南大学613世界民族与民族问题2007-2008考研真题汇编11、云南大学617普通生物学00-01、04-08、14考研真题汇编12、云南大学619化学（一）2005-2009考研真题汇编13、云南大学621量子力学03、07-08、14考研真题汇编14、云南大学631政治学原理2006-2014考研真题汇编15、云南大学632社会学、人类学理论与方法07-09、14考研真题汇编16、云南大学633行政管理2008-2014考研真题汇编17、云南大学633行政管理2008、2014考研真题汇编18、云南大学635法理学、宪法学、诉讼法学2006-2007、2009考研真题汇编19、云南大学638传播理论02-10、14考研真题汇编20、云南大学639基础英语06-09、14考研真题汇编21、云南大学802西方经济学一（含微观经济学、宏观经济学）07-09、14考研真题汇编22、云南大学803管理学2004-2013年考研真题汇编23、云南大学803管理学2004-2014考研真题汇编24、云南大学804当代中国政府与政治09-10、14考研真题汇编25、云南大学806社会学基础（含社会学和社会工作基础知识）07-09、14考研真题汇编26、云南大学807公共经济学2010-2014、回忆版2015考研真题汇编27、云南大学810管理学原理07-08、10、14考研真题汇编28、云南大学810管理学原理2004-2013年真题；其中2013有答案考研真题汇编29、云南大学810管理学原理2004-2013年；2013有答案考研真题汇编30、云南大学814综合考试（含英美文学、英美文化、语言学）07-08、10、14考研真题汇编31、云南大学818近现代国际关系史2007、2014考研真题汇编32、云南大学823数学分析2004、2007-2009、2014考研真题汇编33、云南大学824统计学2012-2014考研真题汇编34、云南大学826生物化学00-03、05、10-12、14考研真题汇编35、云南大学827信号与系统2003-2008、2014考研真题汇编36、云南大学828自动控制原理2007、2010、2014考研真题汇编37、云南大学829化学（三）2005-2008、2010、2012-2014考研真题汇编38、云南大学830大学物理2008、2010、2014考研真题汇编39、云南大学831数据结构与操作系统2003-2007、2014考研真题汇编40、云南大学834普通物理2007、2014考研真题汇编41、云南大学837材料科学基础2007、2009-2014考研真题汇编42、云南大学837材料科学基础2007、2010、2014考研真题汇编43、云南大学838综合地理学2009、2014考研真题汇编44、云南大学841土地利用规划与管理2010-2012、2014考研真题汇编45、云南大学841土地利用规划与管理2010-2012真题；其中2011-2012考研真题汇编46、云南大学841土地利用规划与管理2010-2012；2011-2012考研真题汇编47、云南大学842数据结构与程序设计2007、2014考研真题汇编48、云南大学848大学物理2007-2008、2010、2014考研真题汇编49、云南大学852电磁场原理2011、2014考研真题汇编50、云南大学904计算机程序设计2007、2010-2011、2014考研真题汇编51、云南大学904计算机程序设计2007、2014考研真题汇编52、云南大学中国语言文学基础历年真题（2007-2013）考研真题汇编53、云南大学中外艺术史2004、2007、2009-2014汇编考研真题考研真题汇编54、云南大学你马克思主义基本原理概论2009-2014考研真题汇编55、云南大学信号与系统2003-2014考研真题汇编56、云南大学化学（三）2011-2014考研真题汇编57、云南大学基础数学历年真题数学分析（2004-2013）考研真题汇编58、云南大学基础数学历年真题高等代数（2001、2004-2013）考研真题汇编59、云南大学政治学原理2006-2011、2013-2014考研真题汇编60、云南大学数学分析2004-2014考研真题汇编61、云南大学文化人类学2007、2009-2010、2012-2014考研真题汇编62、云南大学普通生物学2000-2002、2004-2014考研真题汇编63、云南大学普通生物学2014考研真题汇编64、云南大学毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系2009-2014考研真题汇编65、云南大学民法学、经济法学、刑法学历年真题（2006-2013）考研真题汇编66、云南大学民法学经济法学刑法学2006-2013考研真题汇编67、云南大学汉语写作与百科知识2011-2014考研真题汇编68、云南大学法理学、宪法学历年真题（2006-2013）考研真题汇编69、云南大学生态学2010-2014考研真题汇编70、云南大学生物化学2001-2003、2005、2008、2011-2013考研真题汇编71、云南大学磁场原理2010-2011、2014考研真题汇编72、云南大学管理学2004-2014考研真题汇编73、云南大学经济法学、民法学、刑法学2006-2013考研真题汇编74、云南大学综合专业理论2007-2013考研真题汇编75、云南大学综合专业理论2007-2014考研真题汇编76、云南大学综合地理学2009-2013考研真题汇编77、云南大学翻译硕士英语2011-2014考研真题汇编78、云南大学考研真题理论批评（2007-2013）考研真题汇编79、云南大学自动控制原理2007-2013考研真题汇编80、云南大学英语翻译基础2011-2014考研真题汇编81、云南大学西方经济学一(含微观经济学、宏观经济学)历年真题（2006-2013）考研真题汇编82、云南大学量子力学2003、2007-2013考研真题汇编83、云南大学马克思主义哲学原理2006-2013考研真题汇编84、云南大学马克思主义哲学原理2006-2014考研真题汇编85、云南大学高等代数2001、2004-2014考研真题汇编
女社长西北大学各专业2021考研资料历年真题
文章转载自：大学考研帮手公众号因篇幅限制，仅保留没目录部分1、西北大学337美术理论（艺术概论、中外美术史）2005-2006考研真题汇编2、西北大学338生物化学1999-2012考研真题汇编3、西北大学431金融学综合[专业硕士]2012-2013考研真题汇编4、西北大学601数学乙2003-2006考研真题汇编5、西北大学612管理学（含公共管理）2003-2006、2009；其中2004有答案考研真题汇编6、西北大学616文学概论2004-2007、2009-2015考研真题汇编7、西北大学617语言学概论2003-2007、2009-2011、2013-2014考研真题汇编8、西北大学619影视概论2005-2006考研真题汇编9、西北大学621新闻传播史论2005、2008-2012考研真题汇编10、西北大学622综合英语2003-2008考研真题汇编11、西北大学624考古学综合2012-2013真题及答案考研真题汇编12、西北大学627马克思主义哲学原理2003、2005-2006考研真题汇编13、西北大学629社会学概论2005-2006考研真题汇编14、西北大学630马克思主义基本原理2008-2010考研真题汇编15、西北大学631国际关系概论2005-2006考研真题汇编16、西北大学632数学分析2003-2010；其中2007、2009-2010有答案考研真题汇编17、西北大学634有机化学2004-2007、2010考研真题汇编18、西北大学635无机化学2003-2006考研真题汇编19、西北大学636分析化学（含仪器分析）2000、2003-2006考研真题汇编20、西北大学640中药综合（中药学）2003-2006考研真题汇编21、西北大学641生态学2005-2006考研真题汇编22、西北大学643地史学2003、2005-2006、2008考研真题汇编23、西北大学801经济学（含政治经济学、西方经济学）2003-2012考研真题汇编24、西北大学802世界政治与经济2005-2006考研真题汇编25、西北大学803管理学与运筹学2006-2011考研真题汇编26、西北大学806西方经济学与应用统计学2006-2013考研真题汇编27、西北大学810综合三（含古代汉语、现代汉语、对外汉语教学）2009-2014考研真题汇编28、西北大学812影视理论专题2005-2006考研真题汇编29、西北大学813诉讼法学2005-2006、2008考研真题汇编30、西北大学815英美文学与语言学2008；英美文学2004-2006考研真题汇编31、西北大学817西方哲学史2008-2010、2012-2013考研真题汇编32、西北大学818西方社会学理论2005-2006考研真题汇编33、西北大学821高等代数2001-2009考研真题汇编34、西北大学821高等代数2003-2006考研真题汇编35、西北大学822数学史（含科技期刊史、自然科学史）2003-2006考研真题汇编36、西北大学824固体物理2003-2004考研真题汇编37、西北大学825光学2003-2005考研真题汇编38、西北大学826物理化学2001-2012考研真题汇编39、西北大学829微生物学（化工）1997-1999、2001-2006考研真题汇编40、西北大学834自然地理学2005-2013考研真题汇编41、西北大学835经济地理学2003、2005-2006考研真题汇编42、西北大学837环境工程学2005-2006考研真题汇编43、西北大学840动物生物学2003-2006、2009-2010考研真题汇编44、西北大学841微生物学1997-1999、2001-2006考研真题汇编45、西北大学842细胞生物学2003-2012考研真题汇编46、西北大学843电子线路（含模拟、数字）2003-2006考研真题汇编47、西北大学846地球科学概论2007-2011、2013考研真题汇编48、西北大学中国古代文学史（2003-2010、2013-2014）考研真题汇编49、西北大学中国现当代文学史2004-2006、2015考研真题汇编50、西北大学中药综合（中药学2003-2006）考研真题汇编51、西北大学中药综合（中药综合2007-2011）考研真题汇编52、西北大学分析化学（含仪器分析）2000、2003-2006考研真题汇编53、西北大学化工原理2001-2003、2005-2010考研真题汇编54、西北大学区域分析与区域规划2003-2006、2010考研真题汇编55、西北大学地史学（2003、2005-2006、2008、2010、2013）考研真题汇编56、西北大学地球科学概论2007-2011、2013考研真题汇编57、西北大学地理信息系统1999、2001、2003-2006、2010-2013考研真题汇编58、西北大学地理信息系统1999、2001、2003-2006、2010、2012考研真题汇编59、西北大学微生物学1997-1999、2001-2006考研真题汇编60、西北大学数学分析2003-2010；答案2009-2010考研真题汇编61、西北大学数据结构与程序设计2003-2006考研真题汇编62、西北大学文学概论2004-2006、回忆2011-2012考研真题汇编63、西北大学普通物理03-0608-10、12-14考研真题汇编64、西北大学普通物理2003-2006考研真题汇编65、西北大学植物生物学2004-2006考研真题汇编66、西北大学物理化学（2001-2012、2013回忆版）考研真题汇编67、西北大学生物化学（生科院）1999-2011考研真题汇编68、西北大学管理学与运筹学2006-2012考研真题汇编69、西北大学经济学历年真题（2003-2006、回忆2010-2012）考研真题汇编70、西北大学经济学（含西方经济学、政治经济学）2003-2012考研真题汇编71、西北大学综合一2012-2013考研真题汇编72、西北大学综合三汉语学及应用语言学2009-2014考研真题汇编73、西北大学自然地理学2005-2013考研真题汇编74、西北大学自然地理学历年真题考研真题汇编75、西北大学西方哲学史2008-2013考研真题汇编76、西北大学西方社会学理论历年真题2005-2006考研真题汇编77、西北大学西方经济学与应用统计学04-13考研真题汇编78、西北大学西方经济学与应用统计学2004-2013考研真题汇编79、西北大学西方经济学与应用统计学历年真题考研真题汇编80、西北大学语言学概论2003-2011、2013-2014考研真题汇编81、西北大学量子力学2003-2006考研真题汇编82、西北大学马克思主义基本原理2008-2010考研真题汇编
满天飞2022年北京工商大学357英语翻译基础考研真题和答案——才聪考研
关注我！《英语翻译基础》考试指导全日制翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）研究生入学考试总共有四门考试科目：《政治理论》，总分100分；《翻译硕士英语》，总分100分；《英语翻译基础》总分150分；《汉语写作和百科知识》，总分150分。《英语翻译基础》是全日制翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试的基础课考试科目，重点考察考生的英汉互译专业技能和潜质。本章通过对《英语翻译基础》考试大纲的解读以及对《英语翻译基础》试题的分析，引导考生了解宏观备考方向，并为考生提供具体可行的备考方法，使考生成功迈出《英语翻译基础》备考之旅的第一步。1.1《英语翻译基础》大纲解读全国翻译硕士专业学位教育指导委员会根据《全日制翻译硕士专业学位研究生指导性培养方案》以及培养高层次、应用型、专业性口笔译人才的教育目标，制定了全日制翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试大纲，其中，《英语翻译基础》考试大纲具体内容如下：一、考试目的《英语翻译基础》是全日制翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试的基础课考试科目，其目的是考察考生的英汉互译实践能力是否达到进入MIT学习阶段的水平。二、考试性质及范围本考试是测试考生是否具备基础翻译能力的尺度参照性水平考试。考试的范围包括MTI考生入学应具备的英语词汇量、语法知识以及英汉两种语言转换的基本技能。三、考试基本要求1具备一定中外文化，以及政治、经济、法律等方面的背景知识。2．具备扎实的英汉两种语言的基本功。3．具备较强的英汉/汉英转换能力。四、考试形式本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合，单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合的方法，强调考生的英汉/汉英转换能力。试题分类参见“考试内容一览表”。五、考试内容：本考试包括二个部分：词语翻译和英汉互译。总分150分。I．词语翻译1．考试要求要求考生准确翻译中英文术语或专有名词。2．题型要求考生较为准确地写出题中的30个汉/英术语、缩略语或专有名词的对应目的语。汉/英文各15个，每个1分，总分30分。考试时间为60分钟。II．英汉互译要求应试者具备英汉互译的基本技巧和能力；初步了解中国和目的语国家的社会、文化等背景知识；译文忠实原文，无明显误译、漏译；译文通顺，用词正确、表达基本无误；译文无明显语法错误；英译汉速度每小时250-350个英语单词，汉译英速度每小时150-250个汉字。要求考生较为准确地翻译出所给的文章，英译汉为250-350个单词，汉译英为150-250个汉字，各占60分，总分150分。考试时间为180分钟。《英语翻译基础》考试内容一览表通过大纲描述的考试目的、性质、范围、基本要求、形式和内容，以下几点考生应予以注意：1．翻译速度要求大纲规定《英汉翻译基础》考试时间为180分钟，要求学生的英译汉翻译速度为每小时250-350个英语单词，汉译英为每小时150-250个汉字。而全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试英语笔译三级要求英译汉翻译速度为100分钟500-650个单词，汉译英翻译速度为80分钟300-400个汉字。通过比较可知，《英汉翻译基础》翻译速度要求大致相当于或略低于全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试英语笔译三级翻译速度要求，客观来讲，在180分钟内完成《英汉翻译基础》这套试卷，题量并不算大，考试时间还是比较宽裕的。但是，需要注意的是，由于各院校自主命题，个别院校试题的题量可能与大纲要求略有出入，甚至题量偏大，考生在平时练习过程中，在翻译速度方面决不能掉以轻心。2．翻译质量要求大纲要求考生具备扎实的英汉两种语言的基本功，能够准确翻译中英文术语或专有名词,译文忠实原文，无明显误译、漏译；译文通顺，用词正确、表达基本无误；译文无明显语法错误。由此可见，该考试主要考查“信”、“达”、“雅”翻译标准中比较基础的“信”和“达”，其中以“信”为最核心的要求。所以考生在备考中，应把握“准确”这个核心，锻炼翻译基本功，而非追求花哨的词语和表达方式，注重直译，在翻译中用词要准确、语法要正确、意思要完整、行文要通顺，当然，在保证准确传达原文意思的情况下，译文语言的美感也可为试卷锦上添花。3．知识背景要求大纲要求考生具备一定中外文化，以及政治、经济、法律等方面的背景知识。由此可见，该考试对学生知识储备能力要求较高，不仅有文化方面，还有时事政治、经济贸易、法律政策等各个领域。考生在备考过程中，应该通过报刊、网络等媒介广泛涉猎各领域知识，拓宽自己的知识面，加深文化素养。充足的背景知识是理解原文的基础，而理解原文是翻译的首要步骤。任何文本都依赖于特定的“文化语境”（在社科领域此特征尤为突出），一个出色的译者必须首先是一个真正意义上的文化人。文化差异往往是翻译的一大障碍，不考虑文化差异的翻译往往会与原文作者想要表达的意思有出入，甚至大相径庭。译者只有深谙源语言的民族文化，才能逾越文化差异鸿沟，译出自然、地道的文章。篇章翻译第1节故事（Stories）Practice 1吴先生具备一位教师应具备的一切条件，只是不善于启发学生。他像钟表一样守时，像奴隶船上的一名划船工那样辛苦地备课。讲课时，凡引用书中原文，别人也许会照本宣科念给学生听，他却不管篇幅多长，都要全部背下来。阐述任何问题，他都是“第一……，第二……”条理清晰，活像一位教官在练兵，有点干巴，但绝不会空泛。他不是那种口若悬河讲得天花乱坠，细想却让人不知所云的教师。他讲的东西全都是有内容的，可能观点不全正确，但至少不会放空炮。他从不拐弯抹角地提出任何观点，总是十分明确有力地表达出来。换句话说，他从不怕对任何意见表示自己的态度。对于一些历史史实，尤其是百科全书和各种参考书中可以找到的史实，吴先生是无懈可击的。你只能和他公正地争论有关鉴赏或阐释的问题。也正是在这方面，吴先生暴露了他的弱点。但是这一弱点，并不是由于说理不清或立意不诚，这个弱点是人文主义者所具有的观点中固有的，而且是作为白碧德（Babbit; Babbitian）人文主义者所固有的。遗憾的是吴先生使自己被白碧德人文主义吸引住了，使得他的所有观点无不染上白碧德人文主义的色彩。伦理和艺术可悲地纠缠在一起，你常常搞不清他是在阐释文学问题呢，还是在宣讲道德问题。（489字）（杭州电子科技大学2014研）【参考译文】Mr. Wu is everything that a teacher ought to be, except to be inspiring. Punctual as a clock, he works like a galley-slave at his lectures. Where others would read a quotation out of a book, he would memorize it, however long it might be. He is as orderly as a drill-sergeant in the exposition of any subject, with his “firstly this” and “secondly that.”Dull, perhaps; but never pointless. He is not one of those teachers, who talk of everything and say nothing. What he says does mean something: it may be wrong, but at least it is not hot air. He never hedges about any point; he always puts his foot plump on it. In other words, he is never afraid of committing himself to an opinion. On matters of fact, especially of those facts which are to be found in encyclopedias and books of reference, Mr. Wu is unimpeachable. One can only fairly quarrel with him on matters of taste or of interpretation. In these, Mr. Wu shows his weakness; but it is not a weakness, e to haziness or any failing in sincerity: it is a weakness, inherent in his point of view, which is that of a humanist—a Babbitian humanist, at that. It is a pity Mr. Wu has allowed himself to be lured into Babbitian humanism. As it is, all his views are colored by it. Ethics and art get woefully mixed up. Often, one is puzzled whether he is delivering himself on a question of literature or of morality.Practice 2宋淇先生(Stephen C. Soong，1919—1996)生前著述甚丰，并不遗余力推动翻译教学与研究工作。为纪念宋先生对翻译事业的贡献，宋氏家族于1997年捐款，由香港中文大学中国文化研究所翻译研究中心设立“宋淇翻译研究论文纪念奖”，旨在奖励海内外华人学者从事具有原创性的翻译研究，尤其鼓励以第一手材料从事文化与历史方向的探讨。论文奖参选细则如下：l. 中国大陆、港、澳、台地区以及海外华人学者、研究生均可参选。2. 参选论文以中、英文语言为限，必须在2010年内公开发表于正式的学术刊物。3. 论文奖每年颁发一次，每次设奖额3名，不分等级，每位得奖者将获颁奖励证书及奖金港币3,000元。4. 论文评审委员会由中国大陆、港、澳、台地区从事翻译研究的知名学者组成。5. 参选论文恕不退稿。（四川外语学院2012研）Stephen C. Soong (1919—1996) was a prolific writer as well as an active figure in the promotion of translation ecation and research. To commemorate his contributions in this field, the Stephen C .Soong Translation Studies Awards were set up in 1997 by the Research Centre for Translation, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, with a donation from the Soong family.It gives recognition to academics who have made contributions to original research in Chinese Translation Studies, particularly in the use of first-hand sources for historical and cultural investigations. General regulations are as follows:1. Eligibility is limited to Chinese scholars or research students affiliated to mainland Chinese, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macau or overseas higher ecation/research institutes.2. Submissions must be articles written in either Chinese or English and published in a refereed journal within the calendar year 2009.3. The prize will be awarded annually to three winners without distinction of grades. A certificate and a cheque of HK $3,000 will be awarded to each winning entry.4. The adjudication committee consists of renowned scholars in Translation Studies from Greater China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.5. Articles submitted will not be returned to the candidates.Practice 3“中国航天之父”钱学森和中国“欧洲古典艺术歌曲权威”蒋英的结合堪称科学和艺术的完美联姻。因为父辈为世交，钱学森和蒋英自幼青梅竹马，都受到很好的家庭教育。1947年，他们在上海喜结良缘，而他们的结婚“信物”——黑色三角钢琴，也一直伴随他们。回国后40多年里，每当蒋英登台演出或指挥学生毕业演出时，她总要请钱学森去听、去评论。谈到文艺对科学思维的启示和开拓时，钱学森说：“在我对一件工作遇到困难而百思不得其解的时候，往往是蒋英的歌声使我豁然开朗，得到启示。”每当听到蒋英的歌声时，钱学森总是自豪地说：我是多么有福气啊！1991年10月16日，钱老在人民大会堂“国家杰出贡献科学家”授奖仪式上即兴演讲时说：“44年来，蒋英给我介绍了音乐艺术，这些艺术里所包含的诗情画意和对人生的深刻的理解，使我丰富了对世界的认识，学会了艺术的广阔思维方法。或者说，正因为我受到这些艺术方面的熏陶，所以我才能够避免死心眼，避免机械唯物论，想问题能够更宽一点、活一点。”（天津外国语学院2010研）The marriage between “Father of Chinese Aviation” Qian Xuesen and “Authority of European Classical Art Song” Jiang Ying can be rated as a perfect alliance of science and art.Because of their parents’ long-standing friendship, Qian and Jiang knew each other from childhood and they got similarly good family ecation. In 1947, they got married in Shanghai and kept their pledge of love—a black grand piano since then.In the following 40 years after returning homeland, Jiang invited Qian to listen and comment her work whenever she had a stage performance or concting job on graation concerts.Speaking of arts’ revelatory and broadening influence on scientific thinking, Qian says: “It is her songs that enlighten me whenever I am puzzled by some difficulties at work.”“How blessed I am!” Qian said proudly, every time he heard Jiang’s songs.On Oct.16, 1991, while giving a spontaneous speech on receiving “National Outstanding Contribution Award for Scientists” at the award ceremony held in Great Hall of the People, Qian says: “For 44 years, Jiang introced to me the music which embodies poetic romance and deep comprehension of life.It enriches my understanding of the world and teaches me an artistically broad way of thinking. In other words, it is right because of this artistic nurture that helps me avoid obstinateness and metaphysical materialism and makes my mind open and flexible.”Practice 4吴祖光，江苏人，以剧作家闻名。他的第一部作品《风雪夜归人》使他一举成名。他还涉足电影，京剧。“梅兰芳的艺术舞台”被认为是梅兰芳舞台纪录片中最好的一部。吴祖光就是这部电影的导演。（北京第二外国语学院2009研）Wu Zuguang, a native of Jiangsu, was well-known as playwright. His first work Return on a Snowy Night brought him instant fame. He also set foot in the fields of film and Peking opera. “Mei Lanfang’s artistic stage”, directed by Wu Guangzu, is considered as the best one of all the documentaries about Mei Lanfang’s stage life.Practice 51936年竺可桢受命出任浙江大学校长。在此之前，他已经是一位声名卓著的自然科学家了。从1936年到1949年，竺可桢当了十三年大学校长。在连绵不断的战争、学运的夹缝中，在极为恶劣的环境下，他跋涉五千里、五易校址、历经五省、颠沛流离，居然将这所他接手时只有三个学院、十六个系的大学办成拥有七个学院、二十七个系全国最完整的两所大学之一。（北京第二外国语学院2008研）麻烦大家关注+点赞，谢谢!!本文由【才聪学习网】原创，关注我了解更多考试资料！#考研#
太初新祥旭考研：2022北京师范大学行政管理专业考研综合指导
本文由新祥旭考研一对一王老师整理编汇，主要有学院介绍，专业目录，参考书，分数线等几个方面。 一、学院介绍北京师范大学政府管理学院于2013年建院，其前身为成立于2001年的管理学院。学院现有60多名教职工、1000余名在校学生，形成了“本—硕—博”完整的人才培养体系。学院现有公共事业管理（行政管理）、人力资源管理、信息管理与信息系统、管理科学4个本科专业，行政管理、政府经济管理、土地资源管理、人力资源管理、情报学、图书馆学6个硕士点和公共管理专业硕士点（MPA），行政管理、政府经济管理、土地资源管理、人力资源管理4个博士点，另有公共管理博士后流动站，拥有公共管理一级学科博士学位授权点，图书情报与档案管理一级学科硕士学位授权点，公共管理一级学科为北京市重点学科。政府管理学院拥有一支年轻、知识结构合理，充满活力的师资队伍，现有教师中具有博士学位的超过95%，为多层次、现代化和国际化的人才培养奠定了坚实基础。二、专业目录三、分数线（2019）学校名称：北京师范大学学院名称：政府管理学院年份：2019专业代码：120401专业名称：行政管理总分：340.00小科（满分=100分）：50.0大科（满分>100分）：90.0说明：1、本数据不含专项计划复试分数线（少干及退役大学生士兵）2、各院系可根据本学科、专业特点及生源和计划数制定不低基本分数线的复试基本要求。考生须达到院系确定的学科、专业复试基本要求才能进入复试。四、参考书705公共管理学《公共管理学》，李国正，首都师范大学出版社，2018年版；《公共管理导论》（第4版），欧文·休斯，中国人民大学出版社，2015年版；《公共管理学》，汪大海，北京师范大学出版社，2010年版；806经济发展与社会政策《经济学原理》（第7版），（美）曼昆，北京大学出版社，2015年版；《经济学原理》，唐任伍，北京师范大学出版社，2010年版。辅助资料《全国行政管理考研真题解析》，首都师范大学出版社，2020年版《公共管理学：考点热点与真题解析》，首都师范大学出版社，2020年版；《公共政策分析：考点热点与真题解析》，首都师范大学出版社，2020年版；《中国行政管理》期刊（最新一年1-12期）《公共管理学--一种不同于传统行政学的研究途径》（第二版）陈振明主编，中国人民大学出版社，2003年版 ；《公共管理学》，李国正，首都师范大学出版社，2018年版；《公共政策分析》，李国正，首都师范大学出版社，2019年版；《公共管理导论》（第三版），欧文E休斯著，中国人民大学出版社，2007年版。《中国行政管理新探》，彭国甫主编，湖南人民出版社，2006年版；《行政管理学》（第四版），夏书章主编，高等教育出版社、中山大学出版社，2008年版。五、专业课经验专业课我大概分了3遍。第一遍，从头到尾好好过一遍书，知道大概讲了什么，打打底。第二遍，继续读书，同时参考笔记，我用的笔记是借师姐师兄的，没有笔记的就自己看书总结。笔记分两部分，首先是这一章这一节的知识框架，列出一个表，这样对书的脉络很清晰。其次是这一章有哪些重点概念、大题。所有的书看过整理笔记之后，拿出历年真题，标记在比较上每一章考过几个题具体题目，确定哪些是重点章节。第三遍，背重点知识。背过之后拿出历年真题，自己答卷，一定要自己写一下，然后再对照真题解析，看看哪些是薄弱点，再回去背。考前按照笔记从头至尾过两遍，基本上就OK了。最后，老师近几年的论文和著作有时间了也大概浏览一下。经济学原理：北师专业课不怎么压分，经济学原理要把历年真题，书本知识熟练掌握。其他平时多关注国家大政方针，看不过来也要知道个大概。主要还是考察一些基本的原理，不会很细很深。如果本科有学了经济学也可以借鉴一下本科的教材来了解一下基本理论，有助于理解。微观宏观都重要，大概是一半一半的。公共管理学：据说会压分，回答问题是一定要有自己的观点，这个非常重要，书上的只能算是个基本概念。公共管理学两本书：汪大海的《公共管理学》、欧文休斯的《公共管理导论》基本上大部分试题来自于这两本书的知识点。所以花的时间相对多一点。近年来公共管理学是杨冠琼老师出题，他的《公共政策学》也有考点，虽然指定教材没包括，但最好是看一下。专业课试卷中，很多考点会反复出现，自己总结一下真题会找到一两道原题的。一方面告诉大家这是重点，另一方面也可以帮助大家记忆重要知识点，灵活的掌握各种答题方法。对于反复考查的知识点，一定不要局限于答案，而要对答案进行变化。有些简答题可能会延伸为论述题。题型主要是简答和论述。简答多出自教材，但教材上一字不差答了可能也不会满分，要有自己的见解。字数500左右。论述考得比较综合，结合时政，需要广泛的知识面，答题有逻辑，思维清晰，言之有据，理论和实践结合。六、考研祝福初试前我天天熬夜学习，不幸的感冒了，考试两天已经发展成了重感冒，再考政治时我已经头晕的要昏过去了，于是我一只手写题目一只手捏自己腿。考英语时我则锤锤自己的脑壳清醒清醒。考试时一个教室很多位置都空了，都是弃考的人，但是我就想不管结果怎样我一定要考完它，于是我白天喝红牛晚上吃感冒药，硬是刚了过去，没想到结果出来我初试第三哈哈，所以坚持就是胜利，但是保持良好的身体也很重要！大家一定要多锻炼，别考前翻车！
无丧考研倒计时进入个位数，各科答题技巧都在这里了！赶快get！
重大消息！重大消息！考研即将来临！ 请各位准考生做好准备！今天是2019年12月12日，距离考研开始还有9天， 1个星期又2天，216个小时，12960分钟 。据说考研拿高分需要70%的学习积累和30%的考场发挥，对于考试而言，光有知识储备还是不够的，还要有应试的技巧，技巧+知识才能无往不利。今天，考研校小编根据历年考研各科的题型、特点及考场上容易出现的缺漏，总结了各题型答题技巧、答题顺序及时间安排，助你在最后的考试中厚积薄发，不一定适合所有人，但希望你别让失误成为努力的绊脚石。一、考场答题小技巧1、字迹工整=多得5分“字迹工整是首要，拿到卷面分不少”，这句话都说烂了吧，可事实就是这样。无论是公共课和专业课，主观题都是重头戏。阅卷老师改卷压力大，很多题都是几秒就过，假如字迹潦草，老师根本get不到你的得分点，分自然就不到哪里去了，就不要自己给自己挖坑了。虽然没有明确的说明字迹潦草会扣分，但是评分这种事情还是要看老师的心情，在答案相同的情况下，字迹工整的卷面会让老师眼前一亮，分数自然就上去啦!建议：拿到答题卡，先用上3-5秒规划下怎么安排卷面呈现，用铅笔轻轻且快速地划上横格，再从容不迫地去答题。2、字多≠分多，采点得分各位知道考官是如何批阅试卷给分吗? 老师们拿到的都是简化的答案，也就是大家在看政治答题时看到的只有一百来字的参考答案。请注意，那根本就不是标准答案，并且主观题没有标准答案。那如何给分?根据关键词来给分。特别是政治，老师快速过你的答案，看到关键词，给分，再看下一条。所以一定记住，字不在多而在于精!建议：答题时，把要点放到显著的位置，也就是最前面，再对这个要点适当补充说明。前面不要过多铺垫，老师很容易忽视它，而导致战术性失分。3、序号标注，条理清晰答题一定要思路清晰，不要想到什么写什么，密密麻麻一大堆。结合上面说的【采点给分】，老师怎么采点?那就是需要你的序号标注了，序号清晰加关键词，内容契合，大题60%的分数到手了。建议：①②③一定标清楚，让老师一目了然，也是在给自己整理思路，每一条一个要点即可。写多少要点?基本一个要点2分，每次多写1-2个要点可以啦。4、考研人，用专业术语假如都把要点答出来了，怎么来判定分数高低呢?那就看你答题的专业性了。这个很好理解，想象平时的白话和官方书面语的区别就知道了。毕竟规范用语是答案权威性，公正性的体现。考研人需要对专业语言有一定的驾驭能力，不能通篇白话，否则即使观点正确，也不容易拿到高分。建议：剩下时间里背书中要有意识积累一些术语的表达，可把相关术语抄到一个小本子上，发挥自己主观能动性。5、合理安排时间很多考生开始作答时每一题都答得非常详细，结果后面题目时间不够用，字体就飘了，答案也是匆匆结尾，这样给阅卷人的感觉是不好的。就算最后时间不够用，写的内容可以少一些，紧扣关键字就可以，但是一定不要飘！一般来说时间都是够用的。之所以造成试题答不完的原因，主要是思考的时间太多，开始花费的时间太长。其实，填写完准考证后就可以思考题目的框架了。在答第一个题目时，第二个题目的答案已经在头脑中形成雏形。一道题用2-3分钟来思考，甚至更久一点，控制好简答题的篇幅（不做过多延伸），并不会造成写不完的状况。此外，答题时，要注意两个小细节：①可以考虑在每一道题目后面留有两三行的空白，等你在答后面的题目时，想到的新知识点可以回过头来进行补充；②对于一时没有头绪的题目先略过，等做完后面的题目或做题过程中突有灵感时，再回过来做答，也可以在回答后面的题目时，将偶然想到的知识点记在草纸上。二、考研数学考场答题小技巧1、选择题对于选择题来说，大家还是有很多方法可选的，常用的方法有：代入法、排除法、图示法、逆推法、反例法等。如果考试的时候大家发现哪种方法都不奏效的话，大家还可以选择猜测法，至少有25%的正确性。选择题属于客观题，答案是唯一的，并且考研数学考试中的多选题也是以单选的形式出现的，最终的答案只有一个，评分是不偏不倚的。选择题的难度一般都是适中的，均为中等难度，没有特别难的，也没有一眼就能看出选项的题目。选择题主要考查的是考生对基本的数学概念、性质的理解，要求考生能进行简单的推理、判断、计算和比较即可。所以选择题对于考生来说，要么依靠扎实的知识得分，要么靠自身的运气得分，这32分要想稳拿需要考生在复习的时候深入思考，不能主观臆想，要思考与动手相结合才行。2、填空题填空题的答案也是唯一的，做题的时候给出最后的结果就行，不需要推导过程，同样也是答对得满分，答错或者不答得0分，不倒扣分。这一部分的题目一般是需要一定技巧的计算，但不会有太复杂的计算题。题目的难度与选择题不相上下，也是适中。填空题总共有6个，一般高数4个，线代和概率各1个，主要考查的是考研数学中的三基本：基本概念、基本原理、基本方法以及一些基本的性质。做这24分的题目时需要认真审题，快速计算，并且需要有融会贯通的知识作为保障。3、解答题解答题的分值较多，占总分的60%多，类型也较复杂，有计算题、证明题、实际应用题等，并且一般情况下每道大题都会有多种解题方法或者证明思路，有的甚至有初等解法，得分率不容易控制，所以考试在做解答题是尽量用与《考试大纲》中规定的考试内容和考试目标相一致的解题方法和证明方法，每一步的表述要清楚，每题的分值与完成该题所花费的时间以及考核目标是有关系的。综合性较强、推理过程较多、或者应用性的题目，分值较高;基本的计算题、常规性试题和简单的应用题分值较低。解答题属主观题，其答案有时并不唯一，要能看到出题人的考核意图，选择合适的方法解答该题。计算题的正确解答需要靠自己平时对各种题型计算方法的积累及掌握的熟练程度。证明题是大多数考生感到无从下手的题目，所以一些简单的证明题在考试中也会得分率极低。证明题考查最多的是中值定理(微分中值定理及积分中值定理)，其次从题型来说就是不等式的证明，方法却比较多，但仍然是有章可寻的。这就需要考生在平时多留意证明题的类型及其证明方法。三、考研英语考场答题小技巧1、完型做题技巧完型所占的分数少，每个小题只有0.5分，性价比不如其他题目那么高，因此不要在完型上浪费太多的时间。完型没有过多的技巧，最要紧的是知道选项单词的意思，真题中完形填空的词汇重复率很高，把历年真题的完形填空做熟了之后，基本上就不会遇见从未见过的生词。而完形填空的文章比起阅读难度就小得多了，所以把阅读拿下了，理解完形填空的文章基本上没有问题。在做题的时候要快速，不要在某道题上花费太久的时间，遇到拿捏不准的选项先空着，等做完之后再回过头来再仔细看。2、阅读题做题技巧阅读题是全卷所占分数最多的一个题型，也是难度最大的题型，考查考生的阅读理解能力，对词汇量、语法、句意理解与文章主题的把握都有很高的要求。因此在做真题的时候应该尽可能地对阅读部分详细分析，做到全文无盲点。（1）题目顺序与段落顺序相对应一般来说一篇阅读五个问题是按照文章顺序依次分布的，每个问题对应文章中的一段或两段的内容。因此，在拿到一篇阅读的时候，应该先看一下选项，在心里对五个问题有一个大概的印象。然后再看阅读原文，迅速锁定问题所在的段落，读完段落后再回过头去看问题和选项，认真比对分析，得出最终答案。总之就是题目的顺序对应文章段落的顺序，基本不会有例外，大家多做几套真题就会发现这个做题的套路。（2）警惕最后一题最后一题往往是询问态度、标题、文章大意，这样的题难度是最大的，需要格外注意。（3） 注意时间的掌控阅读的题量多，难度大，因此要注意把握好时间，每篇阅读最多18分钟，在做真题的时候就要严格把握好时间，不能超时。3、新题型的做题技巧新题型的考查方式每年都不一样，但是做了几套题就会发现只有那几种题型。做新题型的时候要注意读懂文章的大概意思，找出其中的逻辑关系。（1）英语(一)新题型考试大纲指出，英语(一)新题型有3种备选题型：多项对应题、排序题、小标题题，每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。1）多项对应题：一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。2)排序题：在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落(7~8个)重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已经给出。3)小标题题：在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6~7段文字或6~7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容，从这6~7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。其中，多项对应题一方面要求学生着眼于全文，理解全文内容、文章结构和逻辑关系，另一方面要求考生能够区分论点与论据，并能把握论点与论据的一致性;排序题要求考生把握各个段落的大意，重在理清各个段落之间的逻辑顺序;小标题题主要考查考生归纳段落主旨大意的能力。（2）英语(二)新题型英语(二)新题型，则只有两种备选题型：多项对应题和小标题对应题。重点考查具体信息的查找能力以及段落主旨要义的归纳能力。1)多项对应题：会提供一篇450-550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧为5道题目，右侧为7个选项。要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项信息。2)小标题对应题：在450-550词的文章前有7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括或阐述。要求考生根据文章内容和篇章结构从7个选项中选出5个概括句或小标题填入文章空白处。综合分析考试大纲可以发现，新题型重点考查考生把握文章连贯性和归纳主旨大意的能力。建议大家在日常的复习中，高效利用历年真题进行专项练习，着重把握文章的整体结构，理清文章的逻辑脉络，提高查找段落主题句的能力，最后根据文章中重点线索词和线索句来确定选项。对于英语(一)考查的排序题而言，要了解英文文章的写作方式和逻辑思维，就要在阅读文章中着重分析文章的篇章结构。对于英语(一)、(二)考查的小标题对应这类题目，考生们在平日的阅读训练中，可以在加强对段落理解和概括的基础上，从段落主旨出发，做出正确选项。对于英语(一)、(二)考查的多项对应题而言，考生在解答时可以先找出5道题目中的关键词，比如大写字母、专有名词、数字等，然后对应原文，返回定位题目中的关键词所在位置，并阅读关键词所在句子前后的句子，与选项中的关键信息进行对比，看是否属于原句完全重现、核心信息同词复现、核心信息同义替换、全句同义替换等考点。对于无法确定答案位置的选项，可以回到文章中找出选项所在位置，判断是否在某个题目关键词之后的部分。同时，建议考生时刻把握服从文章主旨这条主线，这也是排除干扰，做出正确选择的关键。总之，新题型的备考主要在于平时的阅读训练中提高抓段落大意及文章主旨的能力、具体信息的返回定位能力及把握段落逻辑关系的能力，定能攻破这类题型。4、翻译题的做题技巧翻译题的得分率普遍不高，且分数相差不大，同时又比较花时间。在做翻译题的时候不要一来就看文章全文，时间上不允许。因此，在做翻译题的时候要注意：（1）先看几个需要翻译的句子，对句子进行一个难易排序（一般来说越长的句子越难翻译）；（2）找出句子的指代词，在翻译的时候要将这些指代词的具体名称翻译出来；（3）短句子尽量翻译地简洁通顺，长句子要先把句子拆分，每个句子单独成句；（4）按照逻辑顺序组合长句。（5）精简句子，合理润色，修改不合理不通顺的地方。如果时间允许或者有实在需要联系前后文翻译的句子，那么是否快速浏览一下前后句，根据自己的实际情况来决定。5、作文的做题技巧作文分为小作文与大作文。小作文只有几种固定的题型，每篇准备一个小模板，在写作的时候要注意读懂题干，不要出现2019年英语一小作文中rural这种关键词都不认识的情况，从而造成偏题。小作文写作不要用很多长难句，简单句或简单的从句就行，因为小作文的字数很少，因此要保证没有语法和单词的拼写错误，否则扣分很严重。一般来说小作文只要不出现明显错误就不会得太低的分数。大作文平时要多积累词汇和高级句式，按照三段式的形式来写，开篇要简洁，中间论述要言之有理，结尾要注意升华主题。注意大作文写作之前可以先在试卷上打一下草稿，把第一段的描写顺序和关键词写一下，再工整地誊到答题卡上，开篇有书写错误或者大段修改容易给阅卷老师留下不好的印象。考研英语作文的提分方法（1）保证正确，其次出彩这是非常重要的一条原则，在所有标准化的英语考试中都适用。首先，你要保证你的文章语法和拼写正确，使用的词不在于生僻，写的句子不在于长，哪怕用最简单的单词和句子，最起码能保证一个基本的得分。在这样的基础上再去追求出彩，很多时候，细节决定成败，出现语法和拼写错误，看似不起眼的小问题，实际上很影响得分。（2）结构完整，紧扣主题一般来说，考研英语的作文都是三段式的，第一段简要描述，第二段论证，第三段举例子或者提建议。题目中都会写明要求，大家应该认真审题，严格按照要求来写作，不要遗漏，更不能随易改变提纲。考研英语作文要求的字数并不是很多，所以遣词造句一定要精炼，紧扣主题，如果跑题，可能会扣掉10到15分不等。（3）段落清晰，过渡自然很多同学会准备一些可以套用的段落或句子，这没什么问题，关键是怎么避免千篇一律，体现一点自己的特色。这时段落之间或者句子之间的衔接此时就很重要了，用一些词句将内容衔接起来，比如过渡句，关联词。而不是生硬地套用万能句、万能段，衔接得当的文章显得更加高级和地道。（4）语言简练，说理得当答题卡的位置有限，最重要的是考试时间也有限。所以写作的语言一定要简练，切中要害。语言比实际内容更重要，这是英语考试中的一个标准。（5）注重书写，卷面整洁书写是个小细节，卷面好的同学非常占优势。所以字迹要干净整洁，不要太大也不要太小，各个单词之间要有一点空隙。字不用多漂亮，但是要让阅卷老师能看清楚是什么内容。老师看见干净整洁的卷面，心情好了，印象分自然也就上去了。写错之后，轻轻划一道线即可，不要涂画得乱七八糟。三、考研政治考场答题小技巧1、试卷特点考研政治试卷为花卷，主要体现在选择题上，即选择题题干内容是一样的，但是选项顺序打乱了，这也是粘贴试题信息条形码的原因。2、时间分配考试时间180分钟，建议按序做题。单选题：单选题相对简单，建议15分钟左右做完。多选题：多选题难度较大，建议2分钟一道题目，35分钟左右做完。分析题：分析题建议每道题目20-25分钟。 提醒同学们遇到不会做的选择题，不要耗费太多时间，可以凭第一感觉先把答案选出来，然后标记一下这个选择题，待所有试题都答完之后，若还有剩余时间，可以返过头来再看看这些标记的题目，不要轻易改答案，除非自己有十足的把握，因为第一感觉往往比较精准。 做完选择题之后先把答题卡涂好，以防后面因回答分析题耗时较长导致最后没时间涂卡，这种事情不是没有发生过。3、分析题答题注意事项（1）分析题对应题号34题考马原，35题考毛中特，36题考史纲，37题考思修法基，38题考当代。（2）每个分析题都有其相对应的答题位置，千万不要写错了位置。因为现在是电脑扫描件阅卷，每个阅卷老师只能打开一个题号相对应的窗口，如果不在相应位置答题，意味着这道题目分数为0。所以，各位切记，每道题目一定要在答题卡相对应的位置答题。（3）每个题目一般是两问，先看问题再看材料，带着问题去看材料，可以在阅读过程中勾画一些与问题相关的关键词句。读完之后先不要落笔写，可以先在草稿纸或者试题本上简单写一下自己的答题思路，然后再去答题卡相应位置答题。（4）分析题答题以回答原理为主，然后辅以材料分析，材料分析一定要有，这个会占到3-4分。阅卷老师也许不会看这些材料分析，但是如果不写，就会扣分，切记。（5）卷面要整洁，书写要工整，答题分层次，段落要分明。四、考研专业课考场答题小技巧1、名词解释名词解释最简单，最容易得分，切中要点即可，在复习的时候要把参考书中的核心概念和重点概念夯实，每题不应该多于50字。具体写几句话要看每题的分数来确定，一般4分或4分以下的，一句即可;5分以上的，再多写一句，这一句最好结合教材，可以是教材中的原句，也可以是教材当中关于该名词的要点的归纳。（1）答题攻略名词解析答题方法上要按照核心意思+特征/内涵/构成/案例，来作答。①回答出名词本身的核心含义，力求尊重课本。这是最主要的。②简答该名词的特征、内涵、或者其构成、或者举一个案例加以解释。如果做到①②，基本上你就可以拿满分。③如果除非你根本不懂这个名词所云何事，或者压根没见过这个名词，那就要运用类比方法或者词义解构法，去尽可能地把握这个名词的意思，并组织下语言并加以润色，最好是以很学术的方式把它的内涵表述出来。（2）危机应对如果出现没有遇到的名词解释，或者不是很熟悉的名词解释，则尽量把相关的能够想到的有条理的放上去，把最有把握的放在第一部分。2、辨析题辨析题一般有两种情况：其一，判断正误并说明理由。这种题目要求考生首先确定题目是正确还是错误，然后再简要说明理由即可，点到为止，无需深究。其二，比较两个概念。这种题目要求首先简要解释两个概念的定义，然后简要说明这两个概念的关系，包括联系和区别，即相同点与不同点，也是点到即可，无需详谈。总之，辨析既要辨认、辨别，又要分析，并且以分析为主。辨析题应做到准确、简练、清晰。3、简答题简答题难度中等偏下，主要是考察考生对于参考书的重要知识点的记忆和背诵程度。往往是“点对点”的考察。一般不需要跨章节组织答案。简答题是一种常见的主观性试题，题目可大可小，内容可深可浅，伸缩性较大。简答题大多数是法律条文有明确规定，或教材上有相关内容，只需考生进行简单的总结、归纳即可。简答题相对于论述题而言，关键在于一个“简”字，答题应做到全面、准确、简练。分值低于8分的，只需列出要点即可，无需展开;分值高于8分的，除列出要点外，还应适当展开，作简要的解释。下面针对简答类题型分享几点技巧，大家学习参考。（1）简答题采用“定义+框架+总结”答题法。①首先把题干中涉及到的最重要的名词(也叫大概念)进行阐述，就像解答名词解释一样。这一环节不能省略，否则无意中丢失很多的分数，这是很多考生容易忽视的一点。②读懂题意，列要点进行回答。回答要点一般3-5点，每条150-200字。③进行简单的总结，总结多为简单评析或引申。（2）危机应对万一遇到自己没有碰到的问题，特别是没有关注到的热点问题怎么办呢？其实，论述题虽然是考察考生运用知识点分析问题的能力，其核心还是在于课本知识，在于理论。因此在回答的时候一定要紧扣理论不放松。4、论述题论述题属于中等偏上难度的题目，分值往往也比较大，考察对学科整体的把握和对知识点的灵活运用，进而运用理论知识来解决现实问题的能力。论述题是最典型的主观性试题，它除了可考查考生的专业知识外，还可考查考生的应变能力、应用能力和表达能力。论述题一般涉及面广、有相当深度，给考生留下了广阔的自由发挥的空间，是检查考生综合能力的最理想的题型。论述题一般分值较高，对考生的成绩有直接影响，必须予以高度重视。（1）答题方法论述题答题攻略：论述题“3w答题法”，即what，why，how。是什么，为什么，怎么办。答题结构上“总—分—总”，开头要阐述背景，解释相关的名词，然后分析问题的原因和必要性，罗列要点，最后要做总结，还是那句话，不要给人留下突兀的感觉。①阐释论述题中重要的相关概念，并把论述题中重要的核心理论要点写出来。这部分是考察书本的理论知识的掌握，是后面展开分析的基础。②要分析问题的原因或者必要性。这部分构成了论述题中的“论”，要写的像论文里面的分论点，对于每一个分论点要适当的“述”。这是论述题的关键，结合课本，选好切入的角度至关重要。③提出自己合理化的建议，并在最后做总结或者展望。（2）危机应对万一遇到自己没有碰到的问题，特别是没有关注到的热点问题怎么办呢？其实，论述题虽然是考察考生运用知识点分析问题的能力，其核心还是在于课本知识。第一，紧扣理论。先阐释清楚相关的概念和核心理论。第二，回答的视角要广，角度要多，不能拘泥于一两个点。但是条数也不宜过多，在5-8条为好。第三，要点之间要有条理性。论述题字数在1500字左右。用时为25-30分钟。第四，如果没有案例分析题，论述题一般是最后一道考题，分值较大，需要考生合理规划时间，每道论述题至少留出20分钟以上的时间。5、案例分析案例分析考察形式往往看起来比较灵活，给人一种难以驾驭的感觉。但是案例分析题并不难，与其说是在考察案例，不如说是再考察考生对核心理论的掌握。一定要透过现象看本质，先理论后结合案例分析，方可获得案例分析题的高分。（1）答题方法考研答题攻略：案例分析要采用“理论——材料分析法”。第一，仔细阅读案例，寻找涉及到的每一个相关的理论，并在答题的第一部分将理论部分写透。第二，结合理论分析案例材料。（2）温馨提示第一，不要就事论事，要先分析、铺垫理论。第二，要做到理论和材料的有效结合，不能理论材料两张皮。结合的方法或为验证理论的正确，或为运用理论对材料的相关问题进行评析，这个需要考生要具体问题具体分析。第三，案例分析题一般是最后一道考题，分值较大，需要考生合理规划时间，每道案例分析至少留出20分钟以上的时间。好了，今天就分享到这里了，内容比较多，大家可以根据自己的需要分点查看，加油！！
孰知其纪阅读理解真题解析：Cereals and Legumes: A Partnership谷物和豆类：伙伴关系
托福阅读理解真题解析：Cereals and Legumes: A PartnershipCereals are flowering grasses that sprout, flower, seed, and die in the space of a year, which is why gardeners refer to them as annuals. Grown for their seeds or kernels, cereals are excellent sources of energy: although they lack some amino acids, as well as calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C, they provide starch and oil, and in some cases, considerable amounts of protein. [▇] Once ripe, the kernels are relatively easy to store, and they retain their nutrients for a long time. [▇] Even the stalks of cereals are useful as animal food, as bedding in stables and barns, and as a building material. A major drawback with cereals is that they depend on the soil for nitrogen. [▇] Without fertilization they eventually exhaust the fields they are growing in, but despite this, two cereals (wheat and barley) were the very first plants to be domesticated (grown for human use); and a third (rye) may have been cultivated, or even domesticated, at about the same time. Today, cereal crops including wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, millet, and oats provide most of the calories in the human diet.Like cereals, legumes are annuals. Some legumes are grown for animal fodder. Many other legumes, however, are cultivated for their seeds, which ripen in pods. The seeds are rich in B vitamins and iron, contain on average two times the protein but less starch than cereals, and can be eaten, sometimes pods and all, while they're still green. (Snow peas and green beans are familiar examples.) Legumes are characterized by a long period of sequential ripening, ring which a single plant may have ripe pods, green pods, and flowers, all at the same time, which means that a stand of legumes can be harvested again and again over several weeks. Like cereals, legumes can be dried and stored for later use (the pods open easily when dry), and again like cereals, legumes provide food for both people and animals. However, legume plants add nitrogen to the soil, so when they are grown in the same fields as cereals, they can replace much of the nitrogen the cereals have depleted.Growing cereals and legumes together is good for the fields, and eating them together is good for the farmers. In order to build and maintain body tissue, people need protein or more specifically, the amino acids in protein. Some amino acids are synthesized in the alt human body, but eight essential ones cannot be and have to come from food. Although all eight are present in animal protein, plant proteins are usually missing one or two. When cereals and legumes are eaten together, they provide all eight of the essential amino acids, a fact that the ancestors of early agriculturalists undoubtedly understood at least on a practical level and their descendants took advantage of that knowledge. In Asia, rice, wheat, and barley were grown along with soybeans; in India rice was paired with hyacinth bean, black gram, and green gram; in the African savanna, pear millet and sorghum were domesticated along with cow pea and Bambara groundnut; and in the New World, maize and Phaseolus beans in Central America and maize and groundnuts in South America were the bases for agriculture. Cereals and legumes are technically dry fruits (they have a hard dry layer around their seeds).Early agriculturalists also experimented with growing succulent fruits like apples, olives, grapes, and melons, but most of these were brought into domestication much later than cereals and legumes, and in most cultures they've always been supplementary foods rather than staples. Many of them are propagated vegetatively asexually by using a plant part such as a bulb or cutting rather than sexually through seeds, so they are more complicated to grow than cereals and legumes, and this may account for their typically late addition to agricultural assemblages. It should be noted, however, that recent research in Israel suggests that figs may have been domesticated at a site near Jericho in the Jordan Valley at about the same time as the first experiments with cereals and legumes, and some archaeologists believe that in New Guinea, tubers may have been domesticated long before other crops were imported.1.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are advantages of cereals EXCEPT:A.They provide large amounts of energy when consumed.B.They store easily and retain nutrients for a long time.C.They provide considerable amounts of calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C.D.20They have multiple uses, including as bedding or building material.2.According to paragraph 1, a major disadvantage of cereals is that theyA.cannot be used as animal foodB.must be planted in a different field every yearC.take a long time to ripen before they can be used or storedD.use up all of the nitrogen in a field unless fertilizer is used3.According to paragraph 2, one way in which legumes differ from cereals is that legumesA.are a better source of starchB.contain far more proteinC.take much longer to ripenD.must be dried before being stored4.According to paragraph 2, all of the following statements about legumes are true EXCEPT:A.Legumes have pods that help seeds ripen quickly.B.Legumes contain a lot of iron and B vitamins.C.Legumes return nitrogen to the soil.D.Legume plants can be harvested many times ring a growing season.5.Paragraph 3 supports which of the following ideas about amino acidsA.Amino acids are not proced by the human body and must be obtained from food.B.Certain amino acids that people need for building and maintaining body tissue cannot be acquired from plant proteins.C.When legumes or cereals are consumed alone, they do not provide all of the essential amino acids.D.Legumes are missing many more of the eight essential amino acids than cereals are.6.In paragraph 3, why does the author discuss crops grown in Asia, India, the African savanna, and the New WorldA.To show how widely the understanding of the benefits of combining legumes and cereals was appliedB.To suggest that it was most effective for the same crops to be grown year after year in many parts of the worldC.To emphasize that proteins that come from plants were recognized as valuable in many parts of the worldD.To demonstrate that a wide variety of very different cereals and legumes could be grown together7.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Many of the cereals and legumes can be propagated asexually through offshoots, cuttings, tubers, bulbs and corns or sexually through seeds, which are less complicated to grow.B.Fruits were typically domesticated later than cereals and legumes, possibly because they tend not to be propagated through seeds and are thus more complicated to grow.C.Plants that are propagated sexually through seeds are generally much less complicated to grow than asexually propagated plants are.D.In addition to being propagated asexually, rather than sexually through seeds, many fruits can be added and grown later in the season than cereals and legumes.8.Paragraph 4 supports which of the following ideas about the figs that may have been domesticated in the Jordan Valley near JerichoA.Their early domestication casts doubt on the idea that succulent fruits were grown much later than cereals and legumes.B.They were a more important crop to inhabitants of the Jordan Valley than cereals and legumes were.C.They are closely related to the plants domesticated in New Guinea before other crops were imported.D.They are much easier to grow than any other succulent fruit.9.Look at the four squares [▇] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Although they must be replanted each year, they can be grown for a variety of uses. Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.10.Directions: An introctory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.A.Cereals, annual flowering grasses with usable stalks and nutritious seeds that dry and store well, were the first domesticated plants, but they must be grown with legumes to preserve soil nitrogen.B.Legumes contain a large amount of protein and, when they are eaten with cereals, provide all the amino acids essential to humans.C.Both the seeds and stalks of wheat and barley were eaten by early agriculturalists, who needed to take in enough nutrients and calories to work the fields.D.Planting cereals and legumes together sped up their growing period, which meant that they could both be harvested many times over a period of several weeks to several months.E.Because soil conditions in New Guinea and the Jordan Valley made it difficult to grow cereals such as wheat and barley, these regions began to cultivate figs and tubers instead.F.Cereals and legumes were typically domesticated well before succulent fruits, which are harder to cultivate, and became staples in early agricultural societies.文章大意：谷物和豆类：伙伴关系谷物是开花的草，在一年的时间内发芽，开花，播种并死亡，这就是为什么园丁将其称为一年生。谷物因其种子或果仁而生长，是极好的能量来源：尽管它们缺乏某些氨基酸以及钙，维生素A和维生素C，但它们提供淀粉和油脂，在某些情况下还提供大量的蛋白质。一旦成熟，籽粒就相对容易存储，并且可以长时间保留营养。甚至谷物的茎也可用作动物食品，马s和谷仓的垫料以及建筑材料。谷物的主要缺点是它们依赖土壤中的氮。如果没有施肥，他们最终会耗尽他们所生长的田地，尽管如此，最早要驯化的两种谷物（小麦和大麦）（供人类使用）；大约在同一时间种植或驯化了三分之一（黑麦）。如今，包括小麦，水稻，玉米，高粱，小米和燕麦在内的谷物作物提供了人类饮食中的大部分卡路里。像谷物一样，豆类是一年生的。一些豆科植物被用作动物饲料。然而，还种植了许多其他豆科植物的种子，这些种子在豆荚中成熟。种子富含B族维生素和铁，平均蛋白质含量是谷物的两倍，但淀粉含量却比谷物少，可以食用，有时甚至是豆荚，也可以食用，而它们仍然是绿色的。（豌豆和青豆是常见的例子。）豆类的特征在于长时间的顺序成熟，在此期间，一棵植物可能同时具有成熟的豆荚，生豆荚和花朵，这意味着它们的架子几周内可以一次又一次收获豆类。像谷物一样，豆类可以干燥并储存以备后用（豆荚在干燥时很容易打开），再次像谷物一样，豆类既为人又为动物提供食物。然而，一起种植谷物和豆类作物对田间有好处，而一起食用对农民来说也有好处。为了建立和维持人体组织，人们需要蛋白质，或更具体地说，蛋白质中的氨基酸。在成年人体内，某些氨基酸是合成的，但八种必需氨基酸不能而且必须来自食物。尽管所有八种均存在于动物蛋白中，但植物蛋白通常会缺失一两种。当谷物和豆类一起食用时，它们提供了全部8种必需氨基酸，这一事实使早期农业学家的祖先无疑至少在实践上有所了解，而他们的后代则利用了这一知识。在亚洲，稻米，小麦和大麦与大豆一起种植。在印度，大米搭配了风信子豆，黑克和绿克。在非洲大草原上，将梨粟和高粱与cow豆和班巴拉花生一同驯化。在新世界中，中美洲的玉米和菜豆以及南美洲的玉米和花生是农业的基础。谷物和豆类从技术上讲是干燥的水果（它们的种子周围有一层硬的干燥层）。早期的农业学家还尝试了种植多汁的水果，例如苹果，橄榄，葡萄和甜瓜，但是其中大多数都比谷物和豆类植物晚得多地被驯化了，在大多数文化中，它们一直是辅助食品，而不是主食。它们中的许多是通过使用鳞茎等植物部分进行无性繁殖，而不是通过种子进行有性繁殖，因此，与谷物和豆类相比，它们的生长更为复杂，这可能是由于它们通常在农业组合中的添加较晚。但是，应该指出的是，以色列最近的研究表明，无花果可能是在约旦谷杰里科附近的一个地点与第一次谷物和豆类实验的大约同一时间被驯化的，一些考古学家认为，在新几内亚。刘凯老师独家解析：1.答题解析：答案：C。注意题干要选错误的。Grown for their seeds or kernels, cereals are excellent sources of energy（对应A）; Once ripe, the kernels are relatively easy to store, and they retain their nutrients for a long time（对应B）; Even the stalks of cereals are useful as animal food, as bedding in stables and barns, and as a building material（对应D）; Grown for their seeds or kernels, cereals are excellent sources of energy: although they lack some amino acids, as well as calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C, 这里说cereals缺乏这些营养，而C说有，矛盾，选C。2.答题解析：答案:D；A major drawback with cereals is that they depend on the soil for nitrogen. Without fertilization they eventually exhaust the fields they are growing in，D为此说法的转述。HOWEVER之前侧重讲legumes和cereals共同点（但也有讲不同点），HOWEVER之后强调了一个不同点：一个消耗氮气一个补充氮气。3.答题解析：答案:B；（注意描述的对象是legumes）The seeds are rich in B vitamins and iron, contain on average two times the protein but less starch than cereals, and can be eaten, sometimes pods and all, while they’re still green.B对。A说法反了，starch含量更低，不是better。选项C易错，虽然阅读材料中提到Legumes are characterized by a long period of sequential ripening，但是它只能说明legumes的特点是long period of sequential ripening, 并没有提及是与cereals 的不同点，因此不选C. 托福阅读不要随意infer.4.答题解析：答案:A；The seeds are rich in B vitamins and iron（对应B）, However, legume plants add nitrogen to the soil, so when they are grown in the same fields as cereals, they can replace much of the nitrogen the cereals have depleted.（对应C）, Legumes are characterized by a long period of sequential ripening, ring which a single plant may have ripe pods, green pods, and flowers, all at the same time, which means that a stand of legumes can be harvested again and again over several weeks（对应D）5.答题解析：答案:C；本题为supports引导的推断题。Some amino acids are synthesized in the alt human body, but eight essential ones cannot be and have to come from food.有的可以合成，有的必须靠饮食，说明A错，还是可以合成一些的。关于B，原文说Although all eight are present in animal protein, plant proteins are usually missing one or two. When cereals and legumes are eaten together, they provide all eight of the essential amino acids，原文说的两种植物一起饮食摄入，营养就全了，B说法肯定不对。D毫无体现。C对，因为原文的意思就是两者一起相互补充就全了，单一种是不行的，C对。6.答题解析：答案:A；举这些例子作为论据，是为了论证前面的论点：When cereals and legumes are eaten together, they provide all eight of the essential amino acids, a fact that the ancestors of early agriculturalists undoubtedly understood at least on a practical level and their descendants took advantage of that knowledge.当谷物和豆类一起食用时，它们提供了所有的八种必需氨基酸。毫无疑问，早期农业学家的祖先至少在实践层面上了解这一事实，他们的后代利用了这一知识。即A，其余均不对。7.答题解析：解析B。这句话讲了这些植物比cereals and legumes引入的更晚的原因：要通过拼接，无性生殖。只有B准确表达了原句中因和果的两点。tend not to be propagated through seeds，即为无性生殖（无需种子）。8.答题解析：解析A。前面说开始种植cereals and legumes早于其他植物。最后一句转折说figs几乎和cereals and legumes同时开始种植，即否定了“开始种植cereals and legumes早于其他植物”。A为此的一个转述和概括。其余选项无依据。9.答题解析：解析A。根据这句话，前面应讲了must be replanted each year相关的意思，而后面应是具体展开they can be grown for a variety of uses：即具体说哪些用途。A之前有个annuals。A之后几句话分别说了用途，如A之后一句讲了提供能量，再之后一句讲了多种用途。10.答题解析：选ABF。C的说法全文无提及。D说Planting cereals and legumes可以加快生长，几个星期到几个月里多次被收获。全文没有提到。E原文也没有讲。A为一二三段的概括，B为第三段的概括，F为第四段主要内容，有同学可能会觉得段末有转折因而不对，但请注意虽然最后一句讲的是反对意见，但加了typically对此说法也加了一定的限制。刘凯老师介绍刘凯，男，蒙古族，黑龙江省齐齐哈尔人。本科为哈尔滨师范大学英语系，硕士为北京理工大学。2010年赴美国宾夕法尼亚大学交流学习；2013年美国亚利桑那大学访问学者；2015年澳大利亚新南威尔士大学ESL研修；2018年加州理工学院语言学双学位获得者；2019年赴澳大利亚麦考瑞大学交流习；GRE托福考试全球高分获得者；荣获长江商学院EMBA。北京市优秀青年教师，北京市级重点高中示范校骨干教师，多年高中一线执教经验，高三年级把关教师，多次参与东城区模拟试题命题工作，教学理念先进，教学成果突出，多篇教学论文获市区级奖项。多篇文章发表在《中国教育报》《中国考试》《北京教育》等报刊上。多次参加高考阅卷工作，参与人民教育出版社、北京教育出版社、外研社等各类高考教学用书的编写工作，有丰富的备考经验，国际核心期刊发表多篇论文。教育部课题研究员，参与国家十二五课题计划，并作出突出贡献，参与初中、高中各年级区级试题的命制，多次承担区级和市级研究课任务。北京市科技英语优秀指导教师，所带学生在各级英语口语、作文竞赛中多次获奖；将扎实的英语基本功和严谨的学术思想作为教学的基础，课堂上善于寓教于乐，信息量大，内容丰富，使学生在和谐的课堂气氛下欣赏英语、享受英语、掌握英语、运用英语。2009-2012年期间，多次受邀在北京广播电台主持英语高考大纲解析及英语新课程改革节目，学术功底深厚，兼具偶像派与实力派特点，教风亲切洒脱，诙谐幽默，思维开阔，屡有奇思妙想，善于引导学生学以致用，对高考动向把握极其准确，深受学生和家长欢迎。尤其擅长英语语法和单词记忆法。海外生活学习十年，社科人文类学科偏爱者；10年雅思教龄，知名教师培训师；指导上万考生快速冲刺雅思写作、阅读，平均分数7.5分；独创“段落清空”、极简化“针对检索式”阅读法等众多高效技法；每年雅思考试均在10次以上；均分8+；真题回忆准确度97%以上；贴近西式思路和语言指导学生写作；善于帮助学生突破学术写作思维瓶颈。讲授科目有长难句、翻译、四六级考试、阅读和写作；在2014、2015、2017、2019四年考研中，接受其培训的所有考生中有近万名考生取得高分。带给学生的不只是考分的提高，更多的是对英语领悟和感知的突破。纯正的英音、独到的见解、睿智的思维和轻松幽默的语言，为其赢得了广大学生的认同和喜爱。资深考研培训讲师；英语四六级考试天团高级讲师；雅思阅读、雅思写作培训主讲名师；六级考试阅卷组成员；深谙命题规律和解题套路，对英语的学习规律和方法见解独特。呼吁国人学习英语的态度：重复是记忆之母。用听，用看，用心去触摸每个单词，你便会有好的记忆。中国人要学好英语就要有一点点变态。上课特点：课堂从不需点名，却无人缺席教学理念：英语教师很幸运也有责任与学生一同叩响世界之门
双城记出了！20考研平均分及试卷难度对比公布！21考研难度分析！
告诉大家一个你可能不知道的事：每年跟着考研大纲一起发布的还有一本书叫《考试分析》！书里面主要给大家介绍各个科目的考试说明及题型示例，还有对上一年的试题难度的评价分析和近年考试试题的答案及解析。今天小黑就为大家整理汇总一下考研历年平均分以及2021考研难度分析，大家可以评估一下自己的水平，能不能过平均线呢~英语（一）历年平均分及难度分析数据来源：教育部考试中心数据来源：教育部考试中心2020年英语（一）平均分为49.15，难度0.492（在这里统一说一下数字越大表示难度越小），与前两年相比要简单点。关于试卷各部分题的难度，2020年英语知识运用部分（完形）比前两年难，阅读理解C节比前两年稍简单点，阅读理解的A、B节和写作的难度都在18年和19年之间。从试题难易程度分布表来看，大部分还是中等难度题，占到了80%；偏难试题很少，几乎没有偏易试题。21年考研英语（一）难度分析2021年难度应该与2020年相差不大英语（二）历年平均分及难度分析数据来源：教育部考试中心数据来源：教育部考试中心关于试卷各部分题的难度，2020年英语知识运用部分（完形）难度比前两年稍难，阅读理解B节相较前两年稍难，翻译部分和写作B节比前两年稍易。从试题难易程度分布表来看，英语知识运用和阅读理解部分中等难度试题占绝大部分，偏易或偏难的试题很少。21年考研英语（二）难度分析2020年英语（二）平均分为55.21，难度0.552，和18年难度差不多，比19年简单，2021年可能会比2020年稍难一点。政治历年平均分及难度分析政治18年~20年数据官方并未公布，但是政治每年的难度变化也不大，大家可以参考一下18年之前的数据：2010年-2017年政治平均分2010年-2017年政治分数段比例2010年-2017年政治题型难度分配2010年-2017年政治多选题选项分布根据上面的数据来看，政治多选题是比较难得分的部分，小伙伴们在平时的复习过程中可以在多选题上花一些功夫。总体上来看，政治试卷中容易题和较容易题占的比重还是比较大的，如果你多背多练，政治上70分-80分还是比较容易的。2021年考研政治难度分析政治每年的试题难度都还是相对比较稳定的，难度也没有大起大落，所以大家可以放心，2021考研政治也基本上不会突然难度增加。数学历年平均分及难度分析官方未公布2020年平均分和难度的相关数据，但小黑整理到了19年以及之前的数据，大家可以参考一下！对于数学来说，大小年的难度很明显：「奇数年难度低，偶数年难度高」。2020年数学试卷的得分率普遍偏低，难度较大。2021年考研数学难度分析今年考研数学大纲是调整最大的一年，21考研的小伙伴比较担心今年的数学难度会不会增加。如果按照大小年的套路，今年考研数学会简单一些，大家还是正常按部就班的复习就好！
百川灌河阅读理解真题解析：The Genetic Material遗传物质的鉴定
托福【TOEFL】阅读理解真题解析：The Identification of the Genetic MaterialThe history of biology is filled with incidents in which research on one specific topic has contributed richly to another, apparently unrelated area. Such a case is the work of Frederick Griffith, an English physician whose attempts to prevent the disease pneumonia led to the identification of the material in cells that contains genetic information the information that determines an organism's characteristic structure. In the 1920s, Griffith was studying the bacterium Streptococcus pneumonia, or pneumococcus, one of the organisms that cause pneumonia in humans. He was trying to develop a vaccine against this devastating illness. He was working with two strains of the bacteria pneumococcus. A bacterial strain is a population of cells descended from a single parent cell; strains differ in one or more inherited characteristics. Griffith's strains were designated S and R because, when grown in the laboratory, one proced shiny, smooth (S) colonies or groups of bacteria, and the other proced colonies that look rough (R).When the S strain was injected into mice, the mice became diseased. When the R strain was injected, the mice did not become diseased. Bacteria of the S strain are virulent (able to cause disease) because they are surrounded by a protective jelly-like coating that prevents the mouse's immune defense mechanisms from destroying the bacteria before they can multiply. The R strain lacks this coating.With the hope of developing a vaccine against pneumonia, Griffith injected some mice with heat-killed S pneumococci. These heat-killed bacteria did not proce infection. Griffith assumed the mice would proce antibodies to the bacteria that would allow them to fight the virulent form if they were exposed to it. However, when Griffith inoculated other mice with a mixture of living R bacteria and heat-killed S bacteria, to his astonishment, the mice became ill with pneumonia. When he examined blood from these mice, he found it full of living bacteria many with characteristics of the virulent S strain. Griffith concluded that, in the presence of the dead S pneumococci, some of the living R pneumococci had been transformed into virulent S-strain organisms.Did this transformation of the bacteria depend on something the mouse did to the bacteria? No. It was shown that simply putting living R and heat-killed S bacteria together in a test tube yielded the same transformation. Next it was discovered that a cell-free extract of heat-killed S cells also transformed R cells. (A cell-free extract contains all the contents of cells, but no intact cells.) This result demonstrated that some substance called at the time a chemical transforming principle from the extract of S pneumococci could cause a heritable change (a change that could be passed on to future generations) in the affected R cells.From these observations, some scientists concluded that this transforming material carried heritable information, and thus was the genetic material that scientists had been searching for. The identification of the transforming material was a crucial step in the history of biology, accomplished over a period of several years by Oswald Avery and his colleagues at what is now Rockefeller University. They treated samples of the transforming extract in a variety of ways to destroy different types of substances proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids and tested the treated samples to see if they had retained transforming activity. The answer was always the same: If the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in the extract was destroyed, transforming activity was lost; everything else could be eliminated without removing the transforming ability of the extract. As a final step, Avery, with Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty, isolated virtually pure DNA from a sample of pneumococcal transforming extract and showed that it caused bacterial transformation.In retrospect, the work of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty, published in 1944, was a milestone in establishing that DNA is the genetic material. However, at the time, it had little impact on scientists' view about the physical basis of inheritance. The genetic material had to encode all the information needed to specify an organism, and the chemical complexity and diversity of proteins were known to be impressive. So ring the first half of the twentieth century, the hereditary material was generally assumed to be a protein. Nucleic acids, by contrast, were known to have only a few components and seemed too simple to carry such complex information.1.The word “apparently” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.seeminglyB.surprisinglyC.relativelyD.previously2.According to paragraph 1, Griffith experimented with strains of the pneumococcus bacteria because he wanted to discover which of the followingA.A strain of bacteria that could be used to develop a vaccineB.How bacterial strains developed under laboratory conditionsC.Why the strains of bacteria differed in appearanceD.Which bacterial strains were most infectious in humans3.Why does the author provide the information that The R strain lacks this coatingA.To provide an example of variations within strains of pneumococcus bacteriaB.To explain why the R strain is not able to cause diseaseC.To suggest that the R strain has other ways to defend itself from immune defense mechanismsD.To explain why mice became diseased when injected with the R strain4.According to paragraph 3, why did Griffith conclude from his experiment injecting both R and S strains pneumococci into mice that some of the R strain bacteria transformed into disease-causing S strain pneumococciA.All the living bacteria he found in the blood of the injected mice were S strain bacteria.B.He already knew from earlier experiments that R strain pneumococci sometimes transform into S strain pneumococci.C.He could tell from examining the bacteria under a microscope that some indivial pneumococci cells had characteristics of both the S and R strains.D.He observed living cells in the mice's blood with S strain characteristics, but the only living cells injected were R strain pneumococci.5.According to paragraph 4, why was Griffith's experiment repeated in a test tubeA.To provide additional support for the transformation of R-strain into S-strain pneumococciB.To establish whether or not the transformation of R cells was caused by something the mouse's body didC.To determine why the S-strain pneumococci somehow survived if they were in the presence of the R-strainD.To test the results of adding a cell-free extract to the mixture6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.This result showed that the chemical transforming principle in S pneumococci was passed on to future generations of S pneumococci.B.After exposure to the cell-free extract from the S pneumococci, R pneumococci strain cells acquired the ability to transform themselves into S pneumococci.C.The transformation of R cells by a cell-free extract of S pneumococci demonstrated the existence of a chemical transforming principle that brought about heritable change.D.This transformation showed that the characteristics that the S pneumococci possess are superior to the characteristics of R pneumococci.7.According to paragraph 5, why did Oswald Avery and his colleagues treat the transforming extract in a variety of destructive waysA.They hoped to destroy the virulent part of the transforming extract.B.They wanted to identify the substance responsible for the transforming activity.C.They wanted to identify which methods would destroy particular substances in the transforming extract.D.They needed to determine which treatments were most successful in destroying DNA.8.According to paragraph 6, why did scientists continue to believe that the hereditary material was a proteinA.Scientists thought that the research of Avery and his colleagues provided insufficient information about the nature of DNA.B.Scientists believed that only proteins were complex enough to carry genetic information.C.Scientists thought Avery and his colleagues had little understanding of the physical basis of inheritance.D.Scientists ignored important milestones that indicated the chemical complexity of DNA.9.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the transformed R-strain pneumococciA.They had acquired the genetic information for procing a protective coating.B.They were unable to cause transformation in other strains of pneumococci.C.In the presence of heat-killed R-strain bacteria, they lost their virulence.D.They did not multiply as quickly as nontransformed cells did.10.Directions:An introctory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.Marine and other organisms are classified as homeotherms if they maintain a constant body temperature and as poikilotherms if their body temperature matches that of the environment.A.From the 1920s through 1944, researchers used pneumococcus bacteria to discover the properties of DNA because the bacteria was relatively simple, having only two strains.B.Frederick Griffith discovered that a nonvirulent strain of bacteria could be transformed into a virulent strain by being exposed to dead cells from the virulent strain.C.By selectively destroying various substances in the cells of pneumococci bacteria, Oswald Avery and his colleagues identified DNA as the substance that caused bacterial transformation.D.Oswald Avery injected the combination of heat-killed, virulent cells and nonvirulent cells into mice because he hoped this would lead to a vaccine for pneumonia.E.Avery and his colleagues were able to isolate Griffith’s transforming principle by injecting mice with the extract that contained the transforming principle.F.Scientists did not initially recognize the importance of the discovery that DNA could cause genetic transformation because the hereditary material was assumed to be a protein.文章大意：The Identification of the Genetic Material遗传物质的鉴定生物学史上充斥着许多事件，在这些事件中，对一个特定主题的研究为另一个显然无关的领域做出了丰富的贡献。这种情况是英国医生弗雷德里克·格里菲斯（Frederick Griffith）的工作，他试图预防肺炎疾病，导致鉴定出细胞中含有遗传信息的物质，而遗传信息决定了生物的特征结构。在1920年代，格里菲斯（Griffith）研究了肺炎链球菌（streptococcus pneumonia）或肺炎球菌，这是一种引起人类肺炎的生物。他正在尝试开发一种针对这种破坏性疾病的疫苗。他正在研究两种肺炎球菌细菌。细菌菌株是由单个亲本细胞衍生的细胞群；菌株在一个或多个遗传特征上有所不同。格里菲斯当将S菌株注射到小鼠中时，小鼠患病。当注射R株时，小鼠没有患病。S菌株的细菌具有毒性（可导致疾病），因为它们周围有一层保护性的果冻状涂层，可防止小鼠的免疫防御机制在细菌繁殖之前破坏细菌。R应变缺乏该涂层。为了开发抗肺炎疫苗，格里菲斯（Griffith）向一些小鼠注射了热灭活的肺炎链球菌。这些经热杀死的细菌没有产生感染。格里菲斯（Griffith）认为，小鼠会产生针对细菌的抗体，如果它们暴露于这种毒性形式下，它们将能够对抗这种毒性形式。但是，当格里菲斯给其他小鼠接种活R细菌和热杀死的S细菌的混合物时，令他惊讶的是，这些小鼠患了肺炎。当他检查这些小鼠的血液时，发现其中充满了许多具有强毒S菌株特征的活细菌。格里菲斯得出结论，在死去的肺炎链球菌的存在下，一些活的肺炎链球菌已被转化为有毒力的S菌株。细菌的这种转化是否取决于小鼠对细菌的作用？不能。仅将活的R和热灭活的S细菌放到试管中就能产生相同的转化。接下来，发现无细胞的热杀死的S细胞提取物也转化了R细胞。（无细胞的提取物包含细胞的所有内容，但没有完整的细胞。）该结果表明，某些物质在当时被称为肺炎链球菌提取物的化学转化原理，可能引起遗传性变化（这种变化可能是在受影响的R细胞中传递给子孙后代。从这些观察中，一些科学家得出结论，这种转化材料具有可遗传的信息，因此是科学家一直在寻找的遗传材料。转化材料的鉴定是生物学史上至关重要的一步，由奥斯瓦尔德·埃弗里（Oswald Avery）和他现在的洛克菲勒大学的同事在几年中完成。他们以各种方式处理了转化提取物的样品，以破坏蛋白质，核酸，碳水化合物和脂质等不同类型的物质，并测试了所处理的样品，看它们是否保留了转化活性。答案始终是相同的：如果提取物中的DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）被破坏，转化活性就会丧失；在不去除提取物转化能力的情况下，所有其他一切都可以消除。作为最后一步，Avery与Colin MacLeod和Maclyn McCarty一起从肺炎球菌转化提取物样品中分离了几乎纯净的DNA，并表明它引起了细菌转化。回想起来，1944年出版的Avery，MacLeod和McCarty的工作是确立DNA是遗传物质的里程碑。但是，当时它对科学家关于继承的物理基础的观点影响不大。遗传物质必须编码指定一种生物所需的所有信息，并且已知蛋白质的化学复杂性和多样性令人印象深刻。因此，在二十世纪上半叶，遗传物质通常被认为是一种蛋白质。相比之下，已知核酸仅具有少量成分，似乎太简单而无法携带如此复杂的信息。刘凯老师解析：1.答案：A；答题解析：表示表明上的，似乎的，即A。【题干为：文章中“显然”一词的意思最接近于】选项：A.seemingly /simli/ adv. 看来似乎；表面上看来；B.surprisingly /sprazli/ adv. 惊人地；出人意料地；C.relatively /reltvli/ adv. 相当地；相对地，比较地；D.previously /privisli/adv. 以前；预先；仓促地。2.答案：A；答题解析：He was trying to develop a vaccine against this devastating illness. He was working with two strains of the bacteria pneumococcus.【他试图研发一种疫苗来对抗这种毁灭性的疾病。他研究的是两种肺炎球菌】对应A。这一段讲的就是介绍，此人原本为了解决一种疾病结果发现了基因。3.答案：B；答题解析：第一句话说了S可以导致疾病，而R不可以。后面两句话解释原因，因为S可以抑制免疫系统，故B对。4.答案：D；答题解析：加热的S被杀死应不能致病，R也不能，结果死亡的S和存活的R两者混合却导致了致病，检测下来，发现其血液含S的特征。5.答案：B；答题解析：是不是因为老鼠做了什么事情导致了上一段所说的结果呢？后面的研究就是在排除这种可能性。比如不用老鼠而直接用试管。6.答案：C；答题解析：原句讲的是S的一些物质可以导致R在遗传特性方面的变化，只有C有此意。其余选项均不对，如A说的是S到S，方向就不对。7.答案：B；答题解析：本文的试验到处充满了科学方法，近似控制变量法。本段开头说The identification of the transforming material was a crucial step in the history of biology【转化材料的鉴定是生物史上的一个关键步骤】，此段就是在讲具体确定the transforming material的过程。每种物质去除一下，看是否影响transforming activity，就是看他是否起作用（如去除某物质后transforming activity不影响，则说明其无作用，如去除后transforming activity有影响，则说明其起作用）。8.答案：B；答题解析：细节题。相关原文：The genetic material had to encode all the information needed to specify an organism, and the chemical complexity and diversity of proteins were known to be impressive【遗传物质必须编码指定一种生物所需的所有信息，而且已知的蛋白质的化学复杂性和多样性令人印象深刻】（impressive可以理解为足以引起人重视的）. So ring the first half of the twentieth century, the hereditary material was generally assumed to be a protein. Nucleic acids, by contrast, were known to have only a few components and seemed too simple to carry such complex information.【所以在20世纪上半叶，遗传物质通常被认为是一种蛋白质。相比之下，已知的核酸只有很少的成分，而且似乎过于简单，无法携带如此复杂的信息】即Nucleic acids没有chemical complexity and diversity，而protein有chemical complexity and diversity，可以作为遗传物质，B为此说法的概括。9.答案：A答题解析：此题注意题干并非说第几段，所以可能来自任意一段。第二段和第三段讲了原文说S和被杀死的R结合时可以发生遗传效应产生a protective coating，第四段论证了造成遗传的物质是DNA，第五讲论证了DNA中起作用的物种是蛋白质。既然R可以遗传，那它必然有遗传信息，A对。其余选项均得不到支持，如C选项根据原文应该是retain而非lost。10.答案：B C F答题解析：A选项because the bacteria was relatively simple, having only two strains.【因为这种细菌相对简单，只有两种菌株】原文无提及，且当时用pneumococcus bacteria只是在attempts to prevent the disease pneumonia，为了治病，根本不知道遗传物质的存在。之后才知道DNA。所以也不可能在这个阶段就discover the properties of DNA。D选项错在不是Oswald Avery而是Griffth注射入老鼠体类（第三段）希望研发治疗方案，Oswald Avery在第五段才出现，他的研究是为了发现DNA还是其他物质造成了遗传，并非研究治病，也不是注射入老鼠体内。E选项说Avery通过对老鼠注射什么物质可以提取(isolate) transforming principle的这个说法原文无支持。没有说注入老鼠。B为第三段的概括。C为第五段的概括。F对应第六段，Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty提出DNA作为遗传物质时，学者认为主要是蛋白质起作用，Nucleic acids下的DNA没人重视。刘凯老师介绍刘凯，男，蒙古族，黑龙江省齐齐哈尔人。本科为哈尔滨师范大学英语系，硕士为北京理工大学。2010年赴美国宾夕法尼亚大学交流学习；2013年美国亚利桑那大学访问学者；2015年澳大利亚新南威尔士大学ESL研修；2018年加州理工学院语言学双学位获得者；2019年赴澳大利亚麦考瑞大学交流习；GRE托福考试全球高分获得者；荣获长江商学院EMBA。北京市优秀青年教师，北京市级重点高中示范校骨干教师，多年高中一线执教经验，高三年级把关教师，多次参与东城区模拟试题命题工作，教学理念先进，教学成果突出，多篇教学论文获市区级奖项。多篇文章发表在《中国教育报》《中国考试》《北京教育》等报刊上。多次参加高考阅卷工作，参与人民教育出版社、北京教育出版社、外研社等各类高考教学用书的编写工作，有丰富的备考经验，国际核心期刊发表多篇论文。教育部课题研究员，参与国家十二五课题计划，并作出突出贡献，参与初中、高中各年级区级试题的命制，多次承担区级和市级研究课任务。北京市科技英语优秀指导教师，所带学生在各级英语口语、作文竞赛中多次获奖；将扎实的英语基本功和严谨的学术思想作为教学的基础，课堂上善于寓教于乐，信息量大，内容丰富，使学生在和谐的课堂气氛下欣赏英语、享受英语、掌握英语、运用英语。2009-2012年期间，多次受邀在北京广播电台主持英语高考大纲解析及英语新课程改革节目，学术功底深厚，兼具偶像派与实力派特点，教风亲切洒脱，诙谐幽默，思维开阔，屡有奇思妙想，善于引导学生学以致用，对高考动向把握极其准确，深受学生和家长欢迎。尤其擅长英语语法和单词记忆法。海外生活学习十年，社科人文类学科偏爱者；10年雅思教龄，知名教师培训师；指导上万考生快速冲刺雅思写作、阅读，平均分数7.5分；独创“段落清空”、极简化“针对检索式”阅读法等众多高效技法；每年雅思考试均在10次以上；均分8+；真题回忆准确度97%以上；贴近西式思路和语言指导学生写作；善于帮助学生突破学术写作思维瓶颈。讲授科目有长难句、翻译、四六级考试、阅读和写作；在2014、2015、2017、2019四年考研中，接受其培训的所有考生中有近万名考生取得高分。带给学生的不只是考分的提高，更多的是对英语领悟和感知的突破。纯正的英音、独到的见解、睿智的思维和轻松幽默的语言，为其赢得了广大学生的认同和喜爱。资深考研培训讲师；英语四六级考试天团高级讲师；雅思阅读、雅思写作培训主讲名师；六级考试阅卷组成员；深谙命题规律和解题套路，对英语的学习规律和方法见解独特。呼吁国人学习英语的态度：重复是记忆之母。用听，用看，用心去触摸每个单词，你便会有好的记忆。中国人要学好英语就要有一点点变态。上课特点：课堂从不需点名，却无人缺席教学理念：英语教师很幸运也有责任与学生一同叩响世界之门
