2013考研英语一答案解析

本文是2013年考研英语试卷阅读理解Part A的Text 1部分。本文以批判“快时尚”为主题，就“消费者应该减少购衣”抵制快时尚对劳动力和环境的损害这一观点进行反驳。In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Strep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.在2006年的电影版的《穿普拉达的女王》中，梅丽尔斯特里普所扮演的米兰达，斥责她毫无吸引力、穿衣乏味的助手，原因是助手认为高级时尚与她没有关系。Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.米兰达解释了助手身上穿的深蓝色的毛衣是怎样从时装展“沦落到”百货商店，然后又“沦落到”打折区，让这个可怜的穷孩子直接的淘换到的。21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.答案：[B] insensitivity to fashion.对时尚不敏感解析：本文知识点：因果细节题。由上文可知米兰达批评她的助手是因为助手认为时尚与她无关——也就是批评助手对时尚不敏感。[A] poor bargaining skill.砍价能力差，文中未提及。[C] obsession with high fashion.对高级时尚极度痴迷，与文中意思相反。[D] lack of imagination.缺少想象力，文中未提及。This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at oddswith the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”.这种“组织严密的”时尚经济概念早就过时了，或者和“狂热的世界（《过度着装》描述的词汇）”不一致，伊丽莎白克莱恩历时三年对“快时尚”的控诉。In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.在过去十年，技术的进步使得大众品牌如Zara,HM,和优衣库对时尚趋势反应更快并且能更精确地预测用户需求。Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit.更快的周转意味着更少的库存浪费，更多的推新和更多的利润。These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.这些商标鼓励有时尚意识的消费者把衣服看作一次性的，意味着只需要洗一两次，尽管他们并非这样宣传——每几周更新他们的衣橱。By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an instry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.克莱恩说道，通过以特别便宜的价格提供流行的商品，这些品牌绑架了时尚周期，把一个长久以来的习惯于“季节”为步伐的产业撼动了。22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] Tolerance.解析：答案22：D。本文知识点：人物观点细节题。上文引入对快时尚的批判，大众品牌诱导消费者将衣服看作一次性产品，可见克莱恩认为大众品牌在劝消费者频繁购衣。[A] combat unnecessary waste.反对不必要的浪费[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.将狂热的时尚界拒之门外[C] resist the influence of advertisements.拒绝广告的影响[D] shop for their garments more frequently.更频繁购买衣服答案23：A。[A] accusation.指控，指责[B] enthusiasm.热情[C] indifference.漠视[D] Tolerance.容忍The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers.这场革命的受害者，不仅仅是设计师。For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.HM给他家在世界的2300多家店面提供针织迷你短裙，它必须依靠低工资的海外劳工，订单量巨大，对自然资源过度使用，并且使用大量有害的化学物质。Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.《过度着装》是像迈克尔普兰所写的《杂食者的困境》一样的消费者活跃分子在时尚界的同类畅销书。“Mass-proced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-rable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.批量生产的衣服，像快餐一样，满足了饥饿和需求，然而并不持久而且很浪费，克莱恩争论到，她发现美国人一年买大约200亿衣服，平均每人64件，而且无论他们怎么样捐赠，这种过量都导致浪费。Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully.在《过度着装》结尾处，克莱恩介绍她理想的典范，一个布鲁克林女性名叫萨拉，从2008年就亲手给自己制作所有的衣服，而且衣服做得很漂亮。但正如克莱恩首次提及，它花费了萨拉几十年来完善自己的手工技能，她的例子不能被复制。But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.但是正如克莱恩首次注意到的，萨拉花了几十年的时间来完善技术，她的例子不能被复制。Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.尽管一些快时尚公司在尽力减小它们在劳工和环境方面造成的不良影响，比如HM推出绿色产品系列，克莱恩依旧相信长久的变化只会来自于顾客的选择。She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy.她展现出可持续发展支持者（无论是食物领域还是能源领域）共有的理想主义。Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.虚荣是永恒的，人们只会在付不起价款的时候才会开始买可持续性的产品。24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion instry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.答案：D。价格对购买环境友好型商品至关重要[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.虚荣更常见于理想主义者。[B] The fast-fashion instry ignores sustainability.快时尚行业忽视可持续发展。[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.人们对无力购买的衣服更感兴趣。25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion instry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.答案：C。批评快时尚行业。[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.对奢侈生活的讽刺[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.揭秘高级时尚的神话[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.揭露大众市场的秘密

(44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher ecation, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the indivials who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see basophilic- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter which is a distinctly animal need.48. The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such49 . Most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming “instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly.2) interpret its intended meaning ,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)Section I Use of English1．【答案】A grants【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。”第二句顺接上文，“乍一看这是一种优势”，that引起定语从句，这种优势使人们具有一种能力，即能够做出不受外界因素影响的不带偏见的决定。B选项submit “服从，提交”，不能与ability连用，C选项transmit “传输，发射”，也不能与ability 搭配，D选项deliver “传递”，同样不能与ability搭配。A, C, D无论从搭配上还是意思上都不合适。A选项grant本身具有赋予，授予的意思。故答案选A。2．【答案】D external【解析】external外部因素和上文的background information同义复现，不考虑背景信息，不受外界因素影响。A选项minor 次要的，B选项objective 客观的，C选项crucial 残酷的，D选项external 外部的，故答案选D。3．【答案】C picture【解析】第三题本句but引起句意转折。“但是XX推测不考虑大局会导致决策者被日常接触的信息影响而带有偏见。”首先注意到空前面有定冠词the，指代上文信息，即不考虑背景信息、不考虑大环境。而大局，大环境的表达，此处选择picture是最贴切的。A选项 issue 问题，B选项vision 想象力，美景都不合适，故答案选C。4．【答案】A For example【解析】通读后面的句子，提到了法官与被告，这明显是生活当中的一个具体的实例，故答案选A。而B选项 on average “平均，通常”，出现的话，周围往往应该要出现数字。C选项in principle“大体上，原则上”，后面需要出现的是总结性的话语，D选项above all“首先”是用来列举条目，将BCD排除。5．【答案】B fearful【解析】从句意上来看“例如，他们提出理论，认为法官不敢在罪行面前表现得太软弱，如果当天已经宣判五六名被告执行缓刑，那么他很有可能将下一个人送入监狱。A选项fond of 喜欢，B选项 fear of 惧怕，C选项capable of 有能力，D选项thoughtless of 考虑不周，故答案选B。6．【答案】B on【解析】根据句内的逻辑关系，在对待犯罪行为方面害怕表现出太软弱，在。。。方面，关于。。。的表达应该用介词on，故答案为B。7．【答案】A if【解析】A if 表条件。B选项 until 表时间，往往跟not连用，直接排除。C选项though表让步，D选项unless 相当于 if...not 。通读空格所在的前后句子，得出这两句之间的逻辑关系是表示条件的。8．【答案】D test【解析】首先注意到idea前面有定冠词this，很明显指代上文提出的观点。而且跟上文以法官为例一样，下文“他们把注意力转向大学录取过程”也是上文观点的例证，目的是对上文的观点进行检验，而不是A选项“促进”，B选项“强调”或C选项“分享”，故答案选D。9．【答案】D success【解析】A选项decision“决定”，B 选项quality“质量，品质”，C选项status“地位”，D选项success“成功”。申请者的____不应该取决于同一天随机选到的其他几名申请者。接着下文讲到面试官面试MBA申请者的结果results，因此第9题应该也有结果的意思，与下文结合是达到正面的结果，因此答案是即“申请者的成功”。其它选项带入原文重叠答案，与原义不符合10．【答案】A chosen【解析】空格后面有一个副词为randomly，随机地，既然是随机，那么选项B选项studied“研究过的”，C选项found “找到的” D选项identified“经鉴定的”就与randomly是相矛盾的，全部排除。11．【答案】D otherwise【解析】本题解题关键在于but，通过suspect可以看出Dr. Simonton与前文意思相反，因此otherwise正好符合题意。12．【答案】C concted【解析】此外明显缺一个过去分词作interviews的定语，再看by后面的officers，只有concted（执行），符合语境，故为正确答案。13．【答案】B rated【解析】本题末尾one to five（从一到五），前面又有一个on a scale（…的范围）, A分配，D排列语义上说不通，再综合后面的factor（因素），对比一下，只有B（划分等级），整合起来，即划分成一到五个等级，合情合理C match看似与to搭配，但也不符合文意，故正确答案为B.14．【答案】D took【解析】本题需联系整句话，take…into consideration（考虑，涉及），从形式上来说没有问题，再从意义上来看，说“这个等级考虑了几种因素…”，是对上文评级的进一步解释，也没有问题。15．【答案】B then【解析】还是承接上文讲到的评级得分，后半句讲到的是（平时学校等级）考试得分，再结合中间conjunction一词（联接），可以推断为then（具有承接之意），因此为正确答案，而A和D为同一意义和用法（代替），与conjunction相冲突，C说不通，故也为错误选项。16．【答案】C marked【解析】本题出在一个非限定性定语从句上，先行词为a standardized exam, 后半句是800分，考试和分数之间首选marked，选项B通过具有一定的干扰性，但注意主语是考试，所以正确选项为C。A为无关选项。17．【答案】A before【解析】本句属于比较级，对比的是几个面试者的分数，C、D是空间上的上下，而这里缺的时间上的先后，故排除C和D，B是“之后”，不符合语言先后逻辑，故正确答案为A.18．【答案】C drop【解析】解本题需往下看，to…the effects of such a decrease, 由此可以判断接下来那个应聘者的分数是出现了下降，故正确选项C.19．【答案】B undo【解析】该句为不定式作主语，“（面试考官可能给）更低的分数”所带来的影响，可以推断，是消除或是抵消这种不利结果，应聘者需要在GMAT中多拿30分，A “达到”，C “保持”D“漠视”明显不符，故B为正确答案。20．【答案】C necessary【解析】该题难度较大，需把句意弄懂，也就是“这30分是比…所多的”建议把四个选项分别代入空格处，A有前途的，B可能的，C必须的，D有帮助的，对比之后，只有C最合逻辑 Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121．【答案】（insensitivity to fashion）【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，首先定位到首段。由文章第一句后半句“…scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.”意思是：“……批评她没有魅力的助理，因为助理认为高级时尚对她的生活影响不大”。可知criticize是对scolds的同义替换，B项中的“insensitivity to fashion”是“imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.”的同义替换。所以B项为正确答案。A项在文中并未提及，属于无中生有。C项和D项是对文章第一句的曲解。22．【答案】（shop for their garments more frequently）【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，首先定位到第二段。由倒数第二句“these labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable, ……, and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.”意思是“这些商标（畅销商标）促使有时尚意识的消费者将服装看成是用完就可以丢弃的，……，并且每周更新他们的衣橱。”D选项“shop for their garments more frequently”的意思是“更加频繁地购买服装”，正好是“renew their wardrobe every few weeks”的同义替换。A，B，C项均属于无中生有项。23．【答案】（accusation）【解析】词义题。题干中需要猜测词义的单词出现在第二段的第一句“……the feverish world described inOverdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of ‘fast fashion’”。再结合选项可知，“indictment”是Elizabeth Cline对“快时尚”的一种态度。因此，解答此题的关键在于联系上下文语境，找到Elizabeth Cline对“快时尚”的态度。由第二段最后一句“By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an instry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.”，意思是“Cline说，通过以特别低的价格销售潮流物品，这些品牌破坏了潮流周期，动摇了这个长久以来习惯于季节周期的产业”。由“hijack”和“shaking”可知，Cline对“快时尚”应该是持否定态度的，所以选项A“accusation （谴责）”是正确选项。24．【答案】（pricing is vital to environmental-friendly purchasing）【解析】推理判断题。根据题干，可定位到最后一段。解题关键在于“Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to”，意思是“每个人都很虚荣，这很常见。但消费者付不起太多东西的时候，他们才会以更加可持续的方式去购物。”这句的关键词是“afford”和“shop more sustainably”，对应于D项中的“pricing”和“environmental-friendly purchasing”。A项对于本段的曲解。B项说的是“忽视环境的可持续发展”，与文中“several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment…”（一些时尚服饰公司已经做出努力减少对劳动力和环境）意思相悖。C项文中未提及。25．【答案】（criticism of the fast-fashion instry）【解析】主旨大意题。此题考查对全文主旨大意的准确归纳。从整个文章脉络来看，文章的第一段用事例引入，第二段讲到文章的主题“快时尚”，并指出它破坏了时尚周期，动摇了时尚产业。第三四段指出“快时尚”这种变革的弊端，比如：给自然资源造成压力、使用大量有害的化学物质、浪费现象。最后两段提到针对“快时尚”的不良影响，可以采取的解决办法。由此可知，C项统领全文，为正确答案。A, B,D项都不是文章所论述的中心主题。Text 226．【答案】（lower their operational costs）【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，首先定位到首段。这段的大意是广告经费的一半都浪费掉了，但是通过“behavioral ads”可以追踪购买者的搜索习惯和评价，使得广告更有针对性，从而降低预算成本，也就是“this fraction can be much reced”。 A、B和C选项文中并未提及，属于无中生有。27．【答案】（internet browser developers）【解析】词义句意题。the instry在语篇中是指代前面的出现内容，而前面出现的Microsoft Internet Explorer，Apple’s Safair 和Google’s Chrome都是D选项中中的“Internet browser developers”。 B和C选项文中并未提及，属于无中生有。A选项并非本段中谈论的核心。28．【答案】（will not benefit consumers）【解析】推理判断题。解题关键在于“… consumers will be worse off if the instry cannot collect information about their preferences”，也就是说，当浏览器开发者不能收集消费者网上购物倾向时，消费并不能从中受益。B、C和D选项文中并未提及，属于无中生有。29．【答案】（DNT may not serve its intended purpose）【解析】推理判断题。根据题干，可以定位到第六段。解题关键在于理解本段的行文逻辑，即“unable to tell whether…or whether, some may ignore…”。也就是说“由于不能辨别有些主体是真正反对行为广告，也不能辨别它们支持微软的做法，有些人甚至忽视DNT，继续先前的做法。”可此可见，B项符合题意。A、C和D选项内容在本段中均没有提及。30．【答案】（skepticism）【解析】观点态度题。根据题干，可以定位到文章最后一段倒数第二句，Brendon Lynch的博客中评论道：“我们认为消费者应该有更大的自主权（或掌控权）”。解题关键在于最后一句“Could it be really that simple?”，从中可明显看出作者的怀疑态度。A项是“理解”，B项是“赞成”，D选项是“纵容”的意思。Text 331.【答案】 our faith in science and technology 【解析】事实细节题。根据出题的顺序性原则,可回文定位到文章第一段。该段落共计两句话。第一句总体交代了过去人们对未来的畅想总体是积极，正面的（were largely positive）。本题的正确答案就隐含在第二句话中。第二个句子实际上紧接着第一句话，交代了积极畅想的原因在于“科学和技术能治愈人类的一切疾病”，由此可确定本题的正确答案为B。选项A、D都错在因果倒置，“ lives of fulfillment”以及“opportunity for all”都是科学、技术带来的结果，并非原因。选项C属于无中生有，本段并没有提及任何与“ potential risks”相关内容，故排除。32. 【答案】a sustained species 【解析】题干问的是“濒危物种名单（Red List）”意味着人类怎么样了？我们根据“IUCN”和“Red List”很容易定位到第三段。首段说的是几十年前至今人们对未来所持的态度，第二段出现转折，表明目前人们对于未来的危机意识加重。第三段再次转折，表示第二段中人们所持态度是错误的，即“人类未来不会有太大的生存危机”，并且在此段首句表明观点后，用各种信息去论证和支持这一观点。“Red List”很显然也是用来说明这个观点的，并且指出人类这个物种是widely distributed，adaptable，currently increasing，说的都是人类进化积极的一面。A选项说：濒危物种名单意味着人类是可以持久生存的物种，显然是正确选项。33. 【答案】Our Immediate future is hard to conceive. 【解析】段落推断题。由本题的题干可以锁定本题的答案在文章的第五段。该段首句为段落中心句，“与思考眼前的未来相比，对如此之长的时间跨度进行思考似乎更为容易”，反过来思考也就是说，眼前的未来更难思考，符合D选项含义“我们眼前的未来很难去设想”。A选项“Arc 帮助缩小了未来学研究的范围”，该选项在文中出现在该段的最后一句话“这就是为什么我们可以发行Arc这样一个致力于研究近期未来的全新出版物”，和题目含义有很大出入，故排除。B选项“技术为社会问题提供了解决方法”，段中并未提到。C选项“对科幻小说的兴趣与日俱增”，该段中虽在第二句提到科幻小说家，但并未提及对科幻小说的兴趣，故排除。正确答案为D项“Our immediate future is hard to conceive”。34．【答案】 draw on our experience from the past【解析】段落细节题。由本题的题干可以锁定本题的答案在倒数第二自然段第二句，“As so often , the past holds the key to the future . ”此题就是考查对这句话的理解，“未来是掌握过去的关键。”由此确定正确答案为B。选项A 、C、D 与题干无关，在原文中无直接体现，也不能归纳得出，故排除。35.【答案】The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind【解析】全文的主旨题。考查考生对全文主题的把握。通观全文，我们可发现作者对未来是十分看好的，尤其在文章最后一段最后一句“But we are now knowledgeable enough to rece many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. ”作者直接借助这句话重申主题。由此，本题正确答案应既包含“未来”，也应能体现出作者对未来的态度。确定选项C为正确答案。选项A错在无中生有，全文当中对于未来，并无体现出对于其的不确定；本文讲的是人类对于未来的看法，而不是讲人类的进化史，因此B错误；D选项过于笼统，并未体现出作者的乐观态度，因此不对。Text 436．【答案】 overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.【解析】事实细节题。principles that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial are noncontroversial.说明联邦法律高于州的法律是无可争辩的。答案选项they“overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.”---他们（亚利桑那州的法案）逾越了联邦法案。就是对文中这句话的反义改写。Overstep 为同义替换原文中的intrude, authority 同义替换了privileged powers.属于同义置换。37．【答案】States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.州政府在移民法案实施中的合法地位。【解析】第四段主要说明了，州警察依然可以核实移民的法律地位。国会设想joint federal-state immigration enforcement联合实施移民法案。同时，encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.国会鼓励州警察与联邦同事分享信息以及相互合作。其他选项的withhold，independence，intervention文中也没有提到。属于过度推断。38．【答案】（Stood in favor of the states）【解析】第五段最后一句：唯一的最主要的反对来自法官Antonino Scalia, 这个法官“defense”是支持州的权利的，“going back to”可追溯到Alien and Sedition Acts，证明这个法案是支持州的权利的。39．【答案】（outweighs that held by the states.）联邦政府的权利大过州的实施权利【解析】第六段The White House 认为亚利桑那州的法律跟白宫的法律实施权利冲突。In effect后面表达的是重点：如果这些州的法律跟它有冲突的话，白宫声明它有权利宣布其它州的法律无效。40．【答案】（The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.）(政府在移民问题上占据着主导地位)【解析】本段第一句话，联邦政府确实有一些exclusively（专门地）权利，比如控制居民以及边界。这就暗示了移民问题上，政府当局是具有主导权利的。Part B41．【答案】G (These issues all have root causes in human behavior...)【解析】此题可以通过上下文的衔接和代词指代来确定答案。空格前一句谈到“这种巨大的能源不是当今全球问题的主要影响因素，这些问题包括气候变化、安全、可持续发展和健康问题”，空后谈到“人类有必要的农业技术工具来消除饥饿”，空格处应该填入的选项可以连接前后句的内容，既包括谈及到全球问题，又谈及到解决问题的选项只有G项。该项首句提到的these issues即指代空前所提及的全球问题，以及该项第二句的climate change举例说明即是空前所列出的问题之一，并且该项提及解决气候变化的问题，很好的启示了下文。42．【答案】C (Despite these factors...)【解析】本题可以通过连贯性原则和代词指代来确定答案。上段末句提到“问题也带有社会因素：对食物的组织和分配，财产和财富”，空格后谈到“这是一种耻辱，社会应该抓住机会提升它在真实世界中的影响”，并且应用了社会科学家的话语来表明应该采取行动，即：上段末句提到的问题，空前谈到存在问题，那么接下来应该解决问题，但是空后谈到这是一种耻辱，然后纠正应该解决问题，所以空格处应该承上启下，表达没有解决问题这个含义，因此C项“尽管存在这些因素，很多社会科学家不愿意解决此问题”即为正确选项，该项中these factors指代上段末句提到的社会因素，而“很多科学家不愿意解决此问题”就是下文提及的this。43．【答案】B (However, the numbers are still small...)【解析】本题可以通过原词复现和逻辑关系来确定答案。空前一句讲到“ the number of papers including.....have increased rapidly ...”，紧接着在选项B中也出现了“the number”，属于原词复现。从逻辑关系的角度来看，选项B有一个明显的转折词“however”，这说明其表达的含义与空前信息相反，该选项提到“the numbers are still small”（数量非常小），空前信息是“the number ... increased rapidly”（数量增长非常迅速），两者在语意上构成了明显的转折关系。所以正确答案为B。44．【答案】D (During the late 1990s...)【解析】本题设在段落中间，可以通过段落一致性代词指代来确定答案。该段第一句提到：“The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding”,其表达的含义是：事情的问题不是可用资金的数目。那接下来要讲的内容一定和资金有关系。空后出现了代词“this is an adequate amount”其含义是：这个资金数目是足够的。那么this指代的内容一定和adequate amount相关，而选项D的题干是“national spending varied from 4% to 25%”，其表述的内容正是资金的总量。因此选项D为正确答案。45．【答案】E (The idea is to force social to integrate...)【解析】本题设空在段落中间，应瞻前顾后地依据连贯性原则确定答案。空前的信息是指欧盟提议取消了之前设定的专门投资支持社会科学家的专栏项目，其目的不是为了忽略社会科学家，而是完全相反，即文章中的“complete opposite”，根据语意衔接，接下来会说明欧盟这一做法的真正目的，并且这一目的对于社会科学家一定是积极的。选项E中的the idea指代空前出现的“it was proposed that...”，即欧盟的提案。除此之外，空后提到了collaborative endeavors，与选项E中的短语integrate with构成了同义替换。空后信息中的global problems与选项E中的health and demographic change, food security, ... and secure societies构成上下义的关系，这也是解题的一道线索，因此，正确答案为选项E。Section III Translation46. yet, when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.【参考译文】然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的花园图片时，人们会突然想到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和创造性表达之外的其他各种基本诉求47. A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.【参考译文】无论地方多么简陋不堪，寻求一片静谧圣土是人类特有的需求，而动物需要的仅是仅是避难栖息之地。48. The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such.【参考译文】无家可归者的乐园,实际上是一个毫无家庭气息的地方,给城市环境带来了一种新的形式。。无家可归者描绘的花园实质上是无所依附的,这些花园把一种形式引入城市环境中，而这样的城市环境中，形式要么根本不存在, 要么就完全不是以这种明显的方式存在。49. Most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.【参考译文】我们大多数人会深陷于精神萎靡的状态，并常常将此归咎为一些心理原因，直到某天我们发现自己置身花园中，感到如魔法般烦闷尽消50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.【参考译文】正是对自然的这种或隐晦含蓄或清晰直白的提及，充分证实了用“花园”一词来描述这些虚拟建筑是合乎情理的，即使是从毫无拘泥的意义来讲的。Section IV Writing51．【参考范文】Dear Mr. Wilson,I am writing on behalf of the Student’ Union to invite you to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. It will be held in ROOM304, the North Building next Friday.This contest aims at improving our abilities in practical English. We know that you are admired by all the students. We would be grateful if you could be the judge for this contest. The participants are mainly the seniors and the theme is concerning the importance of environmental protection.It’s our greatest pleasure that you can present yourself in this great event. We are looking forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.Yours sincerely,Li Ming52．【参考范文】Emerging from the cartoon is an eye-catching scene that college graates are at a turning point on the way to choose their future destination. When stepping out of the campus, a variety of choices, such as finding a job, going further ecation or abroad, and doing pioneering work, lie in front of these young people.The implication echoed by this drawing remind us the great importance of a philosophic topic in our daily life：a successful life is directly related to the choice made by oneself. Nevertheless, we cherish a belief that we cannot tell whether the selection is good or not, and as long as we adhere to our decision success will be realized step by step. Making choice is essential to help determine the direction of our way, and persistence functions as an indispensable driving force to keep up our spirit and to assist us to fulfill our study and work. Only those who are hard-working and brave enough to encounter obstacles of all sorts are most likely to reach the summit of success.Positive mental guidance should be popularized among the young people to help them make wise decision in their life. Besides, the youngster should be ecated to realize the reality. Only in this way, can they make the right choice and shoulder the real success.

本文是2013年考研英语试卷阅读理解Part A的Text 2部分。本文主要讲述了网络隐私问题，就“在线行为广告”引发的争议展开论述，随后追溯了争议的相关解决方案。An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half.老话说的好，广告费的一半是浪费了的——问题是，没人知道哪一半浪费掉的。In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reced.在互联网时代，至少在理论上，这一浪费的部分能够减少。By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.通过观察人们搜索什么，点击什么，在网络上说什么，公司能够瞄准那些更容易购买的客户投放“行为”广告。26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:第一段表明，“行为”广告帮助广告商：[A] ease competition among themselves缓和他们之间的竞争[B] lower their operational costs降低运营成本[C] avoid complaints from consumers避免消费者的抱怨[D] provide better online services提供更好的网络服务答案：B。解析：第一句就指出了，广告费花费了有一半被浪费掉了。后面指出互联网时代广告费用大幅减少，因为公司（广告商）能够将“行为”广告投放给最有可能购买的人群。由此可知，“行为广告”能帮助广告商“降低运营成本”这句话最符合题意。In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?在过去几周，一场争论表明这些精准信息对于广告商的价值：广告商应该假定用户乐于被追踪并且收到这些广告吗？或者应该获得用户明确的准许？In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .在2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会建议提出一个“禁止追踪”的选项加入到网络浏览器中，以便用户能告诉广告商他们不想被“追踪”。Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is e to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the instry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.微软的IE浏览器和苹果的Safari浏览器提供了“禁止追踪”选项；谷歌的Chrome浏览器在今年准备提供这样的功能。2月，联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟同意该行业尽快对“禁止追踪”这一请求作出回应。27. “The instry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers to:“该行业”指的是：[A] online advertisers在线广告商[B] e-commerce conctors电子商务运营[C] digital information analysis数字信息分析者[D] internet browser developers网络浏览器开发商答案：D。解析：FTC和DAA一致认为the instry会对DNT要求迅速做出回应。前面又指出FTC提议在浏览器上添加DNT选项，可见这个提议的动作执行者在浏览器开发商。可见FTC和DAA提议的the instry就是浏览器开发商。On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version e to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.微软在五月31日率先发起讨论，它表明随windows8一起发布的IE 10，将把“禁止追踪”选项设为默认状态。Advertisers are horrified .广告商慌神了。Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.人性本质上是，大多数人还是坚持默认设置的。Few switch DNT on now,but if tracking is off it will stay off.很少人会打开DNT选项，但是如果“追踪”是关闭的那么它就一直关闭了。Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,says consumers will be worse off if the instry cannot collect information about their preferences.国家广告协会会长Bob Liodice 表示，如果这个行业不能收集消费者们的偏好信息，消费者的情况将会更糟。People will not get fewer ads,he says.“They’ll get less meaningful,less targeted ads.人们看到的广告不会更少，他们会得到更多的“无意义的”、更不精确的目标广告。28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultBob Liodice坚称设置“禁止追踪”为默认选项[A] may cut the number of junk ads可能减少垃圾广告[B] fails to affect the ad instry对这个行业没有影响[C] will not benefit consumers对消费者不利[D] goes against human nature违反人性答案：C。解析：Bob Liodice指出了消费者的情况会更糟糕，收到的广告不会变少，反而会出现更多无意义的广告。所以C正确。It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.还不清楚广告商怎么回应。Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.收到“DNT”信号并不能迫使企业去停止追踪，尽管一些企业承诺会这么做。Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.由于不能分辨出用户是拒绝“行为”广告还是他们只是坚持微软的默认选项，一些企业可能忽略“禁止追踪”的信号并且继续追踪。29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?根据第六段，下面哪一个是正确的？[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose“禁止追踪”可能不能取得预期目标[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT广告商更希望执行“禁止追踪”选项[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers“禁止追踪”在消费者之中并不流行[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads广告商有责任提供“行为”广告答案：A。解析：公司收到DNT信号并不意味着一定要求停止追踪，而且由于他们不清楚消费者心理，可能也会对DNT默认信号加以忽略。由此，DNT并不能达到限制公司获取用户在线行为信息的目的。所以A合适。Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.并且也不清楚为什么微软一意孤行的发起行动。After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.毕竟，它也有商业广告业务。据称这些业务也遵守“禁止追踪”选项设定。不过还在具体怎样实施还在研究当中。If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising，it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.如果它是想让谷歌不高兴，谷歌的业务几乎全靠广告支持。它选择了一个不太直接的方式，没有保证说能将“‘禁止追踪’设为默认状态”成为行业规范。DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other procts favorably with Google's on that count before.“禁止追踪”看起来也不能成为Windows 8的巨大卖点，尽管此前这个公司将旗下一些产品与谷歌的进行了有利对比。Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged:" we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?Brendon Lynch，微软首席隐私官，在博客中写道：我们相信消费者将有更多的控制权。真的那么简单吗？30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:作者对Brendon Lynch在博客中所说的态度是：[A] inlgence纵容[B] understanding理解[C] appreciation欣赏[D] skepticism怀疑答案：D。解析：Brendon Lynch说消费者应该拥有更多控制权，但是作者后面又反问：真的那么简单吗？可见，作者对Brendon Lynch的观点是怀疑的。

来源MR产老师2013Text41、核心词1.vote[vot]v.投票,表决n.投票,表决n.选票,选票数2.supreme[sprim]adj.最高的,至上的adj.最优的,卓越的adj.极度的,最重要的3.policy[pɑlsi]n.政策,方针4.administration[dmnstre()n]n.管理,经营n.政府,行政(机关)5.constitution [kɑnsttu()n]n.构成,构造n.体格,体质n.宪法,法规,章程6.upset[pset]v.使心烦意乱,使苦恼v.打乱,搅乱v.弄翻,打翻7.balance[blns]v.(使)平衡n.天平,秤(c)n.平衡,均衡(u)n.差额,结余,余款(c)8.federal [fed()rl]adj.联邦的9.majority[mdrti]n.多数,大多数;半数以上n.票数差距,多得的票数n.法定年龄;成年10.controversial [kɑntrvr()l]adj.引起争论的,有争议的11.enforce[nfrs]vt.(on,upon)强迫,强加vt.实施,使生效vt.加强,坚持12.precede[prsid]vt.在(…之)前,先于13.parallel [perlel]n.平行线,平行面n.相似物,相似处n.显示相似处的比较,比拟n.纬线,平行圈adj.平行的adj.类似的,相同的14.justice [dsts]n.公平,公正,合理(u)n.审判,司法15.congress [kɑɡrs]n.(代表)大会;(美国等国的)国会,议会16.legal[liɡ()l]adj.法律的,法定的adj.合法的,正当的17.status [stts]n.地位,身份,职业n.情形,状况18.joint[dnt]n.接头,接缝,接合处n.关节adj.共同的,联合的19cooperate[koɑpret]vi.(with)合作,协作20.statute [sttut]n.法令,法规,规则,章程,条例(c)21.objection[bdek()n]n.反对,异议22.executive [ɡzekjtv]adj实行的,执行的,行政的n.总经理,董事,行政负责人23.legitimate[ldtmt]adj.合法的,合理的,正统的24.essence[esns]n.本质,实质;要素25.remarkable[rmɑrkb()l]adj值得注意的,非凡的,卓越的26.claim[klem]n.要求,主张;索赔;权利(c)vt.要求vt.声称;主张vt.索赔27.defeat[dfit]V.战胜,击败n.击败,失败(c/u)28overturn [ovrtrn]v.使某人(某物)翻转,颠倒n.倾覆,破灭,垮台,革命,毁灭29.contest[kntest]n.竞赛,比赛v.争夺,竟争,争论30provision [prv()n]n.供应,提供,给养n.准备,预备n.条款,规定n.粮食,食物v.为提供所需物品(尤指食物)31.fashion [f()n]n.方式,样子32deliberately[dlb()rtli]adv.故意地;谨慎地33intrude[ntrud]v.侵入,打搅,把观点等强加于他人34.verify [verfa]vt.查对,查清35.enforcement [nfrsmnt]n.执行36.conflict[kɑnflkt]n.(尤指长期的)战争,战斗n冲突,抵触vi.冲突,抵触37.robust[robst]adj有活力的;强健的38.assertion[sr()n]n.断言39invalidate[nvldet]v.证明错误,使站不住脚,使无效,使作废40.rightly[ratli]adv.正当地;理由充分地;正确地;恰当地;精确地——————————————————————2、长难句1.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.解析:本句主干为 The Constitutional principles… are noncontroversial. “that Washington alone has the power toestablish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”和“That federal laws precede state laws”是并列的同位语从句解释 principles的内容.译文:宪法规定，只有华盛顿才有权“建立全国统一的旧化条例”；联邦法先于州法，这些原则都是无可争议的.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress' s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either.解析:本句主干 The administration was asserting that…引导宾语从句，because引导的原因状语从句嵌套在that引导的宾语从句中，no state should be allowed to do so either是that引导的宾语从句的主干部分.译文:事实上政府声称，因为它不想执行国会的移民意愿，因此也不允许任何州这么做.

2021年杭州电子科技大学人文艺术与数字媒体学院、法学院《445汉语国际教育基础》考研真题精选一、单项选择题1某类课程的组织形式如下图所示。这类课程是（）。[统考2013研]A．相关课程B．融合课程C．广域课程D．核心课程【答案】D查看答案【解析】课程是对教育的目标、教学内容、教学活动方式的规划和设计，是教学计划、教学大纲等诸多方面实施过程的总和。核心课程是一种课程设计。在此设计中，儿童的学习有一个中心，所有的学习活动都围绕着这个中心进行。分为三种类型：一是以学科为核心，即以分科、相关、融合或广域课程为核心；二是以活动为核心，作为联络各种教学内容的手段；三是以社会生活领域或社会问题为核心，上图正是第三种类型的核心课程。2马克思主义认为，实现人的全面发展的根本途径是（）。[四川师范大学2014研]A．教育同生产劳动相结合B．教育同生活相结合C．教育同娱乐活动相结合D．改造旧式劳动分工【答案】A查看答案【解析】马克思早在《资本论》中所指出：“从工厂制度中萌发了未来教育的幼芽，未来教育对所有已满一定年龄的儿童来说，就是生产劳动同智育和体育相结合，它不仅是提高社会生产的一种方法，而且是造就全面发展的人的唯一方法。”因此答案选A。3教师帮助和指导学生学会身份认同和角色定位，使其自觉按照角色要求为人处世。这体现了教育的（）。[四川师范大学2015研]A．个体社会化功能B．个体个性化功能C．个体谋生功能D．个体享用功能【解析】教育具有促进个体个性化和个体社会化的功能。其中，个体的社会化是个体学习所在社会的生活方式，将社会所期望的价值观、行为规范内化，获得社会生活必需的知识、技能，以适应社会需要的过程。社会化的具体内容大致包括四个方面：①接受一定社会的文化价值与社会规范。②使个人追求的目标与社会要求相一致。③掌握个人获得社会成员资格和追求目标所必须的技能。④学会认同身份和在每一场合下自己所处的角色。题干的身份认同与角色定位属于教育的个体社会化功能。4“教育是与种族需要、种族生活相适应的、天性的”。这种教育起源说属于（）。[四川师范大学2015研]A．神话起源说B．生物起源说C．心理起源说D．劳动起源说【答案】B查看答案【解析】教育生物起源说认为，人类教育发源于动物界各类动物的生存本能活动。认为人类的教育来自于本能的需要，从生物学的角度出发，把动物界生存竞争和天性本能看成是教育的基础。该理论忽视了人类教育的社会性。5以下判断不能说明教育相对独立性的是（）。[统考2014研]A．教育是个体向社会上层流动的助推器B．教育具有自身的特点和规律C．教育发展具有连续性和继承性D．教育具有自我复制性【解析】教育的相对独立性是指作为社会一个子系统的教育，它对社会的能动作用具有自身的特点和规律：①教育是培育人的活动，主要通过所培育的人作用于社会。②教育具有自我复制和自我更新的功能。它的历史发展也有独特的连续性和继承性。教育独立性是相对的，由政治经济制度和生产力所决定，即教育活动必须接受社会的物质支持，并传播一定的政治和社会价值体系。教育的相对独立性不能片面理解为教育的绝对独立性。6美国教育家帕克认为，“一切教育的真正目的，是人，即人的身体、思想和灵魂的和谐发展。”这种教育目的是属于（）。[统考2014研]A．个体本位论B．社会本位论C．文化本位论D．生活本位论【解析】个人本位论把满足个人需要视为教育的根本价值。主张：①教育目的的根本在于使人的本性、本能得到自然发展。②重视人的价值、个性发展及其需要，把人的个性发展及其需要的满足视为教育的价值所在。③个人价值高于社会价值，社会只有在有助于个人的发展时才有价值，评价教育的价值应当以其对个人发展所起的作用来衡量。可见个人本位主义的主张与题中帕克的说法最为吻合。7强调“教学过程作为课程开发的过程”的课程实施取向是（）。[统考2015研]A．忠实取向B．相互适应取向C．创生取向D．目标中心取向【答案】C查看答案【解析】课程实施的创生取向即把课程实施视为师生在具体的课堂情境中共同合作、创造新的教育经验的过程。真正的课程并不是在实施之前就固定下来的，它是情境化、人格化的。课程实施本质上是在具体的课堂情境中“创生”新的教育经验的过程。既有的课程方案不过是一种供这种经验创生过程选择的工具而已。教育与教育学1.1复习笔记一、教育的认识（一）教育的概念1“教育”的日常用法“教育”的日常用法大致可分为三类：一是作为一种过程的“教育”，表明一种深刻的思想转变过程；二是作为一种方法的“教育”；三是作为一种社会制度的“教育”。在这三类用法中，最基本的是第一种用法。2“教育”的词源（1）西方“教育”的词源：在现代英语、德语、法语中的“教育”一词均起源于拉丁文“ēcāre”。意思是采用一定的手段，把某种本来就潜藏于人身上的东西引导出来，从一种潜质转变为现实。（2）我国“教育”的词源：在我国，一般认为“教育”一词最早见于《孟子·尽心上》中的“得天下英才而教育之，三乐也”。20世纪之前，人们论及教育问题时通常将“教”与“学”分开使用，因此，可将“教”与“学”的词源看成是中国文化背景下的“教育”的词源。3教育的定义一般而言，人们是从以下两个不同的角度给“教育”下定义：（1）从社会的角度来定义“教育”，可分为三个层次：①广义的，凡是增进人们的知识和技能，影响人们的思想品德的活动，都是教育；②狭义的，主要指学校教育；③更狭义的，指思想教育活动。（2）从个体的角度来定义“教育”，“教育”等同于个体的学习或发展过程。目前学界通用的对教育的准确定义为：教育是在一定社会背景下发生的促使个体的社会化和社会的个性化的实践活动。对这一定义可从以下几个方面来理解：①“教育”的“实践特性”，即“教育”这个概念首先指的是某一类型的实践活动，而不是纯粹的理念或在某种理念支配下的一套规则。②“教育”是耦合的过程，一方面是“个体的社会化”，另一方面是“社会的个性化”。个体的社会化是指根据一定社会的要求，把个体培养成为符合社会发展需要的具有一定态度、知识和技能结构的人；社会的个性化是指把社会的各种观念、制度和行为方式内化到需要、兴趣和素质各不相同的个体身上，从而形成他们独特的个性心理结构。③教育活动的“动力性”，即教育活动要在个体社会化和社会个性化的过程中起到一种“促进”或“加速”的作用。④“教育”行为发生的社会背景，强调“教育”与一定社会政治、经济、文化等条件之间的联系，从而说明教育活动的社会性、历史性和文化特征。（二）教育的要素从系统的角度认识，教育是一种相对独立的社会子系统，由以下三种基本要素构成：1教育者教育者是指能够在一定社会背景下促使个体社会化和社会个性化活动的人，要以其自身的活动来引起、促进受教育者的身心发生合乎目的地发展和变化。一个真正的教育者必须具备两个基本条件：（1）有明确的教育目的；（2）理解自己在实践活动中所肩负的促进个体发展及社会发展的任务或使命。2学习者学习者是教育实践活动的对象，以其接受教育影响后发生合乎目的的变化来体现教育过程的完成。学习者的特征包括：（1）学习目的不同，即使两个人在学习目的的表述方面相同，也未必有着同样的理解和同样的理由；（2）学习背景或基础不同，并由此影响到各自的学习兴趣、能力或风格；（3）在学习过程中所遭遇的问题与困难不同，因此，进行有效学习所需要的帮助也不同；（4）对自身学习行为反思和管理意识与能力不同，从而影响到他们各自的学习效率和质量。3教育影响教育影响是教育实践活动的手段，是教育活动中教育者作用于学习者的全部信息，既包括了信息的内容，也包括了信息选择、传递和反馈的形式，是形式与内容的统一。（1）从内容上说，主要就是教育内容、教育材料或教科书；（2）从形式上说，主要就是教育手段、教育方法、教育组织形式。上述三个要素之间既相互独立，又相互规定，共同构成一个完整的实践活动系统。教育是三个基本要素构成的一种社会实践活动系统，是上述三个基本要素的有机结合。（三）教育的形态教育的形态是指由教育的三个基本要素所构成的教育系统在不同时空背景下的变化形式，也是“教育”理念的历史实现。根据不同的标准，可以划分出以下不同的教育形态：1非制度化的教育与制度化的教育（根据教育系统自身形式化的程度划分）（1）非制度化的教育：指那些没有能够形成相对独立的教育形式的教育。这种教育是与生产或生活高度一体化的，没有从日常的生产或生活中分离出来成为一种相对独立的社会机构及其制度化行为。（2）制度化的教育：指从非制度化的教育中演化而来，由专门的教育人员、机构及其运行制度所构成的教育形态。制度化教育是人类教育的高级形态。（3）对制度化教育的批判：“非学校化社会”的概念。“非学校化社会”起源于20世纪70年代激进主义教育改革思潮，倡导者是美国的伊里奇。他认为近代以来人类所建立起来的学校体系，妨碍了真正的学习和教育，降低了人类自我成长的责任心。因此，应彻底颠覆制度化的现代学校教育以及与之相适应的学校化社会，而代之以自主学习的“教育网络”以及与之相适应的“非学校化社会”。2家庭教育、学校教育与社会教育（根据教育系统赖以运行的场所或空间标准划分）（1）家庭教育是指以家庭为单位进行的教育活动；（2）学校教育是指以学校为单位进行的教育活动；（3）社会教育是指在广泛的社会生活和生产过程中所进行的教育活动。在教育实践中，要充分地利用家庭、学校和社会的教育资源，有助于更好地发挥每一种教育形态的优势与长处，从而形成“教育合力”。3农业社会的教育、工业社会的教育与信息社会的教育（根据教育系统赖以运行的时间标准划分）（1）这三种教育形态的产生与社会形态的变迁有着密切的联系，是适应不同的生产力发展阶段以及建立于其上的经济形态和生产关系变革的结果。（2）农业社会的教育不等于“农业教育”，工业社会的教育不等于“工业教育”，信息社会的教育也不等于“信息教育”。前者是指基本的教育形态，而后者是指专门的教育类型。（3）后一种形态的教育，是建立在前一种形态教育基础上的，彼此之间有一种历史的连续性。本文由才聪学习网原创，欢迎关注，带你一起长知识！

[全套]2021年江苏大学外国语学院243英语（二外）考研全套资料本书是《全新版大学英语综合教程（1）》（第2版）的配套辅导用书，按照原教材的课次进行编写，每单元涉及词汇短语、课文精解、全文翻译以及练习答案内容。词汇短语中精选每单元的重、难点词汇，每个词后除了释义，还给出了相应的例句，及一些常用的搭配、词组、助记方法等。课文精解从文中选出重点句子及难以理解的句子加以讲解，其中包括对句子结构分析、相关知识点讲解和延伸。全文翻译是在参阅了大量与教材相关用书的基础上总结编写而成的。练习答案提供每单元习题的参考答案。本书旨在帮助学生更好、更高效地学习和掌握教程中的重点及难点知识，具有很强的针对性和实用性。在编写过程中，该书力求突出重点，答疑难点，语言言简意赅，讲解深入浅出，希望它能得到广大英语学习者的喜爱和认可。本书提供电子书及打印版，方便对照复习。考研真题详解江苏大学英语考研Unit 1一、词汇短语Text Aoff and on 断断续续地；有时take hold 生根，确立associate [E5sEuFieit] v. 联想；使联合；交往，结交n. 合作人，同事adj. 副的；联合的【例句】I always somehow associate Chatterton with autumn. 我总把查特顿与秋天联想在一起。【词组】be associated with与…联系associate oneself with投身于…，参加到…中去【助记】as 加强 + social 社会的，群体的→加入群体【派生】associated adj. 关联的；联合的association n. 协会，联盟，社团；联合；联想associability n. 可联想性；交感性assignment [E5sainmEnt] n. 分配，委派，任务【例句】Fast as you do，you can't finish the assignment in two hours.尽管你做得快，总也不能在两小时内将功课做完。turn out制造；关灯；结果是；出席（某项活动）paragraph [5pArE^rB:f] n. 段，节；小新闻，短评【例句】Read from book, starting at the second paragraph. 念书，从第二段开始。agony [5A^Eni] n. 苦恼，极大的痛苦（肉体或精神上的极度痛苦；死前挣扎的痛苦）【例句】The wounded man was in agony. 受伤的人很痛苦。【词组】in agony 痛苦不堪【助记】哀歌你→哀歌你的痛苦。assign [E5sain] vt. 分配，指派；指定（时间、地点等）；（分派的）任务【例句】The hardest work was assigned to the strongest laborers. 最繁重的工作分配给最强壮的劳工。【词组】assign sb to sth 指定某人做一工作或任一职务；委派，选派某人【助记】as（加强语气）+sign（签名）→签署任命→指派。一再的把你标记上去，分配。【派生】assignable adj. 可分配的；可指定的；可让渡的assignment n. 分配；任务；作业；功课anticipate [An5tisipeit] vt. 预感，期望；占先，抢先；提前使用【例句】We anticipate hearing from you again. 我们期待再接到你们的来信。【助记】①anti 前 + cip 落下+ate→提前落下→预期；音：俺提 + expect，俺提前expect②anti（先）+cip（拿）+ate（做）→先拿到→先于…行动【派生】anticipation n. 希望；预感；先发制人；预支tedious [5ti:diEs] adj. 沉闷的；乏味的，单调的【例句】He is an exceedingly tedious fellow. 他是一个非常令人生厌的家伙。【助记】如果形容词不好记，记名词tedium（谐音：提爹母）→提到你爹的母亲是你奶奶→（说话）乏味的【派生】tediously adv. 沉闷地；冗长而乏味地reputation [7repju(:)5teiFEn] n. 名声，名望【例句】He’s a man of evil reputation though he’s rich. 他虽然有钱，但是名声坏透了。【词组】reputation for 名声，名气；以…闻名by reputation 由（或通过）名声；由于知名度have a reputation for 出名因（因…而著称）；有…的好名声【助记】re（反复）+put（思考）+ation（名词后缀）→反复考虑你的名声和名誉inspire [in5spaiE] v. 鼓舞，激发；使生灵感；启示【例句】The painting can inspire a pensive mood. 这幅画能引人沉思。【词组】inspire sb. with sth. 激发某人的某种感情【助记】in（进入）+spir（呼吸）+e→深深吸了一口气【派生】inspired adj. 有灵感的；官方授意的inspiration n. 灵感；鼓舞；吸气；妙计formal [5fC:mEl] adj. 正式的；形式的；礼仪上的【例句】Her English was very formal. 她的英语非常标准。【助记】form（形式，形状）+al（形容词后缀）→外形上的rigid [5ridVid] adj. 刚性的，刚硬的；严格的，严厉的；不易弯的【例句】She was a fairly rigid person who had strong religious views. 她是个相当刻板、有着很强宗教观念的人。【词组】bore sb. rigid使某人腻烦得要命shake（或scare）sb. rigid把某人吓得浑身僵直【助记】音：认真的，锐直的，象刀锋般坚硬。【派生】rigidity n. 硬度；严格，刻板；僵化；坚硬out of date过时的，陈旧的；年陈日久；老掉牙excessively [Ik5sesIvlI] adv. 过分地，非常地【例句】The doctor advised him not to drink excessively. 医生劝他不要饮酒过度。excessive [ik5sesiv] adj. 过分的，过多的，额外的【例句】The food was bad and the bill was excessive in this restaurant. 这家餐馆饭菜很糟，但价钱又很贵。本文由”才聪学习网“发布！

本期嘉宾爱传播小鱼，湖南师范大学2019级学硕。目前研一，考研总成绩396分，加权排名第一。同时，也是2021级湖师大定向全程班班主任、批改组老师及线下班讲师。【目录信息】1.关于湖师大2.个人择校经历3.复习规划经验4.真题分析关于湖师大1院校简介湖南师范大学是国家“211工程”和 “双一流”建设高校。湖南师范大学新闻与传播学院现设新闻、编辑出版、广播电视、广告、网络与新媒体五个系。新闻传播学科在2017年全国第四轮学科评估中位居全国同类学科18名左右，并增列为一级学科博士学位点，填补了湖南省空白。2招考情况关于湖南师大的新闻传播学学硕和新闻与传播专硕大家可以很清楚的看到，每年的录取人数和录取分数线都是比较稳定的，由此可见报录比应该也是比较稳定的，相比于其他很多学校的新传专业，湖师大无论是从参考书目还是录取人数来看，难度都要小很多，所以我说它是一个性价比很高的学校，非常适合一些稳中求胜的同学。3参考书学硕[717]新闻传播理论：李良荣：《新闻学概论》（第四版），复旦大学出版社，2013年版。郭庆光：《传播学教程》（第二版），中国人民大学出版社，2011年版。学硕[831]新闻传播实务：刘海贵：《中国新闻采访写作学》（新修版），复旦大学出版社2013年第2版。彭兰：《网络传播概论》（第四版），中国人民大学出版社2017年。专硕440新闻与传播专业基础:方汉奇等：《中国新闻传播史》，中国人民大学出版社2009年。郭庆光：《传播学教程》，中国人民大学出版社2011年。专硕334新闻与传播专业综合能力:李良荣：《新闻学概论》，复旦大学出版社2011年。蔡雯：《新闻编辑学》，中国人民大学出版社2014年。个人择校经历因为我本科就是湖南师范大学新闻与传播学院的学生，所以可以说是非常了解它了，其实我刚开始并没有觉得师大有多好，但是通过四年的学习与生活，我真的发现它有自己独特的优势，就拿导师来说，新传院每个老师都是一个“宝藏”，不仅讲课风趣，而且平易近人。再加上湖师大的地理环境优越，位于岳麓山下，和湖南大学、中南大学并称“岳麓三大名校”，三个学校可以说是“你中有我，我中有你”，学习氛围非常浓烈。说到地理位置，湖南广电的发展不得不提，在这里，不仅有很多接触到自己“爱豆”的光辉时刻，去广电实习的机会也是非常多。而且湖师大的新传专业在湖南可以说排第一，老师不仅学术能力强，业内人脉也很广，跟着他们能学到很多东西。湖师大也是为数不多的师范类“211”学校，是八大师范名校之一，新传也是他的优势学科，所以我也非常强烈的想在这里继续深造。其次，就试题的难度来说，湖师大初试侧重基础知识的考察，只要基础知识扎实，就能比较从容地应付考题。初试的参考书目也都相对比较基础，只有四本，而且一般不会考察书本外的扩展内容，老师给分也比较宽松，夯实基础、拔高思维，就可以在竞争中脱颖而出。每年都有全国各地希望考到师大来的学生，师大吸引每个人的独到之处也是因人而异，作为能继续在师大在长沙读书的一名学生，我也是感到非常荣幸和骄傲的，也期待更多的学弟学妹成为师大的一员！复习规划经验专业课因为我本科就是师大新传院的学生，所以基础还算不错，专业课开始得就比较晚，大概九月左右才开始，主要湖师大的参考书目很少，所以时间虽然紧张但是也很够用。我九月开始基本上大部分时间都用在专业课上了，我不是很喜欢死记硬背那种，所以我首先把书看了几遍，能初步形成一个完整的知识网络了我才开始逐步理解记忆，等到12月的时候我基本上一天就能复习完一本书，也就是把这本书整个大概背一遍，所以里面的内容我也非常熟悉。实务复习中，第一遍专业书看完已经是10月初，导致我的实务练习10月中旬才开始。而且因为书实在看不完了，选做部分就放弃了网传选择了新闻评论方向。1、报道策划相对比较简单，而且分值从40分变成了30分，练过几次就基本能掌握套路，爱传播的范文适合大家模仿与学习，20题的策划模板也很好用。2、消息改写不同题材的消息消息难度也有所不同，一样要多加练习，强烈推荐爱传播的批改班，前期我的分数惨不忍睹，后期几次都是45+，这种明显的进步也给了我很大信心。3、新闻评论是真的难写。我可以很肯定地说，不多练习在考场上绝对不可能写出像样的评论。但是只要练习够了的话写好也不难，平时多看新京报、人民日报、澎湃新闻的评论公号，关注这类权威媒体对于热点事件的评论，学习观点和论述亮点，辩证地对待网络上的其他声音，别被歪曲的价值观带跑偏，更别写进评论里。评论的简答题相对来说比较简单，都是基础的知识。但是今年的题量从20分增加到了40分，导致我拿到题的时候有点发懵，最后字数没凑够，可能分也不高。另外，评论考试的时候极有可能遇到难题，风险不小，我的实务分数在前几名里偏低，我觉得原因主要是评论出题的灵活性大，而求稳的话就容易答得比较死，一旦评论的难度不低且观点不容易有新意的话，就很难拿高分，跟其他方向的考生也会有差距，所以慎选自己的选做方向。两门专业课的复习呢，前期看书，利用好能搜集到的资料整理自己的笔记；中间做好基础知识的掌握，练习好实务，多改多练；后期结合真题和各个公众号整理的热点和参考书，试着做真题，整理一份囊括自己知识的“标准答案”，按专题分类逐个击破。政治说来很惭愧，我一直觉得政治是我的优势学科，因为我高中就是文综很好，大学又考了高中政治的教师资格证，所以我过于自信觉得政治没什么问题了，所以就很不上心，没有看任何视频课，前期基本没有管过政治。但是后期当我专业课和政治同时开展的时候，我就有些吃力，而且找不到政治的学习窍门，所以很心慌，最后也只是草草的背了肖四，而且还没有背完，所以我的成绩也很诚实的告诉我，付出多少就得到多少。英语一我的英语备考开始得比较早，因为我英语基础不是很好，就是六级没过，四级刚过的水平，所以我很担心我的英语过不了线，前期就把大量时间花在英语的学习上了，我从三月开始每天只背单词和复习单词，因为单词储备量一定是英语提升的基础，大概五月作业我把单词都背过几遍了，我才开始试着做真题，我真题做了三遍，做得很艰难，第一遍重点是认单词，第二遍重点是解析长难句，第三遍重点是理解文章意思和背景。这样，我每天一定会背单词做真题，持续到考试前有关英语的复习我有以下几条经验：1、一定要好好整理错题，留着熟悉生词和难词2、每天背单词，注意每个单词的多个意思3、真题很重要，一定要好好利用4、注意控制做题时间，特别是阅读理解5、一定要踏实，学英语没有捷径可走4时间安排我是那种早起很容易犯困的人，反而夜晚的注意力会非常集中，所以我提倡的有效学习，其实每天学习几个小时不重要，重要的是有效的是几个小时。我一般暑假前每天学习是8个小时左右，9月开始每天学习基本是10小时左右。我一般都是9点钟开始，中午会睡午觉，持续学习到晚上10点。虽然我学习时间不长，但我在学习时非常专注，绝不会看手机，有时候我根本不带手机出门，各种游戏软件我都卸载了，所以总体来说效率是非常高的。5常见的几个问题1. 要不要去图书馆？我个人倾向于节约时间，我考研的时候一个人住我后期就没去，因为我们学校图书馆很远，这样可以节约来回一个小时路程，但是这只适用于特别自律的人，如果自觉性不是很高还是乖乖去图书馆吧。2. 要不要找研友？我的建议是要看你自己的学习习惯，我是习惯一个人学习，不用去将就其他人，也不会被别人的言论扰乱心态，所以我一般都自己安排学习计划自己完成。如果你很难适应孤独的话而且不是很自律的话，可以找一个自律的研友带你。3. 背不进去书怎么办？好记性不如烂笔头，背不进去是因为还对书本不够熟悉，需要再好好多看几遍书，去认真的理解他，思考整本书的知识网知识结构是怎么样的，然后在背诵的时候不停的写，边写边记。4. 要不要看其他的专业书籍？对于湖师大来说，我觉得没必要，因为看其他书籍或者论文会占用大量的时间，而湖师大的考试内容基本不会超出参考书目，所以有这个时间的话还不如好好的去多背几遍参考书。2020年真题分析湖师大的考题每年都比较稳定和基础，学硕侧重于考察灵活运用参考书目里的基础知识点，专硕侧重于考察理解和记忆参考书目里的基础知识点。纵观19年和20年的真题，难度和范围都比较固定，变化不大。但由于很多题目的出题点处于大多数同学的备考盲区，对书本中的知识背诵理解不够透彻，稍稍把书本中的知识换个题目包装，比如“有人说,如果有人每天收集社会阴面,可以整整排满四个版面,虽然每个事情都是真实的,但是反应出来的整个世界却不是真实的,这样的实性是有缺陷的，谈你的看法”，大家就不能快速分辨出这些题目出现在书本的那个位置，这些就导致了失分。学硕和专硕的难度其实并不大，可以看出很多都是非常基础的题目，这些内容爱传播基础课基本都有讲解，知识点也都在射程以内，以往年专硕考察的热点为主，大多都是书本中最基础的知识并且在爱传播的课程中都有讲到，只要大家认真识记，基本都没有问题。可以看出来湖师大的出题风格和难度很稳定，学硕一般会结合当年的热点时事来考察学生对基础知识的理解和运用，这就要求大家在熟记书本知识之外也要更加关心当年热点大事件，专硕一般是考察基础知识的记忆和理解，这就要求大家在熟记书本知识的同时有意识的去理解。就出题的思路来说，湖南师大一直很喜欢考察往年真题，今年的试卷也很是换汤不换药，虽然举的例子和事件都是当年的热点，但是考察的基础知识点范围仍然没有太大变化。所以，特别是名词解释和简答等往年真题在备考时需要大家去重点复习。爱传播今年的押题准确率也是比较高的，去年和今年在名词解释、简答题和论述题中都押中了原题，其他题目也不乏模拟题目中的原题，以及20天20题中的重点，可以说爱传播在押题上还是保持住了高水准。MJC334一、简答新闻报道策划原则（全程班-实务课）以我国报纸为例,你怎么看待新闻事业的立场性和阶级性（全程班-基础课）发展新闻学概念及功能（全程班-基础课）互联和新媒体环境下,我国传媒业的新变化案例分析。（全程班-基础课）二、论述1、 从4P到4C理论的转变,结合我国传媒业的发展变化,谈谈以受众为中心对我国传媒品牌构的价值和重要性。（全程班-基础课）2、 有人说,如果有人每天收集社会阴面,可以整整排满四个版面,虽然每个事情都是真实的,但是反应出来的整个世界却不是真实的,这样的实性是有缺陷的，谈你的看法。（全程班-冲刺课）三、案例分析题结合新闻价值,谈谈新闻奖作品《乖孩子培养法扼杀创新精神》体现了什么价值？MJC440一、名词解释粉丝经济（全程班-基础课）去中心时务报（全程班-基础课）反客里空（全程班-基础课）能指/意符（全程班-基础课）二、简答1.民国初期，《申报》和《新闻报》等资产阶级报纸进行企业化改革的背景、举措、意义。（全程班-基础课）2.新文化与五四运动后的新闻改革（全程班-基础课）3.你认为媒介技术发展趋势是什么？（全程班-冲刺课）4.简述企业CIS宣传。三、论述1.《新青年》宣传贡献。（全程班-基础课）2.佳姆森认为新闻框架是在一定的新闻文本中建构意义，谈谈你对新闻框架和现实建构的关系。（全程班-基础课）学硕717一、名词解释(每小题5分,共30分)1、微博 2、解释性报道（全程班-基础课）3、《星法院法令》4、创新与扩散（全程班-基础课）5、媒介即延伸（全程班-基础课）二、简答题(每小题10分,共40分)1、简述民主参与理论（全程班-基础课）2、简述媒介系统在社会系统中的作用（全程班-基础课）3、请简述中国特色社会主义新闻事业的特征。（全程班-基础课）4、可以从哪几个方面来理解全球传播? （全程班-基础课）三、论述题(每小题20分,共40分)1、结合香港风波,请论述西方媒体的新闻理念与双重标准（全程班-暑期课，冲刺课）2、试论述沉默的螺旋理论中的社会心理,大众传播与社会舆论之间的关系,以及它在互联网环境下的新变化。（全程班-模拟考，冲刺课）四、材料分析题(每小题20分,共40分）1、一则两会运用AI等技术进行新闻报道的材料,分析主流媒体在智能媒体时代如何创新新闻报道。（全程班-模拟考，冲刺课）2、一则关于 Facebook的 News Tap算法把关的材料,论述把关人现象。（全程班-模拟考，冲刺课）学硕831一、名词解释(每小题5分,共20分)1、数据新闻（全程班-基础课）2、情景记者3、物联网（全程班-基础课）4、新闻敏感（全程班-实务课） 二、简答题〔每小题10分,共40分）1、请简述信息图表制作与传播中的常见误区2、简述网络新闻传播中的把关机制。（全程班-基础课）3、新闻采访前准备有哪些主要内容? （全程班-实务课）4、简述现场观察时的注意事项（全程班-实务课）三、论述题(每小题20分,共20分)结合具体案例,试论述网络时代下的议程设置（全程班-冲刺课）四、实务操作题(每小题35分,共70分）1、一篇关于中国射箭获得四枚金牌的体育消息请分析:(1)如果将该消息改写成倒金字塔结构,你认为它的导语有什么不妥之处;(2)如果该消息是现场报道,你认为有什么不足之处？（全程班实务课）(3)记者在比赛前、比赛中和比赛后,应该做好哪些准备工作？2、请以“删繁就简三秋树”为题,写一篇时评,1000字左右。我是爱酱，专注新传考研辅导六年，想得到更多新传前沿热点及干货分享，可以关注我，或请关注公众号：爱传播。

很多21学科英语考研的小伙伴们都对考研这件事抱着很大的憧憬，尤其是在择校上。择校是考研人踏上考研之旅的第一步，可能直接关系到你能否考研成功。所以，很多同学都一直徘徊在几个院校之间，迟迟下不了决定。择校确实得要考虑清楚才行，要多方面地进行权衡。下面，优加考研小编就给大家讲讲长春师范大学学科英语考研的考试情况，看看它是否是你心中的理想院校哦。　　一、院校介绍一、院校介绍长春师范大学坐落在美丽的北国春城——长春，是吉林省重要的基础教育、学前教育师资及应用型高级专门人才培养基地，是具有博士学位授权点的省属师范大学，更是一所拥有悠久办学历史和光荣革命传统的高等学府。学校前身为1906年(光绪三十二年)创建的官立长春师范传习所，是吉林省师范教育的发祥地。百余年来，在不同的历史时期，学校先后易名为长春府学堂、长春县立师范学校、吉长道立师范学校、吉林省立第二师范学校(简称二师)、长春师范学校。1958年市政府在长春师范学校基础上建立长春师范专科学校，1981年学校获批为长春师范学院，2013年更名为长春师范大学。总之，长春师范大学是吉林省属师范大学，而且长春师范大学的学科英语是不排斥跨考的，非英语专业的同学也可以报考长春师范大学。二、历年招生情况大家应该会比较关注招生的情况，那这里我给大家详细列一下!1、招生方向及计划招生人数长春师范大学学科教学(英语)招生单位是外国语学院，2020年长春师范大学学科教学(英语)分为全日制和非全日制招生，全日制学科教学(英语)拟招生人数为7人(其中全日制“农村学校教育硕士师资培养计划”拟招生人数为3人)，非全日制学科教学(英语)拟招生人数为2人，具体的招生目录如下：2、历年分数线及录取情况三、考试科目及参考书目1、考试科目1)初试科目长春师范大学学科教学(英语)全日制和非全日制初试科目都为【101】思想政治理论;【204】英语二或【202】俄语或【203】日语;【333】教育综合;【844】英语教学专业基础。2)复试科目长春师范大学学科教学(英语)的复试科目为英语教学论和基础英语，同等学力加试科目为英美文化和英汉互译与写作。A、复试复习资料：《英语语言学导论》(第二版)，杨忠，中国人民大学出版社，2012年版。《英语教学法教程》(第二版)，王蔷，高等教育出版社，2006年版。英语专业八级或相当水平的试题。B、同等学力加试的复习资料：《实用翻译教程(英汉互译)》(第三版)，冯庆华，上海外语教育出版社，2010年版。《英美文化基础教程》，朱永涛，外语教学与研究出版社，1991年版。《英语教学法教程》(第二版)，王蔷，高等教育出版社，2006年版。2、专业课参考书单四、收费标准及奖助学金政策1、学制及学费长春师范大学学科教学(英语)专硕全日制学制为2年，学费10000元/年;“农村学校教育硕士师资培养计划”研究生学制4年，学费共计22000元(前三年4000元/人/年，第四年10000元/人);非全日制学制为3年，学费7000元/年。2、奖助体系长春师范大学硕士研究生奖助学金体系主要包括国家奖学金、学业奖学金、国家助学金、校级奖学金、研究生“三助一辅”岗位津贴等等。1)国家助学金：全日制硕士生6000元/年.生2)国家奖学金：全日制硕士生20000元/年.生3)学业奖学金：每生6000元4)全日制研究生校级奖学金：最高额度为每生3000元5)助研、助教、助管岗位津贴：每生每年5000元，按十个月支付五、就业情况近三年长春师范大学硕士研究生就业率一直保持在90%以上，大部分毕业研究生的就业集中在高等教育单位、中初教学单位、事业单位、企业单位等，部分硕士研究生考取国内、外知名院校的博士研究生。

2021年4月西城区高三统一测试英语第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节 完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Some dreams take longer to come true than others, but with the help of 21st-century social media and her great-grandson, at the age of 110, one British woman is 1 hers at long last.原文解析：有些梦想要比其他的更久才能实现，但在21世纪的社交媒体和她110岁的曾孙的帮助下，一位英国女性终于实现了自己的梦想。At the end of World War I, Amy Hawkins was a 7-year-old child who loved nothing more than to 2 . As a teen, Hawkins set her 3 on becoming an entertainer. Hawkins was on her way, touring the country with a dance troupe (歌舞团)—until her ambition was 4 by her mom, who didn’t see it as a respectable 5 for a young lady.第一次世界大战结束时，艾米·霍金斯还是个7岁的孩子，她最喜欢的就是唱歌。十几岁时，霍金斯就立志要成为一名艺人。霍金斯当时正在路上，她和一个舞蹈团在全国巡回演出，直到她的梦想被她的母亲终止了，她的母亲认为这不是一个年轻女士应该做的体面职业。All these years later, the 110-year-old lady lives at home in Monmouth, South Wales, surrounded by her loved ones. The four-generation family unit includes her granddaughter, Hannah Freeman, and Freeman’s 14-year-old son, Sacha. Even though she’s no longer doing it 6 , Hawkins has never stopped singing.多年后，这位110岁的老太太住在南威尔士蒙茅斯的家中，身边都是她爱的人。这个家族的四代成员包括她的孙女汉娜·弗里曼和弗里曼14岁的儿子萨沙。尽管她已经不再是职业歌手，但霍金斯从未停止过唱歌。“She’s like a clock, once you wind her up she won’t stop,” Freeman said in an interview. “She just keeps asking, ‘Would you 7 another one?’.”弗里曼在一次采访中说:她就像一个时钟，一旦你给她上发条，她就停不下来。她一直在问，你想再来一杯吗?。On Hawkins’ 110th birthday, Sacha 8 his great-gran singing one of her favorite WWI tunes. When Freeman jokingly suggested Sacha post it to TikTok, neither of them could have 9 the overwhelmingly positive response it would receive, reaching 100,000 views and a large number of emotional praises in just days.在霍金斯110岁生日那天，萨夏拍下了他曾祖母唱她最喜欢的WWI歌曲之一的视频。当弗里曼开玩笑地建议萨沙把它发布到TikTok上时，他们俩谁也没有想到它会在短短几天内得到如此压倒性的积极回应，点击量达到了10万次，还有大量的情感赞扬。Some journeys take longer than others. Sometimes, we’re detoured (绕路) along the way. Dreams can and do come true every day. While it’s been a long time coming, Amy Hawkins is 10 a whole new generation of fans.原文解析：有些旅程比其他旅程花的时间长。有时候，我们会在路上走弯路。梦想每天都会成真。在漫长的等待之后，艾米·霍金斯迎来了新一代的粉丝。1. A. reflecting B. realizingC. recalling D. researching2. A. sing B. studyC. paint D. film3. A. values B. limitsC. sights D. hands4. A. cut back B. cut inC. cut through D. cut short5. A. method B. gradeC. level D. occupation6. A. nervously B. professionallyC. reasonably D. secretly7. A. bring B. haveC. like D. read8. A. caught B. videoedC. reported D. remembered9. A. imagined B. noticedC. missed D. suspected10. A. entertaining B. becomingC. representing D. inviting第二节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。AInvented 11 early twentieth-century America by Richard Drew, Scotch tape can be used to fix almost anything. However, there is more to this fix-it-all than just that. Sticky yet easily removed, Scotch tape was designed for use in painting cars—to mask off areas that should not 12 (paint). The tape soon found other uses. During the 1930s, people didn’t have much money, so they couldn’t throw away damaged things; they had to repair them. Drew’s painting tape became a popular, money-saving fix for everything from torn clothing to broken eggs. Since then, people 13 (find) all sorts of creative ways to use the sticky tape.原文解析：Invented in early twentieth-century America by Richard Drew, Scotch tape can be used to fix almost anything. However, there is more to this fix-it-all than just that. Sticky yet easily removed, Scotch tape was designed for use in painting cars—to mask off areas that should not be painted. The tape soon found other uses. During the 1930s, people didn’t have much money, so they couldn’t throw away damaged things; they had to repair them. Drew’s painting tape became a popular, money-saving fix for everything from torn clothing to broken eggs. Since then, people have found all sorts of creative ways to use the sticky tape.透明胶带是20世纪早期由理查德·德鲁发明的，可以用来固定几乎任何东西。然而，解决这个问题的方法远不止这些。透明胶带很粘，但很容易去除，它被设计用于油漆汽车，以掩盖不应该涂的区域。这种带子很快就有了其他用途。在20世纪30年代，人们没有多少钱，所以他们不能扔掉损坏的东西;他们不得不修理它们。画画胶带成了一种流行的省钱方法，可以修补从破衣服到破鸡蛋的一切东西。从那以后，人们找到了各种有创意的使用胶带的方法。BAfter a lot of preparation, Joseph Lockwood and Philippa Amos were finally ready to start their journey into the Amazon rainforest. They were feeling 14 (cheer) as they sailed down the great river. Eventually, they got out of the boat and walked into the darkness of the jungle. Neither of them had ever been in such an extreme situation before, using just a compass (指南针) to find the area where the kind of frog they wanted to study 15 (live). Suddenly, Joseph, who was holding the compass, tripped and lost it in a river. The situation seemed hopeless—how would they find the frogs now? But just 16 they started to feel really sad and worried that their journey 17 (be) a failure, they saw the frogs they had come to look for.原文解析：After a lot of preparation, Joseph Lockwood and Philippa Amos were finally ready to start their journey into the Amazon rainforest. They were feeling cheerful as they sailed down the great river. Eventually, they got out of the boat and walked into the darkness of the jungle. Neither of them had ever been in such an extreme situation before, using just a compass (指南针) to find the area where the kind of frog they wanted to study lived. Suddenly, Joseph, who was holding the compass, tripped and lost it in a river. The situation seemed hopeless—how would they find the frogs now? But just as they started to feel really sad and worried that their journey would be a failure, they saw the frogs they had come to look for.经过大量的准备工作，约瑟夫·洛克伍德和菲利帕·阿莫斯终于准备好开始他们的亚马逊雨林之旅。他们沿着大河航行，心情很愉快。最后，他们下了船，走进了丛林的黑暗中。他们两人之前曾经在这样一个极端的情况下,仅使用指南针(指南针)找到的青蛙的地方他们想学习生活。突然，拿着指南针的约瑟夫绊了一下，把它掉进了河里。情况似乎没有希望了——现在他们怎样才能找到青蛙呢?但是正当他们开始感到非常难过，担心他们的旅程会失败的时候，他们看到了他们来寻找的青蛙。The Longji Rice Terraces (龙脊梯田) were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people, to whom Guangxi is home. Starting in the Yuan Dynasty, work on the terraces took hundreds of years. The terraces are 18 (clever) designed, with hundreds of waterways that connect with each other. During the rainy season, it is along these waterways that rainwater 19 (move) down the mountains and into the terraces. These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish, some of which feed on insects 20 can harm the rice crops. Today the Longji Rice Terraces attract thousands of visitors who come to admire this great wonder created by people and nature working together.原文解析：The Longji Rice Terraces were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people, to whom Guangxi is home. Starting in the Yuan Dynasty, work on the terraces took hundreds of years. The terraces are cleverly designed, with hundreds of waterways that connect with each other. During the rainy season, it is along these waterways that rainwater moves down the mountains and into the terraces. These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish, some of which feed on insects that can harm the rice crops. Today the Longji Rice Terraces attract thousands of visitors who come to admire this great wonder created by people and nature working together.龙脊梯田是广西壮族、瑶族人建造的。从元朝开始，梯田的建造花费了数百年的时间。梯田设计巧妙，数百条水道相互连接。在雨季，雨水沿着这些水道从山上流下，进入梯田。这些梯田也为鸟类和鱼类提供了完美的环境，其中一些以危害水稻的昆虫为食。今天，龙脊梯田吸引了成千上万的游客前来观赏这一由人类和自然共同创造的伟大奇迹。第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38分）第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AImmersive Van Gogh身临其境的梵高From the creators of the blockbuster show in Paris seen by over two million visitors and still wowing crowds in Toronto, the west coast premiere (首场) of the Immersive Van Gogh Exhibit will bring the art of Vincent to life in Los Angeles.这场在巴黎举行的大型展览吸引了超过200万的游客，在多伦多的观众依然让人惊叹。这场沉浸式梵高作品展在西海岸的首映式将在洛杉矶让文森特的艺术重现人间。Immersive art is not just a technical way to represent video and audio in huge spaces. The word immersive indicates a deep commitment of intentions which connect images and sounds in a way that the audience is able to experience a different way of the art.沉浸式艺术不仅仅是在巨大空间中表现视频和音频的技术方法。沉浸式这个词表明了一种深刻的意图，将图像和声音连接起来，让观众能够体验到一种不同的艺术方式。True to its name, this exhibition transforms the iconic (偶像的) paintings of Vincent van Gogh into moving, wall-filling projections. “Immersive Van Gogh” promises half-a-million cubic feet of projections that pull from some of the post-impressionist’s most recognizable pieces, includingThe Bedroom, Sunflowers and, yes, The Starry Night.正如它的名字一样，这次展览将文森特·梵高的标志性画作变成了移动的、充满墙壁的投影。身临其境的梵高承诺将画出50万立方英尺的投影，借鉴后印象派最著名的作品，包括《卧室》、《向日葵》，没错，还有《星夜》。You will experience art like never before—lose yourself in entrancing, moving images that highlight brushstrokes, detail, and color—truly illuminating (照亮) the mind of the genius.您将体验艺术从未像迷失自己在迷人的，移动图像突出的笔触，细节，和颜色真正照亮天才的头脑。LOCATIONThe Immersive Van Gogh Exhibit is located at a secret place situated in the heart of Los Angeles. To be announced before the exhibit opens, existing ticket holders will receive an email with the place name and location once it is made public.沉浸式梵高展览位于洛杉矶中心的一个秘密地点。在展览开始前宣布，一旦公开，现有的门票持有者将收到一封附有地点和地点的电子邮件。TICKET PRICESGIFT SHOPStop by our Exhibit Gift Shop to take the magic of Van Gogh home with you! From clothing and jewelry to home décor, children’s books, and so much more, you will find unique and thoughtful souvenirs at the Immersive Van Gogh Exhibit. Also be sure to check out at our online store!参观我们的展览礼品店，把梵高的魔力带回家吧!从服装珠宝到家庭décor，儿童书籍，等等，你会在沉浸式的梵高展览中找到独特而贴心的纪念品。也一定要查看我们的在线商店Experience the organic landscapes of Van Gogh’s imagination, and journey through his brilliance and madness in a completely new and unforgettable way.以一种全新而难忘的方式，体验梵高想象中的有机景观，并在他的辉煌和疯狂中旅行。21. According to the passage, the Immersive Van Gogh Exhibit ________.A. presents Van Gogh’s art in a modern wayB. begins a journey to Van Gogh’s hometownC. displays Van Gogh’s paintings on moving wallsD. designs projects on Van Gogh’s learning experience22. From where can people find information about the exact location of the exhibit?A. An email.B. A website.C. The ticket office.D. The gift shop.23. How much should a couple with a 5-year-old child who would like to own a Van Gogh cushion at least pay for the visit?A. $109.98.B. $154.98.C. $159.98.D. $199.98.BIda Nelson and her sister were relaxing and enjoying themselves in the sauna (桑拿室) when she heard a series of long low sounds from a small airplane circling the nearby airport.艾达·纳尔逊和她的妹妹正在桑拿房里放松享受，这时她听到一架小飞机在附近机场盘旋，发出一系列长长的低沉的声音。It was 11:30 at night in the Alaskan village of Igiugig, population 70, and, as she told the reporter, “Any time a plane flies over that late, you know something is wrong.”那是晚上11点半，在阿拉斯加人口70人的igiugg村，正如她对记者说的那样，“只要有飞机这么晚飞过来，你就知道出事了。”Nelson and her sister leaped out of the sauna, ran to the window, and saw the problem: The airport’s runway lights were out.尼尔森和她的妹妹跳出桑拿房，跑到窗前，发现了问题所在:机场的跑道灯熄灭了。Nelson threw on some clothes, jumped into her ATV, and floored it to the airport, where she found a local pilot trying to turn on the lights manually.尼尔森穿上衣服，跳上她的沙滩车，踩着油门驶向机场，在那里她发现一名当地飞行员正试图手动开灯。“Normally, if you push the button 10 or 15 times, the lights will just light up,” Nelson told KTOO out of Juneau. Not this time. Meanwhile, she and the pilot learned of the plane’s urgent mission: It was a medevac (医疗救护直升机), there to transport a seriously ill local girl to the nearest hospital, 280 miles away in Anchorage.通常，如果你按下按钮10或15次，灯就会亮起来，尼尔森在朱诺告诉KTOO。不是这一次。与此同时，她和飞行员得知了这架飞机的紧急任务:它是一架医疗直升机，要把一位当地身患重病的女孩送到280英里外安克雷奇最近的医院。Nelson had a plan. Driving her ATV to the end of the runway, she shone her headlights for the plane to follow. Great idea, but it wasn’t enough. More light was needed, so a neighbor called nearly every home in the village—32 of them.尼尔森有一个计划。她开着她的沙滩车走到跑道的尽头，她点亮车头灯，让后面的飞机跟着。好主意，但还不够。由于需要更多的光线，一位邻居几乎给村里的每户人家都打了电话——一共32户。Within 20 minutes, 20 vehicles arrived at the airport, many of the drivers still in pajamas (睡衣). Following directions from the medevac pilot, the cars lined up on one side of the runway.不到20分钟，就有20辆车抵达机场，许多司机还穿着睡衣。按照救护直升机飞行员的指示，汽车在跑道的一侧排成一排。The medevac made its final approach and, guided by the headlights, landed safely. The young patient was loaded onto the aircraft, and the plane immediately took off again. Her illness was never publicly revealed, but she has since been released from the hospital.救护直升机在前灯的指引下完成了最后的着陆。这位年轻的病人被抬上飞机，飞机立即又起飞了。她的病情从未被公开，但她已经出院。In a world filled with uncertainty, the little community’s positive activism was a big deal. Not so much for Nelson. As she told the reporter, in Igiugig, coming together “is kind of a normal deal.”在一个充满不确定性的世界里，这个小社区的积极行动是一件大事。尼尔森可没那么好。正如她在伊吉吉对记者说的那样，聚在一起“是一种正常的交易”。24. What problem did the medevac have?A. It arrived late.B. Its lights were broken.C. It couldn’t land safely.D. It needed a local pilot.25. What was Nelson’s plan to help?A. Helping the pilot to repair the lights.B. Calling her neighbors to help together.C. Shining the headlights for the plane to follow.D. Sending the seriously ill girl to the hospital in her ATV.26. What does the story intend to tell us?A. Knowledge starts with practice.B. A friend in need is a friend indeed.C. Nothing is impossible to the man who will try.D. A small act of kindness can make a big difference.CHumans’ overconsumption of resources is a leading contributor to global climate change, says University of Arizona researcher Sabrina Helm. Therefore, it’s increasingly important to understand the choices consumers make and how those decisions affect the health of a planet with limited resources. In a new study, published in the journal Young Consumers, Helm and her colleagues explore how materialistic values influence pro-environmental behaviors in millennials, who are now the nation’s most influential group of consumers.亚利桑那大学的研究员Sabrina Helm说，人类过度消耗资源是全球气候变化的主要原因。因此，了解消费者的选择以及这些决定如何影响资源有限的地球的健康变得越来越重要。在《年轻消费者》杂志上发表的一项新研究中，赫尔姆和她的同事探讨了物质主义价值观如何影响千禧一代的环保行为，这一群体现在是美国最具影响力的消费者群体。The researchers focused on two main categories of pro-environmental behaviors: reced consumption, which includes actions like repairing instead of replacing older items; and “green buying,” or purchasing procts designed to limit environmental impacts. The researchers also looked at how engaging in pro-environmental behaviors affects consumer well-being.研究人员主要关注两大类亲环境行为:减少消费，包括修理而不是更换旧物品;以及“绿色购买”，即购买旨在限制对环境影响的产品。研究人员还研究了参与环保行为对消费者福祉的影响。More materialistic participants, the researchers found, were unlikely to engage in reced consumption. However, materialism did not seem to have an effect on their likelihood of practicing “green buying.” That’s probably because “green buying,” unlike reced consumption, still offers a way for materialists to fulfill their desire to get new items, Helm said.研究人员发现，更崇尚物质的参与者不太可能减少消费。然而，物质主义似乎对他们进行“绿色购买”的可能性没有影响。赫尔姆说，这可能是因为“绿色购买”与减少消费不同，它仍然为物质主义者提供了一种满足他们购买新物品欲望的方式。Study participants who reported having fewer materialistic values were much more likely to engage in reced consumption. Consuming less was, in turn, linked to higher personal well-being and lower psychological suffering. Green buying—which may have some positive environmental effects, although to a smaller degree than reced consumption—was not found to improve consumer well-being, Helm said.报告称物质价值较少的研究参与者更有可能减少消费。反之，消费越少，个人幸福感越高，心理痛苦越少。赫尔姆说，绿色购买可能会对环境产生一些积极的影响，尽管与减少消费相比影响较小，但并没有发现它能提高消费者的幸福感。The take-home message for consumers: “The key is to rece consumption and not just buy green stuff. Having less and buying less can actually make us more satisfied and happier,” Helm said. “If you have a lot of stuff, you have a lot on your mind,” she said. “For example, it requires maintenance and there’s a lot of burdens of ownership, and if you relieve yourself of that burden of ownership, most people report feeling a lot better and freer.”对消费者来说，关键是要减少消费，而不仅仅是购买绿色产品。赫尔姆说，拥有更少、购买更少实际上能让我们更满足、更快乐。如果你有很多东西，你的脑海里就会有很多东西，她说。例如，它需要维护，并且有很多所有权的负担，如果你减轻了所有权的负担，大多数人都会感觉好多了，更自由了。Helm and her colleagues additionally looked at how materialism affects millennial consumers’ proactive financial behaviors, such as budgeting and saving. Examining financial behaviors alongside pro-environmental behaviors provides a picture of how young alts proactively deal with resource limitations in two contexts: environmental and financial, Helm said.赫尔姆和她的同事们还研究了物质主义如何影响千禧一代消费者的积极理财行为，如预算和储蓄。赫尔姆说，将财务行为与亲环境行为结合起来考察，可以在环境和财务两种背景下，了解年轻人如何主动应对资源限制。As expected, Helm and her colleagues found that those who reported having more materialistic values engaged in fewer proactive financial behaviors than their less materialistic counterparts (对应的人). The researchers also found that, consistent with previous studies, proactive financial behaviors were associated with better personal well-being, life satisfaction and financial satisfaction, as well as lower psychological suffering.正如所料，赫尔姆和她的同事们发现，那些报告有更多物质价值观的人比那些不那么物质的同行更少地从事积极的财务行为。研究人员还发现，与之前的研究一致，积极的财务行为与更好的个人幸福感、生活满意度和财务满意度，以及较低的心理痛苦有关。Understanding how materialistic values impact consumer behaviors, and how those behaviors in turn affect personal and environmental well-being, is important, Helm said. However, she acknowledges that for many consumers, shifting behaviors to be more financially proactive and consume less will be challenging.赫尔姆说，了解物质价值如何影响消费者行为，以及这些行为如何反过来影响个人和环境福祉，这很重要。不过，她也承认，对许多消费者来说，改变消费行为，在财务上更加主动，减少消费将是一个挑战。27. What do we know about pro-environmental behaviors?A. They are a cause of climate change.B. They lead to a more satisfying life.C. They vary in different age groups.D. They are affected by materialism.28. It can be learned from Helm’s study that .A. ownership of green procts brings a sense of happinessB. materialists prefer practicing green buying to buying lessC. green buying helps control people’s desire to buy new itemsD. buying less and green buying have similar effects on people29. According to the study, which of the following can improve one’s well-being?A. Replacing older items.B. Developing new resources.C. Buying greener procts.D. Being careful with expenses.30. What is Helm probably going to explain in the next paragraph?A. When people develop proactive financial behaviors.B. Which financial behaviors lead to mental well-being.C. Why it is hard to change people’s financial behaviors.D. How materialistic values influence financial behaviors.DPlants, and the insects which rely on them, are the living foundations of our planet. But these foundations are under stress because we have a tendency to replace fields and forests with decorative trees and shrubs imported from around the world. Adding to the problem, our obsession (痴迷) with perfection leads us to use a lot of pesticides (杀虫剂).植物和赖以生存的昆虫是我们这个星球的生存基础。但这些基金会正面临压力，因为我们有一种趋势，用从世界各地进口的装饰性树木和灌木取代农田和森林。雪上加霜的是，我们对完美的执着导致我们使用大量的杀虫剂。These actions are part of the reason global biodiversity is crashing. There are over three billion fewer wild birds in North America than there were in 1970. Recent research shows that insect numbers, even in nature reserves, have fallen, and 40 percent of all insect species may be extinct within a few decades. This is discouraging news; however, there are actions we can take to help bring at least some species back.这些行动是全球生物多样性崩溃的部分原因。与1970年相比，北美的野生鸟类数量减少了超过30亿只。最近的研究表明，即使在自然保护区，昆虫的数量也在下降，40%的昆虫物种可能在几十年内灭绝。这是令人沮丧的消息;然而，我们可以采取一些行动，至少让一些物种回归。The first step is to redefine our concept of “garden” to include more than just plants. We need to intentionally share our space, and not just with the birds, bees and butterflies that visit our flowers, but also with the little insects that may eat a part (very rarely all) of our plants. Therefore, we must limit pesticide use. It’s crucial to support nature’s recovery, and it’s much better for everyone: no doctor has ever recommended long-term exposure to pesticides.Many drought-tolerant plants brought in from across the planet are being passed off as ecofriendly. However, mostly they’re not. Yes, you’re saving water, but these foreign plants can become disasters when they escape our yards. Helping the environment can be about more than saving water. Even in drier areas, like the American West, the selection of attractive native plants to choose from is vast. If dry is your style, there are native wildflowers, flowering bushes and trees that allow you to save water and nature.Xeriscapes (节水型园艺) leave many gardeners thirsting for green, and there’s an important alternative that has been largely ignored. For those disenchanted withdry landscaping, using underappreciated and water-loving native plants to make your garden a real-life oasis (绿洲) could be lifesaving to wildlife. In nature, this unsung group of native plants is limited to riparian zones, the narrow belts of green along water bodies, but if consumers demand them, nurseries will increasingly carry these riparian species, and the presence of such plants in the garden will provide for many animals including not just butterflies and their relatives but also colorful birds.The ideal garden would offer a combination of drought-tolerant native plants and a few species that need a little more water, providing options for little guests and the bigger ones that will come to eat them. As more creatures stop by to share our yards, we will be making nature, and us all, a little healthier.31. What do we know about insect species?A. They have an impact on the diversity of plants.B. They disappear because of lack of nature reserves.C. They decrease partly e to our pursuit for perfection.D. They are the reason why we replace fields and forests.32. The underlined phrase “disenchanted with” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to .A. sick ofB. addicted toC. concerned aboutD. impatient with33. The passage mainly talks about .A. why we need grow native plants in gardensB. how gardening helps with biodiversityC. whether we should redefine “garden”D. what benefits gardening brings34. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point C: Conclusion第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。If you text often, you likely have a “texting style”. Do you often use emojis? Or what about using correct punctuation (标点)? What do all these texting habits say about you? To help you understand yourself, here are some texting styles that can tell you a lot about your personality.如果你经常发短信，你很可能有一种发短信的风格。你经常使用表情符号吗?或者如何使用正确的标点?这些发短信的习惯说明了你什么?为了帮助你了解自己，这里有一些可以反映你性格的短信风格。Do you always use emojis when you’re texting? You’re most likely someone who is open to showing your emotions and is truthful. 35 To make sure the other person doesn’t get the wrong idea about your messages, you make sure to express the tone of messages with an emoji, which can be often used as effective signals in modern social communication.If you like to respond in one-word texts like a quick “Good”, then you most likely have a more reserved personality, and aren’t as open with your true thoughts and feelings. Because you are not as open with your emotions in texts, you may not care how lengthy your response is. But be careful. 36Do you value punctuation and grammar in your writing? This love of grammar goes straight into your texts as well as your emails. This seems like a great thing, doesn’t it? But in texting, people seem to think otherwise. Simply placing a period at the end of sentences in texts can make you come across as untrustworthy to others. 37 With this texting style, you are rooted in logic and always pay attention to the little details.Are your texts lengthy and thoughtful? 38 Similar to someone who texts with perfect grammar, you are a thoughtful and detail-oriented person, who enjoys deep conversations and likes things that are controlled and stable.39 Which texting personality are you? Are you a mix of several types? It’s important to note that everyone has different ways of texting in different situations. Everyone texts their colleagues in a different style from their family or their friends. If you ever think someone may have left you an unclear or rude text, it’s better to just ask them in-person what they meant or what they were feeling.A. Do you relate to any of these texting personalities?B. Do you know that you and your friends may have different styles?C. Such texts may also be rated as less sincere than those that do not.D. You may be the busy type who doesn’t have a lot of time to respond.E. You’re the type of person who understands the importance of context.F. You want others to know how you’re feeling when you’re using a message.G. If you’re texting someone with a different text personality, they may view your text as negative.第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32分）第一节 阅读表达（共4小题；第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分， 共12分）。阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。Is it better for our bodies to work out at certain times of the day? Scientists have known for some time that every tissue in our bodies contains a kind of biological clock that goes off in response to messages related to our daily exposure to light, food and sleep.在一天的特定时间锻炼对我们的身体更好吗?科学家早就知道，我们身体的每个组织都有一种生物钟，它会对我们日常接触光线、食物和睡眠的信息做出反应。However, whether and how exercise timing might influence metabolic (新陈代谢的) health has been less clear, and the results of past experiments have not always agreed. A much-discussed 2019 study found that men with Type 2 diabetes (糖尿病) who completed a few minutes of high-intensity interval (间隔) sessions in the afternoon improved their blood-sugar control after two weeks. Patrick Schrauwen, a professor of nutrition and movement sciences read that 2019 study with interest. He had been studying exercise in people with Type 2 diabetes, but had not considered the possible role of timing. Now, seeing the varying impacts of the intense workouts, he wondered if the timing of workouts might similarly affect how the workouts changed people’s metabolisms.Incidentally, he and his colleagues had a ready-made source of data in their own prior experiment. Several years earlier, they had asked alt men at high risk for Type 2 diabetes to ride stationary bicycles at the lab three times a week for 12 weeks, while the researchers tracked their metabolic health. They also had noted when the riders showed up for their workouts. The researchers pulled data for the 12 men who consistently had worked out between 8 and 10 a.m. and compared them with another 20 who always exercised between 3 and 6 p.m. They found that the benefits of afternoon workouts far outweighed those of morning exercise.He says, “This study does suggest that afternoon exercise may be more beneficial for people with disturbed metabolisms than the same exercise done earlier. The particular and most effective exercise for each of us will line up with our daily routines and exercise tendencies because exercise is good for us at any time of day—but only if we choose to keep doing it.”他说，这项研究确实表明，对于代谢紊乱的人来说，下午锻炼可能比之前做同样的锻炼更有益。对我们每个人来说，特别且最有效的锻炼方式将与我们的日常生活和锻炼倾向相一致，因为锻炼在一天中的任何时候都对我们有好处，但只有当我们选择坚持下去的时候。40. What inspired Professor Schrauwen to carry out the research related to the timing of workouts?41. What did Schrauwen’s new study figure out?42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.Professor Schrauwen and his colleagues carried out the research by using the newly-collected data and making comparisons between two different subject groups.43. When do you think is the best time for you to exercise? Why? (about 40 words)第二节（20分）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你校英国留学生Jim暂时留在英国不能回校，但是他邮寄来的摄影作品“桃花 (peach blossom）”在你校“春天（Spring）”摄影展获得一等奖，请你给他写一封邮件，内容包括：1. 祝贺获奖；2. 介绍展出情况。注意: 1.词数100左右；2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。Dear Jim,Yours,Li Hua（请务必将答案写在答题卡指定区域内）本文属于书信中的介绍信！是我们模拟考试比较高频的文体第二节（20分）One possible version:Dear Jim,How are you getting along in the UK these days? I am writing to tell you some good news: your photograph “peach blossom” has won first prize in the photography exhibition “Spring”! Congratulations!It was your creative composition and the vivid color that made your photograph stand out. Moreover, the bird on the branch was especially impressive because it demonstrated the energetic spring in your hometown and revealed a sense of vigor and hope.All the photographs are now on display in the school gallery, each capturing a unique aspect of spring: some present vibrant scenes; some stress new hope and life and others celebrate true human emotion. What a success!It is really unfortunate that you can’t come to appreciate all the exquisite photographs in person. To remedy this, I’ll attach three pictures to show what the exhibition is like.All the best.Yours,Li Hua西城区高三统一测试英语参考答案2021.4第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节 完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）1．B；2．A；3．C；4．D；5．D；6．B；7．C；8．B；9．A；10．A；第二节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）11. in；12. be painted；13. have found；14. cheerful；15. lived；16. as； 17. would be；18. cleverly ；19. moves；20. that/which；第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38分）第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）21．A；22．A；23．B；24．C；25．C；26．D；27．D；28．B；29．D；30．C；31．C；32．A；33．B；34．D；第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）35．F；36．G ；37．C；38．E；39．A；第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32分）第一节（共4小题；第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分， 共12分）40. The 2019 study.41. For some people, it is better to work out in the afternoon.42. Professor Schrauwen and his colleagues carried out the research by using the newly-collected dataand making comparisons between two different subject groups.According to the passage, Professor Schrauwen and his colleagues didn’t collect any new data to do the research. 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