考研英语1994年阅读翻译

The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. 关于语言，首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance.说话的时候，选词是至关重要的。Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle.恰当的选词可以消除交流过程中可能出现的障碍。Too often, careless use of words__3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. 通常，不慎重的词语使用将阻碍说话者和听话者之间的思想交流。The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.说话者使用的词语可能会引起听者不愉快的反应，干扰他的理解，因此，“传送—接收”系统出现故障。6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.此外，不准确或不明确的词语会使听者难以理解正在传递给他的信息。说话人的常用词汇中如果没有详细而精确的词，就不可能用听话人能理解的方式进行解释或描述。1.[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：介词的用法。本文第一句提出，对于语言来说，首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。First和smallest两个形容词已经道出单词在语言中的重要地位。此后，文章进一步指出，说话时选择词语非常重要。我们看到，空格后是一个名词性短语utmost importance，而所给的四个选项全是介词，也就是说所选的介词应该与这个名词性短语组合在一起，做be动词的表语。of的一个特定用法是：of+表示评估意义的抽象名词=该名词对应的形容词，可做表语，表示具有某种性质、状况。如：of great use=great useful, of importance=important, 所以A为正确选项。2. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语意搭配+形容词词义辨析。前面已经提到，单词在语言中占有首要地位，因此，说话时对词语的选用就变得非常重要。本句大意为：恰当的选词可以消除交流过程中......的障碍。likely意为“可能发生的”，不论从语法角度，还是从逻辑角度讲都非常恰当。inaccessible表示“难以达到的，难以接近的”，如：This novel seems to me among the most inaccessible.这本书对我来说是最难懂的小说之一。我们知道，说话过程中完全可能出现交流的障碍，所以inaccessible不恰当。timely意为“及时的，准时的”，如：a timely treatment及时的治疗。invalid意为“无效的”，如：an invalid license作废的执照，都不符合句意。3. [答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语意搭配。上文一直是从正面角度谈论单词在交流中所处的地位，以及它起到的积极作用；本句开始文章从反面角度来讨论这一点。前面已经提到，恰当的选词可以消除交流障碍，由此可以推出，乱用词语将会增加这种障碍。prevent意为“防止，阻碍”，用在文中表示“词语使用不当阻碍了说话双方思想的交流”，正好描述了这种增加障碍的反作用，所以是正确答案。encourage表示“鼓励，怂恿”，有促进之意，如：I encouraged her to work hard and to try for the examinations.我鼓励她用功并为这次考试做努力。offer意为“提供，出价”，如：I offered him some money for his help.因为他帮了忙，我给了他一些钱。以上两个词语与文意要求的含义正好相反。destroy意为“毁灭，破坏，消灭”，它虽然是贬义词，但一般是对已经存在的事物而言，且语气很强烈，放在此处不合适。4. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词短语语意辨析。空格所在句子由存在因果关系的两个分句构成。前一分句的主语是the words，宾语是unfavorable reactions in the listener（听者不愉快的反应）；后一分句的含义是“因此，这种说话者和听者的发送—接收系统就会中断”。从句意判断空格处应该填入一个表达“造成，引起”含义的短语。stir up 表示“引起，激起”，为正确选项。pass out做及物动词时，意为“分发，分配”；take away意为“取走”，back up 意为“支持，倒退”，均不符合文意。5. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句。从上一题的分析可知，The words…in the listener是一个语法结构完整的句子，因此我们可以推测listener之后的部分为一个定语从句。但要弄清楚的是，这个定语从句修饰的不是listener，因为interfere with his comprehension(干扰他的理解)中his指代的只能是“听者”，那么interfere的主语应该是前面的unfavorable reactions。因此，我们可能确定这个定语从句的先行词为reactions，which可引导先行词为事物的定语从句，为正确选项。who 引导先行词为人的定语从句；as引导限制性定语从句需要与such结合在一起使用；what只能引导名词性从句，不能引导定语从句。6. [答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。前文一直在讨论不恰当使用词语的害处，本句的主语是inaccurate or indefinite words，意为“不准确或不明确的词语”，可见还是在谈论这种害处，也就是说，与上一句之间仍然是承接或递进的关系。moreover意为“此外”，表示递进关系，符合题意。该句可译为“此外，不准确或不明确的词语会使听者难以理解传递给他的信息”。however意为“但是”，表示转折；preliminarily意为“首先，起初”，不表示承接关系；unexpectedly意为“出乎意料地，想不到地”，有转折的含义。7. [答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：句子的平衡。英语句中为了保持句子的平衡，常常使用it作为形式宾语或形式主语。动词make后面的宾语是不定式时，就常常用it做形式宾语，代替后面的不定式。本题空格处填入it，指代的就是下文的to understand the …。that不能做形式宾语；如果使用so，则全句找不到make的宾语，语法结构不完整；this不能做形式宾语。8. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语意搭配+名词词义辨析。本题空格处填入一名词，紧跟其后的是which引导的定语从句。显然，填入的名词在该从句中做主语，由于该从句使用了被动语态，因此我们要选择的是能够与transmit搭配，做其宾语的名词。transmit的含义为“发送，传达”，四个选项中只有message可以与之搭配，表示“传达信息”。speech意为“演说，讲话”；sense意为“感官，感觉”；meaning表示“意思，含义”，一般不与transmit搭配。9. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词辨析。本句的主语是the speaker, who 引导了一个定语从句，修饰speaker。大意是：一个常用词汇中没有详细而精确词语的人可能……将事情解释或描述得足以让听者听懂。由此看出，这里还是在讨论不正确使用词语的害处。填入的词既能修饰人，又有否定句义。unable表示“不能的，不会的”，可以修饰人，为正确选项。obscure意为“暗的，朦胧的，模糊的”，一般不修饰人，如：an obscure sound模糊的声音；an obscure passage 一段难懂的文章。difficult和impossible都不使用本句型，如果使用这两个词可以把句子转变为：It is difficult/impossible for the speaker to explain…10. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语意搭配+名词词义辨析。空格处的名词构成介词短语in a …，修饰动词explain or describe，在文中的含义是“说话人不可能……解释或描述”。in a way是习惯搭配，表示“以某种方式、方法”，语法意义都正确。in a case表示“在某种情况下”，不符合句意。means意为“方法、手段”，method意为“方法，方式”，都不与in a搭配，而与介词by连用，如：The load was lifted by means of a crane.重物是用起重机吊起来的。They did it by a new method.他们用一种新方法做的。

Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.“无知者”认为科学技术上的发明创造来自灵感的眩目闪现或戏剧性的事件。亚历山大·弗莱明爵士可不像传说中的那样，看了一眼奶酪上的霉就立刻想到了青霉素的发明。He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.他是对抗菌物质进行了长达九年的实验才有了这项发明的。发明及创新几乎都来自于反复尝试和失败。创新就像踢足球，即使是最出色的球员也会痛失进球机会，其射门被挡住的机会大大多于进球的机会。The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal-- and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise.问题在于得分最多者正是那些射门最多的球员，任何领域的创新亦如此。创新者与其他人的主要区别在于处理问题的方法。每个人都有想法，但是创新者会自觉地钻研自己的想法，并且不断努力直到证明想法切实可行，或不可实现为止。What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.普通人视为凭空想像的抽象概念在职业创新者眼里却具有充分的可能性。“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority.“造创性的思维方式也许只不过意味着意识到以其一贯的方式去做事并不一定有什么道理”，语言专家鲁道夫写道。This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?”这解释了我们对塑料垃圾袋和带轮箱包之类看似简单却令生活更便利的发明的反应：“为什么以前没有人想到那个方法呢？”The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears.创造性方法始于“一切不可貌相”的主张。Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.创新者不会接受办事只有一种方法的事实。面对从A到B，普通人会自动踏上一条最为人熟悉、显然最简单的路径。创新者则探寻另外不同的道路，它们最终被证实更为简单、更为有趣、更富挑战性，即使有时也会失败。Highly creative indivials really do march to a different drummer.极富创造性的人的确是标新立异的。27.[答案]A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。untaught原意为“未受教育的，无知的”，理解它的确切含义要通过语境。第一段首句指出具有untaught mind这类人的想法：discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds”to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents他们认为发明创造是灵感或戏剧性事件的产物；继而第二句以青霉素发明者弗莱明爵士为例，对首句进行反驳，从而说明科技发明的取得都是经过长期的艰苦实验，从失败走向成功的。由此推断，只有那些不明真相、不知其艰辛的人才会把发明创造想像为灵感或戏剧性事件的产物，因此[A]为正确答案。[B]选项内容与第一段无关。[C]选项只说出untaught mind 的字面意思，文中提到的这类人未必没有知识，没有文化。[D]选项本身存在理解上的错误。原文是说“untaught mind这类人以为发明总是由于偶然原因被创造出来”，并不是指“他们自己由于某种偶然原因创造出新想法”。Come up with意思是：产生，发现（解决办法、方案）。例如：For years Jones Kept working hard, coming up with new and good ideas. 几年来琼斯一直努力工作，总是提出新的见解。注意：一般词语释义考的都是文中的具体含义，而不一定是它的本来意思。28.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。第二段第二句指出“创新者与普通人的主要区别是对待事物的方法不同”，这是approach意为：（处理问题的）方法、态度，与way 同义。接着后面的文章详细阐述这两类人在看待和处理问题方面的差异。故[C]选项最为贴切。本题也可以采取排除法。[A]选项和[B]选项都不是文中强调的特点。而[D]选项在文中未提及，故都不是正确答案。29.[答案]B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。第三段引用的引言意为“创造性思维往往只起源于一种认识：做事情的传统的方法未必是好的”。根据常识，引言一般旨在借名家之口增强说服力。作者引用Flesch的话当然是为了支持自己的观点：有创造力的人经常探索做事的新方法。由此可知，[B]选项为正确答案。[A]选项无法得知，因为文中只提到他是一位语言权威（language authority），即使[A]所述正确，也不是作者引用其言的目的。[C]选项也无法支持文章的主旨。[D]选项不对，其实Flesch的话与作者的看法是一致的，并未添加新的观点和思想。注意：同举例一样，引用其他人的观点，无论是正面引述还是反面引述，都是为了说明文章的主旨或主题，否则引述就没有必要了。30.此短语被作者放在全文的结束句，自成一段，是对全文中心思想的精辟概括，因此必须联系全文的中心思想去理解。march to a different drummer是一个比喻， drummer意为“鼓手”，to是介词，意为“伴着”，整个词组的意思是：伴着一个不同的鼓手敲出的节奏（鼓点）前进。按一个鼓点前进显单调，这里意味着“不随波逐流，与其他人所走的道路或所持的思路不同”。这是对文章主旨的一个形象总结。而[B]选项正合此意。[A]强调的是毅力；[C]、[D]选项强调的是社会责任心，都与原文主旨不符。注意：march to a different drummer为美语习惯用法，意为“独树一帜、标新立异”。

Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full alt potential, their ecation must be adapted to those differences.特殊儿童在一些重要的方面不同于其他同龄的孩子。对于这些孩子来说，要把他们全部的成熟的潜力开发出来，他们所受的教育就必须适应那些差异。Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.虽然我们关注的是特殊儿童的需要，但却发现我们也在描述他们的生活环境。当舞台上的主角吸引了我们的注意力后，我们也意识到配角及戏剧场景的重要性。Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding -- the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.特殊儿童所处的家庭及社会环境常常是他们成长和发展的关键。正是在公立学校里我们感受到了社会知性的充分体现——向下一代传授知识、希望和恐惧。Ecation in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.任何社会的教育都是反映该社会的一面镜子。在这面镜子里，我们可以看到优点、弱点、希望、偏见，以及文化本身的核心价值。The great interest in exceptional children shown in public ecation over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.过去30年间公共教育表现出的对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈情绪，即所有公民，不论情况怎么特殊，都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for ecation in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity.“人人生来平等”。这句话我们已听过无数次，但在民主社会它对教育仍然有着极其重要的寓意。尽管这句话被国家建立者们用来表示法律面前人人平等，它也被解释为机会面前人人平等。That concept implies ecational opportunity for all children -- the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.这个概念暗示了所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每个儿童，不管其本身的能力大小与否，都有权利在学习上最大限度地得到帮助。Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children -- disabled or not-- to an appropriate ecation, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that ecation. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.最近的法庭裁决已再次确定了所有儿童——不论残疾与否——都有接受适当的教育的权利，并已命令公立学校采取必要的措施来提供这种教育。作为回应，学校也在调整课程安排，使授课能够适应特殊儿童，适应那些不能从常规课程中真正获益的儿童的需要。19.[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。该段第二句为了进一步说明第一句而打了个比方，把exceptional children 比喻成leading actor，把their environment比做supporting players and the scenery of the play。作者引用这个例子是为了从舞台主角的魅力离不开配角和场景的支持这一事实引出一个观点，也就是第三句：“特殊儿童所处的家庭和社会常常是他们成长和发展的关键”。[A]选项和这个思想吻合，为正确答案。文章第一段指出特殊儿童与正常儿童相比有许多不同，但是并没有具体就某方面的不同进行比较，而[B]选项中出现了原文不存在的“家庭影响”比较，所以不对。[C]选项中的干扰词有key、exceptional children和family and society，它们出现在该段第三句，但是[C]选项的含义与原文已大相径庭。[D]选项也出现了文中未有的“比较”。weigh much heavier than意思为：比……分量重得多，比……重要得多。注意：对于文中的比喻和类比，最重要的一点是弄清楚它们说明的对象。20.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：因果关系题。第三段最后一句指出“公共教育对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明所有公民不管情况特殊与否，都应该有机会全面发展自己的能力”，言下之意就是，特殊儿童在教育上受关注是因为他们尽管不同于一般儿童，却有全面发展的权利。[C]选项与此意相同，是原文的合理改写。fully develop their potentials与原文fully develop their capabilities同义。故[C]为正确答案。[A]选项和[B]选项在原文中均未述及。[D]选项读起来似乎合理，但是实际上是答非所问，没有给出任何实在的原因。21.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。文章第一段为主题段，先引出话题“特殊儿童”，指出他们与同龄儿童相比有许多明显的不同之处；接着给出主旨句“为使特殊儿童的全部潜力得到开发，教育必须适应他们的不同需要”；在随后的段落里，作者主要通过阐述“人人都享有接受教育的平等机会”的观点，充分论证主题的合理性。因此[D]选项符合主题思想，是正确答案。[A]选项中的对象是children，而非文中的exceptional children。此外，本文并未说明儿童在学习能力方面存在哪些差异。[B]选项原文没有提及。[C]选项虽然在最后一段被简略提及，但是它是学校在“教育机会人人平等”的观念影响下的具体措施，不是全文的主要内容。命题意图是要求考生找出文章的主旨句。22.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。最后一段第四句recent count decision have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate ecation…说明特殊儿童接受适应其特点的教育的权利已经得到法律的保护。[A]选项符合此意。该段第二句表明国家缔造者最初只提到法律面前人人平等，他们并未有论述教育平等的观念，因此[C]选项与原文不符。[B]选项与该段内容也不符。该段第一句和第二句表明“人人生来平等”的思想自建国就已提出，因此教育平等并不违背本国传统。[D]选项的时态为将来时，而原文的court decision之事早已成为事实。二者时间不符。

According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 新学派的科学家认为，技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。Science moves forward, they say, not so much throughthe insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniquesand tools.他们说，科学的进步与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。“In short,” a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution,as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instrumentsthat expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”“简言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物主张：“我们所称的科学革命，主要是指一系列工具的改进、发明和应用，这些改进、发明和应用扩大了科学在各个方向上的发展”。Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被史学家和哲学家忽视了。The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.鼓吹技术、否认天才的支持者的论据核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪明才智来源于第二世纪的天文学家托勒密，他创立了详尽的太空体系，该体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he wasthe first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planetsrevolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.伽利略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，旨在证实行星围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转。But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eye-glasses.但是，在新学派科学家看来，这件事件真正成功的因素是镜片制造机械长期以来不断的改进和发展。Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.联邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技术与天才之争中去。Whetherthe Government’s should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technologyor vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。试题分析31.[解析]本题考核的知识点是：not so much…的译法。这个句子的主干是Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of… as because of…。 这个句子的难点在于not so much… as 的译法。实际上它是对两种事物做比较，否定前者，肯定后者，这里是否定through the insights of great men of genius，肯定because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools，一般译为“与其……不如”，相类似的表达还有：more… than…, less… than…, not…but rather…等等。它们都是对一个事物的肯定和对另一个事物的否定。like在这里表示举例或列举的意思，译为“像”或“比如”。译文：他们（新学派科学家们）说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。32. [解析]本题考核的知识点是：定语从句先行词的判断和翻译时的前置和后置。句中的主句是a leader…contends; in short 至句末是contends的宾语从句。在这个从句中，主语是the scientific revolution, was是系动词，the improvement and invention and use of instruments是表语。as we call it意为“我们称之的”，it指revolution。表语the improvement and invention and use由介词词组of instruments和一个that引导的定语从句修饰。of短语一般译作前置定语。虽然离that 引导的定语从句最近的名词是instruments，但是此定语从句从意思上看并不是修饰instruments，而是修饰the improvement and invention and use。类似的这种情况经常可见，再例如：In fact a basic amount of movement occurs ring sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.事实上，在睡眠期间仍然有一个基本的活动量，这种活动量特别与防止肌肉活动中断有关。which 引导的定语从句不修饰靠它最近的sleep,而是修饰a basic amount of movement.如果一个词有多重定语，很难按中文的习惯把它们都译作前置定语。在这个情况下，可以根据通顺的原则将其简短地译作前置定语，而其他的则灵活处理。一般用“这”来代替先行词，或用重复先行词的方法。词汇方面：school 在这里意为“学派”；in short意为“简单地说，简而言之”。译文：“简言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物主张：“我们所称的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和应用使科学向各个方向发展发展。”33. [解析]本题考核的知识点是：as的用法和被动语态。这个句子是主干是tools and technology… have largely been ignored by…。被动句的完成时态，强调被动意义，可以译成汉语的被动语态。as的用法灵活，意思多样，出现频率也很高。它可以做连词、介词和副词，还有一系列的含as的短语。as在本题中后面带一个名词性的结构，因此是介词，意为“作为”。词汇方面：over the year意为“多年来”。themselves意为“本身”。译文：工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被史学家和哲学家忽视了。34.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：抽象名词、目的状语从句和rather than的译法。这是一个简单复合句。句子的主语是glory,谓语是was,表语由that引导的表语从句构成，基本符合中文的语序，可以顺译。表语从句中he是主语，was是系动词，the first person是表语。to turn the newly invented是不定式做定语修饰the first person。to prove that… 是目的状语，可以前置译作“为了……”，亦可以后置译作“以……”；prove后的that从句做动词prove的宾语。rather than 一般译作“而不是”。主语glory是一个抽象名词。翻译某些抽象名词时，在符合含义的情况下可以增词把它具体化，glory可译作“光辉的业绩”。译文：伽利略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，旨在证实行星围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转。35.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：at the expense of 和whether… or…的含义。这是一个简单复合句。句子的主干是Whether… or… often depends on…。主语是whether… or vice versa“是……还是相反”。Whether…or…一般译成“是……还是”，表示两者选择，因此or后头的vice versa表达的即是“以减少对纯科学的投入来增加对技术的投入”。谓语是depend on…。 宾语部分the issue意为“问题”，它表达的事情就是后面of加which从句的内容，即“把哪一方看做是驱动力量的问题”。词汇方面：financing显然是由动词finance变过来的动名词，其意思可以由动词或名词的意思猜出来。at the expense of 意为“以……为代价”。“以技术为代价去资助科学”的意思是“以减少对技术的投入来增加对科学的资助”。译文：政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入而增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看做是驱动力量。

“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer.“But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”“我有极大的信心相信到这个十年期结束时我们将会详尽地知晓癌细胞的生成原因，”一位癌症专家和微生物学家罗伯特·温伯格说道。“但是，”他告诫说，“有些人认为一旦人们弄清了病因，治疗方法很快就会跟上。例如法国细菌学家巴斯德，他发现了许多传染病的成因，但治疗方法却在五六十年后才问世。”This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging -- 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (胰腺).今年，91万癌症患者中有一半将至少再活5年。国家癌症研究所估计，到2000年存活率将升至75％。现在对于一些皮肤癌来说，5年期的存活率高达90％，但其他类型癌症的存活数据却仍令人沮丧——肺癌13％，胰腺癌2％。With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes (基因), are inactive in normal cells.癌症种类现有多达120多种，发现其规律实属不易。研究者在70年代取得了很大的进展。当时他们发现致癌基因，即那些可以引起癌症的基因，在正常细胞中是不活动的。Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.从宇宙射线到辐射到日常饮食，任何东西都有可能激活处于沉寂状态中的致癌基因，但是如何激活不为人所知。如果若干致癌基因被激活，而细胞无力排除，它们就演变成了癌细胞。The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. 导致癌变的确切机制仍然是个谜，但是许多癌症始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远不能预防所有癌症。“Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”“变化是进化过程中的一个正常部分，”肿瘤专家威廉·海沃德说道。环境因素永远无法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那样：“我们无法准备出一种抗宇宙射线的药。”The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”治癌前景虽然遥远，但却越来越明朗了。“首先，我们需要了解正常细胞如何控制其本身。其次，我们必须查明细胞中是否有一定数量的基因总是造成至少部分麻烦的原因。如果我们能弄清癌症的原理，我们就能采取相应的措施。”23.[答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。本题考查第一段末句在文中的作用：he (指Pasteur)discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available。这句话说明发现病因并不意味着一定能够很快找到治疗方法。同时结合该段第一句中对即将了解癌细胞成因的肯定态度以及第二句but的转折，可知作者用Pasteur之例对but后人们的态度进行反驳，提醒人们找到治癌症的方法仍然需要一段漫长的时间。由此可知，[D]选项为正确答案。该段中Weinberg只认为人们在近十年内会对癌症的病因有很深的了解，但是这并不意味着会彻底揭开癌症的秘密，因此[A]选项不正确。[B]选项刚好与Pasteur的例子要说明的问题相反。[C]选项是草率结论。Pasteur发现传染病病因后五六十年才找到治疗方法，这并不意味着癌症亦如此。命题意图是要求考生了解文章中例证方法的写作思路。这里是先提出观点，后举例说明。24.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。本题考查到2000年癌症患者的情况。根据第二段内容，今年（1994）有50%的癌症患者可存活5年。至2000年（6年后），此存活率将升到75%。对于一些皮肤癌患者来说，目前的5年存活率已高达90%。但是其他类型的存活数据却很让人沮丧——肺癌13%、胰腺癌2%。由此可见，存活率的稳步上升是大趋势。一些皮肤癌的存活比率已相当高但是也有些类型的癌症仍难以攻克。因此[D]选项合乎情理。为正确答案。[A]选项不对。文中第三句指出皮肤癌患者目前的存活率已相当高，达到90%，增长余地已很少，不会再有急剧增长。[B]选项若对，则与5年存活率不符。从1994年~2000年已经有6年时间，无法确保这些人仍然在世。[C]选项与文章内容相悖。命题意图要求考生根据原文所给数据和事实信息进行逻辑推理，排除错误选项。25.[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。第三段第二句和第四句oncogenes which are cancer causing genes are inactive in normal cells… If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous说明致癌基因在正常细胞中是不活跃的，但是如果被激活，正常细胞无力排除，它们就会转化为癌细胞，造成伤害。由此可见，[B]选项的内容与此相符，为正确答案。[A]选项与第二句的inactive in normal cells不符。该段第四句提到“一旦被激活，健康细胞就根本起不了排斥作用”，因此[C]、[D]选项都不对，它们都忽视了“一旦被激活”这个条件。activate意思是“使活动，起动”。drive into action的意思是“迫使……行动、生效、起作用”。命题意图要求考生准确理解第三段的内容。注意第四句中的条件句的作用是限制事情发生的条件。26.[答案] C解释词语要结合语境和上下文。从第三段第二句和第三句… oncogenes are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation may activate a dormant oncogene…可以分析出致癌基因原本是不活跃的，外在因素激活的只能是“不活跃，静止状态下的”致癌基因。也就是说activate的对象指的仍然应该是前一句中的inactive oncogenes，因此dormant具有与activate相反意义的特点。[C]选项为正确答案。dormant本身词义为“休眠期的、暂停活动的、潜伏的”（in a state of inactivity but awaiting development or activity），这里与inactive同义，没有二次使用是为了避免语言的重复。[A]选项和[B]选项都不含该词义。[D]选项potential的英文含义是existing in possibility, that can or may come into existence or action，即表示可能出现的东西，而oncogene是已经存在之物，故不对。况且potential与同一句中的activate(make… active)的意思也不搭配。

One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. 1.3亿美国人的手中至少持有一家银行发行的信用卡。信用卡持有者可在商店、饭店、宾馆，当地、外地甚至国外赊购货物，同时信用卡还可以使他们享受银行提供的许多服务。More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon -- it’s already here.越来越多的信用卡可以自动读取，于是持卡人就可以在不同地方存取，不管本地支行是否营业。对于我们很多人来说，“无现钞的社会”不是即将来临，而是已经到来。While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom.计算机为消费者提供诸多便利的同时，也给商家带来了很多优势。电子收银机能做的远不止记录销售额，它们可进行各种各样的记录，包括谁卖了什么，何时卖的，卖给了谁。This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made.通过被售商品的种类及其销售速度等信息的显示，商家能够随时了解其商品的情况。然后卖家便可以做出是再定货还是把商品退给供应商的决定。At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.同时这些计算机记录哪些时间段是销售高峰和哪些员工最有效率，从而可以相应地调整员工工作任务的分派。此外，他们还可以确定偏爱的顾客群进行促销活动。Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons.基于同样的原因，生产商们也依赖计算机。Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which procts to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the proction process itself.计算机分析的营销报告能有助于决定目前应重点生产哪些商品，将来开发哪些产品，应停止生产哪些产品。计算机跟踪库存商品，现有原材料甚至生产过程本身。Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.许多其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志社、从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供更好、更高效的服务。15.[答案]B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。本文第一段通过一系列的实例说明信用卡（credit card）给其使用者带来的诸多方便。通过该段第二句“信用卡持有者可以在商店、饭店、宾馆，在当地、外地甚至在国外自动刷卡，同时信用卡还可以使他们得到银行提供的许多服务”可以看出，[B]选项全面准确地归纳和概括了原文思想，因此为正确答案。虽然原文指出信用卡持有者可以不受地域和时间的限制去存钱取钱，但是这并不意味着愿取多少就取多少。因此[A]选项不正确。[C]选项是文中未提及的内容，原文中未对持卡者和未持卡者的信誉度进行比较。况且，这也不符合事实。无论是持信用卡还是支付现金，顾客在购物时都享受同等的信誉。[D]选项错在wherever(无论在什么地方)，试问在没有银行的地方或是未开通信用卡的地方怎能够兑取现金呢？注意：解此题的关键是定位到具体的一句话。16.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：句意题。本题考查考生对第一段最后一句的理解。该段最后一句指出“对于我们很多人来说，’无现钞的社会’不是即将来临，而是已经到来”。[C]选项是对此句的改写，nowadays与原句时态相符，many Americans与for many of us一致，do not pay in cash与cashless society一致，因此[C]为正确答案。[A]选项中的in the future与原句时间it is already here不符；况且all the Americans也过于绝对。[B]选项的内容原文未提及；而且它与本段第二句谈到的可以在国外使用信用卡的事实相悖。[D]选项亦无法从该句推论。命题意图要求考生理解某句话的内涵，弄清楚它的每个单词、表达方式和整句话传达的信息。有时可以借助离得不远的上下文的句子去理解。17.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。该短语出现在第二段第二句electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales。第二段主要列举了电子收银机（cash register）的用途。第三句提到电子收银机可以进行各种各样的记录。从上下文我们可以知道ring up sales是电子收银机的基本工作，即“将销售情况记入收款机”，这与[B]选项相符。在不知ring up 意思的情况，也可以通过sales去排除选项。sales为“销售商品”，而不是“商品贸易”、“销售经理”或“库存商品”，因此[B]选项最可能正确，[A]、[C]和[D]选项都相差太远。命题意图要求考生根据上下文判断生词的含义。18.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。本题同样要求首先了解各段主旨，以便总结概括文章中心。本文首先从信用卡的应用谈论计算机给消费者带来的便利，随后述及计算机给销售商带来的便利，最后指出计算机的应用范围很广。因此[B]选项是文章主要讨论的话题，为正确答案。[A]选项和[C]选项中的“应用方法”和“意义”都不是本文探讨的对象。[D]选项仅仅是文章第一段的内容，作者通过它是想说明计算机的应用给消费者带来的诸多方便这一主旨，因此[A]不具有概括性。

Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the procts and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a proct that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Recing newspaper cost.13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising14. In the author’s opinion,.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement答案解析11.[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：句意题。首先看句子语法，第一句的重点是对as well as的理解。as well as 有两种意思：1）相当于in addition (to),意为“除……外，同，和，也”，如：He gave me money as well as advice. 2)用作连词引出比较对象，意为“和……一样好”。第2）种含义放在本文中才讲得通，这里as well as any相当于as well as any（money spent）, I know of 是定语从句，修饰any。其次，看下文内容。从文章第二句“它直接有助于……”可以推出作者对广告的作用持肯定态度。因此第一句应该被理解为“花在广告上的钱和任何别处花的钱一样值得”。 [D]项正是这个含义的概括，因此为正确项。[B]、[C]选项仅停留在“广告花费钱”的含义上，体现不了对广告的肯定态度；选项[A]是对从句“I know of”的错误理解。命题意图要求考生正确理解句中为避免重复而省略的部分。12.[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。第一段作者对广告给予肯定并且列举广告带来的诸多益处：（1）它直接有助于商品以合理价格迅速销出；（2）在稳定国内市场的同时，使产品能够以有竞争力的价格进入国际市场；（3）它给人以新的消费观，从而大大提高人们的生活水准；（4）它有助于增加市场需求，扩大劳动力市场，有效地扩大就业；（5）它使日报等公共事业的服务价格低廉。由此可见，[B]、[C]和[D]选项都在文中直接涉及，可以排除。第二段首句虽然谈到广告为人们购买的产品和服务的合理价格提供了保障，但是未提及[A]选项“保障更高的知名度”的内容，因而为正确答案。注意：这种“which is not included”题型相当于except题型，一般要在大范围内搜索，排除原文中已经提到的选项或直接找出与原文不符的选项。潜在命题点：依据此内容可另出一题：What is the biggest advantage of advertising?A．Providing more jobs.B．Enhancing living standards.C．Recing the costs of many services.D．Ensuring the quality of the procts and services.答案为[D]。关键是第二段首句“most important of all” 表明下面所述为最重要的优势，因此在列举题中，要注意关联词的作用。此外，也可用排除法，[A]、[B]、[C]在文中并列，作用相仿，成为答案几率均等，故都应该排除。13.[解析]本题考核的知识点是：本题考核的知识点是：作者观点题。题干要求考生回答作者对文中提到的知名人士的看法。文章第四段谈到该知名人士对广告持否定态度，即他批评广告更多的是在劝诱观众，而不是提供信息。这显然与作者前面第三段用大篇幅对广告赞扬的态度大相径庭，所以作者马上对这种观点进行驳斥，以维护自己的观点。作者认为“他把两者区分得过于细微。因为广告不可避免地要劝说消费者，如果广告的内容仅仅限于提供信息，那将会乏味之极”。由引可以推论作者对知名人士看法持否定态度。因此[D]选项为正确选项。[A]选项和[C]选项都持肯定态度，可以排除。而[B]选项也不对，因为在文中并未讨论知名人士的兴趣和关心对象问题。nothing but意为：只有，除了……之外都不。命题意图要求考生正确理解文章局部细节体现的作者态度。14.[答案]C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：作者观点题。本题考查作者对广告所持的观点。读完全文后，我们已经很清楚作者对广告的态度和观点。先是在前三段肯定广告给社会带来的诸多好处，然后在第四段和第四段又指出广告劝说消费者不仅是不可避免的也是必要的，否则便失去了吸引力，不能把广告的劝诱性作为批评它的论据。[C]选项恰恰符合这一观点，为正确答案。[A]选项与第三段的内容相悖。[B]选项与第四段作者提出的“广告不可避免地要劝说消费者，内容不仅仅限于提供信息”的看法不一致。[D]选项不正确，作者在末段提到，只提供信息的广告不会引起观众的兴趣，不能由此推出，消费者对广告信息毫无兴趣。win sb. over(to sth.)=win sb. to do sth. 意思是“说服某人做某事”。注意：做此类局部作者态度题，可以先看选项中是否有直接可排除之选项；不能排除的再定位，对照进行排除。全文翻译花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别的方面的钱一样是值得的。它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售，从而建立稳固的国内市场，并且有可能以有竞争力的价格提供出口商品。通过向公众推出新思想，它极大地促进生活水准的提高。通过帮助增加商品需求，它确保对劳动力的更大需求，因此成为对抗失业的一项有效措施。它降低了许多服务费用：没有广告，日报的价格将是现在的四倍，电视许可证价格会翻一番，乘汽车或地铁出行也将贵出百分之二十。也许最重要的是，广告对你所购买的产品和服务的合理价值提供了一种保障。除了国会制定的27项法案对广告加以约束之外，也没有哪个正规的广告商胆敢推销与广告承诺不符的产品。他也许会通过误导人的广告暂时愚弄一些人。但他这样做长不了，因为所幸的是，公众很明智，不会再次购买劣质商品。 如果你看见一种商品不断地做广告，我认为这就是最可靠的证明，商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。广告对社会的物质利益所作的贡献比我能想到的任何其他力量都要大。有一点我觉得应该在此提及。最近我听到一位电视知名人士宣称，他反对广告，因为广告是劝诱性的，而不是客观地提供信息。他在此划了一条过于清晰的界线。当然广告总是试图劝服。如果广告仅仅限于提供信息——这一点本身如果不是不可能的话，至少也难以做到，因为即使选择一件衬衫的颜色这样的细节也多少隐含劝说之意——那么广告将变得味同嚼蜡、无人理会了。但也许这就是那位电视名人所希望的结果。

原文+译文：Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.实际上，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者（即做实验的人）有所准备的头脑。Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple.据说艾萨克·牛顿爵士是从苹果落地现象中发现了万有引力。Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets.多少个世纪以来，许多地方一直都有苹果落到地面，成千上万的人也都看过苹果落地。但多年来只有牛顿一直对月球和行星沿轨道运行的起因感到好奇。What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.是什么使它们保持在现在的位置？它们为什么不从天上掉下来？苹果向下落到地面而不向上飞到树上，这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大的“果实”——月球和行星所存有的疑问。How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree?多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢？Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research.牛顿这样做了，因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是怀有好奇心。他的头脑在准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究的一个基本特征。If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。科学家们在为学术刊物撰写呆板的例行报告时往往会忘记这一点，而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought.在和一些科学家，特别是年轻科学家交谈时，你可能会有这样一种印象：他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment.我出席过一些科研会议，会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.”那位科学家皱了皱眉，又看了看图表，然后说：“数据还是不够确定。”“We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.预算部门的人说：“这点我们知道，但你的意见如何？你觉得值得做下去吗？你觉得我们可以期待什么呢？”这位科学家感到很震惊，他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.当然，这几乎等于说：这位科学家成了自己所写报告的受害者。He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced instrial and business management that they are true.他所提出的种种论断是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不仅他自己相信了，而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to proce results measurable in dollars and cents.假如科学实验像科学杂志报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可用美元、美分衡量的结果是完全合理的。It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.审计人员也完全有理由相信，确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要分心：用一只眼盯着现金计数器的同时，用另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家渴望规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，也就是无可指摘的。试题：51. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are concted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research52. The author asserts that scientists.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings53. It seems that some young scientists.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”54. The author implies that the results of scientific research.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by management答案：A B D A

When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.当发明家创造了一件发明，他可能做三件事情：他可能将这件发明公诸于世，也可能保守秘密，或者也可能为这件发明申请专利权。A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.批准了的专利是发明家和国家讨价还价的结果，发明家享受一段时间的垄断权，在这段时间之后，他必须公布其发明的所有细节。Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.只有在极特殊的情况下专利的期限才可能被延长以改变事件的正常过程。The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.迄令为止批准的最长的延期授予了乔治瓦伦西，他1939年的彩色电视接收机电路系统的专利被延长至1971年，因为在该专利的大部分有效期里根本没有彩色电视节目，因此该发明没有获利的希望。Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent.由于一项专利在其有效期终止后将永远公之于众，因此附属于专利机构的图书馆的书架上收藏有至少上百万种发明想法供任何人免费使用，如果它们已经存在半个多世纪，有时候甚至被人们用于重新申请专利。Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of concting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s right is to plagiarize a dead patent.事实上，专利专家经常向希望避开使用有效专利的高昂代价的人们建议，避免侵犯任何其他发明者权利的一个万无一失的办法就是剽窃一个已经失效的专利。Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.同样，由于已经以任何其他形式发表的想法不能再用于申请专利，因此保守的做法是从其他公开的相关领域获得灵感。许多现代技术的突破就是基于这样的法律保障前提。Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new” ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills.任何密切参与专利和发明工作的人都很快了解到大部分“新”思想实际上都很陈旧。It is their rection to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money.正是出于需要或奉献，或由于得到新技术而使构想转换为商业行为，它们创造了新闻和经济效益。The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.磁记录理论的基本专利要追溯到1886年。许多关于电视机的最初想法都来自于19世纪末20世纪初。甚至1904年一项马在后面的马车专利就预示了大众后置发动机汽车的诞生。 26.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨文章先在第二、三段介绍了专利的一些特点，又在第四段说明特殊情况下专利期限的延长，然后用大量篇幅说明怎样利用一些他人已有的但不再受保护的想法来进行新的发明创造，并进而取得专利或专利权，也就是谈论如何接近并有效利用专利。[D]选项是对文章主旨的概括，是正确答案。[A]、[B]选项不是文章主要论述的话题。[C]选项中use不如access to 精确。access to 意为“接近（进入，取得）……的机会或权利”，use只有“使用”之意。27.[答案] C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：细节是非判断。对于是非题，可采取排除法。[A]选项中if necessary与第五段第一句话指出的重新申请专利的条件if older than half a century不符。[B]选项与首段所指的当发明问世时，发明者可以有三种选择相悖。[C]选项与第二段中the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes all the details of his invention to the public after that period terminates内容一致，为正确答案。[D]选项错在patented invention，第五段第一句话中a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated强调只有专利权失效后才会公之于众。28.[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章细节文章第三段指出在特殊情况下可延长专利期限。然后在第四段作者以乔治瓦伦西为例，对“极其特殊”这个条件进行解释。他的专利获得延期的原因是：because for most of the patents’ normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention，也就是说在他的发明专利的大部分有效期内，该专利没有得到应用。[B]选项与原文相符，为正确答案。[A]选项虽然出现了原文中的词语reward，但原文指的是“不能获利”，而该项指的是“别人购买他的专利”。[C]选项将原文中的“根本没有彩色电视节目”偷换成“很少有电视台提供彩色节目”。[D]选项时间错误，乔治瓦伦西在1939年就获得了彩电接收器的专利权。29.[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词语释义 第五段第二句指出与使用有效专利（live patent）相比，失效的专利（dead patent）可以节省高额费用，还不会带来侵权的麻烦。[A]选项为正确答案。plagiarize是“剽窃，抄袭”的意思，与选项中的steal是近义词。其他选项都没有体现plagiarize的含义。30.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申本题可通过排除法解题。[A]选项与第六段第二句It is their rection to commercial practice… that makes news and money内容一致，是正确选项。[B]选项中的“产品”与“发明”之间的关系文中没有涉及。[C]选项中对不同专利购买费用的比较在文章中没有涉及。[D]选项与文章第五段第二句…patent experts often advise anyone …不符，从该句可知，对过期专利进行研究的人是听取专家意见的人，而不是专家本人，[D]选项搞错了动作的施动者，故不正确。