1, We don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone.1,我们不必学习如何保持心理健康,它植入在我们身上,就像我们的身体知道如何治愈伤口或修复骨折一样。2, Our mental health doesn't go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.2,我们的心理健康不会去任何地方;像云后面的太阳一样,它可以暂时隐藏起来,但它完全能够瞬间恢复。3, Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.3,心理健康让我们能够待遭遇困难之人以同情,待痛苦之人以善意,无论是谁,都以无条件的爱待之。4, Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.4,尽管心理健康是治愈我们生活的良药,它让我们平凡的生活变得完美,正如你所见,它一直在指引你度过所有艰难的决定。5, As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.5,正如你将明白,知道心理健康是永远触手可及并值得信任,会让我们放慢脚步,活在当下,过得幸福。
2016考研英语二真题及答案解析 Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text。 Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET。 (10 points)Happy people work differently。 They’re more proctive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks。 And new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work, too。Companies located in place with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper。 2 , firms in happy places spend more on R&D(research and development)。That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investment for the future。The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested。 So they compared U.S。 cities’ average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas。7 enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8。 But it is really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researches controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest like size, instry , and sales-and-and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in wages or population。 They link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things。The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors 13 to “less confined decision making process” and the possible presence of younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment。’’ The relationship was 15 stronger in places where happiness was spread more 16。 Firms seem to invest more in places。17 this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility。 It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future。 It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward –thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average,” said one researcher。1。 [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2。 [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3。 [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4。 [A] indivialism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5。 [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6。 [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7。 [A] sure [B] odd [C] unfortunate [D] often8。 [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9。 [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10。 [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11。 [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12。 [A] resumed [B] held [C] emerged [D] broke13。 [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D] compare14。 [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D] experienced15。 [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16。 [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17。 [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18。 [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19。 [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20。 [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send actSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts。 Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D。 Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET。 (40 points)Text 1It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college。 Students without experience can catch up after a few introctory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science。However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial。 When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers – but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses。 It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students。 Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal。 Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said。Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introctory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away。The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for alts looking for a career change。 The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor。 For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood。The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook。 Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market。 But the skills they learn – how to think logically through a problem and organize the results – apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an ecation consultant for the state of North Carolina。Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all。 But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes。 These kids are going to be surrounded by computers-in their pockets ,in their offices, in their homes –for the rest of their lives, The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into procing what they want –the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that –the better。21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to _______A。 complete future job trainingB。 remodel the way of thinkingC。 formulate logical hypothesesD。 perfect artwork proction22.In delivering lessons for high - schoolers , Flatiron has considered their________A。 experienceB。 interestC。 career prospectsD。 academic backgrounds1、[答案]C how[解析]根据空格所在句子可以看出,空格处应该是一个引导宾语从句的从属连词,做influence的宾语。四个选项的意思中,只有C。 how引导后面的内容做influence的宾语,前后意思合理。2、[答案]B In particular[解析]空格的前一句话的内容是:坐落在幸福人群所在地的公司投资更多的钱。空格所在句的内容是:坐落在幸福人群所在地的公司在…方面投入更多的钱。很显然,前后句子是总分关系。选项中,只有B选项可以体现总分关系。3、[答案]D necessary[解析]根据空格处前后的内容,_____ for making investments for the future是做后置定语修饰longer-term thinking和happiness。幸福,这种持久的思维模式对于对未来进行投资_______,四个选项中只有D。 necessary 做后置定语符合前后内容。其他选项与原文内容语义不符。4、[答案]C optimism[解析]空格处的内容与inclination for risk-taking由and连接,构成并列关系,后面that come with happiness定语从句既修饰空格处的内容,也修饰inclination for risk-taking,所以选项中可以由that come with happiness修饰的只有C选项optimism。5、[答案]D change[解析]空格处的内容和the way companies invested构成动宾搭配。选项中A。 echo 回声 B。 miss 思念 C。 spoil 溺爱 D。 change 改变,所以只有D选项可以和the way companies invested构成通顺语义。故D项正确。6、[答案]B measured[解析]原文:So they compared U.S。 cities’ average happiness_______ by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas。 所以他们比较美国城市的平均幸福,这种幸福是根据盖洛普在上市公司的投资活动地区民意调查来________。 A imagined 想象,D assumed 假定与民意调查的客观性是不符的,故排除,C invented 发明,与文意不符,故选B measured,衡量,测量。7、[答案]A sure[解析]若要判断此空的答案,需要结合文章上下文来判断。这句话和本篇完型的第二段的首句的含义是相同的。第二段的首句:Companies located in places with happier people invest more,含义为:坐落在幸福人们多的地方的公司会加大研发投入力度。本段首句其实是对于这一中心的重复阐述,因此选A。8、[答案]D headquartered[解析]原文:firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were _________。公司的投资与研发强度与公司所_______的地区的幸福度相关。依据第7题的答案,我们可以推断,这句话所填写的单词和located应该是近义, A advertised 广告; B divided 分割; C overtaxed 负担过重;均与本文含义不符,故选D,headquartered设立总部。9、[答案]A explain[解析]原文:…could something else about happier cities ______ why firms there spend more on R&D? 此句也是对于本文中心的再次论证。还有其他的什么可以__________公司在幸福的城市加入研发投入力度吗? 这句话之后就是具体的原因陈述。B overstate 夸张; C summarize总结;D emphasize 强调;均不符合文意,所以以上三项皆排除。故选A express 解释,阐释。10、[答案]B factors[解析]原文: To find out, the researchers controlled for various ________that might make firms more likely to invest — like size, instry, and sales ,为了找到答案,研究人员控制了各种各样的可能会让公司加大投资的_______——比如大小、行业和销量——,联系上下文,我们可以看出,这个空格其实就是下文size, instry, and sales的上义词,可以包含这三个名词的内容。A stages 阶段;C levels 水平,标准; D methods 方法;均不符合文意。故选B factors 原因,因素。11、[答案]A desirable[解析]该句意思为:研究者掌控了各种使公司更愿意投资的因素(比如规模、行业、销售),也掌控了居住起来____的住处的征兆(比如工资或人数的增长)。此处需填入形容词,前后两句为并列关系,感情色彩应保持一致,所填词应和空前more likely to invest更可能投资,以及空后like举例的内容涨工资一致,也是好事,所以答案desirable可取的、令人满意的为正确选项。Sociable善于交际的,reputable有声望的,reliable可靠的虽为正向词汇,但均与上下文衔接不紧密,因此答案为desirable。12、[答案]B held[解析]即使说明这些问题,总体来讲,快乐与投资之间的关系____。Resume继续、重新开始,hold保持不变,维持,emerge出现,break破裂。前后为递进,说明这些问题后,二者关系应仍然保持不变,所以hold为正确答案。13、[答案]A attribute[解析]该句意思为:快乐与投资之间的相互关系对年轻的企业特别强烈,作者把这一点____于“缺少编纂的做决定过程”。此处考搭配,attribute…to把……归咎于,assign…to把……指派给,transfer…to把……传递给,compare…to把……相比较,其中attribute…to符合文意,作者把这一点归因于于“缺少编纂的做决定过程”。14、[答案]D experienced[解析]该题为并列平行关系考查,and前后情感色彩、所属范畴应保持一致,younger并列,应为less experienced缺少经验的,故为正确答案。Serious严肃的,civilized文明的,ambitious有野心的,与年龄无直接关系,故排除。15、[答案]C also[解析]该句话上一句为The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong,此句为The relationship was 15 stronger,显然,二者之间为并列关系,因此选择also也。Thus表结果,instead表转折,never从不,不符合此处逻辑。16、[答案]D equally[解析]此题考查副词。四个选项中,A选项rapidly意为“迅速地”, B选项regularly意为“常规地”,C选项意为directly“直接地”,D选项equally“平等地”。此处讨论的是公司投资与快乐之间的关系。空格后指出,相较于在快乐不平等的地方,或者幸福感有巨大鸿沟的地方,公司更愿意在大多数人都较为幸福的领域投资, D选项equally是对inequality的反义复现,因此,D选项是正确选项。17、[答案]C While[解析]此处考察上下文的逻辑关系。上文指出,公司愿意在幸福的领域里投资, 而空格后则提到“这并不能证明幸福引发了公司扩大投资或者采用较长远的眼光看问题”,显然,这二者之间是转折关系,正确选项为C选项While “然而”。A选项 After“在……之后” , B选项Until “直到”,D选项Since“因为”或“自从”,都不符合文意。18、[答案]C hints[解析]空格所在句的前半句质疑了投资与幸福的关系,后半句的作者表现的态度是“believe”, 因此此处要填入一个表积极立场的词,且能与后面的at that possibility构成搭配, 表明“作者”的认可态度。A选项arrive“到达”,B选项jumps“跳跃”,D选项strikes“打击;罢工”,均不能与at that possibility搭配,C选项hints“暗示”符合语意,因此正确答案为C。19、[答案]A shape[解析]结合文意,此处是在正面论述“当地文化和氛围”对公司运营的影响,且二者之间的因果关系一直贯穿全文。四个选项中,A选项shape意为“形成,塑造” B选项rediscover“重新发现”, C选项simplify“简化”,D选项share“分享”, 其中只有A 选项最贴近语意,因此正确答案为A。20、[答案]B lean towards[解析]此处考察固定词组。 A选项pray for意为“为……祈祷”,B选项lean towards意为“向……倾斜”,C选项give away意为“泄露; 失去;赠送”,D选项send out意为“发送,发出”。空格所在句的前后语意为“快乐的人比普通人更加的具有正向思维,更有创造力,并且更加的_____研究和发展。”可知最符合文意的只能是选项B。Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121、[答案][B]remodel the way of thinking[解析]观点题。根据题干Cortina holds回文定位在第二段。第二段指出Cortina认为过早的接触电脑是有益的,紧接着指出当小孩子学习电脑科学,他们就学习了如何去开发手机应用程序,或者创作艺术,或者验证假设。对于他们来说与大孩子相比,改变思维并不难。综上所述,[B]remodel the way of thinking是对原文“transform their thought”的同义置换。22、[答案][B] interest[解析]事实细节题。根据题干关键信息“in delivering lessons for high-schoolers”、“Flatiron has considered”,定位到第三段。整个第三段在叙述Flatiron School。其中,第三行The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in”(高中生们上同样的课程,但是“我们力图以他们的兴趣来调整课程”),表明了该校开设课程的依据是“学生的兴趣”,故选[B] interest。23、[答案][A] help students learn other computer languages[解析]细节题。根据Deborah Seehorn 定位到文章第五段最后一句。Deborah说他们学习的技能(如何思考问题具有逻辑性并组织结果)可以应用到编码语言中去。选项[A]帮助学生学习另外的电脑语言是对这句话的概括。24、[答案][C] become better prepared for the digitalized world[解析]推理题。根据题干关键词“the last paragraph”和“Flatiron students”回文定位在最后一段。最后一段第一句指出Flatiron的学生不会全都进入IT界。紧接着第二句说明培养编码人员不是唯一目的,第三句进一步指出这些学生将会一生“被电脑包围”(生活在电脑时代),对比四个所给选项,[C] become better prepared for the digitalized world与原文意思一致,故正确。25、[答案][A] persuade[解析]词义题。根据题干关键信息“coax”(Line 4, Para.6),定位到最后一段第四行how to coax the machine into procing what they want(如何…电脑生产他们想要的),且该部分是与how computers think(电脑是如何思维的)并列的,都是学生学习的具体内容。正是因为两者并列,因此根据单词think可知coax同样含有一定比喻色彩,且coax指的是“让电脑生产他们想要的”一种手段或方式。将四个选项分别带入原文:[A] persuade“劝说,劝诱”,即“劝诱电脑生产他们想要的”,语意恰当,是正确选项;[B] frighten“吓唬,使惊吓”,即“吓唬电脑去生产他们想要的”,该方式带有贬义色彩,故排除;[C] misguide“误导”,与[B]同理,故排除;[D] challenge“挑战”,即“挑战电脑去生产他们想要的”,语义不通顺,故排除。因此,本题正确答案为[A] persuade。Text 226、[答案][A] its drastically decreased population[解析]本题属于细节题,考查了考生对文章首段中关于草原鸡数量的变化的理解。根据对首段首句当中生物学家预测的数量是2百万,而在首段末句出现but转折以及末句当中关于草原鸡现在真实的剩余数量只有2万2千只,都可以说明草原鸡的数量急剧的下降;另外,这道题还有一种做法是通过第二段首句的主语的作用,某些情况下,文章中间段落的首句主语起到承上启下的作用,那么中间段落首句主语就会有概括上一段的作用,本文第二段的首句:The crash was a main reason USFWS decided to formally list the bird as threatened。 就是对第26题题干和正确选项的同义替换,根据第二段第一句的主语:the crash (这种暴跌),对应正确选项A。27、[答案][D] went against conservation policies[解析]本题属于推理题,根据题干信息:the “Threatened” tag 令许多环境学家感到失望,定位到第二段的第三句,因此,原因应该出自第三句之后,而第四句和第五句中间有很明显的转折词but,因此答案定位在第五句,很多同学可能会问,这里并没有表示原因的词去与题干当中的in that进行对应,但是在我们的钻石卡的课程中提到,原文当中给出原因的并不一定是直接给出表示原因的连词或者介词,在本文第三句的but Ashe and others argued that the “threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservation approaches。 当中的gave这个词是“使得”的意思,A使得B如何如何,也就是A是B的原因,因此这道题的答案是D (违反了保护措施)。28、[答案][B] volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[解析]本题属于推理题,根据题干当中给出的位置信息(第三段)以及表示条件与结果的逻辑关系的if这个信息,可以迅速定位到第三段的第一句,其中题干当中的if与文章当中的as long as 进行对应,而题干当中的表示结果的部分与as long as 之前进行对应,因此,正确选项应该出自as long as 之后,也就是原文当中的:they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat。 “签订一系列管理计划去恢复草原鸡的栖息地”,对应到的正确选项是B (volunteer to set up an equally big habitat 帮助搭建同样大小的栖息地)29、[答案][D] the states[解析]本题属于细节题。答案定位在文章第三段最后一句,从Ashe所说的话中“states remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species”可以得出,选项D the states在管理物种方面起着领导作用。30、[答案][B] the win-win rhetoric[解析]本题属于推断题。答案定位在文章最后一段,从Jay Lininger所说的话中,可以得知他认为政府应该为导致鸟类濒临灭绝的产业负责任,因此可以得出,他最可能支持本段开头所提出的双赢的说法。Text 331、[答案][D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed[解析]细节题。根据题干回文定位到第二段第一句“what makes…management techniques don‘t seem sufficient”,,但是这句并没有提及原因。真正的原因是第二段最后一句“Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient”。(深度阅读需要的不仅仅是时间,而且仅仅通过高效率所获得的那种时间也不够),因此选项D what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed为正确答案。32、[答案][B] make passing time fulfilling[解析]细节题。根据题干回文定位到第三段第五句:we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles(days, hours, minutes) as they pass。故正确答案应该与to fill…相一致。这句话中将时间单位天,小时和分钟比喻成了不同大小的瓶子。而压力来自于我们填充这些大小不一的瓶子时,即把自己的时间充实起来时。故正确答案为选项B,其中passing time是原文as they pass的同义替换,making … fulfilling是to fill的同义替换。33、[答案][D] achieve immersive reading[解析]细节题。根据题干定位到第四段第二句:…such ritualistic behavior helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time。 (这种仪式化行为指代有助于我们从拜托时间流进入灵魂阅读),soul time 即选项D 中immersive reading (沉浸式阅读),故正确答案为选项D。题干“scheling regular times for reading helps”是题干中的“such ritualistic behavior helps”的同义改写,“soul time”是“immersive reading”的同义替换。34、[答案][A] reading becomes your primary business of the day[解析]细节题。根据题干中的carry a book with you at all times can work if, 可以定位到第四段倒数第二句 “providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state”(假定你经常沉浸在阅读中,以至于阅读成为一种默认设置),因此可以确定选项A reading becomes your primary business of the day(阅读成为你一天中的主要事情)为正确答案。35、[答案][B] How to Find Time to Read[解析]主旨题。根据文章首段转折之后出主旨。But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There’s never any time to read。(但是其中一个特别悲哀的抱怨是:没有时间阅读)。第二、三、四段都在论证深度阅读才是解决之道。因此选项Dhow to find time to read为正确答案。Text 436、[答案][B] having a family with children[解析]根据题干给出的mark, successful life等词可以定位到第二段的第一句话,successful life可以找到原词,而mark对应milestone,including后面的内容就是这种生活的特征,包含“结婚,有孩子,有家,60岁退休”,和选项对比,只有B项符合原文给出的特征,属于同意替换。A项这里未提,略有干扰的是后面but句中的different paths,但这和题干不符,C项的退休后工作和原文刚好相反,D项未提到。37、[答案][C] attach importance to pre-martial finance[解析]根据题干给出的段落序号可以定位到第三段,另又提到young people,故可以定位到第三段开头第一句话。题干问的是年轻人倾向于……,题干中的tend在这句话中可以找到同意置换词more likely,句子中后面有5个to do表示年轻人倾向于做什么,所以答案就在这些动词不定式中。和选项对比,只有C项符合原文的含义“婚前或者有孩子之前要有经济保障”,属于同意替换。A项这里未提,也不符合当下年轻人的生活习惯,B项和原文刚好相反,原文说的是经常换工作来提升职业,而选项说的是长时间做一份工作,D项只是有childcare outside the home和原文一样,但是原文说的是父母都工作对孩子好,选项则是说年轻人更注重照顾孩子,两者含义并不相符。38、[答案][D] reach almost all aspects of American life[解析]根据题干给出的the priorities and expectations等词可以定位到第四段的第一句话的中间,that后面的内容是对这两个名词的修饰,故答案应该在这个从句中。和选项对比,只有D项符合原文,ripple through和选项中的reach属于同意替换。A项和B项这里均未提,C项只是politics和preferences这两个词有在文中出现,但是语义并不相符。39、[答案][D] getting established is harder for the young[解析]根据题干给出的young and old等词可以定位到第五段开头,这句话有冒号,解释key point,所以答案应该在冒号之后,题目问的是他们同意什么,也就是观点,所以可以再缩小范围为believe后面的内容为正确选项的含义。和选项对比,只有D项符合原文,属于同意替换。A项和C项这里均未具体提及,B项相对干扰性强,但是文中只是提到说在实现这些重要成就时,晚辈会比长辈遇到更艰难的挑战,并不是说老辈比晚辈创造了更多的成就,故排除。40、[答案][C] His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree[解析]根据题干给出的Schenider可以定位到最后一段开头。这段话开头就说这个人认为今天的生活更艰难,后面的内容都在介绍他的生活。因为题干除了这个人名之外并没有给出其他更细定位的信息,可以选择从选项定位入手反推正确答案。A项“他毕业后找到一个理想工作”,文章只在最后一段第二句后面说到这个问题,但并没有说这个工作是dream work,故排除。B项的work steady在第三局也有提到,但并没有说是父母认为的,故排除。C项说到父母的好生活在第四、五句有提到,尤其引号中的内容和选项相符,故为正确答案。D项认为工作很有挑战性,这并没有提到,属于无中生有。Part B41、[答案]D (Express your emotions)[解析]emotions一词在本段中原词复现了两次,而且出现了其下义词,比如sad, angry,本段最后一句提到对待情绪的方式是:acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately。选项D与此完全对应。因此确定正确答案为D选项。42、[答案]F (Be easily pleased)[解析]该段通过举例来说明段落主题,提到it cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed,本句话的含义是“虽然礼物不值钱,但是让她特别开心”。并且核心词overjoyed与小标题F中pleased属于近义词。该段第二句话在转折后提到the reality is these things have little lasting impact on our happiness levels,即“这些东西对我们的幸福水平影响很小。”接着最后一句总结到“感激生活中的小事情是提升我们幸福感的一个好方式”,因此本段重点在于强调要感激生活中的小事情,所以正确答案是F选项。43、[答案]A (Be silly)[解析]该段开头提及一个问题,那么问题的答案正是本段的中心句。第二句正是对问题的解答,根据本句话的前半部分:if we alts could inlge in a bit of silliness and giggling, 核心词silliness与选项A中的silly为同源词,因此确定选项A为正确答案。44、[答案]B (Have fun)[解析]首先明确本段中第二句为转折句,在找段落中心时,是必读部分。本句话含义是“成年人有能力按照自己的想法去享受时光(enjoy the things)”,紧接着下句举例说明享受的这些快乐的事情分别有哪些。因此本段重点在于说明成年人可以按照自己的意愿享受快乐时光。故选择 Have fun 。45、[答案]E (Don’t overthink it)[解析]该段主题句是段落首句it’s important to add that we shouldn’t try too hard to be happy,强调“我们不应该着急要快乐”。第二句借科学家的话提到这样做的不良影响,下文更是引用哲学家庄子的话来证明这一论点,最后一句再次突出,我们应以孩子为榜样,对于孩子来说,快乐不是一个目标,而是他们生活方式的自然副产品。可见,该段整体上是总分的结构,先提出论点再论证。此外too hard与选项E中的overthink属于近义表达,natural与overthink是反义复现。因此,答案选E。Section III Translation46、[解析]句1:The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors。[题目考点]被动语态,不定式短语作目的状语[句子结构]简单句。句子的主干是“The supermarket is designed to……”,被动语态翻译的时候变为主动,不定式短语做目的状语,可以翻译为“旨在……”。“lure……into”表示引诱……做……,在这里可以意译为“意在……”。“as much time as possible”表示“尽可能长的时间……”[重点词汇] design:设计;lure:吸引,引诱。[参考译文]超市旨在吸引顾客在店里停留尽量长的时间。句2:The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you’ll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you’ll buy。[题目考点]并列结构,比较结构[句子结构]复合句。本句用连词and连接两个比较句。本句包含一个常用的比较结构“the+形容词+……,the+形容词+……”表示“越……,越……”。[重点词汇] the more……, the more……:越…,越…。[参考译文]原因非常简单:顾客在店里停留的时间越长,看到的商品越多;看到的商品越多,买的越多。句3:And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff。[题目考点]词的翻译[句子结构]简单句。本句是简单的主语+谓语+宾语结构。“contain”原本表示“包含,包括”,在本句中可以意译为“陈列”。[重点词汇]contain:包含,包括。[参考译文]超市陈列了大量的商品。句4:The average supermarket, according to the Food Market Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more。[题目考点]并列结构[句子结构]复合句。And连接了两个简单句。第一个简单句句子的主干是“The average supermarket carries items……”;第二个简单句句子的主干是“many carry……”。“ according to……”表示“根据……”做方式状语。[重点词汇]Food Market Institute: 食品营销研究院, tens of thousands:成千上万。[参考译文]根据食品营销研究院的调查,一般超市里有约44000种不同的商品;大多数超市都有上万种。句5:The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload。[题目考点]词的翻译,不定式短语做目的状语[句子结构]简单句。句子的主干是“The sheer volume of available choice is enough”,不定式“to ……”做目的状语,表示“足够去干……”。[重点词汇]sheer:绝对的,纯粹的; available:可利用的,可供选择的;overload:符合过多。[参考译文]如此众多的选择足以使顾客面对的信息过于繁杂。句6:According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us。[题目考点]词的翻译[句子结构]简单句。句子的主干是“the demands……become……”,表示“需求……变得……”。短语“:According to……”做方式状语,表示“根据……”。[重点词汇]brain-scan:脑部扫描 ,decision-making:作出决定,决策。[参考译文]根据脑部扫描实验,需要做这么多的决定很快就会使我们难以承受。句7:After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead began shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying。[题目考点]并列结构,定语从句[句子结构]复合句。句子主干为most people stop struggling to be rationally selective and instead began shopping emotionally,其中instead和rationally,emotionally含转折和对比的意味。after about 40 minutes of shopping为介词短语做时间状语。which is the point是which引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰前面的整个句子。at which引导限制性定语从句,修饰point,相当于when,这个定语从句中主干成分为we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff,in our cart做地点状语。句中的最后一个that引导定语从句,修饰前面的先行词the 50 percent of stuff,整个句子中呈现从句套从句的句式。[重点词汇]rationally:理性地;emotionally:情感地,情绪冲动地;accumulate:累积;cart:购物车。[参考译文]大约购物40分钟以后,大部分顾客就无法试图做出理性的选择,而会冲动购物——此时,在购物车里,我们已经装了一半根本没想买的东西。[全文翻译]超市旨在吸引顾客在自己店内停留尽量长的时间。原因很简单:顾客在店里停留的时间越长,看到的商品就会越多;而看到的商品越多,你就会买的越多。超市有大量商品。根据食品营销研究院所说,普通超市大概有44000种不同的商品;很多超市更是会比普通超市多上万种商品。众多选择足以让顾客面临各种信息,不堪重负。根据脑部扫描实验,需要做这么多的决定很快就会使我们难以承受。大约购物40分钟以后,大部分顾客就无法试图做出理性的选择,而会冲动购物——此时,在购物车里,我们已经装了一半根本没想买的东西。Section IV Writing47、 [参考范文]Dear Jack,Your letter of congratulations was received。 Thank you for your nice words on my winning the contest。 In the letter, you asked me about the skills to do translation, so the following are my advice for you。Firstly, you should analyze the sentence structure, thus catching the meaning of the sentence。 Secondly, find the proper words to translate the meaning of the source language into the target language。 Thirdly, revise your translation at least three times to check if there are any mistranslations or missed meanings。I hope my advice helpful。 Wish to see you soon。Yours sincerely,Li Ming48、 [参考范文]Portrayed in the above pie chart is a survey of college students’ purposes of traveling。 The number of students who take traveling as a chance to see beautiful scenes accounts for 37%, while students who would like to travel to relieve pressure from study take up 35 %。There are several reasons behind the trend revealed in the above chart。 To begin with, as the present society is filled with fierce competition, most college students nowadays are under great pressure to stand out among others or to lunch a decent job after graation。 Therefore, they tend to choose traveling as an outlet to relieve their stress。 Secondly, with the fast advancement of the living standards of Chinese families, traveling is increasingly affordable to most college students。 For this reason, students prefer to travel to see different views to enjoy themselves or to make some friends。From my perspective, no matter what reason it is for, traveling is of great benefit for students to
In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse配偶is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1__those of the young woman, but also amatchmaker媒人. A young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. __4__, a girl may veto否决权the spouse her parents have chosen. __5__ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family.在柬埔寨,对于年轻男性来说,选择配偶是一个难题。这不仅会涉及到他的父母和他的朋友,以及涉及到年轻女性的父母和朋友,还会涉及到媒人。一个年轻男子可以自行决定一个差不多的配偶。然后可以寻求他的父母来安排婚姻的协商问题。或者这个年轻男子的父母直接选择孩子的配偶,不给这个孩子选择的机会。理论上,女孩儿有对父母给他选择伴侣的拒绝的权力,当配偶选择之后,每个家庭都调查对方家庭,以便确保他们的孩子嫁到了一个好的家庭里面。1. A. by way of经由,经过B. with regard to关于 C. on behalf of D. as well as以及答案:D 。句中有not only but also,根据首句知道“男性择偶很复杂”,不仅涉及男方亲友、女方亲友,还涉及到媒人,显然空格填写并列关系短语;B选项“关于”多用于对某事物的说明,a conutry’s law with regard to human rights;A选项误认为“男方亲友经由女方亲友向女方提亲”。2. A. decide on B. provide for 供养 C. compete with与…竞争 D. adapt to适应答案:A 。后文有父母“take the choice of”,可知前面必然是孩子自身可以“decide on”,文中“or”这个词要注意,是解决本题关键3. A. close B. arrange C. renew D. postpone答案:B 。根据句意,男性自主选择对象之后就会让父母提亲,arrange合适。4. A. In theory B. Above all 最重要的是C. In time最终;及时 D. For example答案:A 。根据句中父母giving the child little to say in the selection暗含父母包办婚姻,可知女孩选择配偶的自由只能在理论上成立。above all是递进关系,而此句前后是并列关系。5. A. Unless B. Lest以免 C. After D. Although答案:C 。配偶选定,双方家庭调查背景,unless表条件,lest表目的,although表让步,after表顺承关系6. A. into B. within C. from D. through 答案:A 。marry into嫁入一个….家庭,固定搭配,through不能与marry搭配The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerlyit lasted three days, __7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhistpriests offer a short sermon布道 and __8__ prayers祷告of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual仪式 hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the __11__. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may__12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby.传统婚礼是又长又有趣味的大事,以前持续三天,自从20世纪80年代,婚礼一般持续一天半。佛教僧侣进行简短的布道,并且吟诵主祷词。仪式包括剪发仪式,把在水中浸泡过的棉线缠绕在新娘和新郎的手腕上,那些婚姻幸福又受人尊敬的夫妇绕城一圈将一个蜡烛依次传递以祝福新婚夫妇。新婚夫妇在传统上要搬到妻子的父母家居住最多长达一年,直到他们能在附近建造自己的新房子。7. A. or B. since C. but D. so答案:C 。由Formerlyit lasted three days, __7__1980s it lasted a day and a half. 可以知道前后对比关系,所以用but表对比;since自从,与by 语义重复 8. A. test B. copy C. recite 吟诵 D. create答案:C 。and表连接,前面是offer a short sermon,后面的祝祷词自然就是吟诵祝祷词。 9. A. folding 折叠 B. piling 堆放 C. wrapping 打包 D. tying答案:D 。D选项是系,绑的意思,原句是将棉线缠绕在新郎新娘手腕上,表示永结连理的意思,所以用tie——tying的形式。10. A. passing B. lighting C. hiding D. serving答案:A 。这个很容易选择B,但是文中说一根蜡烛祝福新人,而且词组Pass sth around,light ….around搭配不合理11. A. association B. meeting C. collection D. union答案:D 。A选项是“联盟”,强调机构团体,B选项相遇、遇见、会面,C选项“聚集”,只有D是联姻、联合12. A. deal B. part C. grow D. live答案:D 。live with搭配,与….生活在一起,grow with是伴随…一起成长,part with不情愿的放弃某物,deal with对付、对待,只有D选项合适13. A. whereas 然而,但是 B. until C. for D. if答案:B 。根据上下文,搬进妻子父母的家,住一年,后面盖一个房子,则两者之间存在时间条件关系,只有Until既表示时间又表示条件。A选项表示转折,C选项表因果,D选项表示条件Divorce is legal and easy to __14__, but not common. Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval. Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up. The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__the woman must wait ten months.离婚是合法的而且很容易实现,但是并不常见,离婚的人不被认同,夫妻之间保持自己带进婚姻的任何财产,共同财产平均分配,离婚的人可以再婚,但是性别歧视会显现出来:离婚的男性不用有等待期,而离婚的女性必须等待十个月才能再婚。14. A. avoid B. follow效仿C. challenge D. obtain实现答案:D 。前面是合法,后面有but转折,所以14应该与合法并列,即容易得到、实现;follow有理解、领会的含义,但和disapproval矛盾,排除15. A. isolated 孤立,区别看待 B. persuaded C. viewed 看待 D. exposed暴露答案:C 。viewed with词组“以….的目光看待”,A选项和from搭配,isolate sb from sb/sth,exposed与to搭配,不与with搭配16. A. wherever B. whatever C. whenever D. however答案:B 。句子是宾从,只有whatever能引导宾从,D选项引导方式状语,C选项引导时间状语,A选项引导地点状语17. A. changed B. brought C. shaped D. pushed答案:B 。根据常识,离婚后财产分割包括婚前各人财产和婚后共同财产,只有bring …. into,即婚前夫妻各自带来的财产18. A. invested 投资B. divided C. donated捐献 D. withdrawn取出答案:B 。这句是说婚后共同财产处置,按照常识也是平分,更何况还有个equally,只有B分割更为符合题意19. A. warms B. clears C. shows D. breaks答案:C 。介绍离婚人士再婚,冒号后面的句子是对男女离婚后的不同对待,也就说明男女存在性别偏见,离婚后偏见会“显露”出来,show up也是词组显露,而clear up是清晰起来,warm up活跃起来,break up终结,都不符合题意20. A. while 然而 B. so that C. once D. in that因为答案:A 。表示前后对比,while表示转折,符合题意。
The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.超市的设计目的是吸引顾客在超市内尽可能长时间的停留。The reason for this is simple:原因很简单The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy.你在店里待的时间越长,你看到的东西就越多,你看到的东西越多,你买的东西就越多。And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.超市里有很多东西。The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more.根据食品营销协会的数据,平均每家超市有大约44,000种不同的商品,而且有很多超市有比这多数万件。The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload.可供选择的数量之多足以使购物者陷入信息过载的状态。According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.根据脑部扫描实验,如此多的决策要求使我们很快承受不了。After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective,在大约40分钟的购物之后,大多数人不再挣扎于理性的选择,and instead began shopping emotionally-which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.而是开始冲动性购物,在这时候,我们把50%从来不打算买的东西放进购物车里。
考研英语真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait ten months.1.[A]by way of [B]on behalf of [C]as well as [D]with regard to2. [A]adapt to [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]decide on3. [A]close [B]renew [C]arrange [D]postpone4. [A]Above all [B]In theory [C]In time [D]For example5. [A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless6. [A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through7. [A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so8. [A]copy [B]test [C]recite [D]create9. [A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying10. [A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving11. [A]meeting [B]collection [C]association [D]union12. [A]grow [B]part [C]deal [D]live13. [A]whereas [B]until [C]if [D]for14. [A]obtain [B]follow [C]challenge [D]avoid15. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed16. [A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever17. [A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed18. [A]withdrawn [B]invested [C]donated [D]divided19. [A]breaks [B]warms [C]shows [D]clears20. [A]so that [B]while [C]once [D]in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion instry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion instry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their indivial worth.The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion instry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion instry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion instry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular instry.21.According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined.[B] New runways would be constructed.[C] Websites about dieting would thrive.[D] The fashion instry would decline.22.The phrase “impinging on” (Line 2,Para 2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of.[B] indicating the state of.[C] losing faith in.[D] doing harm to.23.Which of the following is true of the fashion instry?[A] The French measures have already failed.[B] New standards are being set in Denmark.[C] Model are no longer under peer pressure.[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse.24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting a high age threshold for models.[B] caring too much about models’ character.[C] showing little concern for health factors.[D] pursuing perfect physical conditions.25.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?[A] The Great Threats to the Fashion Instry.[B] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty.[C] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France.[D] A Challenge to the Fashion Instry’s Body Ideals.Text 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.” Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Consecutive parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London are alone, with no intrusion on green bet. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26.Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A] didn’t start till the Shakespearean age.[B] has brought much benefit to the NHS.[C] is fully backed by the royal family.[D] is not well reflected in politics.27.According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now be[A] graally destroyed.[B] effectively reinforced.[C] largely overshadowed.[D] properly protected.28.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development.[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building.[C] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.[D] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.29.The author holds that George Osborne’s preference[A] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.[B] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.[C] stresses the necessity f easing the housing crisis.[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.30.In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain.[B] the political life in today’s Britain.[C] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.[D] the town-and-country planning in Britain.Text 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of businesses,” Wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profit”. But even if you accept Firedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggest the CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR,according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s procts are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s procts as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s procts as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for briding foreign officials,” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A] tolerance[B] skepticism[C] uncertainty[D] approval32.According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A] winning trust from consumers.[B] guarding it against malpractices.[C] protecting it from being defamed.[D] raising the quality of its procts.33. The expression “more lenient” (Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning to[A] more effective[B] less controversial[C] less severe[D] more lasting34.When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record[A] has an impact on their decision.[B] comes across as reliable evidence.[C] increases the chance of being penalized.[D] constitutes part of the investigation.35.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?[A] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[B] The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.[C] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.[D] It has brought much benefit to the banking instry.Text 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Timesceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future,”the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside,there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper-printing presses, delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Timesshould’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as a blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times?“I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said. “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy proct.”The most loyal customers would still get the proct they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.” In other words, if you’re going to make a print proct, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Timesis doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year—more than twice as mush as a digital-only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly e[A] the high cost of operation.[B] the pressure from its investors.[C] the complaints from its readers.[D] the increasing online ad sales.37. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should[A] seek new sources of readership.[B] end the print edition for good.[C] aim for efficient management.[D] make strategic adjustments.38.It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy proct”[A] helps restore the glory of former times.[B] is meant for the most loyal customers.[C] will have the cost of printing reced.[D] expands the popularity of the paper.39.Peretti believes that, in a changing world.[A] legacy businesses are becoming outdated.[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges.[D] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.40.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once[B] Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand[C] Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good[D] Keep Your Newspapers Forever in FashionPart BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the A-G for each of the numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Have confidence in yourself[C] Decide if the time is right[D] Understood the context[E] Work with professionals[F] Make it efficient[G] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and like ability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader, Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips:As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful ring transitions-- when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues, and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have . Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it?For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What convey status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to rece decision fatigue . Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46)We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone.Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition of exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us, (47)Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem—confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives—the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a from of innate or unlearned optimism. (48)Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness of they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice. We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50)As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingDirections:Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解(完整版)Section I Use of English1、【答案】B as well as【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容可以判断,"择偶涉及男方的亲朋好友,_____女方的亲朋好友"显然前后是并列关系,选项中只有B选项as well as 表示并列关系。其他选项意思与原文内容不符。2、【答案】D decide on【解析】根据选项得知空格处需要填谓语动词,空格后面的宾语是"…配偶",所以根据动宾搭配的原则,D选项 decide on可以与后面的宾语,构成通顺语义:选择配偶。所以D项正确。3、【答案】C arrange【解析】此题考查的仍是动宾搭配,空格处后面的内容the marriage negotiation,只能与选项C arrange构成通顺语义,"安排…磋商",故选C。4、【答案】A In theory【解析】根据空格后面的内容,得知女孩可能会否定她的父母为其所选的配偶;句中的may 表示的是一种可能性。所以,与原文句子内容表达一致的,只有A选项 in theory。5、【答案】C after【解析】空格处所在的句子是现在完成时,逗号后面的内容是一般现在时,所以根据时态判断,前后内容存在时间上的先后性,所以C选项after正确。6、【答案】A into【解析】原文:each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying _______ a good family. 每个家庭调查另一个家庭,确保孩子娶或嫁到一个好家庭。此处需要填入一个介词,嫁入另一个家庭,介词选择into最合适。故选A。7、【答案】C but【解析】若要判断此空的答案,需要看到前后文的具体含义和逻辑关系。空格上半句说:原来传统婚礼持续三天,后半句说:到20世纪80年代婚礼通常持续1天半,显然前后文形成了对比,故选C。8、【答案】C recite【解析】原文:Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and______ prayers of blessing.佛教神职人员提供一个简短的布道和__________祈祷祝福。四个选项中只有recite prayers为其固定搭配,意为"诵经"。故选C。9、【答案】D tying【解析】原文:________ cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, 把浸泡在圣水中的棉线______在新娘和新郎的手腕。A folding 折叠; B piling 堆积;C wrapping 包裹;以上三项均不符合文意,故选D项tying,绑,系。10、【答案】B passing【解析】原文: around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the union.在一圈婚姻幸福美满和德高望重的情侣中_________一根蜡烛来祝福他们。根据语境,A lighting,点亮,C hiding隐藏,D serving 服务;均不合适,只能选B passing 传递。故选B。11、【答案】D union【解析】该句讲到:围坐在新婚夫妇身边祝福他们的____. 根据语境可知应填入团聚的含义,四个选项中union可以表示团聚之意, 为正确答案meeting会议、会面,association联合、联盟,collection收集、集合,均不符合语境。12、【答案】 D live【解析】该句意思是:传统意义上讲新婚夫妇搬去新娘的父母家,并和他们______长达一年之久。前文讲到新婚夫妇搬去新娘的父母家,后文应保持一致性,"和他们生活在一起"故为答案live (with) 与……生活在一起,grow成长,part (with)表分离,反向干扰,deal (with) 处理、应对,不符合题意,故live为正确答案13、【答案】 B until【解析】该句意思是:新婚夫妇搬去新娘的父母家,并和他们______长达一年之久,______他们能够在附近建造新房。空格需要填入逻辑连接词,前后为时间先后关系,故代入until,语义合理,"直到他们造新房之前都住在新娘父母家"。前后文无转折,可排除whereas然而。for表原因,if表条件,代入均不合理。因此答案为until。14、【答案】 A obtain【解析】该句意思是:离婚是合法的并容易______,但并不普遍。填入词应与legal感情色彩一致,故排除avoid(避免)及challenge(挑战,质疑),而follow(跟随)一词通常不与divorce搭配。选项obtain代入语境中,obtain a divorce可以表示获得离婚,搭配合理,语义通顺,为正确答案。15、【答案】C viewed【解析】该句意思是:人们______离婚的人是反对的。此处需填入动作,isolated隔离,persuaded劝说,viewed看待、视为,exposed暴露、揭露。代入文中viewed是最合理的,人们看待离婚的人持反对态度的。因此答案为viewed。16、【答案】D whatever【解析】此处空前有动词retain, 因此需要填入一个连词引导宾语从句, 并且与property搭配,共同充当从句中的宾语。因此排除A选项wherever"无论何地"和C选项whenever"无论何时"。B 选项"however",作"但是"解,与句意不服, 作"无论多么"理解, 后面常跟形容词,而非名词。 而whatever 与property搭配,可以充当宾语从句的宾语,表示"一切财产",因此选项D为正确答案。17、【答案】B brought【解析】此处需要填入一个动词,能和property 形成动宾搭配。A选项changed意为"改变", B选项brought意为"带来",C选项shaped意为"形成",D选项pushed意为"推搡"。因此符合文意,能够和财产搭配的只能是选项B。18、【答案】A divided【解析】空格处是一个被动语态, 此处仍然需要填入一个与jointly-acquired property(共同获得的财产)形成动宾搭配的动词。A 选项divided"分割",不B选项invested"投资",C选项donated"捐赠",D选项withdrawn"取钱;撤走资金",均能和jointly-acquired property构成动宾搭配,但是此处的情境是讨论离婚时的行为, 因此A选项为正确选项。19、【答案】C shows【解析】此处考察固定词组。 A选项clear up意为"(天空)放晴;治疗;处理;解释",B选项warm up意为"使变热;(使)更活跃",C选项show up意为"显现,出现",D选项break up意为"结束;使破碎"。后文提到离婚后,男士可以立即重婚, 而女士必须要等十个月,可知符合文意,并且能够和"性别歧视"搭配的只能是选项C。20、【答案】A while【解析】此处考察上下文的逻辑关系。上文指出,离婚男士在他再婚前没有一个等候期,空格后提到"女性必须要等待10个月",显然,这二者之间不是因果关系,因此排除B选项 so that"所以"和D选项in that"因为",也不是C选项once"一旦"所表达的条件关系,因此正确答案为A选项。Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121、【答案】[A] physical beauty would be redefined【解析】推断题。根据题干first paragraph定位第一段,其中第一句France ,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion instry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman.以作为全球时尚创新者为荣的法国承认已经失去定义女性形体美的绝对权利,说明法国以前制定的形体美的标准已不再适用,现在需要做出改变,故A选项为正确答案。22、【答案】[D] doing harm to【解析】词义题。根据题干关键词"impinging on"(line2, para2),定位到第二段的第二句"They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health."(他们认为美女不应该以…健康的外表来界定)。该句承接本段第一句"Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives."其中,Such measures指代的正是第一段中阐述的"雇佣过瘦(excessive thinness)的模特会犯罪的法律规定",且excessive一词表明了情感色彩是贬义的。因此,推断出impinging on对health是"有害的、不利的",故选[D] doing harm to。23、【答案】[B] New standards are being set in Danmark【解析】细节题。根据题干关键词定位在原文第五段。由该段第二句可知,丹麦等国正在制定模特的标准。与选项[B]丹麦正在制定新的标准相符合,故正确。24、【答案】[C] showing little concern for health factors【解析】推理题。题干问的是"设计师似乎被CFW拒绝的原因"。根据题干关键词,回文定位到倒数第二段,其中指出"…enforcement is to deny access for designers…",意思是"法案拒绝设计师进入CFW,它是由丹麦时装学院创办的。",再根据该段前两句可知,丹麦时尚界同意关于模特的年纪,健康以及其他特点的法规和制裁,也就是说,丹麦时装学院不再只关注身材,也关注健康。而设计师一般都是以瘦为美,而忽视健康。综上所述,设计师被拒绝的原因是不考虑健康因素,故选[C] showing little concern for health factors。25、【答案】[A] A challenge to the Fashion Instry's Body Ideals【解析】主旨题。首段指出法律要求时尚界不能用过瘦的模特,接下来的段落重点说明时尚界的模特同时还需考虑年纪,健康以及其他方面的因素等。因此这篇文章的中心是围绕对时尚界理想体型观点的挑战,故[A] A challenge to the Fashion Instry's Body Ideals正确。Text 226、【答案】A is not reflected in politics【解析】事实细节题。根据题干"英国大众对于乡村的观点",可定位于文章的第一段。从文章第一段的后半段能得出:英国人民在民意调查中将"乡村"和王室、莎士比亚以及英国国民保健制度并列选为英国让他们最为自豪的四个方面,但是这种观点得到的政治支持却极为有限。A选项"is not well reflected in politics"在政治中没有得到很好的体现是对原文意思的同义替换,故选A。27、【答案】D graally destroyed【解析】事实细节题。根据题干很明确能回文定位到文章第二段。该段通过第一句的"a century ago"和后面的"later"可知是在做古今对比。题干中问的是"now",所以重点锁定在对比中的后半部分,而这部分中"They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it."一句表明现在的National Trust已背离了它原始的初衷,它之前的那些成就已经消失了。D选项 graally destroyed正是对这一意思的表述,故选D。28、【答案】C Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation【解析】推理判断题。回文定位到第三段,该段主要讲了各大党派对于这个观点(及第一段中提到的观点)的态度:基本都不赞同。最后一部分"only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pledging for a considered approach to using green land"该句说明只有Ukip这个党派是赞同这个观点,要保护乡村的。C选项正是对原文的同义置换,故选C。29、【答案】D reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas【解析】本题属于观点态度题,根据George Osborne 可以定位到文中第五段。文中提到George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. 后面一句还提到He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. 通过这两句话可以看出GO是比较喜欢rural的,而通过两个against 则可以看出对urban areas的prejudice. 故选择D reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30、【答案】C the town-and-country planning Britain【解析】本题属于观点态度题,根据最后一段第一句话可以确定本段的中心是第一句Development should be planned, not let trip, 说明发展是要有计划的,不能任其自由发展。然后再具体讲Britain经过半个世纪the town-and-country planning有计划的发展,取得了很好的成效。故选择C the town-and-country planning Britain.Text 331、【答案】A uncertainty【解析】态度题。根据题干中的关键词Milton Friedman, CSR 可以定位到第一段开头处,米尔顿·弗里德曼认为:"企业有且只有一种责任,为增加利润而运用资源,开展活动"。紧接着文章转折并提出"things may not be absolutely clear-cut". 情况并不明确。由此推知,作者对此的态度是uncertainty. A选项是clear-cut的同意置换。选项B skepticism怀疑和选项C. tolerance宽容,都无从得知,选项D. approval 支持,属反项干扰,故答案选A.32、【答案】D. winning trust from consumers.【解析】细节题。根据第二段,以及题干中的关键词CSR,定位文章二段内容,公司花大笔资金在CSR上面,其结果就是"this could add value to their business in three ways", "以三种方式分别给公司带来价值"。紧接着文章分别阐述三种方式,得出正确答案为D. CSR是通过赢得顾客的信任从而帮助公司获益。33、【答案】D less severe【解析】词义题。根据题干回文定位到第四段第一句。通过该段第二句的描述可以得知CSR和政治影响是对立的两个因素。而第二句冒号后面交代,参与政治活动较多的公司不会受到较低的罚款。这就意味着,反而具有全面的CSR项目的公司受到的罚款比较低。因此,结合选项可以推出第一句话中的more lenient penalties指less severe,即不那么严重的(宽大)的惩罚。因此正确答案为D。34、【答案】B has an impact on their decision【解析】细节题。根据题干中的prosecutors evaluate a case回文定位到第五段第二句。该句指出虽然检察官在评估一个案件时,应该基于其功绩,实际上还是受到了公司CSR记录的影响。故正确答案为选项B。题干中的a company's CSR record是原文信息的复现,选项中的has an impact是原文be influenced的同义替换,their decision具体指检察官的评估决定。35、【答案】A The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown【解析】细节题。根据题干回文定位到最后一段。该段首句指出,研究者们承认他们的研究没有解决的问题是:针对CSR各大企业到底该支出多少费用。故正确答案为选项A,其中the necessary amount of companies spending on it(it指代CRS)是原文how much businesses ought to spend on CRS的同义替换,表达的核心都是"公司到底该支出多少费用";unknown对应原文中的does not answer the question,对这个问题并没有做出回答。Text 436、【答案】[D] the high cost of operation【解析】从题干提取关键词ending和e to 定位到第二段主题句中的 incentive to ditch the print (放弃印刷的原因)。随后解释了infrastructure isn't just expensive (设备不仅仅是昂贵)。此外,该段还对比对手电子图书:don't have the same set of financial constraints(经济限制)。因此可以确定答案D: the high cost of operation 高昂的运营费用。选项A. The increasing online ad sales网络广告收入日益增加。该选项与该段 "And though print ad sales continue to dwarf their online and mobile counterparts"相违背。选项B. the pressure from its investors来自投资者的压力。该选项属于无中生有;选项C. the complaints from its readers读者的抱怨。同样是无中生有选项。37、【答案】[A] make strategic adjustments【解析】首先根据Peretti suggests定位到阐述Peretti观点的第四段第一句:Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way.可以确定答案A. make strategic adjustments进行战略调整。选项B. end the print edition for good永远结束印刷版本。该选项和shouldn't不符。选项C. seek new sources of readership挖掘更多读者。文章中未提到。选项D. aim for efficient management提高管理效率。文章中未提到。38、【答案】[B] is meant for the most loyal customers【解析】本题答案定位到第6段第1句"The most loyal customers would still get the proct they favor"以及"make it for the people who are already obsessed with it"。其他选项"会降低报纸成本""有助于恢复报纸以前的辉煌""有助于报纸的流行和普及"这些信息文中均未提及。39、【答案】[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges【解析】根据题干中的"in a changing world"定位到文章最后一段最后一句. 原文说当市场和世界形势发生变化时,我们所做的事情就毫无意义了。在这种情形下,"more aggressive(积极进取)is better", 和答案中的关键信息"aggressiveness better"相呼应。其他选项意思原文中均未提及。40、【答案】[D] Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good【解析】本文主要是讲述报纸行业为防止被淘汰的而需要做出的应对之策。根据文中第5段最后一句的"raise prices, and make it into more of a legacy proct"以及第6段中"increase it at a higher rate each year..."可得知,应该不应该立即取消或淘汰报纸行业,而应该把它变成一种更像文化遗产的一种产品,并且要不断提高报纸的价格,变成一种奢侈品。Part B41、【答案】B (Decide if the time is right)【解析】该段中出现了表示时间的词汇和短语:ring transitions; in a period of , time。在不同的时间段,作者给出了不同的策略。浏览小标题发现,只有选项B出现了表示时间的词汇。再次回看原文,本段第二句中的good与小标题中的right也恰好对应,因此确定正确答案为B选项。42、【答案】G (Know your goals)【解析】该段首句提到"弄清楚你希望达到的效果",然后以问句形式提出段落主题,接着分两个方面来阐述:目标不同,要求不同。本段第一句话中的"get clear"与小标题中的"know"属于同义表达,并且本段第三句话中the goal 与小标题中的goal完全对应,因此正确答案为G选项。43、【答案】D (Understand the context)【解析】该段第一句话提到"要像人类学家一样来考虑你的工作环境",接着给出了几个排比的问句,都是针对工作环境的具体细节的发问。最重要的是在结尾部分,作者总结评论道,"The better you …, the more control you …",意为"对文化背景理解得越好,对自己的影响力就有越好的控制"。很明显,这句话凸显了context的重要性,而且出现了关键词的复现understand和context。因此,答案选D选项。44、【答案】E (Work with professionals)【解析】本段按照总分的形式安排,并且在首句给出两处关键词professionals 和 share with,即"支持专家的意见,并且与其分享个人的目标"。下文是举例论述,例如去找私人造型师而不是理发师等。紧接着下文就给出 "work with a professional photographer"让专业人士拍照片而不是自己的朋友或者是配偶。因此可以得出结论本段是围绕专业人士professionals 的重要性来展开的。故选择 Work with professionals.45、【答案】F (Make it efficient)【解析】该段落主题句出现在转折之后,即"Instead, use it as an opportunity to rece decision fatigue.",其中it指代上一句中style upgrade。通过前后两句话对比指出目的是利用style upgrade作为机会来rece decision fatigue(减少决定疲乏),从而来提高办事效率。后两句话作为论据进一步论证这一观点,因此答案选F选项。Section III Translation46、【题目考点】宾语从句,被动语态【句子结构】分号连接两个句子:第一个句子主干为we don't have to learn,how引导宾语从句作learn的宾语,其中how表示方式;第二个句子主干为it is built into us,其中代词it指代前句提及的mental health;in the same way表示方式,that引导定语从句,其中又嵌套了how引导的宾语从句,作know的宾语。【重点词汇】build sth. into sth.:使成为……的组成部分;heal:治愈;mend:修理,痊愈,愈合。【参考译文】我们不必一定去学习如何做到心理健康,这种能力植根于我们自身,就像我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口,如何修复断骨。47、【题目考点】被动语态,并列结构【句子结构】分号连接两个句子:第一个句子为主谓结构的简单句;第二个句子为but连接的两个并列分句,表达转折关系,主干为it can be hidden, but it is capable of being restored,其中介词短语like the sun behind a cloud表示比喻。【重点词汇】temporarily:暂时地;hide:隐藏,藏匿;be capable of:能够;restore:复原,恢复;in an instant:立刻,立即。【参考译文】心理健康不会去往他方。如同乌云可能蔽日,心理健康可能会暂时隐藏于视线之外,但它完全可以在须臾之间复原如初。48、【题目考点】条件状语从句,并列结构,让步状语从句,介词短语【句子结构】本句主干为:mental health allows us to view others…,三个并列的介词短语with..表示伴随。其中分别嵌套了if引导的两个条件状语从句和no matter who引导的让步状语从句。【重点词汇】sympathy:同情;unconditional:无条件的,绝对的,无限制的。【参考译文】心理健康使我们在他人陷入危难之时给予同情,痛苦不已时给予善意,无论对谁,都能给予无条件的爱。49、【题目考点】让步状语从句,原因状语从句,宾语从句【句子结构】 句子主干是it is perfectly ordinary。it指代前文提及的mental health;although引导让步状语从句,其主干为mental health is the cure-all。as引导原因状语从句,其主干为you will see;that引导从句做see的宾语,其主干为it has been there to direct you【重点词汇】cure-all:合成名词,万灵药;perfectly:完全地,指程度;see:领会,理解。【参考译文】尽管心理健康是人们度过一生的一剂万能良药,但它又普通不已,因为当你需要做出艰难决定时,都可感受到它的存在。50、【题目考点】非限定性定语从句,动名词结构,宾语从句【句子结构】句子主干是knowing that…and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily。两个动名词结构knowing…并列作主句的主语,其中that引导的宾语从句作knowing的宾语。句首的as引导非限制性定语从句,修饰整个主句,翻译时可以处理为"就像…,正如…"。【重点词汇】available:可获得的,可用的。【参考译文】就像你会渐渐明白,深悉心理健康一直触手可得并且值得信任,使我们能放慢生活脚步,活在当下,幸福生活。Section IV Writing51、【参考范文】NoticeFor better serving the international students, a notice is released here to provide the necessary information about the library.The university library opens at 8 a.m. and closes at 10 p.m. from Monday to Friday, but from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekends. If you need to borrow books, please follow the following steps. First, bring your student card and register first at the librarian's office. At most six books can be borrowed once from the library. You should keep in mind the days that you can keep the book(s) you borrow. Three months is the longest period. If you exceed the limited time, some fines should be paid.If you have any questions or suggestions about borrowing or returning books, telephone 010-8248119 or send an email to university@163.com. We sincerely hope you all enjoy the study and life in our university.University LibraryDecember 26, 201552、【参考范文】The above two pictures reveal two father's different teaching methods. In the first picture, the father is urging his son to study hard while he is smoking and watching TV idly. In the second picture, the father and his son are both concentrating on the study. The caption under the cartoon reads: "It is better to set an example than to make demands".Apparently, the author of the cartoon focuses on a fact that many parents when ecating their children tend to neglect the impact of their own acts upon their children. It is without any doubt that all parents hope that their children could have a bright future. Therefore, they tend to count on schools and the society to provide their kids with a good ecation. However, what they don't realize is that parents are the first teachers of children. Parents failing to set a role model for their children will only result in an unhealthy family atmosphere, which is definitely harmful to the future development of their children.From my perspective, ecation from parents is of vital importance to a child's healthy growth. Therefore, parents should provide their children with a favorable growing environment by being a positive role model. Only through persistent efforts and proper guidance can children enjoy a bright future.
考研英语作文是否有规律?考研英语作文有一个小作文,一个大作文。小作文是应用文(书信、通知、申请信、求职信等等),大作文一般来说是看图写作(近些年还没有出过不是看图写作的)。但是无论出题形式怎么样,除了第一段或许有些不同,其他都是大同小异的。也因此,作文其实是有规律的。比如,如果图中强调的是一种品格,像孝顺啊,坚持啊,乐观啊。那你就可以围绕这个品格展开,夸一夸这个品格。比如,我们社会不能没有这个品格啊,这个品格对人的发展至关重要啊。总之就是突出这个品格的作用。如果图中强调的是一种现象,像环境污染,看病难,城市化等和社会现实有关的问题。那你就围绕这个现象展开,突出这个现象形成的原因,或者造成的结果,以及我们该如何去解决这个问题。有的同学说,虽然道理是这么个道理,可是我还是写不出来啊。当然,本来就没让你自己写。说真的,就算很多平时写作非常厉害的英语大神,真正到了考场也不一定能发挥出自己最好的水平。那么,怎么办?当然是自己总结模板啊。所以第一点,就是总结属于自己的模板。像我前面说的那两个点:品格和现象,就是需要你自己总结的两个模板。当然,这个时候你要懂得变通,比如品格有好有坏。如果你背的是好的品格,结果图中出现了负面品格,怎么办?很简单,反面叙述啊。比如图中描写了一个不诚信的人,你可以反面突出诚信的重要信,不是一样的吗?当然,你需要背的模板不仅仅只有这两个,但这两个是最为基础的。等你总结完背完之后,然后用真题来训练,看看是否能够套用你的模板。接着,再将模板进行深化改进,同时你还会遇到无法用模板套用的题目,这个时候需要你再总结新的模板。接着我们来说第二点:如何收集素材要知道,模板必然包含了很多通用的句子,也就是不管什么题目都能用,但是你在作文中举的例子却不一定。那么作文是不是一定要有例子呢?当然,最好还是有的,这样会让你的作文更加饱满。最好的就是一篇文章一个小例子加上一句名人名言。(个人想法。)那么,这个例子从何而来呢?有的人说,他每天都在收集一个例子,但是到了考场一个都想不起来,等于都白背了。其实,不是例子的问题,是你背诵的方式有问题。前面不是背了模板吗?如果你收集了新的例子,你要试着将它和模板融合,而不是只是背下来就好了。最好的方式,就是每个例子都是用一样的句型,只是将关键词改一下。而且,模板也要通用一点。比如,海伦凯勒的例子可以用在坚强这个主题,也可以用来乐观,爱和帮助,笑对人生,不向困难低头的主题。比如,爱迪生的例子可以用在成功与失败的主题,也可以用在坚持,永不言弃的主题。爱迪生和海伦凯勒的例子只是给你们做一个参考,真正考试的时候最好别用,因为老师看的太多了。可以背一些比较冷门的例子,显得非常有“逼格”,考场上也不怕重复,而且还能让老师眼前一亮。关于名人名言,最重要的不是名言,而是人物名字。背一个说过很多话也很有权威的人名,再背一个比较通用的名言,然后根据图提取关键字,自己瞎编出一句名言。(我是不是在带坏小朋友?)老师要改那么多卷子呢,怎么知道这个名人到底有没有说过这句话。但是这却能让老师感觉你是一个有真才实学,而且平时注重积累的优秀的同学,分数自然也高了。第一点:要背属于自己的模板。第二点:要懂得如何收集写作素材。考研英语大作文的基本写作套路一、首段,图画描述段第一段四个句子:第一句宏观描述图画,并谈图画看似可笑但发人深思第二句写出图画最强烈的视觉效果第三句是主题句,用二十个单词的爆发力句型谈该现象对个人的发展和进步有影响,并引发思考第四句是用贬义词或褒义词批判或赞美这个现象1、As is vividly depicted in the picture, which seems to be humorous and ridiculous but thought-provoking on second thoughts.如图所示,这幅图看起来很滑稽可笑,但仔细想想却发人深省。2、The most striking feature that impresses me deeply is that unbelievably...最让我印象深刻的特征是难以置信的......3、Recent few years has witnessed a phenomenon of 主题 which seems to be disastrous to indivial survival and prosperity.近年来出现了……的现象,这似乎对个人的生存和繁荣是灾难性的。4、This phenomenon of 主题 should be condemned severely or made illegal.这一现象应该受到严厉的谴责或定为非法。图画描述段分为一幅图描述和两幅图描述:一幅图描述:2010年考研作文2011年考研作文2012年考研作文2013年考研作文2014年考研作文2015年考研作文2018年考研作文It is worth noticing that the phenomenon that 整体描述, just as what has been illustrated in this picture, prevails nowadays. Giving it a closer watch, we will marvel at the fact that 细节描述. Obviously, the subtly conveyed implication that 点名寓意 should be given more consideration.两幅图描述-相反:2016年考研作文2017年考研作文It is worth noticing that the phenomenon that 第一幅图描述, just as what has been illustrated in the first picture, prevails nowadays. Furthermore, the second one describes a phenomenon opposite to that in the first one:第二幅图描述.Obviously, the subtly conveyed implication that 点名寓意 should be given more consideration.两幅图描述-相似:It is worth noticing that the phenomenon that 第一幅图描述, just as what has been illustrated in the first picture, prevails nowadays. Furthermore, the second one describes a phenomenon similar to that in the first one:第二幅图描述.Obviously, the subtly conveyed implication that 点名寓意 should be given more consideration.二、中间段落中间段落从两方面论证问题的危害,并举例论证,预测危害的趋势第二段七个句子。首先第一句从宏观上谈这种现象的总的有两到三个点危害或者原因。第二句谈这个现象的第一个危害,用 “not only, but also”的五星级句子,通常是谈对个人身心健康的危害性。第三个句子谈第二个危害,通常是用一个豪华级的比较级的句子,让老师耳目一新,通常是谈这个现象对社会的危害。第四个句子谈对家庭或学校的危害。第五个句子谈一个代替 “for example”的十五个单词的好句子,意思是说没有更好的例子来证明正如下文。第六个句子是例子群体的出现,谈根据一项调查表明,80%以上的人只要从事经历过这个消极的现象一定会对个人在精神和生活上有危害。第七个句子预测趋势。谈以下预测趋势,表明这种现象再这样下去,就会导致恶劣的结果出现,甚至是毁灭性的后果。1、To account for the above-mentioned phenomenon, several serious effects have been put forward.为了说明上述问题,人们列举出了一些严重的影响。2、To begin with,主题 not only results does harm to our physical and mental health but also results in a frustrating and humiliating life.首先,......不仅危害我们的身心健康,还会让我们的生活狼狈不堪。3、In addition, nothing is more harmful than主题 to contradict with a harmonious society.没有什么比...更有害于社会和谐。4、Last but not the least, no issue is as harmful as 主题 to increase family burdens, which is a threatening situation we are unwilling to see.最后但并非最不重要的,没有什么问题比…更增加家庭的负担,这是一种我们不愿看到的威胁局势。5、No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the example mentioned below .没有比下面提到的例子更能说明这个想法的了。6、According to a survey made by China Daily, 63.93% of young people who have ever experienced主题will live a ll life or even feel loss of hope about the future.7、If we cannot take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable results may come out unexpectedly, we will see the gloomy future of something.如果我们不能采取有效的方法,我们可能无法控制这一趋势,一些不良的结果可能会出乎意料地出现,我们会看到一些暗淡的未来。寓意阐释段模板模板一:In fact,a number of reasons may contribute to this problem which is visualized explicitly in this picture. However, in my opinion, two factors play the essential role. One factor that plays a vital role in this problem is that people who are eager to reap instant benefits and to achieve quick success are blinded by short-term gains and motivated to do something without foresight and discernment. In addition to the above aspect, this issue also stems from that the performer fails to realize that he is supposed to bear relevant responsibilities and shoulder the consequences caused by his irresponsible and uncommitted behavior.事实上,许多原因可能导致这个问题,在这幅图中可以清楚地看到。然而,在我看来,两个因素发挥了关键作用。在这个问题上起着重要作用的一个因素是,那些急于获得即时利益和快速成功的人被短期利益蒙蔽了双眼,他们被驱使去做一些没有远见和洞察力的事情。除此之外,这一问题也源于施测者没有意识到他应该承担相关的责任,并承担由他的不负责任所造成的后果。【模板二】Various reasons, as a matter of fact, are behind this matter illustrated in this picture, but as far as I know, the following two matter enormously. One of the possible causes is that no relevant legal consciousness has been instilled into the performer’s mind and he could do nothing but chase the trend blindly and unconsciously when confronted with this solution. It is also owing to the fact schools and other relevant ecation institutions tend to be ignorant of the idea that students are in the exact phrase of personality formation and only push them to be devoted entirely to academic affairs.事实上,在这幅图中所示的这个问题的背后有各种各样的原因,但就我所知,以下两点非常重要。其中一个可能的原因是,演奏者的头脑中并没有灌输相关的法律意识,面对这种解决方案,他只能盲目地、无意识地追赶潮流。另一个原因是,学校和其他相关教育机构往往不知道学生正处于人格形成的确切阶段,只会促使他们全身心地投入到学术活动中。三、结尾段落最后一段要强调解决问题,谈的两点建议通常是提高人们的意识,加强执法第三段六个句子。第一个句子是下个结论,谈解决问题的必要性。第二个句子是第一个建议谈的是加强立法惩治这个现象。第三个句子谈提高人们的觉悟关于着这个现象能提高人们对这个现象的觉悟。第四个句子谈个谚语,谈一下实践我的建议的重要性。第五个句子谈解决的任重道远。第六个句子是解决问题之后的美好的未来。1、From what have been discussed above, it is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to prevent主题.从上面所讨论的,因此,有必要采取一些有效措施来防止......。2、On the one hand, we should be sensible to strengthen the enforcement of the laws to protect something.一方面,我们应该明智地加强执法来保护一些东西。3、On the other hand, it is demanding for us to keep people aware of the importance of waking up somebody misguided.另一方面,它要求我们让人们意识到唤醒被误导的人的重要性。4、However, it is easier said than done.然而,说起来容易做起来难。5、Although the fight against it is long-standing and tremendous one,our efforts will eventually pay off.尽管反对它的斗争是长期的和巨大的,我们的努力最终会得到回报。6、Only when you attention to it can you see a colorful and harmonious future better sooner or later.只有关注它,你才能看到一个丰富多彩的和谐的未来迟早更好。个人评论段模板According to the analysis above, it is advisable for us to take measures to approach solve this evil trend. Of all the steps, mass media tends to function essentially in the job. Besides, it is suggested that the whole society should bear the responsibility in the job. Only by means of these steps can we enjoy the ultimate success.根据以上分析,我们应该采取措施来解决这一不良趋势。在所有这些步骤中,大众传媒往往在工作中起着至关重要的作用。此外,建议整个社会应该在工作中承担责任。只有通过这些步骤,我们才能享受最终的成功。
考研英语作文在最后几个月里,大家都在搜集并背诵了一些核心话题的作文模板,文都网校也给同学们分享过不同热点的作文模板,但是,文都网校提醒大家,模板不是直接背诵的,是当作范文,给大家提供指引的,意思就是让大家根据模板和写作规律,去总结自己的话题作文。考研英语作文一、考研英语作文的规律1.大作文类型:以图表作文为主,英语一以图为主;英语二以表为主;其他类型占少数。2.小作文类型:以信函为主;其他类型:备忘录、报告、通知、摘要、便笺等应用文体。3.历年真题与最新真题的作文出题会有一定的交集,如,2003年与2016年的作文都涉及到了子女教育问题。所以,历年真题中的作文命题,大家都要准备一份自写模板做备用。4.考研英语作文大致方向不是当前热点现象,就是有关人生哲理的话题,因此双语英文外刊有关类似的都可以看看,万变不离其宗。5.考研英语作文的题目或是图画,其中内容都是我们日常生活中基本的常识,不会出现过于敏感的政治内容,也不会出很偏的题型,这个大家在准备模板的时候,一些内容就可以直接排除了。6.考研的作文大都是与大学生相关的,不在这个范围的基本可以放弃了,因为你时间不够了。考研英语作文二、考研英语作文要注意的问题1.考研英语作文题目要注意写作规范,大作文和小作文的题目注意事项不同,英语一和英语二的大作文是不需要题目的,只有小作文中一些应用文需要用到,且题目要注意大小写(大小写用法要清楚),以及排版位置,建议对比一下高分范文。2.写作文的时候要注意排版,文章四面要留有空间,段首要缩进,这样会让卷面整洁、有序。考研英语作文3.写作过程中,注意标点符号的用法,不要千篇一律的都是“逗号”。4.注意卷面的整洁、注意文章结构的布局,并记得在作文的第一句和各个段落的第一句要尽量作为文章的内容中心概括句,这样方便阅卷老师打分,如果没有大问题,基本会得高分。考研英语作文最后,文都网校在给大家说一些考研英语写作最忌讳的事儿,如,文章的三无,无主题、无结构、五段落;两种错误,基本语法错误、拼写错误;词汇量太少,反复使用;胡乱堆砌,文章内容不连贯。这些都最致命的错误,这也是为什么要大家去看范文,自己去练习写作,积累自己的模板,就是减少错误,只有错误少,才能得高分啊。
前几天,我发了一个英文句子:爱默生的名句有同学抱怨说:“这个句子太文艺,没看出有什么用途?”也有同学感慨:“我明白了,多谢如梦!”其实如梦给的英文都不是英文,而是僵尸的母体。“僵尸的母体”虽然带有一丝惊悚,然而却意义深远:英语一2017年英语一结尾句Never lose any chance of taking the first step,for great endingsstart with little beginnings.2016年英语一结尾句Parents should never turn a blind eye to an opportunity of setting a positive example to children, for young students are flowers of the motherland.英语也讲求理科的逻辑,一个人将一个句子理解得深入骨髓之后,他将能够把这个句子的“驱干”拆分成“零件”,这些零件就是组装挖掘机、装载机、叉车、电脑、人体等的基本单元,对于考研来说就是英文元素,而对于理科生来说万物的根就是元素周期表。这也就是“天下文章一大抄”这个说法被普遍认可的原因。《八句话》到底是什么,我认为《八句话》里再多精彩的句子都是“躯体”,对于考生来说可能我只需要运用其中10个关键点就能催动出各类话题的作文,比如刚才的turn a blind eye to,你认为一个普通的ignore能和它相提并论吗?后者可以用汤家凤的口头表达“图样图森破”来形容。我可以做到:你给我一张图,立刻能把turn a blind eye to用上去!而这样的“动作感”素材共有数十个,详见《八句话》第42-43页。按照这种思维去学习的同学已经被窝里偷偷地乐了。另外,海内外的大师常用be like来营造氛围,例如:Life is like an onion:you peel it off one layer at a time and sometimes you weep.(C.桑德堡)生活就像一个洋葱,你只能一层一层地把它剥开,有时还得流泪。中学生:There is no doubt that life is very very... difficult.这里就算再追加一百个very也会被上面那句话无情地碾压。机会是留给有准备的人,这就是八句话“精确设计,可控写作”的精髓。《八句话》最重要的根本不是带有如梦色彩的所谓范文,而是那些范文中的关键零件,让你可以自组装完成各类文章的关键素材。英语二《八句话》是将英语二和英语一合并在一起的。第109页,如梦把各种可能出现的线性图汇总到了一张图上,表头是随便一个信息。只要你对某个句子是刻骨铭心地相爱,那它很容易进入到各种场景中,比如这里:Never lose any opportunity of making good use of Eight sentences, for time and tide wait for no man.2017年英语二结尾句Never lose any chance of broadening your mind by visiting museums,for they are the results of thousand years of Chinese civilization.不要放弃通过参观博物馆来开阔眼界的机会,因为它们是数千年中华文明的结晶。2014年英语二结尾句Government shuold never lose any opportunity of speeding up the construction of urbanization, for the huge gap between urban and rural areas is far from imaginary.政府部门需要把握住任何关于“加快城镇化”建设的机会,因为城乡的差距已经大得难以想象了。总结:以上如梦仅仅是把对爱默生那句名言的“刻骨铭心”释放了出来,而《八句话》中这样的句子至少有上百句之多。在“句式切换,飘逸弥散”那个部分就有整整33句。英语特种句型一览尝试着把一个句子应用于各种话题的文章,你将会对《八句话》更加的刻骨铭心,这样就能在考场上“可控写作”,因为考场作文无非就是“八个句子”罢了。剑桥大学批言
题记:《武陵春·戊戌中秋》落魄江湖又数载,总欲越围城。无奈盘桓秉夜灯,处处防渊坑。读破寒窗羞夙愿,守隘作飘蓬。俗世炊烟渐老翁,徒有残年增?(2018.9.23)这个题记虽然很像李清照那样凄凄惨惨戚戚,无法像苏子瞻那样强欢作乐,但总还有一种力量,能够坚持苦撑,那就是再孤单也有影子陪伴的寒窗青灯苦读!人过四十,已经开始进入回忆的年纪!在这个人生的历史节点,如果无法逆袭,那就只有读书度余生!不管是四十不惑还是四十仍惑,几乎所有人总会时不时地想象一切是否能够重来!然而一切都是虚妄,一切的希望都是那么骗人!只有读书才是可逆的不断的厚积薄发!于是不免暗自庆幸起来,我这大半生的经验教训总是可以拿到台面上,让大家批评指教,跟大家分享一二!“赶时髦”的学习我读过的书,其实有印象的并不多。小时候家里没有书,只有村里熟人和邻居家的连环画,当时主要就是西游记、水浒传、三国演义、说唐演义、说呼全传,还有就是赵匡胤的传奇故事《飞龙全传》,当然还有杨家将系列。这些书也没有全套看过,因为农村藏书很难完整,加上破四旧和文革的摧残,书在那时候还是奢侈品。也许有完整的,但可能在出租户那边,我们只能路过瞥一眼,永远错过了。书非借不能读!家中十个兄弟姐妹,使得我们几乎没有零钱去买书,只有不断地向邻居小孩借阅、同阅甚至是偷窥。我们当时的赶时髦就是看连环画,因为学前没有人指导,认字并不多,只能看图片了解大概意思。小时候就是在不断的借阅中、不断的聆听中和不断的接触中,增长一点见识或者知识。这些连环画加上节假日经常上演的布袋戏、地方剧,大概就能把整个情节完善起来,于是便形成了最初的英雄情结,也几乎影响了自己后来的道路。这似乎也印证了那句话“世事洞明皆学问,人情练达即文章”,时时处处都有我们学习的内容、对象。最有印象的还是呼延庆。他孤身奔赴肉丘坟拜祭祖宗,哭声震天地感日月,纸钱火光亮连环,爆竹烟花冲天吼,惊坏官民与金銮,幸好遇到好人相救,后来为整个家族报仇雪恨。我父亲也颇有呼延庆气概,曾经在破四旧时期只身回家杀猪拜祭爷爷。最佩服的是薛刚。因奸人陷害全家被满门抄斩,他不肯屈服,设法逃跑,三祭铁丘坟,独自逃到西凉,搬来大军,终于起兵反唐,辅佐庐陵王李显,讨伐武则天,报了血海深仇使正义得以伸张。正可谓“留得子胥豪气在,三年归报楚王仇”!最可悲的就是杨七郎。这本家老兄,先是英雄豪气争夺帅印,失手打死太师潘仁美儿子潘豹,后来却因为好酒常醉而被潘仁美残杀。最可恶的是赵匡胤。这小子发迹前倒是行侠仗义除暴安良,而且能够跟刘备一样广交豪杰,甚至帮过流浪中的柴荣,但最后却成为窃国大盗,当然后来也是报应,江山被弟弟窃取,子女个个早亡,幸好赵构没有子女又把江山还给了他的嫡系子孙,可惜也是好景不长。最好奇的是朱元璋。这个乞丐加和尚,原名朱重八,竟然因为参加起义军,最终当上了皇帝。但就是这样一个穷鬼,发迹后竟然大肆杀戮,几乎所有能臣良将都被毁灭,搞得整个国家不得安宁,结果还是出现了他最不愿意看到的叔叔夺取侄儿皇位的惨烈战争。真是“子系中山狼,得意便猖狂”!上述小人书(连环画)和杂书,可以说是我的学前教育。“旁门左道”的学习我其实是一个很贪玩的小孩,但我比较擅长模仿和创新,而且我玩什么东西都玩得比较专注和精通。比如,打扑克我是在放牛的时候看别人打,我马上就会了,马上就可以成为三缺一时的最佳人选。到现在,周末节假日有空,我还经常跟一些朋友打打牌。我一直认为打牌是我们经济学最基本的博弈论,博弈充斥于各种人事与关系之中。比如,玩铁片。当时农村有一种小零食,就是爆米花加各种图形的铁片包在软纸里,大概一两分钱一个。我是很难有零钱买这些的,但是我有一次捡到了好几个,然后通过一定的方法赢一些,最后赚得越来越多,于是我很容易就会从一数到几百了,可以说真是比现在的小孩早熟多了。通过打扑克和玩铁片,我比较早地充分掌握了数学加减法。另一个学习途径就是接触大自然。记得小时候,母亲总是背着我到田地里,然后我就在她的视线范围里自己玩或者与其他小孩耍。后来我自己会回家了,父母也放心让我们自己游玩了,我最经常做的事情就是放牛、玩弹弓和抓鱼。放牛就是和伙伴们将牛赶到河边或者山上,然后就开始打牌,饭点的时候就一起做饭,一起胡侃。玩弹弓是带着一帮发小,到田地里或山上去射鸟,甚至田鼠和蛇。通过弹弓射鸟,认识了很多鸟类,特别是麻雀、喜鹊、燕子、翠鸟、鸽子、斑鸠、白鹭,有时候还调皮地爬上树掏鸟窝。有好几次还是一石双鸟,因为小鸟老是喜欢挤在一起。有次还有三只小鸟站在一起,我从侧面射过去,三只可怜的小鸟都哀哀叫掉在地上了。物资短缺时代,我经常这样出门打猎,总是不会空手而归,每次都会得到家人的赞许。当时村里也没有环保主义者,自己也没有一点爱护小动物的意识。至于抓鱼,白天的时候就拿着畚箕往水沟或者田埂豁口一放,拿起来就有活蹦乱跳的小鱼,特别是鲫鱼。当然有时候也到河里钓鱼,或者跟着大人去河里电鱼或者炸鱼。最有趣的还是晚上和哥哥们拿着柴火点着放在铁丝篮上,然后到田里或山沟里抓泥鳅、鳝鱼。小时候就是这样不顾风和雨,不断地在大自然里面游逛和折腾。也许,这些人生最早的阅历,接触大自然的那种无忧无虑,现在的小孩都无法体验了。大自然和实践是最好的学校。记得牛顿小时候也是在这种乡村田园中完美地度过,当伦敦大瘟疫的时候,他从牛津大学回到村里,再次在大自然的熏陶下,系统梳理了所学知识,撰写了洋洋洒洒数万字的读书笔记《杂录》,基本完成了一生的理论积累,创立了微积分,碰到了那个苹果,探索了光的奥秘。玩弹弓起初都是到树林中找开叉的树干,然后砍下来修整。后来,我竟然自己发明了用竹片雕刻的方法,又好看而且可以卖给同学2毛钱。我就这样一直玩到六岁,家里让我去上学,我就说还想玩,让家里人直接给我报高年级,可是家里还是给我报读低年级。“被动接受”的学习无论如何,我开始进入学校了,那里有老师也有同学。很多人认为,中国的中小学教育就是填鸭式的灌输。但是,我的记忆中,1980年代的中小学教育还是非常轻松。因为,当时大家似乎很认命,能够考出去就继续深造,不能就种田或者打工,或者子承父业,例如做木匠、铁匠、泥水匠等等。每个人遵守规则,然后安心于每个空间,使得一切都非常和谐。记忆中,父亲似乎很忙,总是不在家,经常去帮忙朋友做点事,不大关心我们的学习,似乎很放心我们的学习。他有一个很简单的思路就是保证每个儿子都高中毕业,能考上大学就读大学,不能考上就出来赚钱。当然,既然开始学习了,我也不好意思给父母丢脸。当时很简单的对付方法,就是先完成作业再去做自己喜欢的事情。但是,就是这样一个简单约定俗成的软约束,现在的小孩都无法实行。一方面可能是诱惑太多,有电视,有手机,有游戏,有动画片,另一方面是大部分爷爷奶奶、姥爷姥姥都隔代宠爱,于是小夫妻们便失去了对于小孩教育的自主和控制。也就是说,一个家庭中出现了6个核心,搞得小孩无所适从,或者可以操控这6个不同的核心,于是一个家庭便开始围绕小孩进行长期的斗争,然后吵架、翻脸、打架、撕裂、离异。言归正传!现在回忆起来,我从没有感觉那时候老师的教育是灌输,因为我觉得课本知识和老师的讲解对我来说都是新鲜的。老师教我们唱歌、跳舞、写字、画画、朗读、算术、地理、自然,我都听得如痴如醉。人生第一次期末考,我都不敢去领成绩单。后来大哥帮我去拿了,竟然语文和数学都一百分,全班第一名。这个第一名,得到老师和家人的一致表扬,我开始尝到读书好的甜头,于是便开始认真读书上学了。可见,表扬和鼓励对一个心灵仍然十分脆弱的小孩来说有多么重要啊,有时候就是那一个期待的眼神、那一句温暖的话语,就可以决定一个人的一生。“兴趣迫使”的学习对于数学的兴趣,应该是因为我很小就懂得算到一两百甚至好几百,所以对数字很敏感,直到现在写经济学文章,我都十分重视数据。当然对于数学能够一直保持学习兴致的是数学老师的一次无心插柳的赞扬。初一年举行书法比赛,我写隶书获得了一等奖。没有想到,数学老师竟然很关注,在数学课上表扬我,并说我未来肯定是个书法家。从此,我更加喜欢数学了,也增加了书法爱好,经常练练字,增加手臂的力量,作为锻炼身体和修身养性的一种捷径。时至今日,我发微信朋友圈的一大部分就是各种书法作品!对于书法,我最喜爱的就是魏碑,隶书就只有喜欢张迁碑,楷书就是颜真卿和柳宗元,草书就是张旭和怀素,行书就是王羲之和王铎。苏黄米蔡,还有赵孟,我觉得很遗憾无法喜欢上。苏东坡和黄庭坚两人的书法,其实他们自己都互相揶揄过了。苏轼说黄庭坚的书法如“死蛇挂树”,遭回怼“石压蛤蟆”,这种互喷互怼非常形象,也本身确实道出了其中缺憾。苏东坡的书法偏向左歪,作字比较尖刻;黄庭坚的书法,线条似乎断断续续,不够顺滑成熟。赵孟的书法就是失之于矮胖,如果瘦长些就好了!米芾则反过来,太过瘦长!如果米芾能与赵松雪克服各自的缺点,再加上怀素的灵气,那中国的书法就更加通透完美了!只可惜,现在厕身政府,没有巨大的办公室可以糅合集成王羲之、米芾、怀素、赵孟、王铎等书法进行实践,北京蜗居也十分局促,难以摆下长条大桌以供挥洒。不然,真的可以如老师之愿,成为一个道地的书法家了!从数学谈到书法,最终还是落到语文的学习。记得小学一二年级的语文老师经常来家访,后来还跟我老爹成为好朋友,经常粗茶淡饭还喝点家酿米酒,我弟弟后来也是他的学生。可惜老师十分不幸,有次乘车到县城办事,途中不知何原因翻车了,从此山河两隔。三到五年级的语文老师,经过文化大革命,而且还是红卫兵,全国到处串联,他说当时真是一种舒服享受,只要拿出红卫兵证件,全国都能免费接待。他还因此去过全国很多地方,上课的时候经常讲一些有趣的见闻。他也经常看报纸,经常把报纸上的消息分享给我们。期末考试的时候,我考了第一名,他竟然奖励我一副象棋,从此我作业做完了就有一个新活动,那就是和邻居或者兄弟下象棋。还有一次,老师布置作文写一件有趣的事情,我就写了我带着小伙伴们上山用弹弓射鸟的“光荣”事迹。当他在课堂朗读范文念到“小鸟哎哦一声从树上掉了下来”的时候,全班都笑了,我自己也笑了。大家从此开始喜欢跟我玩弹弓,有几个同学还购买我的竹制弹弓。当时老师的朗读,似乎帮我插播广告了!这是我一直喜欢语文的最初征兆吧?初一年班主任杨传福是语文老师,记得他也是刚毕业不久,很有才很有激情,经常教我们唱歌,因为他很擅长唱谱。对于我们这些乡下来的孩子,以前只会鹦鹉学舌地唱歌,在老师的指导下慢慢看懂五线谱,一些同学还因此学会了吹口琴和笛子等乐器。最有印象的是,杨老师有一次布置作文写自己的亲人,我回忆了母亲的二三事还有别人的评价,老师在课堂上作为范文念给大家听,我当时强抑制着哭声和泪水,只能任头脑嗡嗡作响。这是我人生第二次范文,让我懂得了为文做事应该真情实感。初二年因为班主任调走了,曾金香老师接任,我当了语文课代表。初三毕业考的时候作文题目是写一件班级发生的事情,我当时也不知道怎么的,似乎神经很敏感。班主任在毕业考前开一次班会选年度三好生,说某某人和某某人就不用选了,其他再选两个。我当时就很发恧,凭什么他们两个人不用选,而我们其他人需要大家投票?于是在毕业考要求写班级往事的时候,我便下笔一气呵成《被民主遗忘的角落》。也不知道,当时我竟然如此愤青,竟然如此鲁莽。结果判卷的其他班的老师便毫不客气地给我批上零分,并且把卷子给班主任看。班主任很是生气,语文老师便代我向班主任解释,几近于求情了。我也不知道当时双方似乎都反应过度了,我当时确实是写班级的真实故事,但是我也没有指名道姓,怎么就成了零分英雄了呢?难道一个班级一个小地方不应该发扬民主,不应该追求公平么?此后发生了另一个奇葩的事情,整个年级几乎都知道我了,竟然时不时跑到我们班的窗户下偷偷看我。特别是当年电影《焦裕禄》发行,全市举行了影评比较赛,我竟然得了一等奖!结果我更出名了,一会儿是毕业考作文零分英雄,一会儿变成了金奖得主!更多的人来我们班级看我,我更是成为毕业生的谈资了。记得我当时的题目是《社会脊梁》,描写焦裕禄带领大家全面调研,发扬最广泛的参与民主,终于获得了治沙的方法,于是不管身体、天气、环境如何恶劣,硬是在贫瘠的土地上种出了泡桐树林,终于使兰考河清海晏,但他却因病溘然长逝。我旗帜鲜明地指出,焦裕禄是社会的脊梁,只要我们培养更多的焦裕禄式的干部和脊梁,中国将不仅造出一片片绿色森林,而且将永远立足于世界民族之林。老师当时非常干净利落地将题目删除了“社会”两字,于是一篇更加具有冲击力的影评便永远地定格在《脊梁》这个滚烫火热的词语上了。感谢曾老师的爱护,感谢曾老师的绝妙删减!学习语言,我有一个很土的好办法。就是在学习每个生字词的时候,我总是注意举一反三,也就是要清楚这个生字还能跟哪些字构成词,这个词怎么造句,也就是说得弄清楚这个字、这个词在什么情况下可以用。后来学习英语的时候,我也是依样画葫芦,因而我总是能够很快地熟练掌握每个生字词,因而语感总是比较好。我甚至还教会了姐姐如何查字典,后来我姐去大城市打工也总是带着新华字典,很快掌握了基本的普通话。初中我当上了语文科代表,参加了《绿地》文学社,作文和书法屡屡得奖,,高三省统考的时候,语文还是第一名,可是高考就歇菜了。不过我后来竟然考上了中文系研究生。“主动刻苦”的学习如果说上述的学习还是一种被动的话,看电视和初中的晨读暮颂甚至夜研,则是开启了我自主积极的学习阶段。还在小学的时候,我就和弟弟形成了一个较好的习惯,也就是放学后马上做完作业再走路到一公里外的熟人家里看电视,每学期放假也是先做完作业才开始到处游玩。1980年代看电视绝对是一个增强知识的很好手段,因为很多人还是无法接触到电视。我们邻居因为植树造林很成功,县里奖励他一台黑白电视机,于是这个电视机变成了全村晚上集体学习的伟大工具。通过看电视,一是很快学会了电视主题曲还有很多广告语,二是学会讲故事。当时的电视剧,就是《霍元甲》《陈真》《西游记》《再向虎山行》《八仙过海》《射雕英雄传》等等。记得那时候一个人走路和在家的时候,经常哼唱《万里长城永不倒》《大号是中华》《再向虎山行》《世间始终你好》《铁血丹心》《星星知我心》《敢问路在何方》等影视剧歌曲,还有至今仍然韵味十足的《我的中国心》《在希望的田野上》《妈妈的吻》《爱拼才会赢》《走在乡间的小路上》《明天会更好》等流行歌曲。获取知识的途径还有农闲时期和逢年过节时候全村集资请戏团表演芗剧,印象深刻的就是《山伯英台》《陈三五娘》《狸猫换太子》《白蛇传》《孟丽君》《杀猪状元》《穆桂英挂帅》《安安寻母》,后来邻居家买了电唱机也经常播放这些曲目,古人是凿壁偷光我可是隔墙畅听。还有农忙或丰收时节经常连播一周甚至半个月的木偶戏或布袋戏,因为大家白天辛苦劳作,晚上就聚在一起看戏休闲。当然,作为农民的儿子,上山砍柴、下田插秧、收割水稻、种砍甘蔗、种果种菜、培育菌菇等农活,也学到了很多。经典剧目有《薛刚反唐》《呼延庆》《武松打虎》等通俗易懂的老传说。其中,对我影响最深刻的是《乞丐与状元》。本是状元命的文凤由于备受宠爱,加上自己不争气,结果沦落为乞丐。而原本被视为乞丐命,且被舅舅规劝不要连累老师的文龙,通过不断努力抗争,终于考上状元。受到这个精彩故事的影响,我不管任何时候都十分乐观,总是梦想着能够咸鱼翻身,每到一个地方总是要争第一。总体而言,小学我确实读得很轻松,而且糊里糊涂就考上了县一中。就读县一中,四哥刚考上福州大学,经常来信警告我说县一中的学生都是每个村的拔尖学生,绝不能掉以轻心。于是我经常起早贪黑地努力背书。晚上初一年级是上两节课就可以回去休息,我就到高三年级的教室跟他们一起学习,早上还早起做早操,然后开始念书再去食堂早餐,养成这样的习惯后,我第一次中学期中考就考进了全年级前十名,全班第一名。所以整个初中时代就是这样度过,中考成绩当仁不让地进入全县前几名。在这里必须着重提起的是,初二年的时候,三哥从部队退伍,带回来了一本现代汉语词典和逻辑学的书。通过阅读逻辑学,我懂得了概念、内涵、外延等界定,还有子集、交集、并列等关系,这也许是我数学比较好和语文、英语一直比较不错的缘故。现在工作讲话、写材料、草文件、看问题,我都一直坚持经济逻辑,尊重常识和规律。高中的时候我物理学得很吃力,当时总是搞不懂什么是理想状态下,总是搞不懂何时用什么公式,不过我化学倒是不错,而且是化学课代表,我们家族人太多,我想学医为大家分忧,于是分科的时候我便选择了理工科。但是我的物理成绩还是没有长进,当时确实没有找到原因,只是害怕高考失败,于是在高二结束后,我只好学鲁迅毅然决然“弃医从文”了!转学文科,一是是因为理科对我这种愚钝之人,确实是一种折磨,虽然我经过努力还能保持中上水平。另一方面,一向好胜而且好面子的我,不得不寻找自己的优势,果断找年段长和文科班主任。当然,我在高三文科班学习成绩总体上是没有辜负大家期望,因为语数外成绩都是数一数二,所以平时成绩总能名列前茅,但高考我还是莫名其妙地失手了。最近山东、江苏等地的高考舞弊案层出不穷,很多同学和熟人都在朋友圈问我当年是否被顶替了!我说如果我是被顶替者,说明那届苍天不行,说明全国各地皆然,说明当时中国教育行政管理体制已经烂透了。历史上科举腐败案并非坏事,因为似乎并没有出现这种几十年以后才被挖掘和惩处的,而是大都在出现苗头性、倾向性和潜在性问题的时候,就被严格处理并请重新收买人心,致使天下士子更加崇拜和沉迷科举道路。此次多地高考舞弊案不断浮出水面,山东教育部门的傲慢以及相关部门轻描淡写的处置,实在让人寒心碎裂、恶心作呕、椎心泣血。马克思主义历来相信辩证法,也历来践行辩证法,但是山东方面并没有以此为戒,非常时期没有用重典,没有为其他省市区做好示范。山东人大常委会完全可以有所作为,将高考舞弊纳入反人类反社会罪或者颠覆国家罪来处以极刑,让所有参与者永不翻身而且终生被监控羞辱,从而为各地清除历年高考舞弊行为做好判例,最终为全国人大立法奠定基础。更为重要的是,让全世界从此更加相信中国人、中国政府、中华民族,让全中国人更加相信高考的严肃性、权威性和可靠性,让高考成为为国抡才的最佳路径、个人改变命运的基本捷径、民族复兴的基础支撑。似乎有点跑题了,还是继续回顾我的书山攀登之路吧!也许是高考失败,让我饱尝了求学之苦,也让我一直想通过考研考博来证明自己。我高考虽然失败,但分数并不是太低,只是志愿仅仅填报了北大、厦大、贸大三个学校,这三个学校没有录取我便去补习了,结果我补习十天竟然发生了生命中的九一八事变!那年的9月18日,老师突然通知我被福建广播电视大学录取了,我当即和在县城工作的四哥到教育局招生办写了免予录取申请,因为我根本没有报考这个学校,我的成绩远远超过这个学校分数线。同去教育局声明不接受录取的同学,继续补习后进入了厦门大学。然而,录取通知书已经到达病重的父亲手中,父亲只是说还是先去读了,毕竟是个大学,毕业有统销户口能够跳出农门,于是我便暂时压制自己的北大梦,阴差阳错地进入了电大学习。整个中学,我已经开始了主动的知识探索,能够有意识地看一些课外书,特别是到学校的图书馆、阅览室。毅然决然转学文科,也是一种更加自觉的主动决定。当然似乎也有鲁迅那样的感觉,中国最需要的还是启蒙与反思!什么高新科技,都是历史的暂时器物,因为可能一时是高新科技,过几年可能就被扔进历史垃圾堆!一个民族和一个国家,最关键的还是基础制度建设。也许是冥冥中觉得制度重于技术,于是便开始了更加穷经皓首的书海泛舟了!“权宜之计”的学习高考成绩难以如愿后,又得知父亲重病缠身,突然洞彻了祸不单行的含义。兄弟姐妹们凑足了三万块,可是父亲知道自己不行了,坚决不去手术,要将钱存起来,留给我补习和供弟弟学习。后来,国家突然扩招,因为中国向联合国教科文组织承诺在1997年达到“两基”要求。两基就是基本实现九年义务教育,中学老师基本实现大专化。当时的很多中学老师没有文凭,或者只有中专文凭。因此,那年全国扩大招收教师名额,让很多本来不是师范类的学校也设立师资班,然后就拼命录取那些类似我没有报考师范类院校的学生。我的分数比福建电大当年的录取线高70多分,可是父亲看到我能够获得公职有个统销户口,便坚持让我去就读了。我只好办退了补习手续,带着一本英语词典和两千元到福州开始读大学了。那时候经常感叹的就是一句古诗“当年不肯春风,无端却被秋风误”!福建电大本是一个夜校,孤零零两三栋楼,面积比中学母校还小。所以刚去的时候,我是天天骂电大。后来我还说过一句名言“母校就是被学生天天骂又不得不魂牵梦绕的地方”,也许就是因为电大的狭小与低矮,使得我不断地想走出去。似乎有鲁迅那种样子,在铁屋中呐喊,肩起世界的黑暗之门,让光明照亮大家,照亮世界。电大的课程对我来说相对简单,加上我们毕业必须回去教书,当时“六十分万岁,六十一分浪费”的读书无用论甚嚣尘上,加上父亲在我大学第一学期放假回去的路途中溘然长逝,没有等我回去见上最后一面,幸好赶上送葬出殡的队伍,在坟前拜祭的时候那些香支竟然起火燃烧起来,大家都说那是我爸高兴,因为看到子女都回来了。转过年后,失魂落魄的我跟一个同学偶然在福州街头上加入了衬衫传销队伍,可以说我是中国第一批传销人员。当时只是觉得衬衫质量很好,如果能卖出去和发展下线,自己就能够一夜暴富并且建立销售金字塔,也就相当于打造了生生不息的摇钱树了。可惜坚持了半年,没有把衣服推销出去,也没有发展几个会员,还向女同学和四哥的师弟各自借了两百元,于是痛定思痛开始决定还是努力寻找书中黄金屋、颜如玉、千钟粟了。当然那些好衬衫只能自己穿在形容枯槁的身上了,也好强增几分精神更好地努力前行。电大的课程相对简单,我就积极备考大学英语四级,没有想到一次成功,并且在第一学年的综合英语考试获得破纪录的99分。这也使得我顿悟学习要想得高分就得居高临下,因为我当时是拿托福、GRE的教材来准备大学英语四六级考试,何况电大英语考试呢?过完四级我又趁热打铁过了英语六级,成为电大有史以来第一个过英语六级的学生,因此被评为优秀毕业生,不用下乡并回到了母校华安一中教书。应该说,我做事情还是能够静下心来,并且能够做好每一件事。教书的时候,我没事的时候就到教室跟学生一起自习,准备考研究生。因为我是大学外语系毕业的,据说考研英语很难,旁边同事很多就是因为英语不达标,结果考研失败才回来教书。于是我便做了一个简单的决定,那就是跨专业考研究生。因为英语我不用太多准备,只需专注备考专业课。而最后选择长线专业和基础专业,那就是中文系。因为中文系就是万金油,每个单位都需要有人写材料,甚至可以去当无冕之王的记者,再不行可以当自由职业者专门写作或者当编剧,当然那时候我似乎有一个比较崇高的理想“向国内翻译介绍国外先进理论和优秀作品,向国外宣扬中华传统文化和最新发展”。另外,这也受到了我的老乡林语堂先生的影响,他的名言“两脚踏中西文化,一心评宇宙文章”那种潇洒与沉静,使我萌发了第一次知识转向的意愿。考研最早的攻克目标是厦门大学,因为正好有同学在厦大中文系。1998年第一次考研的时候,英语63分,是所有报考厦大中文系考生中第一名,全国英语及格率仅5%,划线才51分;但是文艺理论才59分(两题简答各25分和一题综合50分),我去找林丹娅老师的时候,她说自己没有参加改卷,照说从来不会记59分的,一般会提到60分或61分,或者降为58分。然而因为录取标准是专业课必须及格,于是第一年我以一分之差梦断白沙滩、芙蓉湖、嘉庚楼……这时候林丹娅老师说了一句很经典的话“考试就是这样,有时候一分之差就是永久的遗憾。恰像买彩票,差一个数字就与幸运擦肩而过。有时候差那么一点就是永远的一点”。然而,最糟糕的是厦大宣布来年不再接受同等学力报考研究生,于是我只好寻找其他学校了。幸好,来一中实习的熟人帮忙打听到福建师范大学招生简章明确专科生还可以直接报考。当时北大也是可以招收同等学力和单考生,但是为了能早日走出偏远的小县城,我还是实事求是选择了福建师大中文系。但1999年是我的本命年,农村说法是本命年乃大好大坏之年,就是好运的时候什么都好,厄运的时候什么都差。由于是“二进宫”第二次考研,而且第一年英语考得不错,因此专心准备专业课。可是后来英语仅仅上线,而专业课因为师大注重读原著,很多题目都是考原著,我因为是半路出家总是投机取巧,没有足够时间读原著,只是掌握大部分名著的大概内容,因此专业课成绩仍然不高,虽然都考及格了,但因为英语才50几分,结果总分比较低,只能再次名落孙山了!更糟糕的是,美帝国主义发动科索沃战争,猖狂嚣张地把中国大使馆炸了,害死了好多人。而且祸不单行的是,那年天气实在太热了,在同学的怂恿下,我们一起去九龙江游泳,还游了好几个来回。第二天一个老同事碰到我,又骑着摩托车带我去游泳。他一到河边停下车,就跳进河里畅游起来。我也连准备运动都没有做,钻进水里就用力追赶他。不到一会儿,我脚就抽筋了,浑身没有力气,然后就一会儿沉下去一会儿浮起来,赶紧一直呼叫老同事的名字,可是他一直没有听见。幸好旁边很多人发现了我,大家一起喊有人快溺水了,同事才转过身来拉了我一把,然后旁边赶来的人扔了一个轮胎过来,我死死抓住轮胎,往岸边游,心里久久无法平静。第二天我赶紧按照农村习俗组织饭局请救命恩人吃红鸡蛋和长寿面,大家都说大难不死必有后福。当时,我只是觉得还活着就好,能够看到澳门回归就好,不留下邓小平式的遗憾就好!现在想起来,选择真是一种痛苦,但是不选择也是一种选择。所以,人生就是这样不断地选择,不断地折腾。但是折腾对了,就一帆风顺,折腾错了就是一种煎熬和损耗。如果当时不转文科,我可能先考上一个普通本科高校,也许不会浪费4年时间去当中学教师。如果2000年的千年大考我再次与成功失之交臂的话,不知道我是否能够坚持,是否能够继续考研?我想可能就是另外一种情形了。但是,命运似乎开始垂青我了,虽然只是间歇性的关照。1999年秋天,因缘际会的事情真的出现了。当时县政府要招待联合国教科文组织派来考察土楼的美国人,土楼的材料和接待菜单都得翻译成英语,县委书记打电话给一中校长让他找人翻译。因为我当时是县一中唯一过英语六级的老师,校长当然不会健忘到想不起我入校时的声名,我也是当仁不让地接下任务,三下五除二把翻译稿交过去,似乎很容易就糊弄了那个美国佬,老外就鼓励我们申请世界遗产。县委书记马上让校长组织一中的英语老师考试,想从其中选拔一位老师到县委办工作,负责全县对外宣传和申遗工作。那次考试我毫无悬念地考了第一名,县委书记当即向校长要人,校长就说我还在教初三毕业班,等半年后中考结束即可到县里报到。但是,我最上心最关注的还是考研。这次我全面复习,每一本指定教材和相关教材都一页页精读,都做好读书笔记,真是到了滚瓜烂熟并能够重新出教材的程度,然后每天晚上休息之前就看读书笔记。另外,英语也不忽视,让在北京读书的同学买了好几本历年英语考题集和模拟练习。也许是父母在天之灵保佑,也许是老天爷那阵子突然睁眼看到我在寒窗下苦读的样子,不忍心再次看到我的失败。也或许,当一个人艰苦卓绝地朝既定目标不断奋进的时候,命运会反过来迁就他。在新的千年过了一季度的时候,我以英语第一名、总分第一名的成绩荣登千年考研榜。英语78分,总分365分,这个成绩当时完全可以上北大研究生,当然北大和师大的专业考卷是不一样的,只有英语和政治是全国统考。但是我觉得我已经具备了报考北大的实力。真是祖宗保佑,老天帮忙,个人幸运!应该说刚攻读中文硕士的时候,我是非常珍惜这个来之不易的宝贵机会的。而且当年高行健获得了诺贝尔文学奖,我几乎跳了起来,心想只要我继续努力,我可能也可以意外获得奇迹。特别是读了他的《灵山》《一个人的圣经》等获奖作品,觉得也是原来如此、不过如此。更激起我加倍努力苦读文学书的是,我在2000年师大艺术节获得了征文一等奖,在大学英语课上老师屡屡鼓励表扬我的英语文学功底。于是,长安山脚下,研究生教室,文科楼,图书馆,老福建师大的一切可以安放下书桌的地方,都可以看到我的身影。甚至化学系、物理系的教室,我都经常光顾。正是这样的不断研读,加上文学日益边缘化,作为曾经在农村吃不饱的小子,我开始反问我们不是当事人而且已经无法同当事人面对面,我们如何能真正解读作者的作品?特别是鲁迅文章,我们的解读到底是否靠近真实,绝对应该打一个大大大的问号。看到当时同年级的经济学硕士,常常能够跟导师下去调研然后做项目获得补贴,我似乎变得市侩起来。我的觉醒是毅然决然的,就像释迦摩尼在菩提树下突然顿悟了,就像牛顿被苹果砸到头那样灵光一闪提出了万有引力定律,我当时做出一个简单而坚决的决定,那就是跨专业报考经济学博士。记得是2002年,我匆匆过完了五一长假,然后做了简单的调整,开始新的远征。拿破仑说不想当将军的士兵不是好士兵,我的理念就是不想读博士的学生都不是好学生。首先是确定了中央党校作为最低目标,北京大学作为最高目标。但是北大没有参考书目,就以中央党校所列书目为主,同时参考北大研究生上课用的宏观经济学和微观经济学教材。其次是建立兜底机制,既报考经济学博士,也报考福建师大中文系博士。目标一旦确立了,接下来就是倒计时吃透参考书目,并且到图书馆借一些相关教材,也阅读一些学术期刊。对于资本论,真的没有啥高深的,因为那都是研究100多年前的现象,虽然很多情况到了当前仍然深刻。但是资本主义不是一种社会形态,而是一种生产组织方式,是以资本为主的资源配置方式,例如,资本可以雇佣劳动,资本可以雇佣技术。经过硕士阶段各种论文写作训练,我们对于逻辑的操作更加轻车熟路,对于文字语句的理解也更加透彻深刻,因而资本论也不再是什么高深的令人惊讶的天书了。或许也可以说,兴趣是最好的老师!2003年非典肆虐的时候,我第一次走出自己的省份,怀着对知识转型的渴望和对北京大学的向往,我背叛中文系来到著名的首都投考经济学博士。2003年应该是我生命中最值得关注的一年!面对的事情几乎都是所向披靡,也不知道是天道酬勤还是天公宠傻子,我竟然捷报频传。首先是同届研究生中第一个签约,然后还有好几个单位都给offer了。其次是公务员考第一名。最后是考博竟然三个学校都考上了,北大、中央党校、福建师大都同意录取,这在当时似乎创造了记录。当时也没有太多的思考,一下子就选择北大了。可以很不好意思地说,学习的前半段,电大英语系和师大中文系都是一种权宜之计,都是为将来打基础。读英语系因为考研获得了优势,读中文系是因为语文底子好容易考上。当然,读英语使得我很快获得了工作,从此有了工资能够自主安排自己的学习计划。攻读中文硕士,是一个长线专业,任何时代都需要写稿子的人,任何时代都需要内容,都需要创作。因此,中文系能够万金油式地相对轻松获得就业机会。“最高学府”的学习从九龙江到未名湖,终于实现了半生夙愿!我敢说考上北大的人,都是幸运的人!每一位北大校友,在进入北大之前都不敢说自己能过轻松考上,因为全国几十万、几百万甚至上千万人的竞争,谁都无法确定自己是分母还是分子。反正我就是一路乱读,三生有幸地进入“京师大学堂”的。负笈北大,真是人生的一个自我摧残!因为我是从中文硕士,突然直接跨界考上北大攻读商科博士。考试的时候,我竟然通过特例法把其中一道数学题做对了,然后死记硬背的高级宏观模型竟然也套上了,记得当时考的是里昂惕夫生产函数和索洛经济增长模型,这样高级微观和高级宏观这两门课一张卷子我就考了60多分,而政治经济学上文谈到因为对资本论已经有足够的理解,加上对于时事政治的较为精准的阐释,这门课也获得了70多分,加上英语超过十几分,这样我的总分就排到了第二名。北大毕竟还是心目中的北大,公开透明而且动作神速,所有环节和程序通过以后便在网上公布了成绩、录取名单。当时看到自己榜上有名,而且是朋友先发现的,真是喜出望外。为此还在拿到北大录取通知书那天,请几个好友小聚了一下,开发票竟然也中奖了。小店老板说从来没有人发票中奖,我竟然得到了50元大奖。不断地告别,不断地迁徙,不断地重新出发。就这样,2003年秋天,我复印北大录取通知书在父母坟前烧祭后,带着几十箱经济学书来到了北大。攻读商科,其实是骨子里有一种对“随意性计划经济”的反叛,因为孩提时候家里种蘑菇、种甘蔗、种水稻,辛辛苦苦一年又一年,每次都无法拿到自己应该得到的款项,每次都被抵补为各种税费,或者干脆就被打白条。于是每次跟父母去干农活的时候,我总是很不情愿,因为我总会说“干了也是白干,也拿不到钱”。父母总是一句简单的话“有的,会有的”。为了解决这些谜团,我高考的时候报考了当时最热的专业,都是“国”字开头的,国际金融、国际贸易、国际会计等,我想睁开眼了解一下国外到底是怎么样?!然而,我阴差阳错地高考失败了,补习十天又莫名其妙地被福建电大录取了,不知道是上天对我多年来辛苦问学的怜惜还是命运对我的捉弄,然而我已经无法自己选择自己的命运了——为了让父亲在生前看到我跳出农门,我不得不接受我从来没有报考的学校去就读英语专业的要约。当时那是一个非常小的大学,比我的中学母校还小,不知道是谁说了一句话“庙宇再小,也有会念经的好和尚”,于是我开始振作起来,或许是认命吧,因为“抱怨不如多奋斗”!我那时非常早地过了大学英语六级,于是顺利毕业回到中学母校教授英语。后来国家政策有所改变,于是便在2000年跨世纪的时候报考研究生,并且成功地以第一名被录取为中文硕士研究生。当时的一个非常幼稚的想法是想如陈仲甫先生和周豫才先生那样光大中国文学,扭转世纪末文学因为市场经济的冲击而边缘化的倾向和恶象,也许是为了弘扬中华优秀文化于国外,又译介域外先进文明于神州大地吧!然而2002年这个我这辈子第二个对称年的时候,我开始又萌发了实现知识的经济学转向的念头,也许经济才是一切的基础吧!也许是受到“经济学帝国主义”思想的影响,或许是经济学是局限条件下如何最大化的决策科学,或许经济学是研究人的行为并使人幸福的科学?!于是从2002年4月硕士论文顺利开题以后,我开始攻读艰深的西方经济学教科书,然后借助网络学习经济学前沿。当时的我把自己认为好的经济学教科书进行精读,自己做读书笔记,做到几乎自己能够出教材的程度。可谓天道酬勤,我考上了三个博士,最后我选择了北大,因为北大是中国经济学的“黄埔军校”,是中国经世济民治国贫的创新中枢。我总是一个初生牛犊不怕虎的样子,刚愎自用而一意孤行,我信奉“当一个人艰苦卓绝地向某一目标奋进,命运会反过来迁就他”。所以我总是那样地知其不可而为之!负笈北大以来,我选择了经济学中最难啃的金融作为自己的研究范围,因为我觉得中国金融“罄竹难书”,而且金融和科技一样是最高端、最精深、创新最快的领域,科技与金融的结合也是日新月异,所以我又一次开始与自己赛跑。在古老而常青的燕园,我疯狂地选修或倾听各大名家的课程或演讲——厉以宁老师富有教育意义的经济学寓言、曹凤岐老师亲身经历的《证券法》等金融法律起草的真实回映、林毅夫老师关于中国经济问题的深刻解读、刘伟老师关于转轨经济学的宏大叙事、张维迎老师关于企业理论和企业家精神的微观探视、邹恒甫老师的嬉笑怒骂和高深的数学推理、年轻的周黎安老师对于中国政治锦标赛的经济学阐释、龚六堂老师激情四溢的高级经济学课程,还有周春生、史树忠、徐信中、单忠东等老师他们那艰涩难懂的金融专题,所有这一切都给我留下了深刻的记忆并开拓了我的学术视野。更加幸运的是,我的导师非常宽容,一以贯之地支持我的选择。在学业上,她严格要求;在生活上,她悉心关怀!她甚至时时关心我的终身大事,可我总是以没有时间或者暂时没有出现合适的人而搪塞之。当然,北大岁月是一种非常痛苦的煎熬,因为自己的能力贫困和精力有限。未名湖畔三载相伴,我已经学会了专心致志地研读,从不为外界的风云变化而动容,对于花鸟虫鱼燕雀都可以视若无睹,对于人世百态可以充耳不闻,对于吃穿用度可以嗤之以鼻。世界上唯有读书,能够躲进小楼成一统,能够隐居规避历史动荡,能够远离繁华与喧嚣!然而,进入北大殿堂,我们已经无法仅仅只是为趣味而读书,虽然没有像周恩来那样高喊“为中华之崛起而读书”,但是内心深处已经自觉或不自觉地蕴藏着一种对国家、对民族强烈的责任感。也因此,我在2005年底曾经连续几个月,每天从早上8点到深夜十点呆在北大图书馆,高强度查阅资料和用笔记本电脑赶写博士论文。于是有一天突然觉得天旋地转,无法起床,同学帮忙叫来急救车,生平第一次打点滴,然后下午又继续到图书馆努力写作。也许,生命就是这样不断地修复,不断地重复,不断地起复!感谢北大这个“人的集群”最发达的地方,感谢北大给予我较为自由的发展,感谢北大让我实现了知识的经济学转向。在孓民精神相对传承的北大(外国人称为中华帝国大学),每个人充分独立,而又形成不同的团队(例如北大研究经济学的就有经济学院、马克思主义学院、环境学院、政府管理学院、光华管理学院、CCER、国际关系学院,真是百家争鸣百花齐放);在北大里面大家都非常平等非常普通,追求一种未名境界,而出了北大个个生龙活虎,为校徽增光彩!在北大,每个人都互相“瞧不起”,互相较劲,但出了北大,大家却非常互相认同,每个地方一碰见北大校友,大家便可以海阔天空古今中外几个小时!也许这就是北大精神,北大文化!我敢武断地说,中美贸易战最后的决胜力量就是中国培养出像北大这样的群体,每个时代都有北大这样的代际人群!东方剑桥的学习经过最高学府的淬炼和砥砺,应该说我初步实现了知识的经济学转向。我北大同届毕业生中,我发表了7篇文章,有一篇还是在香港杂志上,这个数量不是第一也是前几名了。当然质量上那可能是各有千秋了,因为大家关注点都十分不同,可谓隔行如隔山。然而找工作根本就不看这些,当然如果去高校可能很看重这些,反正我当时是再也不敢去教书了,因为中学教了四年英语,研究生的时候也教了两年大学英语。当时都是找金融机构,我一直想民国时代,我肯定会被迫是一个银行家。而且当时也没有人指导,以为留在总行好,其实现在大家才知道分行工资待遇更好。反而北大毕业的时候,我被国家开发银行忽悠了,导致我处处被动。当时笔试面试后,国开行招录人员告诉我,回去好好写论文,必须保证毕业,结果我那年春节都在学校修改论文,领略了春节时北京的荒凉。五月份准备好一切答辩材料后,我就打电话给国开行,结果对方说都已经跟其他人签约了,还甩来一句说“你是不是那个普通话很普通的那个福建人”?我真的几乎崩溃了,我是去竞聘综合管理岗位,又不是去当柜员。我只好开始全网洒简历,接到邮件或者电话就“南征北战”。当时国开行还给了一个折衷办法,问我要不要去地方分行,我十分恼火地严词拒绝了。后来也陆续能够进入四大行的北京分行,但我也很奇怪地拒绝了。当时中国移动也来电说,可以解决北京户口,但是必须先去深圳工作几年。我竟然也拒绝了。还有,当代中国研究所、社科院刚升格为副部级的马院,我都婉拒了。在这里真的得好好感谢一下当时的几个分行,当时的中国移动、当代中国研究所还有社科院。当然,也表示十分真诚的道歉,都怪那时候自己太不谙世事,太不懂得“曲线救国”。没有找到满意的工作,我便开始再次折腾了!那时候的一个天真的想法,就是北京的学习强度太大了,得找个风景优美的地方好好休养一下。于是便鼓起勇气打通了浙大经济学院院长史晋川老师的电话,他二话没说让我马上联系院里负责博士后工作的老师。非常高兴的是,2006年9月我顺利到了西子湖畔。因为我博士论文是写民营银行与中国金融现代化,当时忽悠了一个理论叫“中国金融双轨现代化”,即民营银行的直接现代化,因为那时候按照我的界定还没有真正的民营银行;国有银行引进战略投资者进行上市改造的间接现代化。因为这是属于金融制度创新的内容,老师当时的研究重点在法律经济学,我便自告奋勇地说愿意延续金融创新的题目,于是我便开始了法律金融学的自主研究。最后我找了一个切合点,那就是通过研究商业方法专利来研究整个金融知识产权的治理,而且还申请到了国家课题。当时其实已经看到,我们在网络技术方面十分落后,如果欧美金融专利获得批准,我们所有的金融机构将得支付大量专利费,后面的网络银行、微信支付、支付宝等等都得受制于人。不过美国现在仍然牢牢掌控SWIFT系统,如果我们像朝鲜那样被踢出来,金融脱钩将使得我们的贸易更加恶化。在杭州的学习,确实很舒服地过了整整三个月。每天睡到自然醒,然后下午去打篮球。每周参加老师组织的同门谈论,史老师的硕士生、博士生、博士后轮流报告近期研究。有空去听听讲座,看看老乡,周末就去浙江的景点走走。最有趣的是经常晚饭后去西湖走走或者去植物园逛逛,甚至跑到了灵隐寺和飞来峰,真的像当时的小南宋偏居临安一隅了!但是正因为这种宽松的学习,我确立了在学术中的一点地位。我继续金融创新领域的研究,并逐渐确定了金融发展的法制质量这一焦点问题。1998年,拉波塔(La Porta),罗伯特·维什尼(Robert W.Vishny) ,洛配兹·西拉内斯(Lopez-de-silanes) ,安德烈·施莱弗(Andrei Shleifer) 联袂出版《法律与金融》(《Law and Finance》,我们一般翻译为法金融学),奠定了新的学科“法金融学”。由于他们经常四个人一起发文章,因为号称LLSV组合,他们通过整理多国的政治、法律、宗教、文化和经济等方方面面的量化数据,第一次明确将法律因素引入到解释金融发展和经济增长的具体研究中。我当时进行了适当的拓展,那就是区域或国家发展受到制度的制约,而制度如何推动或阻碍发展,可以用金融学或数学的方法进行研究和衡量。同一个地方,不同制度,导致不同发展;不同地方,相同制度,也可能发展不同;同一个地方,相同制度,不同的执行机制特别是不同的行政首脑,导致不同的发展;不同地方,不同制度,肯定导致不同的发展。我进而指出,法律金融学就是用数学、金融学技术研究制度该不该出台,如何出台,出台后有什么后果,出现不良后果如何进行妥善应对和纠正。我后来的博士后报告就是《中国金融知识产权治理现代化研究》,第一次界定了金融知识产权(FIPR),提出了如何科学治理金融知识产权,特别是金融专利的治理,从而提升中国金融发展质量和防范化解重大风险的能力。我一直觉得我们现在大提特提金融科技或者科技金融,实在只是停留在器物和技术上,而没有提高到知识产权等制度上,必须及早实现监管和发展的转向转型,从而真正保障金融核心竞争力和金融支持实体经济成效。可以说,在浙大的研读生涯中,我偏向了法律、政策等制度研究,也确定了我后来工作的重点内容。博士后出站后,我调到国家某部委工作,主要从事的就是法律和政策的起草,践行的就是一种政策经济学范式发挥的一点作用就是,参与一些政策的指定以及推动一些法律的颁发。“神谕启示”的学习我在十六大前入党了,多年来也一直想能够做一名更加的合格党员。虽然说党员应该是彻底的纯粹的唯物主义者,但是我一路上的求学深造确实受到了外物“干扰”,我必须实事求是地和盘托出,因为它确确实实存在着,并且发挥着巨大的积极作用。我能够坚持学习并且力争上游,除了自身想争气外,很大程度上来自于幻觉中的江湖传说,或者是神谕启示的暗意识。我有一次在路边劳作,竟然听到两个不认识的年轻老师(我猜测应该是老师,反正是年纪比我大的青年人)边骑自行车边讨论我的学习成绩如何优秀,从此我就有一种心理暗示,总是觉得应该对得起那两个匆匆赶路的青年人的赞许。这种无意中听到的江湖传说,不知道是上天的眷顾和指使,还是祖宗的启示和鼓励,反正我是一辈子记住了那一幕,也从此觉得不应该辜负别人的期待,或许这就是我的初心和使命吧!这无意中的一幕和声音,永远激励和鞭策着我不断前行,力争不枉初心,不辱使命!还有就是上文约略讲到的差点被淹死的故事。俗话一直说“大难不死必有后福”,大家也一直这么说,我也就一直暗下决心不能辜负这个老说法,不能辜负同事和朋友的期许,不能辜负死亡边缘逃脱的幸运。于是我的学习便注入了神谕的启示,也注入了习俗的护佑,当然也使得我不得不用超强的毅力和意志来为自己、为家人、为朋友争一口气!半生求学的小结总结我这半辈子的读书生涯,虽然还没有足够分量、惊天动地的著作,但是我一直在坚持阅读和写作。虽然没有什么好的窍门,但是半生乱读到北大,而且跨越四大学科和四大高校,在国外很普通在国内却绝对是可以称为一种奇迹。回顾所读的书,其实印象最深刻的是逻辑学!但是作者却忘了是谁,因为那是三哥参军时部队的培训材料而已。长大以后最有影响力的就是各级学校教材。最下功夫啃读的当然是考研的中文系教材,华中师大的现当代文学、北大的现当代文学、北师大的文艺理论,西方现代派理论,其次是攻读博士用的资本论及其解读辅导书,高级宏观、高级微观等专著,萨缪尔森的经济学,曼昆的经济学,然后就是厉以宁、吴敬琏、张五常、林毅夫、张维迎、刘伟、韦森等人的经济学文章。然而,对我影响最大的还是新华字典和现代汉语词典。新华字典我不知道看了几遍,现代汉语词典在高中时精读了2遍。我上大学随身带的就是英语小词典,因为我考上的就是外语系。至于外国名著,我倒是看得很少,觉得很看不下去,跟《红楼梦》一个鸟样,不堪卒读。真正全部看完的就是《飘》《苔丝》,觉得老外真是会扯淡,特别是电视剧竟然搞了一百多集。当然倒是背了很多外国名著中的名言,例如,“幸福的家庭有同样的幸福,而不幸的家庭则各有各的不幸”“无论如何,明天总算是新的一天”“胜利者总是不被谴责的”“忘记历史意味着背叛”“冬天来了,春天还会远么”“世界上最宽阔的是海洋,比海洋更宽阔的是天空,比天空更宽阔的是人的心灵”。当然更多的是政治或修养类名言,特别的老苏联的名著名言。例如,“人最宝贵的是生命,生命对人来说只有一次。人的一生应当这样度过:当他回首往事时,不会因为碌碌无为,虚度年华而悔恨,也不会因为为人卑劣,生活庸俗而愧疚”。学习很关键的是要有好老师引领。我的一年级语文老师同父亲成了朋友,三年级的语文老师奖励我象棋,初中数学老师说我是未来书法家,江湖传说我很会读书。所有这一切让我自信,也让我不敢停留,只有不断地出发!教育最好方法就是三点,一是鼓励激励,二是鼓励激励,三还是鼓励激励!只要有一次刻骨铭心的鼓励激励,每个人就会向善向上,从而自觉学习、自主学习、自由学习、创新学习。这也使我形成一个朴素的观点和理念,人活着就是不要辜负亲朋好友,就是要给亲朋好友带来好消息或者带来快乐!学习很重要的是兴趣和志气。如果一个人对读书没有兴趣,或者说读书对他没有产生足够的好奇与激励,那读书对他而言可能是一种压制与煎熬。如果一个人没有志气,再怎么说书中自有颜如玉,书中自有黄金屋,他都将会怀疑甚至嗤之以鼻。学习很关键的是要有自由。我父亲从来不管我的学习,因为他早就定了规矩,考的上中专或者大学就继续深造,考不上就回家种田。我的母亲也从来不管我,记得只有一次邻居小孩竟然骂人,我当即揍了他,他家长告到我母亲那里,她不得不当着邻居用竹条乱打我一顿。我的老师也从来都是鼓励我们多看课外的报纸、名著还有辅导材料。我读完英语,考中文系研究生,再考北大经济学博士,再到浙大做博士后,完全都是自己的自由选择。中国的教育,应该保障每个人的自由学习的权益。教育的改革也应该能够使人再免于贫困的前提下,能够使人自由地阅读、研究和创作。学习很必要的是缘分,也就是说要有幸运的接触。我很幸运,能够接触到逻辑学,能够获得一部现代汉语词典,能够接触到《乞丐与状元》等地方剧。在互联网时代,面对浩瀚庞杂的信息,每个人的接触面还是非常有限,因此每个人能否接触到适合自己或者应该引导自己向善向上的书籍、理论、信息,那就得靠每个人的运气了。学习有时候也需要别人的刺激。既要有正向激励,也要有反向倒逼。我教初中英语的时候,曾经在英语成绩最好的学生考卷上写到:永远不要骄傲!否则你永远无法超越你的老师,因为老师也一直在继续学习。事实也确实如果,后来我考上了中文系研究生,最后考上了北大经济学博士。当然,我的这位学生后来考上了清华,然后到美国留学。祝愿她事业如意!学习最重要的是通过考试。考试也是一种能力,考试是对知识掌握的一个基本测评。因此,我总是觉得科举是非常好的制度和机制,只是科考的内容加以科学改变,或者融入全部的前沿知识。我一直觉得中国高考应该不要再分科了,因为高端人才都是综合性人才,所以高考应该语文、数学、外语、物理、化学、地理、历史、生物、计算机、音乐、美术等全部都学习,然后根据报考学校的专业,决定高考考察哪几个科目。我从英语转考中文系硕士,再转考经济学博士,最后再做一个法律金融学博士后,虽然觉得很劳累,但是对于知识结构的合理化很有裨益。没有写不完的文章,终于到了结尾!我想重申一下古人说的那句大彻大悟的话,那就是“万般皆下品,唯有读书高”!读书无用论是我听过的最大最荒谬的谎言!在中国这种人口大国,不管是农民还是城里人,最可靠的最佳捷径还是读好书!只要读书足够好,只要获得所有高级认证,只要能获得诺贝尔奖,只要能提出高深理论,还愁工作吗?还愁荣誉、地位和财富么?况且,只要能够安享岁月静好,自由自在地遨游书海,荣誉只不过是过眼烟云,而且常常包含着许多虚构和失真的东西,恰如里尔克所说的“荣誉只不过是聚集在一个新名字四周的误解的化身或总和”。学习,就是记住该记住的,忘记该忘记的;改变能改变的,接受不能改变的。读好书,就能做一个有故事的人,也能做一个有明天的人!但以七绝《论学》赠给所有喜欢持续努力学习的读者朋友们!《论学》中华千古一规律,唯有书声洗苍茫。纵有器物得天下,不如翰墨永留香!作者简介:杨枝煌(原名杨杞煌),闽南人,1975年9月生,汉族,福建广播电视大学英语系专科、福建师范大学文学院硕士、北京大学经济学博士、浙江大学经济学院法金融学博士后(中国首位法金融学博士后),历任商务部处长、云南贸促会会长助理,浙江大学经济学院助理研究员,北京大学社会经济与文化研究中心特约研究员,国家治理协同创新中心研究员,中国生产力学会高级战略研究员,多篇研究报告通过《清样》《理论动态》《内部参阅》《经济内参》《送阅件》等内参上报党中央国务院;在《经济学家》《改革》《经济社会体制比较》《国际贸易》《人民日报》等业内一级报刊发表学术文章210多篇,出版专著3部,即《民营银行——中国金融另一种现代化》《中国金融知识产权科学发展战略》《人皆尧舜——杨枝煌国是新论》;多篇文章被中宣部全国社科规划办《成果要报》、人民出版社《新华文摘》、求是杂志《红旗文摘》、中国人民大学《复印资料》等转载;曾经参与985重大课题“中国经济市场化”和北大曹凤岐老师主持的国家自然科学基金课题“WTO与中国商业银行改革及创新”,独立承担国家课题“中国金融知识产权治理研究”;长期接受《经济日报》头版专访,《中国县域经济报》《经济时评》《坐而论道》两专栏作者。参与翻译《新帕尔格雷夫经济学词典》;出版诗集《葨迌集--杨杞煌诗词习作选》;参与主编《2015中国发展指数报告》《2016中国发展指数报告》《中国能源展望2030》《国家治理的全球实践》《一带一路金融合作与监管》等图书;主编《GMS时代的澜湄合作》《LMC时代的澜湄合作》《澜湄金融合作》等图书。感谢各位关注,如有意见建议,敬请联系 yangqihuang@163.com。
给分大户——作文考研作文占了30%的小半壁江山,可谓举足轻重。作文分为小作文和大作文。小作文基本上是信件或者通知,不会很难写。大作文现在一般是图画作文(英语二)或者图表作文(英语一);图画作文就是给你四幅图,让你看图根据自己的理解写出图画想表达的内容;图表作文是给出一个图表,上面标着几个年份或者数据,你要写出图表上想表达的内容。参考2021年英语一的小作文,题目要求大致如下:Directions: A foreign friend of yours has recently graated from college and intends to find a job in China. Write him or her an email to make some suggestions.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEETDo not sign your name at the end of the letter.Use "Li Ming " instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)今年考到了建议信,给外国朋友提出关于在中国找工作方面的建议。建议信的考频可谓是历年真题中最高的,在英一2007年、2009年、2012年、2014年,以及英二2011年、2016年、2019年和2020年全都有涉及考察建议信写作。写这种建议信时,按照一般顺序可以第一段写信目的;第二段具体给出拟定的讨论话题并给出理由和讨论的安排;第三段表达客套性内容和期待。小作文不需要太讲究辞藻,字数也不宜过多,只要能将提纲要点表达清楚和完整,不出现语言、格式和语域的错误,就是一篇合格的小作文了。把更多的时间和精力花在大作文上才是正确的策略。关于大作文,我是这样练习的:先自已试着写,然后对照真题范文,找出范文写得好的地方红笔划出来,如较高级的词汇,用法地道的搭配以及半万能的句型等。然后背诵这个加工后的“范文”,这样自己加工过的印象就深了许多,背诵起来更容易了。有时候也可先把真题的作文背两遍,然后开始去仿写,同样一个作文可以写二三次,会发现自己每一次写的都不一样,每一次都有收获。并且坚持每周至少一篇真题作文。对于平时练得少,临考抱佛脚的同学来说,背万能模版可能是最快最有效的方法了,但是在背作文的时候,不管是小作文还是大作文,除了单纯去记住所谓的句子,还要记住重点的短语,以及是行文的思路,转化成自己的东西印象才深刻。这也就是为什么很多人考前作文背熟了,但是到了考场就想不起来,或者是运用不好的缘故。因为谁也猜不到考试作文的具体内容,所以说写作需要扎扎实实地练习才会有质的提高。