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风之子2016考研英语二真题及答案解析
2016考研英语二真题及答案解析 Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。 Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on the ANSWER SHEET。 （10 points）Happy people work differently。 They’re more proctive， more creative， and willing to take greater risks。 And new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work， too。Companies located in place with happier people invest more， according to a recent research paper。 2 ， firms in happy places spend more on R&D（research and development）。That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investment for the future。The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested。 So they compared U.S。 cities’ average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas。7 enough， firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8。 But it is really happiness that’s linked to investment， or could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D？ To find out， the researches controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest like size， instry ， and sales-and-and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in， like growth in wages or population。 They link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things。The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms， which the authors 13 to “less confined decision making process” and the possible presence of younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment。’’ The relationship was 15 stronger in places where happiness was spread more 16。 Firms seem to invest more in places。17 this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view， the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility。 It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future。 It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward –thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average，” said one researcher。1。 [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2。 [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3。 [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4。 [A] indivialism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5。 [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6。 [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7。 [A] sure [B] odd [C] unfortunate [D] often8。 [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9。 [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10。 [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11。 [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12。 [A] resumed [B] held [C] emerged [D] broke13。 [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D] compare14。 [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D] experienced15。 [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16。 [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17。 [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18。 [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19。 [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20。 [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send actSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts。 Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D。 Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET。 （40 points）Text 1It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college。 Students without experience can catch up after a few introctory courses， said Tom Cortina， the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science。However， Cortina said， early exposure is beneficial。 When younger kids learn computer science， they learn that it’s not just a confusing， endless string of letters and numbers – but a tool to build apps， or create artwork， or test hypotheses。 It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students。 Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal。 Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap， Cortina said。Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college， where introctory computer-science classes are packed to the brim， which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away。The Flatiron School， where people pay to learn programming， started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for alts looking for a career change。 The high-schoolers get the same curriculum， but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in，” said Victoria Friedman， an instructor。 For instance， one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood。The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook。 Programming languages have a quick turnover， so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market。 But the skills they learn – how to think logically through a problem and organize the results – apply to any coding language， said Deborah Seehorn， an ecation consultant for the state of North Carolina。Indeed， the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all。 But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes。 These kids are going to be surrounded by computers-in their pockets ，in their offices， in their homes –for the rest of their lives， The younger they learn how computers think， how to coax the machine into procing what they want –the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that –the better。21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to _______A。 complete future job trainingB。 remodel the way of thinkingC。 formulate logical hypothesesD。 perfect artwork proction22.In delivering lessons for high - schoolers ， Flatiron has considered their________A。 experienceB。 interestC。 career prospectsD。 academic backgrounds1、[答案]C how[解析]根据空格所在句子可以看出，空格处应该是一个引导宾语从句的从属连词，做influence的宾语。四个选项的意思中，只有C。 how引导后面的内容做influence的宾语，前后意思合理。2、[答案]B In particular[解析]空格的前一句话的内容是：坐落在幸福人群所在地的公司投资更多的钱。空格所在句的内容是：坐落在幸福人群所在地的公司在…方面投入更多的钱。很显然，前后句子是总分关系。选项中，只有B选项可以体现总分关系。3、[答案]D necessary[解析]根据空格处前后的内容，_____ for making investments for the future是做后置定语修饰longer-term thinking和happiness。幸福，这种持久的思维模式对于对未来进行投资_______，四个选项中只有D。 necessary 做后置定语符合前后内容。其他选项与原文内容语义不符。4、[答案]C optimism[解析]空格处的内容与inclination for risk-taking由and连接，构成并列关系，后面that come with happiness定语从句既修饰空格处的内容，也修饰inclination for risk-taking，所以选项中可以由that come with happiness修饰的只有C选项optimism。5、[答案]D change[解析]空格处的内容和the way companies invested构成动宾搭配。选项中A。 echo 回声 B。 miss 思念 C。 spoil 溺爱 D。 change 改变，所以只有D选项可以和the way companies invested构成通顺语义。故D项正确。6、[答案]B measured[解析]原文：So they compared U.S。 cities’ average happiness_______ by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas。 所以他们比较美国城市的平均幸福，这种幸福是根据盖洛普在上市公司的投资活动地区民意调查来________。 A imagined 想象，D assumed 假定与民意调查的客观性是不符的，故排除，C invented 发明，与文意不符，故选B measured，衡量，测量。7、[答案]A sure[解析]若要判断此空的答案，需要结合文章上下文来判断。这句话和本篇完型的第二段的首句的含义是相同的。第二段的首句：Companies located in places with happier people invest more，含义为：坐落在幸福人们多的地方的公司会加大研发投入力度。本段首句其实是对于这一中心的重复阐述，因此选A。8、[答案]D headquartered[解析]原文：firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were _________。公司的投资与研发强度与公司所_______的地区的幸福度相关。依据第7题的答案，我们可以推断，这句话所填写的单词和located应该是近义， A advertised 广告； B divided 分割； C overtaxed 负担过重；均与本文含义不符，故选D，headquartered设立总部。9、[答案]A explain[解析]原文：…could something else about happier cities ______ why firms there spend more on R&D？ 此句也是对于本文中心的再次论证。还有其他的什么可以__________公司在幸福的城市加入研发投入力度吗？ 这句话之后就是具体的原因陈述。B overstate 夸张； C summarize总结；D emphasize 强调；均不符合文意，所以以上三项皆排除。故选A express 解释，阐释。10、[答案]B factors[解析]原文： To find out， the researchers controlled for various ________that might make firms more likely to invest — like size， instry， and sales ，为了找到答案，研究人员控制了各种各样的可能会让公司加大投资的_______——比如大小、行业和销量——，联系上下文，我们可以看出，这个空格其实就是下文size， instry， and sales的上义词，可以包含这三个名词的内容。A stages 阶段；C levels 水平，标准； D methods 方法；均不符合文意。故选B factors 原因，因素。11、[答案]A desirable[解析]该句意思为：研究者掌控了各种使公司更愿意投资的因素（比如规模、行业、销售），也掌控了居住起来____的住处的征兆（比如工资或人数的增长）。此处需填入形容词，前后两句为并列关系，感情色彩应保持一致，所填词应和空前more likely to invest更可能投资，以及空后like举例的内容涨工资一致，也是好事，所以答案desirable可取的、令人满意的为正确选项。Sociable善于交际的，reputable有声望的，reliable可靠的虽为正向词汇，但均与上下文衔接不紧密，因此答案为desirable。12、[答案]B held[解析]即使说明这些问题，总体来讲，快乐与投资之间的关系____。Resume继续、重新开始，hold保持不变，维持，emerge出现，break破裂。前后为递进，说明这些问题后，二者关系应仍然保持不变，所以hold为正确答案。13、[答案]A attribute[解析]该句意思为：快乐与投资之间的相互关系对年轻的企业特别强烈，作者把这一点____于“缺少编纂的做决定过程”。此处考搭配，attribute…to把……归咎于，assign…to把……指派给，transfer…to把……传递给，compare…to把……相比较，其中attribute…to符合文意，作者把这一点归因于于“缺少编纂的做决定过程”。14、[答案]D experienced[解析]该题为并列平行关系考查，and前后情感色彩、所属范畴应保持一致，younger并列，应为less experienced缺少经验的，故为正确答案。Serious严肃的，civilized文明的，ambitious有野心的，与年龄无直接关系，故排除。15、[答案]C also[解析]该句话上一句为The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong，此句为The relationship was 15 stronger，显然，二者之间为并列关系，因此选择also也。Thus表结果，instead表转折，never从不，不符合此处逻辑。16、[答案]D equally[解析]此题考查副词。四个选项中，A选项rapidly意为“迅速地”， B选项regularly意为“常规地”，C选项意为directly“直接地”，D选项equally“平等地”。此处讨论的是公司投资与快乐之间的关系。空格后指出，相较于在快乐不平等的地方，或者幸福感有巨大鸿沟的地方，公司更愿意在大多数人都较为幸福的领域投资， D选项equally是对inequality的反义复现，因此，D选项是正确选项。17、[答案]C While[解析]此处考察上下文的逻辑关系。上文指出，公司愿意在幸福的领域里投资， 而空格后则提到“这并不能证明幸福引发了公司扩大投资或者采用较长远的眼光看问题”，显然，这二者之间是转折关系，正确选项为C选项While “然而”。A选项 After“在……之后” ， B选项Until “直到”，D选项Since“因为”或“自从”，都不符合文意。18、[答案]C hints[解析]空格所在句的前半句质疑了投资与幸福的关系，后半句的作者表现的态度是“believe”， 因此此处要填入一个表积极立场的词，且能与后面的at that possibility构成搭配， 表明“作者”的认可态度。A选项arrive“到达”，B选项jumps“跳跃”，D选项strikes“打击；罢工”，均不能与at that possibility搭配，C选项hints“暗示”符合语意，因此正确答案为C。19、[答案]A shape[解析]结合文意，此处是在正面论述“当地文化和氛围”对公司运营的影响，且二者之间的因果关系一直贯穿全文。四个选项中，A选项shape意为“形成，塑造” B选项rediscover“重新发现”， C选项simplify“简化”，D选项share“分享”， 其中只有A 选项最贴近语意，因此正确答案为A。20、[答案]B lean towards[解析]此处考察固定词组。 A选项pray for意为“为……祈祷”，B选项lean towards意为“向……倾斜”，C选项give away意为“泄露； 失去；赠送”，D选项send out意为“发送，发出”。空格所在句的前后语意为“快乐的人比普通人更加的具有正向思维，更有创造力，并且更加的_____研究和发展。”可知最符合文意的只能是选项B。Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121、[答案][B]remodel the way of thinking[解析]观点题。根据题干Cortina holds回文定位在第二段。第二段指出Cortina认为过早的接触电脑是有益的，紧接着指出当小孩子学习电脑科学，他们就学习了如何去开发手机应用程序，或者创作艺术，或者验证假设。对于他们来说与大孩子相比，改变思维并不难。综上所述，[B]remodel the way of thinking是对原文“transform their thought”的同义置换。22、[答案][B] interest[解析]事实细节题。根据题干关键信息“in delivering lessons for high-schoolers”、“Flatiron has considered”，定位到第三段。整个第三段在叙述Flatiron School。其中，第三行The high-schoolers get the same curriculum， but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in”（高中生们上同样的课程，但是“我们力图以他们的兴趣来调整课程”），表明了该校开设课程的依据是“学生的兴趣”，故选[B] interest。23、[答案][A] help students learn other computer languages[解析]细节题。根据Deborah Seehorn 定位到文章第五段最后一句。Deborah说他们学习的技能（如何思考问题具有逻辑性并组织结果）可以应用到编码语言中去。选项[A]帮助学生学习另外的电脑语言是对这句话的概括。24、[答案][C] become better prepared for the digitalized world[解析]推理题。根据题干关键词“the last paragraph”和“Flatiron students”回文定位在最后一段。最后一段第一句指出Flatiron的学生不会全都进入IT界。紧接着第二句说明培养编码人员不是唯一目的，第三句进一步指出这些学生将会一生“被电脑包围”（生活在电脑时代），对比四个所给选项，[C] become better prepared for the digitalized world与原文意思一致，故正确。25、[答案][A] persuade[解析]词义题。根据题干关键信息“coax”（Line 4， Para.6），定位到最后一段第四行how to coax the machine into procing what they want（如何…电脑生产他们想要的），且该部分是与how computers think（电脑是如何思维的）并列的，都是学生学习的具体内容。正是因为两者并列，因此根据单词think可知coax同样含有一定比喻色彩，且coax指的是“让电脑生产他们想要的”一种手段或方式。将四个选项分别带入原文：[A] persuade“劝说，劝诱”，即“劝诱电脑生产他们想要的”，语意恰当，是正确选项；[B] frighten“吓唬，使惊吓”，即“吓唬电脑去生产他们想要的”，该方式带有贬义色彩，故排除；[C] misguide“误导”，与[B]同理，故排除；[D] challenge“挑战”，即“挑战电脑去生产他们想要的”，语义不通顺，故排除。因此，本题正确答案为[A] persuade。Text 226、[答案][A] its drastically decreased population[解析]本题属于细节题，考查了考生对文章首段中关于草原鸡数量的变化的理解。根据对首段首句当中生物学家预测的数量是2百万，而在首段末句出现but转折以及末句当中关于草原鸡现在真实的剩余数量只有2万2千只，都可以说明草原鸡的数量急剧的下降；另外，这道题还有一种做法是通过第二段首句的主语的作用，某些情况下，文章中间段落的首句主语起到承上启下的作用，那么中间段落首句主语就会有概括上一段的作用，本文第二段的首句：The crash was a main reason USFWS decided to formally list the bird as threatened。 就是对第26题题干和正确选项的同义替换，根据第二段第一句的主语：the crash （这种暴跌），对应正确选项A。27、[答案][D] went against conservation policies[解析]本题属于推理题，根据题干信息：the “Threatened” tag 令许多环境学家感到失望，定位到第二段的第三句，因此，原因应该出自第三句之后，而第四句和第五句中间有很明显的转折词but，因此答案定位在第五句，很多同学可能会问，这里并没有表示原因的词去与题干当中的in that进行对应，但是在我们的钻石卡的课程中提到，原文当中给出原因的并不一定是直接给出表示原因的连词或者介词，在本文第三句的but Ashe and others argued that the “threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new， potentially less confrontational conservation approaches。 当中的gave这个词是“使得”的意思，A使得B如何如何，也就是A是B的原因，因此这道题的答案是D （违反了保护措施）。28、[答案][B] volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[解析]本题属于推理题，根据题干当中给出的位置信息（第三段）以及表示条件与结果的逻辑关系的if这个信息，可以迅速定位到第三段的第一句，其中题干当中的if与文章当中的as long as 进行对应，而题干当中的表示结果的部分与as long as 之前进行对应，因此，正确选项应该出自as long as 之后，也就是原文当中的：they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat。 “签订一系列管理计划去恢复草原鸡的栖息地”，对应到的正确选项是B （volunteer to set up an equally big habitat 帮助搭建同样大小的栖息地）29、[答案][D] the states[解析]本题属于细节题。答案定位在文章第三段最后一句，从Ashe所说的话中“states remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species”可以得出，选项D the states在管理物种方面起着领导作用。30、[答案][B] the win-win rhetoric[解析]本题属于推断题。答案定位在文章最后一段，从Jay Lininger所说的话中，可以得知他认为政府应该为导致鸟类濒临灭绝的产业负责任，因此可以得出，他最可能支持本段开头所提出的双赢的说法。Text 331、[答案][D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed[解析]细节题。根据题干回文定位到第二段第一句“what makes…management techniques don‘t seem sufficient”，，但是这句并没有提及原因。真正的原因是第二段最后一句“Deep reading requires not just time， but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient”。（深度阅读需要的不仅仅是时间，而且仅仅通过高效率所获得的那种时间也不够），因此选项D what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed为正确答案。32、[答案][B] make passing time fulfilling[解析]细节题。根据题干回文定位到第三段第五句：we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles（days， hours， minutes） as they pass。故正确答案应该与to fill…相一致。这句话中将时间单位天，小时和分钟比喻成了不同大小的瓶子。而压力来自于我们填充这些大小不一的瓶子时，即把自己的时间充实起来时。故正确答案为选项B，其中passing time是原文as they pass的同义替换，making … fulfilling是to fill的同义替换。33、[答案][D] achieve immersive reading[解析]细节题。根据题干定位到第四段第二句：…such ritualistic behavior helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time。 （这种仪式化行为指代有助于我们从拜托时间流进入灵魂阅读），soul time 即选项D 中immersive reading （沉浸式阅读），故正确答案为选项D。题干“scheling regular times for reading helps”是题干中的“such ritualistic behavior helps”的同义改写，“soul time”是“immersive reading”的同义替换。34、[答案][A] reading becomes your primary business of the day[解析]细节题。根据题干中的carry a book with you at all times can work if， 可以定位到第四段倒数第二句 “providing you dip in often enough， so that reading becomes the default state”（假定你经常沉浸在阅读中，以至于阅读成为一种默认设置），因此可以确定选项A reading becomes your primary business of the day（阅读成为你一天中的主要事情）为正确答案。35、[答案][B] How to Find Time to Read[解析]主旨题。根据文章首段转折之后出主旨。But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully： There’s never any time to read。（但是其中一个特别悲哀的抱怨是：没有时间阅读）。第二、三、四段都在论证深度阅读才是解决之道。因此选项Dhow to find time to read为正确答案。Text 436、[答案][B] having a family with children[解析]根据题干给出的mark， successful life等词可以定位到第二段的第一句话，successful life可以找到原词，而mark对应milestone，including后面的内容就是这种生活的特征，包含“结婚，有孩子，有家，60岁退休”，和选项对比，只有B项符合原文给出的特征，属于同意替换。A项这里未提，略有干扰的是后面but句中的different paths，但这和题干不符，C项的退休后工作和原文刚好相反，D项未提到。37、[答案][C] attach importance to pre-martial finance[解析]根据题干给出的段落序号可以定位到第三段，另又提到young people，故可以定位到第三段开头第一句话。题干问的是年轻人倾向于……，题干中的tend在这句话中可以找到同意置换词more likely，句子中后面有5个to do表示年轻人倾向于做什么，所以答案就在这些动词不定式中。和选项对比，只有C项符合原文的含义“婚前或者有孩子之前要有经济保障”，属于同意替换。A项这里未提，也不符合当下年轻人的生活习惯，B项和原文刚好相反，原文说的是经常换工作来提升职业，而选项说的是长时间做一份工作，D项只是有childcare outside the home和原文一样，但是原文说的是父母都工作对孩子好，选项则是说年轻人更注重照顾孩子，两者含义并不相符。38、[答案][D] reach almost all aspects of American life[解析]根据题干给出的the priorities and expectations等词可以定位到第四段的第一句话的中间，that后面的内容是对这两个名词的修饰，故答案应该在这个从句中。和选项对比，只有D项符合原文，ripple through和选项中的reach属于同意替换。A项和B项这里均未提，C项只是politics和preferences这两个词有在文中出现，但是语义并不相符。39、[答案][D] getting established is harder for the young[解析]根据题干给出的young and old等词可以定位到第五段开头，这句话有冒号，解释key point，所以答案应该在冒号之后，题目问的是他们同意什么，也就是观点，所以可以再缩小范围为believe后面的内容为正确选项的含义。和选项对比，只有D项符合原文，属于同意替换。A项和C项这里均未具体提及，B项相对干扰性强，但是文中只是提到说在实现这些重要成就时，晚辈会比长辈遇到更艰难的挑战，并不是说老辈比晚辈创造了更多的成就，故排除。40、[答案][C] His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree[解析]根据题干给出的Schenider可以定位到最后一段开头。这段话开头就说这个人认为今天的生活更艰难，后面的内容都在介绍他的生活。因为题干除了这个人名之外并没有给出其他更细定位的信息，可以选择从选项定位入手反推正确答案。A项“他毕业后找到一个理想工作”，文章只在最后一段第二句后面说到这个问题，但并没有说这个工作是dream work，故排除。B项的work steady在第三局也有提到，但并没有说是父母认为的，故排除。C项说到父母的好生活在第四、五句有提到，尤其引号中的内容和选项相符，故为正确答案。D项认为工作很有挑战性，这并没有提到，属于无中生有。Part B41、[答案]D （Express your emotions）[解析]emotions一词在本段中原词复现了两次，而且出现了其下义词，比如sad， angry，本段最后一句提到对待情绪的方式是：acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately。选项D与此完全对应。因此确定正确答案为D选项。42、[答案]F （Be easily pleased）[解析]该段通过举例来说明段落主题，提到it cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed，本句话的含义是“虽然礼物不值钱，但是让她特别开心”。并且核心词overjoyed与小标题F中pleased属于近义词。该段第二句话在转折后提到the reality is these things have little lasting impact on our happiness levels，即“这些东西对我们的幸福水平影响很小。”接着最后一句总结到“感激生活中的小事情是提升我们幸福感的一个好方式”，因此本段重点在于强调要感激生活中的小事情，所以正确答案是F选项。43、[答案]A （Be silly）[解析]该段开头提及一个问题，那么问题的答案正是本段的中心句。第二句正是对问题的解答，根据本句话的前半部分：if we alts could inlge in a bit of silliness and giggling， 核心词silliness与选项A中的silly为同源词，因此确定选项A为正确答案。44、[答案]B （Have fun）[解析]首先明确本段中第二句为转折句，在找段落中心时，是必读部分。本句话含义是“成年人有能力按照自己的想法去享受时光（enjoy the things）”，紧接着下句举例说明享受的这些快乐的事情分别有哪些。因此本段重点在于说明成年人可以按照自己的意愿享受快乐时光。故选择 Have fun 。45、[答案]E （Don’t overthink it）[解析]该段主题句是段落首句it’s important to add that we shouldn’t try too hard to be happy，强调“我们不应该着急要快乐”。第二句借科学家的话提到这样做的不良影响，下文更是引用哲学家庄子的话来证明这一论点，最后一句再次突出，我们应以孩子为榜样，对于孩子来说，快乐不是一个目标，而是他们生活方式的自然副产品。可见，该段整体上是总分的结构，先提出论点再论证。此外too hard与选项E中的overthink属于近义表达，natural与overthink是反义复现。因此，答案选E。Section III Translation46、[解析]句1：The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors。[题目考点]被动语态，不定式短语作目的状语[句子结构]简单句。句子的主干是“The supermarket is designed to……”，被动语态翻译的时候变为主动，不定式短语做目的状语，可以翻译为“旨在……”。“lure……into”表示引诱……做……，在这里可以意译为“意在……”。“as much time as possible”表示“尽可能长的时间……”[重点词汇] design：设计；lure：吸引，引诱。[参考译文]超市旨在吸引顾客在店里停留尽量长的时间。句2：The reason for this is simple： The longer you stay in the store， the more stuff you’ll see， and the more stuff you see， the more you’ll buy。[题目考点]并列结构，比较结构[句子结构]复合句。本句用连词and连接两个比较句。本句包含一个常用的比较结构“the+形容词+……，the+形容词+……”表示“越……，越……”。[重点词汇] the more……， the more……：越…，越…。[参考译文]原因非常简单：顾客在店里停留的时间越长，看到的商品越多；看到的商品越多，买的越多。句3：And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff。[题目考点]词的翻译[句子结构]简单句。本句是简单的主语+谓语+宾语结构。“contain”原本表示“包含，包括”，在本句中可以意译为“陈列”。[重点词汇]contain：包含，包括。[参考译文]超市陈列了大量的商品。句4：The average supermarket， according to the Food Market Institute， carries some 44，000 different items， and many carry tens of thousands more。[题目考点]并列结构[句子结构]复合句。And连接了两个简单句。第一个简单句句子的主干是“The average supermarket carries items……”；第二个简单句句子的主干是“many carry……”。“ according to……”表示“根据……”做方式状语。[重点词汇]Food Market Institute： 食品营销研究院， tens of thousands：成千上万。[参考译文]根据食品营销研究院的调查，一般超市里有约44000种不同的商品；大多数超市都有上万种。句5：The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload。[题目考点]词的翻译，不定式短语做目的状语[句子结构]简单句。句子的主干是“The sheer volume of available choice is enough”，不定式“to ……”做目的状语，表示“足够去干……”。[重点词汇]sheer：绝对的，纯粹的； available：可利用的，可供选择的；overload：符合过多。[参考译文]如此众多的选择足以使顾客面对的信息过于繁杂。句6：According to brain-scan experiments， the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us。[题目考点]词的翻译[句子结构]简单句。句子的主干是“the demands……become……”，表示“需求……变得……”。短语“：According to……”做方式状语，表示“根据……”。[重点词汇]brain-scan：脑部扫描 ，decision-making：作出决定，决策。[参考译文]根据脑部扫描实验，需要做这么多的决定很快就会使我们难以承受。句7：After about 40 minutes of shopping， most people stop struggling to be rationally selective， and instead began shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying。[题目考点]并列结构，定语从句[句子结构]复合句。句子主干为most people stop struggling to be rationally selective and instead began shopping emotionally，其中instead和rationally，emotionally含转折和对比的意味。after about 40 minutes of shopping为介词短语做时间状语。which is the point是which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的整个句子。at which引导限制性定语从句，修饰point，相当于when，这个定语从句中主干成分为we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff，in our cart做地点状语。句中的最后一个that引导定语从句，修饰前面的先行词the 50 percent of stuff，整个句子中呈现从句套从句的句式。[重点词汇]rationally：理性地；emotionally：情感地，情绪冲动地；accumulate：累积；cart：购物车。[参考译文]大约购物40分钟以后，大部分顾客就无法试图做出理性的选择，而会冲动购物——此时，在购物车里，我们已经装了一半根本没想买的东西。[全文翻译]超市旨在吸引顾客在自己店内停留尽量长的时间。原因很简单：顾客在店里停留的时间越长，看到的商品就会越多；而看到的商品越多，你就会买的越多。超市有大量商品。根据食品营销研究院所说，普通超市大概有44000种不同的商品；很多超市更是会比普通超市多上万种商品。众多选择足以让顾客面临各种信息，不堪重负。根据脑部扫描实验，需要做这么多的决定很快就会使我们难以承受。大约购物40分钟以后，大部分顾客就无法试图做出理性的选择，而会冲动购物——此时，在购物车里，我们已经装了一半根本没想买的东西。Section IV Writing47、 [参考范文]Dear Jack，Your letter of congratulations was received。 Thank you for your nice words on my winning the contest。 In the letter， you asked me about the skills to do translation， so the following are my advice for you。Firstly， you should analyze the sentence structure， thus catching the meaning of the sentence。 Secondly， find the proper words to translate the meaning of the source language into the target language。 Thirdly， revise your translation at least three times to check if there are any mistranslations or missed meanings。I hope my advice helpful。 Wish to see you soon。Yours sincerely，Li Ming48、 [参考范文]Portrayed in the above pie chart is a survey of college students’ purposes of traveling。 The number of students who take traveling as a chance to see beautiful scenes accounts for 37%， while students who would like to travel to relieve pressure from study take up 35 %。There are several reasons behind the trend revealed in the above chart。 To begin with， as the present society is filled with fierce competition， most college students nowadays are under great pressure to stand out among others or to lunch a decent job after graation。 Therefore， they tend to choose traveling as an outlet to relieve their stress。 Secondly， with the fast advancement of the living standards of Chinese families， traveling is increasingly affordable to most college students。 For this reason， students prefer to travel to see different views to enjoy themselves or to make some friends。From my perspective， no matter what reason it is for， traveling is of great benefit for students to
白棉花2020考研英语二真题及答案：阅读理解及翻译
今天2020考研英语二考试已经结束了，小编正在发布2020考研英语二真题及答案，现在已经整理出2020考研英语二真题及答案：阅读理解第一篇和第二篇、以及翻译部分，并公布出来，希望有助于大家。2020考研英语二真题及答案：完型答案1.tricky2.for example3.fortunately4.descirbe5.while6.task7.tolerant8.push9.inevitable10.harsh11.turn back12.however13.regret14.affect15.bond16.important17.confronted18.hard19.changing20.escape2020考研英语二真题及答案：阅读理解第一篇21.Copper and her colleague argue that a "town of culture" award would ___.A. consolidate the town city ties in BritainB. promote cooperation among Brain's townsC. increase the economic strength of Brain's townsD. focus Brain's limited resources on cultural events.22.According to paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as ______..A.a sensible compromiseB.a self-deceiving attemptC.an eye-catching bonusD.an inaccessible target23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ______A. endeavor to maintain its imageB. meets the aspiration of its peopleC. brings its local arts to prominenceD. commits to its long-term growth24. “Glasgow” is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present ______A. a contrasting caseB. a supporting exampleC. a background storyD. a related topic25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?A. Skeptical B. Objective C. Favorable D. Critical2020考研英语二真题及答案：阅读第二篇26. which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?A. The growth in the number of cooperationsB. The general pay rise with a better economyC. Increased business opportunities for top firmsD. Close cooperation among leading economics27.Compared with their predecessors, today's CEOs are required to ___.A. foster a stronger sense of teamworkB. finance more reaserach and developmentC.establish closer ties with tech companiesD.operate more globalized companies28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite ____.A.continual internal oppositionB. strict corporate governanceC.conservative business strategiesD.repeated governance warnings29.High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps ___.A.confirm the status of CEOsB.motive inside candidatesC.boost the efficiency of CEOsD.increase corporate value30.The most suitable title for this text would be ___.A.CEOs Are Not OverpaidB. CEO Pay : Past and PresentC.CEOs' Challenges of TodayD.CEO Traits: Not Easy to Define2020考研英语二真题及答案：翻译部分
老球迷2021考研英语二真题及答案出炉！2021年考研英语二听力阅读原文作文翻译范文真题答案解析
考研英语二真题及答案解析【摘要】2021考研英语二12月26日下午落下帷幕，试题及答案来了，看看你对了多少？能得多少分呢？一起来看看2021考研英语二真题答案，考研英语二听力阅读翻译写作答案解析，考研英语真题答案正持续更新中。
花流考研英语二阅读理解如何提高
考研英语二的阅读理解部分分值较高，因此是很多同学想要攻破的部分之一，那么，如何才能在阅读理解部分得到更高的分数呢？首先，大家要了解并熟知考研英语二中的阅读部分分为四篇文章，每一篇文章中附带五个小题，第一步要分配好做题时间，避免前面篇章浪费过多时间，后面只能草草阅读蒙题了之。其次，阅读理解中四篇文章，分别涉及不同领域的话题词汇，所以在做题之前，应注意考研词汇的积累，毕竟单词是阅读的基础。再次，考研英语二的阅读理解部分，并没有特别的难，做过几套题的同学会发现，其实有时候不通篇阅读的情况下，一样可以做出正确答案，甚至上下文都不知道讲的是什么内容，但是答案却是正确的，这是怎么做到的呢？接下来就给大家详细说一说阅读部分的解题技巧：1. 快速浏览五个小题的题干，综合揣摩作者会如何行文；2. 根据各题题干关键词，明确答案区间，牢记问题，快速阅读文章，关键词出现时，务必降速，仔细研读，简单题快速直选，疑难问题可搁置，通读全文后，修改初期对文章的推测和理解后，再次去处理疑难问题；3. 站在命题人角度思考问题，切勿主观随意猜测下定论，练习过程中可以不勾画，注意力集中，可以再日常联系中培养思维灵敏度。考题无非大致分为以下几种：1.具体信息题，也叫细节理解题，对于此类问题，应用上文提到的关键词定位法，找到答案区间即可解题；2. 生词生意或熟词生意题，应将词汇还原到原文中，根据所在句子和文中的意思解题；3. 论点论据题，一般位于段落开头句，并用其他的句子或例子加以论证；4. 中心思想题，看每一段落的中心句，将所有中心句串联起来，揣摩通篇的中心思想；5. 及作者观点或态度题，作者观点可能不断变化，因此，可以直接找作者的最后一个观点，一般会出现在文章末端。在以上技巧的基础上，再加以练习，相信会有很大提高。
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恶意2021考研英语二真题及答案解析(完整版)
2021考研英语初试已经于12月26日下午14点到17点结束，文都考研考后为大家整理了2021考研英语初试真题及答案解析，方便考研人在考研结束之后核对估分以及2022考研人了解考情，下面一起来看下2021考研英语二真题及答案解析完整版。2021考研英语二真题及答案解析(完整版)以上就是“2021考研英语二真题及答案解析(完整版)”的相关内容，文都考研会在考后带来更多2021考研初试真题及答案解析，考研人持续关注!#2021考研#
闯入者考研英语阅读理解英语二六大基本题型
课程介绍：本课程主要是针对考研英语（二）阅读六大题型的精讲，内容包括，考研英语阅读六大题型的考试目的，做题方法以及真题演练部分。从英语（二）10年考研英语真题当中精心挑选典型例题，通过典型例题对考研英语六大题型进行深度的剖析和讲解，旨在帮助同学们对英语（二）的阅读理解有正确的认识和理解，在考试中取得高分。课程内容：英语（二）阅读理解主旨题英语（二）阅读理解细节题英语（二）阅读理解态度题英语（二）阅读理解词义题英语（二）阅读理解例证题英语（二）阅读理解推理题适用人群：（1）英语（二）的所用考生（2）尤其适用于四级没过，基础薄弱同学（3）尤其适用于文章读不懂，单词不认识的同学
意也考研英语二阅读精读分析｜疫情造成的经济损害
01文章脉络分析引出话题：大家对疫情造成的经济损害预测态度不同（Para. 1）↓预判指标之一（银行的贷款损失准备金）6 月份较好（Para. 2）↓与之前（4 月）相比，是个明显变化（Para. 3）↓银行预判态度变乐观的原因（Para. 4）↓但还不能完全放松（Para. 5）↓很多贷款有可能将变成坏账，导致准备金提高（Para. 6）↓贷款损失准备金增高可能有三个后果（Para. 7）02原文精读分析Why bank bosses aresoundingmore optimistic about expected loan losses为什么银行老板似乎对预期贷款损失更乐观【Para.1】Gauginghow badly the coronavirus has damaged the economy is tricky. Pessimistsdiagnosea far worse recession than that which followed the financial crisis. Optimists predict a sharp recovery, pointing torobustbanks and housing markets.衡量冠状病毒对经济的损害有多严重，是件棘手的事情。悲观主义者断定这将是一场严重的经济衰退，比金融危机导致的那次经济衰退还要严重。而乐观者则基于表现强劲的银行和房地产市场，预测经济将会快速复苏。sound v. if something or someone sounds good, bad, strange etc, that is how they seem to you when you hear about them or read about them 听起来，看起来，好像这句话没有按照正常的疑问句语序，标题中经常会这样。可以理解成作者给读者提出问题：Do you know why bank bosses are sounding more optimistic about expected loan losses?Gauge v. to judge how people feel about something or what they are likely to do 判定，判断〔人们的情感或意图〕: [+ whether / what / how etc ]It is difficult to gauge what the other party's next move will be.很难判定对方下一步要做什么。diagnose v. Identify the nature of the medical condition or the problem 确定为/诊断为 The doctor diagnosed the illness as pneumonia.医生诊断此病为肺炎。本句结构 ：Pessimists 主 diagnose 谓 a far worse recession 宾语 than that (比较状语，=than the recession) （which followed the financial crisis）定从，修饰 that.robust a. a robust system, organization etc is strong and not likely to have problems〔系统、组织等〕强大的，稳固的The formerly robust economy has begun to weaken.原本强劲的经济开始衰退。 本句中的 pointing to…是现在分词做伴随，意思是乐观主义者预测的时候指出了/提到了表现强劲的银行和房地产市场，也就说，乐观者是基于表现强劲的银行和房地产市场而做出预测的。【Para.2】One way to form a view is to look at banks’loan-lossprovisions—the buffers they set aside to cover losses from loans they reckon might soondefault. By that standard it seems as if the patient is recovering much faster than first thought possible. On June 9th James Gorman, who runs Morgan Stanley, America’s sixth-largest bank, hinted that its loan-loss charges for the second quarter would be lower than in the first, because “the worst is behind us”. Gordon Smith, co-president of JPMorgan Chase, the largest bank, said that delinquencyrates were “meaningfullybetter” than expected. Even some of Europe’s bankers seem less gloomy.做出判断的一种方法就是查看银行的贷款损失准备金——银行为填补他们认为可能很快会违约的贷款损失而预留的缓冲资金。按照这个标准，似乎病人（即遭受疫情重创的经济）恢复得比最初想象的要快得多。6 月 9 日，掌管美国第六大银行摩根士丹利的詹姆斯·戈尔曼暗示其第二季度的贷款损失费用将低于第一季度，因为“最坏的已经过去”。最大的银行摩根大通的联合总裁戈登·史密斯说，债务拖欠率比预期的“明显更好”。甚至一些欧洲银行家似乎也不那么悲观。loan-loss provision np. 贷款损失准备金，即预留的用于应付贷款客户违约导致坏账的款项default v. to fail to pay money that you owe at the right time 违约，拖欠delinquency n. A failure to pay an outstanding debt by the e date.拖欠债务meaningfully adv. Having a recognizable function in a logical language or other sign system.〔逻辑上〕有意义的， 〔统计学上〕有显著意义的【Para.3】That is astarkchange from just a few weeks ago. In mid-April, as they reported their first-quarter results, America’s top fourlendersunveiled $24.1bn in provisions for credit losses, a jump of $18.7bn compared with the first quarter of 2019. JPMorgan increased its provision by nearly $6.9bn, hitting in one quarter the level it had reached in six ring the financial crisis. Europe’s lenders alsobookedbad news.与几周前相比，这是一个明显的变化。4 月中旬，在报告第一季度业绩时，美国四大银行公布了 241 亿美元的信贷损失准备金，比 2019 年第一季度增加了 187 亿美元。摩根大通将其准备金增加了近 69 亿美元，在一个季度内达到了金融危机期间的 6 个季度的水平。欧洲的银行也报告了坏消息。stark a. unpleasantly clear and impossible to avoid明摆着的 The extreme poverty of the local people is in stark contrast to the wealth of the tourists.当地居民的极度贫困和游客的富裕形成了鲜明的对比。lender n. a person or organization that lends money to people on condition that they pay it back 放款人，贷方，银行credit loss np. 信贷损失。和前面的 loan loss 一样意思book v. Make an official note of 记录 熟词僻义：名词做动词，但本句中转译为“报告”The cop booked me and took me down to the station. 警察记了我的名字然后把我带到了警察局。【Para.4】 Why the moodswing? To predict losses, most banks enter economic forecasts into models. The prospects for 2020 are hardlyrosy, but it seems at least that economies are no longer in free fall. Employment rose in America in May. Factories in Asia have reopened. The lifting of lockdowns in the West has not yet caused a second wave of infections. Uncertainty forced banks to behyper-prudentin April. Now theworst-casescenario seemsoff the cards.为什么（银行的）情绪会波动？为了预测信贷损失，大多数银行会将经济预测数据输入分析模型。2020 年的前景并不乐观，但至少看起来经济不再处于自由落体状态。五月份美国的就业率上升了。亚洲的工厂已经重新开张。西方解除封锁目前还没有引发第二波感染。4 月份的时候，不确定性迫使银行在过度谨慎，但现在最坏的情况似乎已经不存在了。swing n. a noticeable change in opinions or emotions〔意见或情绪的〕明显改变: [+ to / towards / between etc ]a big swing towards right-wing ideology 向右翼意识形态的大转变。She suffers from mood swings .她常有明显的情绪波动。本句省略了 is。整句是 Why is the mood swing?rosy a. seeming to offer hope of success or happiness 充满成功希望的，美好的a company that sees a rosy future for itself 认为业务前景一片光明的公司hyper- 前缀 more than usual, especially too much 过分（的），过度（的）hypersensitive (=too sensitive)过度敏感的prudent a. sensible and careful, especially by trying to avoid unnecessary risks 明智谨慎的，慎重的，审慎的worst-case a. (of a projected development) characterized by the worst of the possible foreseeable circumstances 作最坏打算的; 为最坏情况的; 为最不利条件的in the worst-case scenario, coastal resorts and communities face disaster.在最坏的情况下, 海滨度假胜地和当地居民将面临灾难。off the cards Not likely to happen, occur, or take place.不可能会发生。反义词：on the cards【Para.5】Relief may bepremature, though. Central-bank and government action has bought borrowers time. Chea state-backed loans are keeping firms and householdsafloat. No one knows how many borrowers will find themselves overburdened with debt when normal payment terms resume later in the year. That is especially true of consumer borrowers, up to a fifth of whom have asked forpayment holidays.不过，完全放松可能还为时过早。央行和政府的行动为借款人赢得了时间。廉价的国家援助贷款让企业和家庭得以生存下去。但当今年晚些时候，恢复正常偿还条件时，有多少借款人会发现自己债务负担过重？无人知道答案。对于消费贷款人来说尤其如此，多达五分之一的借款人要求暂缓还款。premature a. done too early or too soon〔做事〕过早的，过快的; 仓促的，草率的; 不成熟的Any talk of a deal is premature.现在谈论协议还为时过早。afloat a. If a person, business, or country stays afloat or is kept afloat, they have just enough money to pay their debts and continue operating. (人、企业、国家等) 仅够还债维持下去的（afloat 基本意思就是漂浮着的，延申到商业，就是指企业保持漂浮在水面上，也就是仅仅没淹死，仅仅维持不倒闭）Many small businesses are struggling to stay/keep afloat.许多小企业惨淡维持经营。payment holiday n. a period when payments do not need to be made, especially when repaying a debt or a mortgage 暂缓还款【Para.6】If unemployment persists and companiesgo bust, as many economists expect, many more loans willsour. Roberto Frazzitta of Bain, a consultancy, predicts that 2021 will see a surge ofnon-performing loansas big as that in the financial crisis, if not bigger. This will becompoundedby accounting: as customers’ balance-sheets worsen, the probability of default will rise, and regulators will demand that this be reflected in loss provisions, even if loans are still performing. Some losses will eventually beabsorbedby government guarantees. But the European Banking Association still expects losses to eat up to 3.8 percentage points of European banks’ core tier-one capital ratio (the average buffer for banks in the region is 14.8%).如果和许多经济学家所预计的那样，失业继续走高，企业破产，更多的贷款将会变成坏账（即变成不良贷款）。贝恩咨询公司的罗伯托·弗雷泽塔预测，2021 年不良贷款将会激增，其规模即便不比金融危机时更大，也差不多。会计核算将使情况更糟糕: 随着客户资产负债表变糟糕，其违约概率将上升，监管者将要求银行在其损失准备金中体现这一点，即便该笔贷款仍在还款中。一些损失最终会被政府担保金所消化。但欧洲银行业协会仍预计亏损将使欧洲银行核心一级资本率减少 3.8 个百分点(欧洲银行的平均防护缓冲资本率为 14.8%)。go bust vp. a business that goes bust cannot continue operating 生意失败，破产，倒闭The discovery of oil ushered in an era of employment and prosperity.石油的发现开创了一个就业和繁荣的新时代。sour v. make or become unpleasant, bad, or difficult 使）变得不愉快; （使）变坏; （使）变得困难As time went by, their marriage soured.随着时光的流逝，他们的婚姻关系恶化了。non-performing loan np. a loan that is in default or close to being in default.不良贷款，不履约贷款compound v. to make a bad action worse by doing more bad things 加剧，恶化absorb v. 本义是不良贷款被政府保证金所吸收，也就是用政府保证金来偿还不良贷款，政府兜底。因此翻译为“被政府担保金所消化”。【Para.7】Higher provisions could have three consequences, on both sides of the Atlantic. It may lead investors to question banks’ ability to pay dividends (Europe’s have suspended them, but America’s still dole them out). It may prompt banks to refine their standard loss-prediction models by using morealternativedata, says Ian Shipley of Oliver Wyman, a consultancy. And it may lead to calls for weaker lenders to consolidate, in order to improve theirresilience. That would be a hard pill to swallow, but could prove a handy cure.对大西洋两岸（即美欧双方）来说，更高的贷款损失准备金可能有三个后果。这可能会导致投资者质疑银行支付股息的能力(欧洲银行已经暂停发放股息，但美国银行仍在发放股息)。咨询公司奥利弗·怀曼(Oliver Wyman)的伊恩·希普利(Ian Shipley)表示，这可能会促使银行通过使用更多非常规数据来使其标准损失预测模型更精确。这也可能会导致（有人会）呼吁实力较弱的银行进行整合，以提高它们的（风险）应对能力。那将是一颗难以下咽的药丸（即银行整合比较难实施），但可能被证实是一种方便的解决办法。alternative a. of or relating to behaviour that is considere unconventional and is typically seen as a challenge to traditional norms 行为标新立异的（尤指对传统准则构成挑战的不从习俗行为）, 另类的，非常规的resilience n. the ability to become strong, happy, or successful again after a difficult situation or event 恢复力，复原力; 适应力；抵御力People showed remarkable resilience ring the war.战争期间人们表现得特别坚强。
象数考研英语二阅读精读分析｜美国大学的忧伤
01 文章脉络分析引出主题：美国绝大多数大学进行远程授课，但部分学生希望返校上课，因为在家学习效率不高，而且学校说不定比家更安全（Para.1&2） ↓此次疫情会加剧大部分院校的财务危机，规模较大的大学还能维持运转，但小一些的学校压力很大，很可能会破产（Para. 3&4）↓破产的学校往往依赖于学费这一个进项，但入学率连年下降，还有不少新生退学；出现这一现象，一方面是因为人口出生率下降，另一方面是因为这些学校教学方法落后（Para. 5&6）↓ 非白人学生较多的学校更不稳定，会有大批倒闭（Para. 7） ↓由于学生越来越倾向市区的大规模大学，位置较偏且规模较小的学校很快会被淘汰或者被整合（Para. 8）疫情也加速了这一过程。受出行禁令的影响，且不少人担忧美国治疫不力，外籍留学生的比例会进一步下滑（Para. 9） 同时因为经济衰退，家境贫困的本土学生很可能会放弃读大学，各州政府的教育补助也会大幅缩水，联邦的援助资金也是杯水车薪（Para. 10）↓此外，不少学校还面临着学生的诉讼，被要求退还学费。综上，美国大学面临着巨大的挑战（Para. 11）02 原文精读分析Could a fifth of America’s colleges really facethe chop?美国五分之一的高等院校是否能经受住此次淘汰危机？【Para.1】Martyna Malecka, acriminologystudent at Stonehill College,can’t wait for classes to restart in August. Her campus in Easton, Massachusetts, “feels like a village”: its elegant redbrick buildingssprawlover 384bucolicacres. She judges time spent there less of a coronavirus risk than staying at home in Chicago.玛蒂娜·马雷卡(Martyna Malecka) 就读于美国石山学院犯罪学专业，已迫不及待地想要迎接 8 月份的开学。她所在的校区位于马萨诸塞州的伊斯顿，“给人一种村庄的感觉”：校园内遍布着雅致的红砖建筑，总共占地 384 英亩；建筑周围则是一片田园景 象。玛蒂娜认为，呆在学校要比呆在芝加哥的家里更安全，感染新冠的概率更小。blues n. (pl.) a feeling of depression or deep unhappiness 忧郁 (习语 the blues)the chop n. (BrE, informal) the cancellation or abolition of something 取消；废止all these projects are destined for the chop. 所有这些工程注定要被取消the dismissal of someone from employment 解雇hundreds more workers have been given the chop. 又有几百名工人被解雇。criminology n. [ U ] the scientific study of crime and criminals 犯罪学sprawl v. If you say that a place sprawls, you mean that it covers a large area of land. 延伸The State Recreation Area sprawls over 900 acres on the southern tip of Key Biscayne.州立休闲区占地九百多英亩，地处基·比斯坎南端。（表达建筑占地面积的时候可以使用这个动词）bucolic a. /bjuklk/ ( literary ) connected with the countryside or country life 乡村的；乡村生活的；田园的【Para.2】Universities everywhere have madevaliantefforts to function remotely. A few, such as California State University, say they will continue teaching only online next year. Ms Malecka doubts that distance study works. She gets top marks, but laughingly admits she has “no idea” what she has learned after being at home since March. It is too easy to ignorelecturerswho appear by video, she says, and some hardly set assignments. Like other students, families and faculty, she cravesin-person learning.世界各地的大学都为远程运作作出了顽强的努力。一些学校，如加州州立大学，表示他们明年将继续只进行在线教学。然而，玛蒂娜很怀疑远程学习是否行得通。她能拿到高分，但却戏谑地承认自己其实并“不是很清楚”自 3 月以来在家到底学了些什么。她谈道，视频授课的讲师很容易被学生忽视，而且有些老师几乎不布置作业。与其他学生、家长和教师一样，玛蒂娜渴望面对面上课。valiant a. A valiant action is very brave and determined, though it may lead to failure or defeat. 顽强的（英勇的；勇敢的；果敢的；坚定的）Despite valiant efforts by the finance minister, inflation rose to 36%. 尽管这位财政部长作了顽强的努力，通货膨胀率还是升到了 36%。She made a valiant attempt not to laugh. 她试图强忍住不笑出来。lecturer n. (especially in Britain) a person who teaches at a university or college （尤指英国大学的）讲师He's a lecturer in French at Oxford. 他是牛津大学的法语讲师。crave v. to have a very strong desire for sth 渴望；热望SYN long for[ VN ] She has always craved excitement. 她总渴望刺激。【Para.3】Whether or not universitiesget backquicklytothat, many are likely to suffer. Stonehill is private and Catholic, with 2,500 students and a $200mendowment. It looksin good shape, but many similar liberal-arts colleges, especially in the northeast and Midwest, are not. Their problems arelong-standing. Nathan Grawe of Carleton College in Minnesota, who researches demography and higher ecation, says the core difficulty is theslipping fertility rate. Overall enrolment has drifted downover the past few years.但不管各个大学是否会迅速回归线下授课，许多院校都可能要经历一番磨难。石山大学是一所私立天主教学校，拥有 2500 名学生和 2 亿美元的资助基金，看上去运转良好。但在许多与它类似的文理学院，尤其是位于美国东北部和中西部的文理学院，情况却并非如此。这些学校有许多问题由来已久。明尼苏达州卡尔顿学院的内森·格劳（Nathan Grawe）从事人口统计学和高等教育研究，他认为，核心问题是美国生育率不断下滑，因此，过去几年里，美国大学入学总人数也有所下降。get back to sth/doing… phrase If you get back to an activity, you start doing it again after you have stopped doing it. 重新开始I think I ought to get back to work. 我想我应该重新开始工作了。If you get back to someone, you contact them again after a short period of time, often by telephone. (常指通过电话) 再联系We'll get back to you as soon as possible. 我们将尽快再跟你联系。endowment n. [ C U ] money that is given to a school, a college or another institution to provide it with an income; the act of giving this money 捐款；捐赠；资助in good shape phrase If someone or something is in shape, or in good shape, they are in a good state of health or in a good condition. If they are in bad shape, they are in a bad state of health or in a bad condition. (身体、物体) 处于（良好/不良）状况He was still in better shape than many young men. 他依然比许多年轻人都健康。Generally, if a company has lots of assets relative to liabilities, it's in good shape.一般来说，一家公司如果资产丰厚，而债务相对较少，它的运营状况就很好。long-standing a. A long-standing situation has existed for a long time. 长期存在的They are on the brink of resolving their long-standing dispute over money. 他们即将要解决彼此之间为时已久的金钱争议。slipping a. 不断下降的，退步的slip v. to fall to a lower level; to become worse 下降；退步；变差His popularity has slipped recently. 近来他已不如过去那样受欢迎fertility rate n. 生育率；人口出生率drift down v. 缓慢下降 How can banks be expected to lend more to re-inflate the economy's asset prices while wages and consumer prices continue to drift down? 当工资和消费持续下落，怎么还能指望银行借出更多钱，再通胀经济体内的资产价值？【Para.4】 This squeezes smaller colleges hardest. A study by ParthenonEY, an ecucation consultancy, of over 2,000 colleges suggested 800 are so small or inefficient that they maygo bust. Around one-fifthrun budget deficits. Others pile up debts, fail to build sufficient endowments or sustain student numbers only by agreeing topainfullybig discounts on fees. Mr Grawe points out that eight colleges were already closing each year before the pandemic.这一局面下，规模较小的大学受到的压力最大。教育咨询公司 Parthenon-EY 对 2000 多所大学进行了一项研究，结果表明，有 800 所大学规模太小或效率太低，很可能破产。约五分之一的 院校存在预算赤字。其它学校或债台高筑，或无力筹足基金，又 或单凭大幅降低学费来勉强维持学生数量。格劳先生指出，在新冠大流行之前，每年倒闭的大学就有 8 所。go bust v. = go bankrupt 破产 We lost our money when the travel company went bust . 旅行社破产，我们的钱都赔了进去。run budget deficits phrase 出现、实行预算赤字 Morgan expects even Singapore's government to run a budget deficit this year and next. 摩根预计，就连新加坡政府今明两年也会出现预算赤字。painfully adv. extremely, and in a way that makes you feel annoyed, upset, etc. 非常地；令人痛苦地；令人烦恼地Progress has been painfully slow . 进度慢得令人焦急。【Para.5】Those that fail are usually small, among the 40% of higherecation institutions with fewer than 1,000 students. In the past decade these have seen enrolments slip faster than medium-sized ones. (The biggest typically still thrive.) Of the 72 colleges Parthenon found had shut since 2007, almost every one was small. They are vulnerable because they depend most on revenue from students; others find ways tohire outcampuses for conferences, raise research funds, earnbequestsand thelike.这些破产的大学往往规模很小，且属于美国高等院校中学生人数不达 1000 人的 40%院校之列。过去十年，它们招生人数下滑速度超过中等院校。(当然，最大的几所学校通常仍能不断壮大。) Parthenon 发现有 72 所大学在 2007 后纷纷倒闭，其中几乎每一所规模都不大。它们之所以如此脆弱，是因为极其依赖学生缴 纳的学费进项；另一些学校则通过把校园出租给会议举办方、筹集研究资金、争取他人遗赠等方法来增加收入。hire out v. If you hire out a person's services, you allow them to be used in return for payment. 出租...employment agencies which hire out personnel to foreign companies. …向外国公司出租人员的职业介绍所。bequest n. ( formal ) money or property that you ask to be given to a particular person when you die 遗产； 遗赠He left a bequest to each of his grandchildren. 他给他的孙辈每人留下一笔遗产。like n. [ sing. ] a person or thing that is similar to another 类似的人（或物）（注意词性；复习）jazz, rock and the like (= similar types of music) 爵士乐、摇滚乐以及诸如此类的音乐a man whose like we shall not see again 我们再也不会见到的那种男人【Para.6】Robert Zemsky of the University of Pennsylvania, who co-wrote a recent book on the growingwoesof universities, expects a “collapse, lots of closures” of smaller colleges, notably in the wider Midwest. He blames both demography and teaching methods that do not suit some students, noting how, at many universities, more than a quarter of freshmen quit in their first year. Curriculums, he says, areoutdated, faculty areout of touchand four-year degrees should be cut to three to save costs and force arethinkof higher ecation.宾夕法尼亚大学的罗伯特·泽姆斯基(Robert Zemsky)最近与人合写了一本书，着眼于美国大学日益严峻的困境。他预计规模较小的大学将会“破产，大量关门”，尤其是在更为广阔的中西部地区。他把这归咎于美国人口结构和不适合部分学生的教学方法，特别提到在许多大学，超过四分之一的新生是怎么会在第一学年就退学的。泽姆斯基表示，很多学校课程过时，教师们与学 生脱节，而且 4 年制的学位课程应该削减到 3 年制，以节省教育成本，促使人们重新考虑高等教育。woes n.[ pl. ] the troubles and problems that sb has 麻烦；问题；困难financial woes 财政困难Thanks for listening to my woes. 谢谢您听我诉说不幸的遭遇outdated a. no longer useful because of being oldfashioned 过时的；陈旧的outdated equipment 过时的设备out of touch phrase If you are out of touch with someone, you have not been in contact with them recently and are not familiar with their present situation. 不联系的；与……脱节James and I have been out of touch for years. 我和詹姆斯已经多年没有联系了。rethink n. If you have a rethink of a problem, a plan or a policy, you think about it again and change it. 重新考虑a radical rethink of company policy 对公司规划的彻底反思【Para.7】Among the most vulnerable colleges are those that cater mostly to non-white students. “African-Americans are more than two times as likely to attend an institution at risk, compared with whites andHispanics,” he says. Crystal Nix-Hines, a lawyer in Los Angeles who specialises in the ecation sector, also expects an “enormouswinnowing” of historically black colleges.最岌岌可危的要数那些主要招收非白人学生的大学。泽姆斯基谈 道:“与白人和拉美裔相比，非裔美国人有两倍多的概率会去这 些高风险的大学。”洛杉矶律师克里斯特尔·尼克斯-海因斯(Crystal Nix-Hines)专门负责教育相关的案子，他也预测这些历 来以黑人为主的大学会面临一场“大洗牌”。Hispanic n. A Hispanic is someone who is Hispanic. 拉美裔美国人About 80 percent of Hispanics here are U.S. citizens. 这里约 80%的拉美裔美国人是美国公民。winnowing n. 筛选；遴选winnow v. If you winnow a group of things or people, you rece its size by separating the ones that are useful or relevant from the ones that are not. 筛选; 遴选Administration officials have winnowed the list of candidates to three. 行政官员将候选人名单筛减到三人。【Para.8】Consolidation of higher ecation isovere. Students increasingly prefer bigger and more urban institutions, so some smaller, rural ones will go. How many? Just before the pandemic, Mr Zemsky and his co-authors suggested that 10% of colleges would eventually close. He now expects 20% to shut ormerge withothers.高等院校整合来得有些晚。学生们越来越偏向更大、更市区化的学校，因此一些规模较小、位置偏远的学校将被淘汰。至于具体 数字，在大流行发生之前，泽姆斯基和他的合著者预计最终会有10%的大学倒闭。而现在，他预计，将有 20%倒闭或并入其他院校。overe a. If you say that a change or an event is overe, you mean that you think it should have happened before now. 早该发生的This debate is long overe. 这场辩论早就应该进行了。overe reforms 迟来的改革A book like this is long overe . 像这样的书早就该有人出版了。merge v. ~ (with/into) sth~ A with B~ A and B (together) to combine or make two or more things combine to form a single thing （使）合并，结合，并入His department will merge with mine. 他的部门将和我的合并。 【Para.9】The pandemic furtherdimstheir prospects in several ways. Take universities’ efforts to recruit foreign students, who typically pay full fees. For each of the past three years, enrolments of foreign undergraates haveslid. A drop in Chinese studentsexplainsmuch of that. Travel bans and concern that America hasbungledthe coronavirus will only put offmore.大流行从多个角度打击了这些学校，使它们的前景更为暗淡。以各个大学想法设法招收外国学生为例（这些学生通常要支付全额学费），过去三年里，每年外籍大学生的入学人数都在下滑。中国学生人数的下降基本说明了出现下滑的原因。旅行限制和对美国在新冠上应对不力的担忧只会让更多中国留学生望而却步。dim vt./vi. If your future, hopes, or emotions dim or if something dims them, they become less good or less strong. 使变暗淡; 变暗淡Their economic prospects have dimmed. 他们的经济前景变得暗淡了。slide v. ~ (from...) (to...) to become graally lower or of less value 逐渐降低；贬值Shares slid to a 10-year low. 股价跌到了 10 年来的最低点。explain v. ~ sth (to sb) to give a reason, or be a reason, for sth 说明（…的）原因；解释（…的）理由Well, that doesn't explain why you didn't phone. 嗳，那不是你不打电话的理由。Oh well then, that explains it (= I understand now why sth happened) . 噢，原来是这么回事。bungle v. to do sth badly or without skill; to fail at sth 笨拙地做；失败They bungled the job. 他们把活儿搞糟了。a bungled robbery/raid/attempt 未遂的抢劫╱袭击╱尝试put off v. If something puts you off something, it makes you dislike it, or decide not to do or have it. 使反感; 使 对…失去兴趣(之前在沃尔玛那一篇中有提到过，Collins 对这一用法进行了更详细的归纳)The high divorce figures don't seem to be putting people off marriage. 高离婚率好像并没有使人们对婚姻望而却步。His personal habits put them off. 他的个人习惯让他们反感。 【Para.10】The economic slump means some poorer families will not send youngsters to study. Others will delay. Funding from states for public universities is certain to fall. A report by Pew Charitable Trusts published on May 18th points out that states cut funds for higher ecation by 29% per student between 2008 and 2012. This time the slump is likely to be worse. Already Nevada and Ohio say they have plans to cut. The University of Michigan has talked oflosing outon $1bn. Federal spending will rise ($14bn in emergency help went to universities and students under the Cares Act), but is unlikely to make up all the shortfall.而随之而来的经济衰退意味着一些较为拮据的家庭将不会考虑送孩子去上大学。还有一些家庭会延迟入学计划。各州对公立大学的资助必然会下降。皮尤慈善信托基金（Pew Charitable Trusts）5 月 18 日发布的一份报告指出，2008 年至 2012 年间， 各州生均高等教育经费支出就已削减了 29%。而此次经济衰退 大概率会更加严重。内华达州和俄亥俄州已经表示，他们有削减这方面开支的计划。密歇根大学(University of Michigan)也谈 到过要损失 10亿美元。虽然联邦政府对大学的资金援助将会增加 (依据《CARES 法案》，将有 140 亿美元用于对各个大学和学生的紧急援助)，但不太可能弥补所有的缺口。lose out (on sth) v. 损失…；输掉Their family would lose out on 30 years of earnings. 那么他们家庭将会损失 30 年的收入。shortfall n. If there is a shortfall in something, there is less of it than you need. 不足The government has refused to make up a $30,000 shortfall in funding. 政府已经拒绝补足 3 万美元的资金短缺。【Para.11】Finally, many universities face possibly costly legal trouble.Ms Nix-Hines counted 134lawsuits, mostlyclass-actionones, leviedagainst the “wholegamut” of private and public colleges by late May, mostly as students sought the return of tuition fees, saying they received asubstandardservice online.Some colleges might now seek a “liability shield” to protect against futureprosecutionsbefore they reopen. For universities, it all adds up to “their greatest challenge in history”, she says. That may soundalarmist, but it is probably true.最后，许多大学还可能面临天价官司。据尼克斯-海恩斯统计，截止到 5 月底，状告“全体”私立和公立大学的诉讼共有 134 份，其中大部分是集体诉讼，起诉的原因主要是大学生们提出他们在网上受到的课程服务低于标准，要求学校退还学费。目前，一些大学也许会寻求“责任护盾”来抵抗任何在复课前可能会出现的起诉。尼克斯-海恩斯称，对于大学来说，所有这些叠加在一起，构成了“它们有史以来的最大挑战”。这听起来可能有点危言耸听，但情况大概率就是这样。lawsuit n. a claim or complaint against sb that a person or an organization can make in court 诉讼；起诉 He filed a lawsuit against his record company. 他对给他录制唱片的公司提起了诉讼。class action n. a type of lawsuit that is started by a group of people who have the same problem 集体诉讼levy v. to use legal authority to demand and collect (a fine, a tax, etc.) 使用合法权力要求和收取(罚款、税金等)SYN-imposeThey levied a tax on imports. 他们对进口货征税。The government will levy a fine on the company. 政府将对该公司征收罚款。gamut n. /'gmt/the complete range of a particular kind of thing 全部；全范围The network will provide the gamut of computer services to your home. 这个网络将为家庭提供全方位的计算机服务。substandard a. A substandard service or proct is unacceptable because it is below a required standard.低于标准的Residents in general are poor and underecated, and live in substandard housing. 居民一般都很穷、受教育程度低，而且居住条件很差。prosecution n. the process of trying to prove in court that sb is guilty of a crime (= of prosecuting them) ; the process of being officially charged with a crime in court（被）起诉，检举；诉讼Prosecution for a first minor offence rarely leads to imprisonment. 因初犯轻罪被控者很少被判监禁。alarmist a. ( disapproving ) causing unnecessary fear and anxiety 危言耸听的；骇人的A spokesperson for the food instry said the TV programme was alarmist. 食品业的一位发言人说这个电视节目危言耸听。
刘向