2004考研英语text4

我们的考研英语当中，阅读无疑是最重要的一部分。备考到这个阶段，大家都对考研阅读有了一定的了解，每年的二十道题当中，考察的方面可以分为几大题型。其中一个题型就是考察对于文章中作者观点态度倾向的理解，针对这个题型，我们今天来详细讲解一下。首先，考研阅读文章大部分选自发表在西方核心期刊的学术性议论文，根据这个特点我们就可以了解考研英语阅读文章当中的态度倾向。作为核心期刊，宣传的是一个国家的精神，不会出现引发争端争议的内容，发表文章的态度也是如此。我们可以简单把这些态度分为五种：第一种，歧视、偏见、不平等。第二种，冷漠、不关心及关心。第三种，迷惑、不清楚。第四种，情感过于强烈。第五种，容忍、沉溺、放纵。我们为什么要了解这些不可以的态度呢，因为解题的时候我们可以首先进行排除选项，提升题目作答的准确率。如何选出正确选项就需要我们进一步了解考研阅读中可以表达的态度，可以表达的态度可以分为三种，分别是“正”态度，“负”态度，“中”态度。这三种态度如何理解我们可以简单举个例子，比如前段时间讨论度很高的上海垃圾分类问题，讨论的人当中会有人非常支持，这种就是“正”态度，表示正向的积极的。面对这个问题有人可能会反对，认为加重了生活当中的烦恼，这种就是“负”态度。而理智客观的人会从全面的角度出发，既认可这种规则的合理也认为还需要一定改进，这种就是“中”态度。态度我们都了解了，那么该如何运用到解题中呢，解题的前提是我们要识别出这种题型。态度题的识别非常容易，英语中表示态度的单词是attitude，这就是识别态度题的一大标志，当题干当中出现attitude时，我们就知道这是一道态度题。当题干中并没有attitude，我们也可以从选项入手，当发现选项中的单词都是表示态度的，通过这一特点，我们也可以判断出题目是否是态度题。态度题的解题是非常具有技巧性的，我们通过这道例题来了解一下态度题的解题方法，解题首先要进行的就是排除选项，我们可以依据前面提过的五种不可以表达的态度进行排除。例1 The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.(2017年text 4)　　The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is _____.　　[A] sarcastic [B] tolerant [C] skeptical [D] supportive这道题当中我们可以发现选项A提到的sarcastic 刻薄的，这种态度过于否定，属于不可以表达的态度，选项B提到的tolerant 容忍的，也属于我们说的不可以表达的态度，选项C skeptical 怀疑的，是可以表达的态度，属于“负”态度，选项D supportive 支持的，是可以表达的态度，属于“正”态度。我们可以首先排除A和B，接下来到文章中看作者是如何描述题干中提到的 the court’s ruling, 作者用了一个短语 a step forward, 向前的一步，这是一种积极的描述，因此我们可以判断本题应该选D。这就是态度题的解题方法，首先排除干扰选项，再到文章中找到作者的描述体会其中的态度倾向解题。希望以上内容对于同学们的备考有所益处。

来源MR产老师2013Text41、核心词1.vote[vot]v.投票,表决n.投票,表决n.选票,选票数2.supreme[sprim]adj.最高的,至上的adj.最优的,卓越的adj.极度的,最重要的3.policy[pɑlsi]n.政策,方针4.administration[dmnstre()n]n.管理,经营n.政府,行政(机关)5.constitution [kɑnsttu()n]n.构成,构造n.体格,体质n.宪法,法规,章程6.upset[pset]v.使心烦意乱,使苦恼v.打乱,搅乱v.弄翻,打翻7.balance[blns]v.(使)平衡n.天平,秤(c)n.平衡,均衡(u)n.差额,结余,余款(c)8.federal [fed()rl]adj.联邦的9.majority[mdrti]n.多数,大多数;半数以上n.票数差距,多得的票数n.法定年龄;成年10.controversial [kɑntrvr()l]adj.引起争论的,有争议的11.enforce[nfrs]vt.(on,upon)强迫,强加vt.实施,使生效vt.加强,坚持12.precede[prsid]vt.在(…之)前,先于13.parallel [perlel]n.平行线,平行面n.相似物,相似处n.显示相似处的比较,比拟n.纬线,平行圈adj.平行的adj.类似的,相同的14.justice [dsts]n.公平,公正,合理(u)n.审判,司法15.congress [kɑɡrs]n.(代表)大会;(美国等国的)国会,议会16.legal[liɡ()l]adj.法律的,法定的adj.合法的,正当的17.status [stts]n.地位,身份,职业n.情形,状况18.joint[dnt]n.接头,接缝,接合处n.关节adj.共同的,联合的19cooperate[koɑpret]vi.(with)合作,协作20.statute [sttut]n.法令,法规,规则,章程,条例(c)21.objection[bdek()n]n.反对,异议22.executive [ɡzekjtv]adj实行的,执行的,行政的n.总经理,董事,行政负责人23.legitimate[ldtmt]adj.合法的,合理的,正统的24.essence[esns]n.本质,实质;要素25.remarkable[rmɑrkb()l]adj值得注意的,非凡的,卓越的26.claim[klem]n.要求,主张;索赔;权利(c)vt.要求vt.声称;主张vt.索赔27.defeat[dfit]V.战胜,击败n.击败,失败(c/u)28overturn [ovrtrn]v.使某人(某物)翻转,颠倒n.倾覆,破灭,垮台,革命,毁灭29.contest[kntest]n.竞赛,比赛v.争夺,竟争,争论30provision [prv()n]n.供应,提供,给养n.准备,预备n.条款,规定n.粮食,食物v.为提供所需物品(尤指食物)31.fashion [f()n]n.方式,样子32deliberately[dlb()rtli]adv.故意地;谨慎地33intrude[ntrud]v.侵入,打搅,把观点等强加于他人34.verify [verfa]vt.查对,查清35.enforcement [nfrsmnt]n.执行36.conflict[kɑnflkt]n.(尤指长期的)战争,战斗n冲突,抵触vi.冲突,抵触37.robust[robst]adj有活力的;强健的38.assertion[sr()n]n.断言39invalidate[nvldet]v.证明错误,使站不住脚,使无效,使作废40.rightly[ratli]adv.正当地;理由充分地;正确地;恰当地;精确地——————————————————————2、长难句1.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.解析:本句主干为 The Constitutional principles… are noncontroversial. “that Washington alone has the power toestablish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”和“That federal laws precede state laws”是并列的同位语从句解释 principles的内容.译文:宪法规定，只有华盛顿才有权“建立全国统一的旧化条例”；联邦法先于州法，这些原则都是无可争议的.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress' s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either.解析:本句主干 The administration was asserting that…引导宾语从句，because引导的原因状语从句嵌套在that引导的宾语从句中，no state should be allowed to do so either是that引导的宾语从句的主干部分.译文:事实上政府声称，因为它不想执行国会的移民意愿，因此也不允许任何州这么做.

关注百家，分享更多法考、考研资料今年被誉为“史上最难考研年”，其中考研英语等话题很快就抢占热搜，不少考生直呼这次考研英语太难，今天小编想跟大家聊一聊这个“最难”难在哪些地方。一、总体分析相比2019年考研英语一的题目，2020年试卷难度相较去年略有上升，但是考察的主体内容基本总体没有超纲。完形填空，考察主题内容和我们日常生活息息相关，词汇相对基础总体不超纲，但是各个单项部分的难度有一些变化。完形填空的难度是较近几年有所提升的；阅读理解A部分前两篇文章的难度大，后两篇的难度小一点，很多时候不是读懂了题目就做得出来；新题型虽然考到了相对比较容易的小标题，但是很多人没有顺着出题者的思维去考虑造成了一些理解上的偏差；翻译部分的文章总体比较容易理解，句型结构考察和前几年基本一致，但可能主题词renaissance文艺复兴给部分同学造成了理解偏差；小作文考到了活动通知notice。大作文是双图对比《好习惯》，平时练习了的还有背诵一些模板的话还是比较容易写的。二、各部分分析1.英语知识运用2020年英语一完形填空所选取的文章主题“烤过的食物会对健康造成危害”，这个话题其实是很贴近我们的日常生活的，很多人都很喜欢吃烧烤类的东西，所以相对而言还是比较好理解的。整篇文章看下来，没有很多专业性的词汇，题目和选项中也没有超纲词。考察大家的还是对于词汇的辨析以及上下文逻辑推理能力，这也给咱们的2021的同学提个醒，考研英语考察了大家的英语综合能力，这离不开平时的日积月累。2.阅读理解2020年英语一的四篇阅读分别是英国的城镇文化奖项、科研出版业的盈利、女性政策以及法国向美国互联网巨头征收数字化税。其中在40道题目中有14道细节题，2道情感态度题，1道主旨题，1道段落推断题，2道例证题。其中Text1文章存在一定难度，非英语专业的人其实对于英国乡镇文化的话题了解比较少，而Text2、3、4难度适中。其中Text 3；Text 4都是考研英语之前常考话题，主题词明确。2020年英语一的新题型考的是一篇《关于眼神交流的作用研究》的小标题题，没有考排序以及选句填空，这个题目难度适中，一定程度上是大家比较容易拿分的部分。针对2021的考生来说新题型的备考大家不用过度担心，几种题型都做好备考的话，做题会好很多。3.翻译2020英语一试卷中的翻译文章《文艺复兴的终结，新的理性时代的到来》，本篇文章总体难度适中，这次次翻译依旧是考察了定语结构，状语结构，同位语从句，宾语从句；被动句等往年必考句型，其实在翻译过程中主要是一些长难句的理解，句子长而且有一些单词很难懂，造成了整体意思的错误。由于英式思维和中式思维的不同，英语中很多涉及名词的使用，而中文则是喜欢用动词，在翻译的时候需要把名词翻译成动词的形式，这样才能更符合中文的表达习惯。这次翻译考察的主要是文学历史题材，尤其是一些专有名词的认识，比如文艺复兴（Renaissance），地心说理论（geo-centric）等对一些工科的学生来说难度比较大，建议21的考生在备考的时候也要适当积累一些外国文化背景知识。4.写作小作文考察的是通知（notice），也是咱们考纲规定的应用文类型之一。格式准确，单词语法少错误，再穿插几个从句在里面基本上可以完成。大作文今年考察的是双图，副标题是习惯。一个小女孩今日事今日毕，另外一个小男孩老想拖延。大作文可以写时间管理、效率、习惯、坚持等都是切合主题，没有偏题的。相对于阅读来说，作文应该是比较简单的了，其实每年考研英语的作文话题都是比较常考的，只要是积累了相应的词汇、语句和适当的练习，作文就算拿不到高分也不会低。2020考研已经结束，2021的考生们要接力好哦！

Text 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.在一个少见的全体一致的裁决中，美国最高法院推翻了前项对前弗吉尼亚州长罗伯特麦克唐纳的贪腐判决，但是最高法院对他的行为也掩鼻不屑，麦克唐纳接受从一家公司馈赠的包括劳力士手表、法拉利汽车等，已获得和政府接触的机会。The high court’s decision saidthe judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trialfailed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his ties.最高院的决定表明麦克审判的法官没有告知陪审团必须只考虑他的“公务行为”，或者麦克的决定在特殊和未解决的问题上必须与公务相关。Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, thejusticesfound.仅仅帮助一个送礼者给他们接触其他官员的机会，除非对那些官员有明确的意图以此施加压力，否则那不成为腐败。最高法官如是裁决。The court did suggest that accepting favorsin return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act.”法院明确表示接受馈赠从而为其打开方便之门的确令人反感和恶心，但是在根据反贿赂法，证据证明必须得有确凿的利益，比如批准一个合同或规定，才构成受贿。仅仅安排会面，打个电话，主持一项活动不能算公务行为。The court’s rulingis legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery. “The basic compactunderlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”法庭的裁决在法律上合理的界定一种非犯罪的偏好，民选领袖必须允许帮助资助者解决官僚作风的问题，不用担心面临贿赂的指控，首席大法官JR说，代议制政府之下的基本契约是公共官员能够听从选民关切的事情并出谋划策。But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed toplay favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an indivial or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.但是判决强调市民和选民代表的要求，而不是法院的要求，确保对政府通道的平等性。官员不能因为个人或组织提供了竞选资金或个人馈赠就厚此薄彼，提供信息、安排见面等，这种形式的诚信需要政府严格执行透明政策，比如官方会议录音，游说规定，和民选领袖财富来源信息。Favoritism in official access canfan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society – that all are equal in treatment by government- is undermined. Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each indivial.偏袒会煽动民众对腐败的理解，但是它不是总是腐败，相反，公务员需要避免“双标”，即对普通人和富人采取不同的标准，如果关系可以买来，民主社会的前提——所有人都被政府平等对待——就被破坏了。好的政府依赖于一个个个体的内在价值。The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.法院裁决是对腐败和公务偏袒斗争的一个进步。36. The underlined sentence(Para.1) most probably shows that the court划线句子表明法院[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s ties.避免给麦克的职责定范围[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.在麦克的定罪上没有妥协[C] was contemptuousof McDonnell’s conct.对麦克的行径表示蔑视[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.拒绝对麦克的行径评论37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves根据第四段 ，公务行为只有涉及（）才被认为腐败[A] concrete returns for gift-givers.提供具体的汇报给送礼者[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.可观的礼物收益 [C] leaking secrets intentionally.主动泄露秘密 [D] breaking contracts officially.公务上的违约 38. The court’s ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are法院裁决基于公务人员的（）假设[A] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.允许把重点放在支持者关心的事情上[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.有能力独自解决政府事情[C] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.有正当理由满足选民的要求[D]exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.对于偏袒的指控免除定罪 39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to在政府透明度方面，需要强有力的法律来保证[A] awaken the conscienceof officials.唤醒公务人民的道德心 [B] guarantee fair play in official access.保证官方接待的公平 [C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.允许某种程度的游说 [D] inspire hopes in average people.激发普通人的希望 40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is作者对法院裁决的态度是[A] sarcastic.讽刺[B] tolerant.容忍 [C] skeptical.怀疑 [D] supportive.支持答案：CCCBD

本文是2013年考研英语试卷阅读理解Part A的Text 2部分。本文主要讲述了网络隐私问题，就“在线行为广告”引发的争议展开论述，随后追溯了争议的相关解决方案。An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half.老话说的好，广告费的一半是浪费了的——问题是，没人知道哪一半浪费掉的。In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reced.在互联网时代，至少在理论上，这一浪费的部分能够减少。By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.通过观察人们搜索什么，点击什么，在网络上说什么，公司能够瞄准那些更容易购买的客户投放“行为”广告。26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:第一段表明，“行为”广告帮助广告商：[A] ease competition among themselves缓和他们之间的竞争[B] lower their operational costs降低运营成本[C] avoid complaints from consumers避免消费者的抱怨[D] provide better online services提供更好的网络服务答案：B。解析：第一句就指出了，广告费花费了有一半被浪费掉了。后面指出互联网时代广告费用大幅减少，因为公司（广告商）能够将“行为”广告投放给最有可能购买的人群。由此可知，“行为广告”能帮助广告商“降低运营成本”这句话最符合题意。In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?在过去几周，一场争论表明这些精准信息对于广告商的价值：广告商应该假定用户乐于被追踪并且收到这些广告吗？或者应该获得用户明确的准许？In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .在2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会建议提出一个“禁止追踪”的选项加入到网络浏览器中，以便用户能告诉广告商他们不想被“追踪”。Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is e to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the instry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.微软的IE浏览器和苹果的Safari浏览器提供了“禁止追踪”选项；谷歌的Chrome浏览器在今年准备提供这样的功能。2月，联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟同意该行业尽快对“禁止追踪”这一请求作出回应。27. “The instry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers to:“该行业”指的是：[A] online advertisers在线广告商[B] e-commerce conctors电子商务运营[C] digital information analysis数字信息分析者[D] internet browser developers网络浏览器开发商答案：D。解析：FTC和DAA一致认为the instry会对DNT要求迅速做出回应。前面又指出FTC提议在浏览器上添加DNT选项，可见这个提议的动作执行者在浏览器开发商。可见FTC和DAA提议的the instry就是浏览器开发商。On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version e to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.微软在五月31日率先发起讨论，它表明随windows8一起发布的IE 10，将把“禁止追踪”选项设为默认状态。Advertisers are horrified .广告商慌神了。Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.人性本质上是，大多数人还是坚持默认设置的。Few switch DNT on now,but if tracking is off it will stay off.很少人会打开DNT选项，但是如果“追踪”是关闭的那么它就一直关闭了。Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,says consumers will be worse off if the instry cannot collect information about their preferences.国家广告协会会长Bob Liodice 表示，如果这个行业不能收集消费者们的偏好信息，消费者的情况将会更糟。People will not get fewer ads,he says.“They’ll get less meaningful,less targeted ads.人们看到的广告不会更少，他们会得到更多的“无意义的”、更不精确的目标广告。28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultBob Liodice坚称设置“禁止追踪”为默认选项[A] may cut the number of junk ads可能减少垃圾广告[B] fails to affect the ad instry对这个行业没有影响[C] will not benefit consumers对消费者不利[D] goes against human nature违反人性答案：C。解析：Bob Liodice指出了消费者的情况会更糟糕，收到的广告不会变少，反而会出现更多无意义的广告。所以C正确。It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.还不清楚广告商怎么回应。Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.收到“DNT”信号并不能迫使企业去停止追踪，尽管一些企业承诺会这么做。Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.由于不能分辨出用户是拒绝“行为”广告还是他们只是坚持微软的默认选项，一些企业可能忽略“禁止追踪”的信号并且继续追踪。29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?根据第六段，下面哪一个是正确的？[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose“禁止追踪”可能不能取得预期目标[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT广告商更希望执行“禁止追踪”选项[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers“禁止追踪”在消费者之中并不流行[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads广告商有责任提供“行为”广告答案：A。解析：公司收到DNT信号并不意味着一定要求停止追踪，而且由于他们不清楚消费者心理，可能也会对DNT默认信号加以忽略。由此，DNT并不能达到限制公司获取用户在线行为信息的目的。所以A合适。Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.并且也不清楚为什么微软一意孤行的发起行动。After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.毕竟，它也有商业广告业务。据称这些业务也遵守“禁止追踪”选项设定。不过还在具体怎样实施还在研究当中。If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising，it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.如果它是想让谷歌不高兴，谷歌的业务几乎全靠广告支持。它选择了一个不太直接的方式，没有保证说能将“‘禁止追踪’设为默认状态”成为行业规范。DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other procts favorably with Google's on that count before.“禁止追踪”看起来也不能成为Windows 8的巨大卖点，尽管此前这个公司将旗下一些产品与谷歌的进行了有利对比。Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged:" we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?Brendon Lynch，微软首席隐私官，在博客中写道：我们相信消费者将有更多的控制权。真的那么简单吗？30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:作者对Brendon Lynch在博客中所说的态度是：[A] inlgence纵容[B] understanding理解[C] appreciation欣赏[D] skepticism怀疑答案：D。解析：Brendon Lynch说消费者应该拥有更多控制权，但是作者后面又反问：真的那么简单吗？可见，作者对Brendon Lynch的观点是怀疑的。

看到40分这个分数，往往会有许多人不屑一顾，现在的大学生真是越来越水了，连60分都考不到，40分还抱怨难！平心而论40分高吗？不高，也就理工科国家线的水平！40分难吗？难，单科不过线的学生大多是死在英语上！40分不算一个很高的分数，但最遗憾的是有许多人考了340、350，最后一看英语成绩没过国家线。对于不考34所自划线院校的学校，总分340、350已经不低了。针对吐槽的大学生混日子连60分都考不到，要么是外行，要么是眼高手低，不服你考一个试试！相比于四六级要考听力，考研英语还是很符合中国人口味的，尤其像我这种连高考听力都不计入总分的省份出来的学生，当了解到考研不考听力时都开心坏了。但考研的难度在于出题角度刁钻，高考语文的科技文阅读你见过吧，每个字认识，连到一起就读不懂了。考研英语可以理解英文版的科技文阅读，C排除，D排除，A和B纠结半天，下定决心选了A，最后一看答案还选错了。如何破解？有一个小技巧，对于考英语二的考生，前期可以拿英语一练手，英语一肯定更难一点，但当你适应之后再去做英语二，你会体会到如鱼得水的感觉，这一点请相信我！除此之外强调真题的重要性，反复多次练，真题至少要做三遍，最好是我随便说一个Constant，你能告诉我之前的哪篇文章考过，那篇文章讲的是什么。如果你能做一点，60分不在话下！

2015年T2第一段The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreprocibility of many published research findings.单词&词组搭配peer-review（合成词：同行评审）irreprocibility [rprdjus'blt] n.非再生的，非重现的add....to....（把...加...）contribute to（导致，造成）本段翻译《科学》杂志的主编XX宣布《科学》杂志在同行评阅之外又增加了一轮数据检查。这项政策有点效仿其他杂志的做法，出于人们对“数据分析中的基本错误导致许多已经出版的研究成果无法再现”的普遍担忧。31. It can be learned fromParagraph 1 that _______.[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projectsA项与文章相反；C项与文段内容矛盾；D项目将数据分析错误偷换成缺乏数据分析，属于偷换概念。第2段“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.单词&搭配editorial [edtril] adj.主编的，编辑的；[僻义] n.评论board n.板，木板；[僻义]委员会；v.上船/飞机scrutiny [skrutni] v.仔细检查panel [pnl] n.镶板；[僻义] v.专家小组statistician [sttstn] n.统计学家have confidence in（对...有信心）appoint...to...（任命...为）本段翻译“读者必须对我们期刊上发表的研究结论有信心，”麦克纳特在一篇社论中写道。该期刊与美国统计协会合作，已任命七名专家组成一个统计评审编辑委员会(简称 SBORE)。原稿将由该期刊的内部编辑、或其现有评审编委会、或由外部同行评审者做出标记，以接受额外审查。SBORI专家组随后会聘请外来的统计学家来审查这些原稿。32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to _______.[A] found[B] marked[C] revised[D] stored词汇题（搜索代入法）① 返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方。② 确定该词汇的词性 ③ 从上下文（词汇的前后几句）中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词（如一下子找不到就再往上往下找），代入所给词汇在文章中的位置（将之替换）看语义是否合适④ 找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相，即答案本题还可以根据学习生活中常说的“立一个flag，干嘛嘛”，flag从字面意思就是旗帜，旗子可以用来标记，所以选第二个，没看文章都可以选对的哦。第三段Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science ’s overall drive to increase reprocibility in the research we publish.”单词&词组impelle [mpel] v.推送，促使creation [krien] n.创造，创建motivate [motvet] v.诱导，刺激，激发drive v.驾驶，开车；[僻义] n.驱动力，压力本段翻译当被问及是否因为某些特定的论文而促成了这次改变，麦克纳特说:““统计委员会的创建是受对科学研究中统计和数据分析应用的广泛关切的驱动，也是《科学》为提升其发表研究的可复制性的全面努力的一部分。第四段Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, is a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science .”单词&词组biostatistician 生物统计学家primarily [pramerli] adv.主要地，根本地advisory [dvazri] n.警报；adj.劝告的foresight [frsat] n.先见之明establishment [stblmnt] n.创立，成立（上一篇刚出现）novel n.小说；[僻义] adj.新奇的lasting adj.持续性的model [mɑdl] n.模型，样式；v.模仿，效仿approach [prot] v.靠近，接近；v.方法，态度circulation [srkjlen] n.血液循环，流通本段翻译哈佛大学公共卫生学院的生物统计学家、 SBORI成员乔瓦尼帕马强尼说，他期望该委员会“主要发挥某种咨询作用”。他同意加入委员会是因为他“发现SBORI创立背后的远见新颖、独特的，而且很可能会产生一种持久的影响。这种影响将不仅仅会遍及《科学》自己发表的文章，也有望波及一大批可能想效法《科学》此举的出版单位。”33. Giovanni Parmigianibelieves that the establishment of the SBoRE may _______. [A] pose a threat to all its peers[B] meet with strong opposition[C] increase Science ’s circulation[D] set an example for other journals A/B选项与文章意思相反；C项属于偷换概念：说的是新举措会提高出版物质量，往好的方向走，没说促进发行。D项根据model一词可推出第5段John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overe.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine , the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.单词&词组methodology [meθdɑldi] n.方法论overe [ovr] adj.未做的，未付的biomedical [baomedkl] adj.生物医学的for the majority of（对绝大多数...而言）本段翻译专攻研究方法论的医师约输约安尼季斯说，该规定是“最令人欣慰的一步迈进”，它“老早就应该出台”。“大部分期刊在统计审查方面都很薄弱，这种情況有损发表内容的质量。我认为，对于当前大部分科研论文来说，统计审查比专家评审要更为关键，”他说道。不过他也指出，生物医学类期刊，像《内科学年鉴》、《美国医学协会杂志》以及《柳叶刀》等都对统计审查格外重视。第6段Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science ’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.单词&词组Professional [prfenl] adj.职业的，专业的alarmingly ['lɑmli] adv.惊人地literate [ltrt] adj.有文化的，精通的verify [verfa] 核实merit [mert] n.有点，美德weakness [wikns] adj.缺点，不足rely on sb.to do（依赖某人做某事）in the first place（首先）本段翻译专业的科学家应当知道如何分析数据但是据细胞生物学家大卫·沃克斯所说，统计错误在已发表的研究中令人震惊地普遍2012年他写道，研究人员应该提高他们的水准，但期到杂志也应该采取更为严格的方针，“让精通统计的评审专家以及能够核实此(研完)过程的编辑参与(审查)”。沃克斯说，《科学》要把一些论文交给统计学家(审查)这一想法“有一定优点，但是一个缺点在于，它首先要依评审编辑委员会来鉴别哪些论文需要仔细评审”34. David Vauxholds that what Scienceis doing now _______. 　　[A] adds to researchers’ workload[B] diminishes the role of reviewers[C] has room for further improvement[D] is to fail in the foreseeable future A项无从得知，只是提高数据精准度；B项：与原文意思相反；D项：片面，只看到weakness，没看到merit，所以C项正确。35. Which of the following is the best titleof the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with Scienc这篇相对比较简单，比较多的熟词僻义都是重复出现的，很多的单词都是高频词汇中不断出现的，前期也给大家分享过了。若是没有获取的同学，给后台发“熟词僻义”&“高频词汇”即可获取文档。

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

今日长难句This, for thoseas yet unaware ofsuch adisadvantage,refers todiscriminationagainstthose whosesurnamesbegin with aletterin the lower half of thealphabet.（Text2. 2004）as yet 到目前为止(还没有，还不是)unaware / nwe(r) / adj.不知道，没意识到(be) unaware of 没有意识到disadvantage / disdvɑ:ntid / n.不利因素refer to 涉及；指的是discrimination / diskriminein / n.区别对待；歧视discrimination against 对......歧视surname / s:neim / n.姓letter / let(r) / n.字母alphabet / lfbet / n.字母表结构分析（图片点击可放大）翻译对于那些到目前为止还没有意识到这种劣势的人来说，它指的是对姓氏首字母位于字母表后半部分的人的歧视。