1997考研英语text3

原文+翻译：Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.很多用来描述货币政策的词，如“引导经济软着陆”，“触动经济刹车”，使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。事实远非如此。The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain.利率和通货膨胀之间的关系难以确定。And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy.在政策改变对经济产生影响之前，会有一段较长时间且变化不定的后滞期。Hence the analogy that likens the conct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.因此，才会有人将货币政策的制定比作是驾驶一辆汽车，这辆车挡风玻璃被涂黑了、后视镜裂了，方向盘也失灵了。Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late.尽管有这么多不利因素，中央银行家们似乎对近来之形势有了不少值得夸耀的东西。Average inflation in the big seven instrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.西方七大工业国去年的平均通货膨胀降至仅2.3%，接近三十年来的最低水平。今年7月略微升高到2.5%。这远远低于许多国家在70年代和80年代早期经历的两位数的膨胀率。It is also less than most forecasters had predicted.这也低于许多预测者预测的数字。In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole.1994年底，每月接受《经济学家》意见调查的一组经济学家指出，美国在1995年的平均通货膨胀率将达到3.5%。实际上，8月份就降到了2.6%，而且有望全年仅为3%。In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year.去年年底，英国和日本的通货膨胀率实际上比预测的要低半个百分点。This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.这不是昙花一现；在过去几年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little proctive slack.经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率特别感到诧异，因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济，特别是美国经济几乎没有出现生产萧条。America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.比如，美国的生产力利用率在今年早些时候达到了历史最高水平，失业率（八月份为5.6%）已降到低于很多人对自然失业率的估测——过去，当比率低于自然失业率时，通货膨胀率早已迅速上升。Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective.为何通货膨胀如此和缓？可惜的是，即使是最令人兴奋的解释也会有小的缺陷。Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.一些经济学家认为，世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了以往那种以经济增长和通货膨胀率的历史关联为基础的旧有的经济模式。试题：51. From the passage we learn that.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates[B] economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation52. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy53.The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present54.The passage shows that the author is_____the present situation. [A] critical of[B] puzzled by[C] disappointed at[D] amazed at答案：CBAD

本文是一篇先驳后立的文章，批驳了天才儿童在年少时就“江郎才尽”的说法，指出聪明的孩子在成年后仍然是很有才华的。第一段：The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years, and, therefore, are subjected to failure and at worst, mental illness is unfounded.聪明的孩子年少时就“江郎才尽”从而变得一事无成甚至患有精神疾病，这种旧有的说法是没有根据的。第二段：As a matter of fact, the outstanding thing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright alts.事实上，聪明的孩子的杰出之处在于他们很可能在成年后还是很聪明的。第三段：To find this out, l, 500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifth year with these results:为了验证这一结论，实验跟踪监测了1,500名有天赋的人，这个实验一直进行到他们35岁为止，结果发现：第四段：On alt intelligence tests, they scored as high as they had as children. They were, as a group, in good health, physically and mentally. 84 per cent of their group were married and seemed content with their lives.在成人智力测试上，他们的得分同他们孩提时的得分一样高。作为一个群体，他们身心状况良好。在这个群体中，有84%的人已经结婚了而且似乎对自己的生活感到满意。第五段：About 70 per cent had graated from college, though only 30 per cent had graated with honors.虽然只有30%的人是优秀毕业生，但大学毕业的人数约为70%。A few had even dropped out, but nearly half of these had returned to graate.虽然有几个人曾中途退学，但是其中将近一半的人又重新返回了学校并毕业。Of the men, 80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs. The women who had remained single had office, business, or professional occupations.其中男性中的80%的人在专业领域、企业管理或是半专业领域里从事工作。而其中仍为单身的女性也在办事处、企业或专业领域工作。第六段：The group had published 90 books and 1,500 articles in scientific, scholarly, and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents.这群人已经编著了90本书并在科学、学术以及文学杂志上发表了1500篇文章以及拥有100多项专利权。第七段:In a material way they did not do badly either. Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a whole, despite their comparative youth.在现实生活中，他们也表现良好。这群天资禀赋之人，尤其是其中的男人，虽然比较年轻，但与全国其他人相比，他们的平均收入却高得多。第八段：In fact, far from being strange, most of the gifted were turning their early promise into practical reality.事实上，不足为奇，大多数的天才都会将其早年的迹象转化为现实。1. The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years is[A] true in all senses[B] refuted by the author[C] medically proven[D] a belief of the author[分析]本题考查的知识点是：文章主旨。作者开篇表明自己的观点：聪明的孩子年少时就“江郎才尽”从而变得一事无成甚至变得精神失常，这种旧有的说法是没有根据的。并在下文通过对1500名天才的检测调查证明了该观点的正确性。unfounded即表明作者是否定这种说法的，故[B]选项正确。[A]选项反向干扰。[C]选项反向干扰，文章开篇即指出聪明的孩子年少时就“江郎才尽”的说法是没有根据的。[D]选项反向干扰，根据上面的分析可知作者是批驳这种说法的，因此其不可能是作者的信仰，故排除。2. The survey of bright children was made to.[A] find out what had happened to talented children when they became alts[B] prove that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years[C] discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the giftedprove that talented children never burn themselves out[分析]本题考查的知识点是：写作目的。文章第二至五段详述了对1500名天才儿童进行跟踪检测，得到他们成年后在生活、学习、工作、成就和薪酬等方面的具体情况，从而证明聪明的孩子很可能在成年后还是很聪明的。可知，调查的直接目的就是为了查明天才儿童成年之后的状况如何，故[A]选项正确。[A] [B]选项反向干扰。作者在第一段就驳斥了这种说法，引用实验的目的是为了证明这种说法的错误性。[C]选项是根据原文词汇gifted, mental illness , percentage编造的干扰项，且文章第三段②句（They were,… in good health, physically and mentally.）也否定了这一说法。[D]选项过于绝对且无法推知。实验并没有指出所有的天才儿童长大之后都会很有才华，另外对实验对象的跟踪测试一直进行到他们35岁为止，因此对于天资禀赋之人35岁后的情况无法推知。3. Intelligence tests showed that.[A] bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy[B] between childhood and althood there was a considerable loss of intelligence[C] talented children were most likely to become gifted alts[D] when talented children grew into alts, they made low scores[分析]本题考查的知识点是：具体细节。根据关键词定位到文章第三段。该段①句指出，在成人智力测试上，孩提时智商很高的人在成年后同样会取得很高的分数。紧接着在下文指出这些孩子成年后在生活，学习，工作以及所取得的成就等方面也是十分突出的。由此可知，智力测试表明了天才儿童成年后也最可能成为有才华的人，[C]选项正确。[A]选项反向干扰。智力测试无法对精神状态进行测试，且第三段②句指出了这些孩子成年后身心状况都是良好的。文章主要论述了天才儿童在成年之后仍然是很有才华的，因此他们从孩提到成年智力并没有丧失而且他们也是很有成就的，故可排除[B]、[D]选项。

原文+翻译：No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation.没有一家公司乐意听到别人说自己引起了社会的道德败坏。“Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”参议员罗伯特·多尔上星期质问时代—华纳公司管理人员时说：“难道这就是你们要成就的事业吗？你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，难道还非要败坏我们的国家、威胁我们的孩子不成？”At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990.不过，对于成立于1990年的时代—华纳而言，这样的质问仅仅是公司进行反思的最新表现，It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.是一种自我反省，在不同时代已涉及到责任、创作自由和公司底线等不同问题。At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and rece the company’s mountainous debt,56岁的现任董事长杰拉德·列文是争论的焦点人物，他于1992年接替已故董事长斯蒂夫·罗斯。财政方面，他承受着使股价升值，减少公司巨额债务的压力。which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.在两笔新的有线电视交易谈妥后，公司债务将达到173亿美元。他也允诺出售部分资产并对公司进行重组，但现在投资者们仍在焦急地等待着。The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him.人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没使他的日子好过一些。Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression.列文一向以表现方式为理由来捍卫公司的说唱音乐。In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet.1992年公司因出品Ice-T乐队暴力的说唱歌曲《警察杀手》后倍受谴责时，列文却将说唱音乐描述为街头文化的合法表达方式，并说它应该有自己的宣泄途径。“The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”他在《华尔街日报》一篇专栏文章中写道：“对任何一个民主社会的检验，不在于它能多有效的控制情感的表达，而在于是否给予了人们最广泛的思考和表达自由，尽管有时这种结果会引起争论和愤怒。我们不会在任何威胁面前退却。”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent.列文不愿对上周的辩论做任何评论，但有迹象表明，这位懂事长至少在某种程度上放弃了自己强硬的立场。During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.在上个月就摇滚乐的歌词进行讨论的股东会议上，列文宣称“音乐不是社会问题的病因”，他甚至还以自己的儿子为例，他儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一名教师，上课时用说唱的形式与学生进行交流。But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.但他也谈到了创作自由和社会责任之间要“保持平衡”的问题，还宣布对一些可能令人反感的音乐，公司将致力于制定一套发行和标识的标准。The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy.一般来说，时代—华纳公司的15位董事是支持列文和他为公司制定的经营策略的。But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter.但内部人士透露其中几位对此事表示担忧。“Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”“我们中的一些人多年来一直知道，《宪法》第一修正案所规定的自由并非毫无限制”，鲁斯说，“我认为与公司有关系的一些人可能最近才意识到这一点”。试题：51. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for.[A] its raising of the corporate stock price[B] its self-examination of soul[C] its neglect of social responsibility[D] its emphasis on creative freedom52. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.53. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman.[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection[D] received more support from the 15-member board54. The best title for this passage could be.[A] A Company under Fire[B] A Debate on Moral Decline[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[D] A Form of Creative Freedom答案：CDBA

原题：Directions:Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 120 words.Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:Interpret the following pictures.Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.审题谋篇1997年的作文看起来非常简单，是我们非常熟悉的吸烟问题，似乎每个人都能就此发表自己的观点。实则不然，这篇文章有几个暗含的难点。首先，与往年不同，本年度的图表比较复杂，包含四幅图画。第一幅图是1994年与1995年世界烟草总产量的一个比较图；第二幅图是一个扇形图，说明烟民占世界人口的比例（在此，我们可以看到这个比例是非常高的，言外之意，对吸烟的控制将不是一件轻而易举的事情）；第三幅图和第四幅图分别显示吸烟带来的经济损失和人员损失之大，进一步说明控制吸烟势在必行。考生看了四幅图后，首先应该做的一件事情就是寻找四幅图之间的逻辑联系和内在线索，而不是简单地依次描述四幅图。其次，本作文另外一个难点就是文章的重点或落脚点比较隐蔽，也就是在文章提纲的第二点要求上：预测烟草消费的趋势并给出原因。基于以上的分析，这篇文章最好分为两段或者三段。第一段段首可以着重利用后两幅图，论述吸烟的危害性，段末部分使用第一幅图点出文章的中心：烟草消费量可能下降的趋势。文章第二段可着重论述这种消费下降趋势的原因。考生也可以在第二段段首点明烟草消费下降的趋势，进而阐述原因。范文使用第二种方法。考生可以根据实际情况，增加一个第三段，客观地分析烟草消费量下降不是一件容易的事，在此可以利用第三幅图，说明烟民占世界总人口的比例较大，控制吸烟不是一件容易的事情。二、参考范文It goes without saying that tobacco consumption and tobacco instry have always been a hot-debated issue in our society. With the increasing scope of the tobacco instry, more and more people become addicted to smoking. The tremendous tobacco consumption not only causes vast economic losses but also threatens people’s health. The annual economic loss e to tobacco consumption amounts to 200 billion US dollars, and meanwhile 3 million people worldwide lose their lives because of smoking-related diseases.To our great relief, there is a tendency of declining in tobacco consumption—the year between 1994 and 1995, as indicated by chart 1, witnessed a drop in total tobacco proction in the world, declining from 14.364 million pounds in 1994 to 14.2 million pounds in 1995. The reason that more and more people begin to quit smoking is mainly people’s increasing awareness of the harmful effects of tobacco. If this trend can be maintained, the number of people dying of smoking-related diseases can be significantly reced. Therefore, great efforts should be made by people in all walks of the society to stop smoking.Needless to say, no easy solution can be found to solve the smoking problem. To begin with, the percentage of smokers is too large: according to a survey, there are 1.2 billion tobacco consumers in the world, accounting for approximately 20 percent of the world population. It wouldn’t be an easy task to persuade such a large amount of people to give up their smoking habits, especially the heavy smokers. In addition, tobacco instry still plays a very important role in the development of the economy. As a consequence, only with concerted efforts of all people, can this problem be properly dealt with.三、范文点评文章结构：从结构上看，该范文对提纲做出适当调整，分为三段而不是两段。第一段采用了先总后分的写作方法，段首先对图画做出总体评价，进而指出烟草业和吸烟对人类社会的危害。第二段段首和上段形成对比，段首指出这种现象有所改变：烟草消费数量有所下降，进而结合图表，指出这种下降的原因何在。第三段采用总—分—总的写作方法，段首为主题句，指出吸烟问题解决起来并没有那么容易，段落中使用To begin with和In addition从两个方面进行论证，段尾对本段进行了总结。语言亮点：1. hot-debated issue：“讨论的热点”，还可以说widely-discussed issue。2. become addicted to：或be addicted to上瘾。例如：More and more young people become addicted to on-line chatting.（越来越多的年轻人着迷于网上聊天）。3. annual：每年的，近义词为yearly。Every year为副词，相当于annually。4. e to：“因为”，如：Most accidents are e to driving at high speed.（大部分事故是由于高速驾驶造成的）。类似的表达有：because of, on account of, as result of, in consequence of, caused by等。5. amount to：“达到（某数量），到…之多”。这是一个图表题中经常使用的结构，例如：Expenses on food amount to 30% of every Chinese family’s income.（用于食物的开支占每个中国家庭收入的30%）。类似的表达有：add up to, come to, total, sum up等。6. meanwhile：与此同时。词性为副词，相当于at the same time。7. smoking-related diseases：与吸烟有关的疾病。8. （much）to one’s great relief：使某人大为放心，使某人深感宽慰。9. witness：“时间+experience /see /witness +变化+在哪方面”可用来表达某段时间发生的变化。10. The reason that... is... ：用reason接从句表原因有两种方式：一种是范文中的用法the reason （that）（定语从句）... is（that）...，另一种是the reason why（接同位语从句）... is that...，如：The reason why we cook food much faster today is that the changes in food preparation methods（今天我们烹饪食物的速度提高了很多的原因是在准备食物的方法上有了变化）。11. maintain：保持。例如：If the present rate of economic increase can be maintained, the majority of Chinese will live a well-off life in the middle of the 21st century.（如果中国经济增长能保持目前的速度，21世纪中叶，大部分中国人就能过上小康生活）。12. in all walks of the society：“社会的各个方面”，又如：men in all walks of life（各行各业的人）。13. To begin with：首先，相当于first of all或first(ly)。14. account for：（在数量、比例方面）占。例如：Farmers account for about 80% of the total population of China.（农民占中国总人口的约80%。）15. In addition：而且，再者。相当于What’s more。16. concerted：“商定的，共同计划或完成的”，如：We made a concerted effort to solve the problem.（我们一起努力解决了这个问题）四、写作误区篇章结构误区：生硬的图表罗列是本题写作的第一个误区。任何形式的图表作文，考试的目的都不是单纯的描写，而是要抓住图表之间的内在联系。如果只是罗列现象、描写图表，就会犯言之无物的错误，难以展开有力有效的分析。本题写作的第二个误区是跑题，因为很多考生一看到题目，就理所当然地认为这是非常熟悉的“吸烟有害健康”主题的文章，便开始大谈吸烟的危害、主动吸烟、被动吸烟，及至如何降低吸烟对社会及个人造成的危害，等等。考生犯这样的错误说明没有审清楚题，题目的要求有两点：解释图片；预测烟草消费的趋势并给出原因。换句话说，这样的考生没有意识到或者根本没有看清楚第二个要求。语言表达错误：①用词不当：The other reason is that smoking is forbidden in the popular areas in more and more countries.（The other reason is that smoking is forbidden in public areas in more and more countries.）Thus I think the tendency of world tobacco consumption is descend.（Thus I think the tendency of world tobacco consumption is to decrease.）②动词误用：Even the strongest method can’t decline the number of smokers.（Even the toughest method can’t make the number of smokers decline.）③连词误用：Because of the tendency of tobacco consumption, I think the number of cigarette smokers is rising in some developing countries.（As far as the tendency of tobacco consumption is concerned, I think the number of cigarette smokers is rising in some developing countries.）④冠词错误：For above-mentioned reasons, I believe the consumption of tobacco will decrease and all problems it causes will be solved.（For all the above-mentioned reasons, I believe the consumption of tobacco will decrease and all the problems it causes will be solved.）⑤主谓搭配错误：More and more people believe smoking do harm to health, waste money.（More and more people believe smoking does harm to health, and is a waste of money.）⑥中式英语：From the pictures, we first know that there are a lot of smoking people in the world.（From the pictures, we first know that there are a lot of smokers in the world.）⑦句意笼统：You can see the number from the chart, which make you think deeply of the harm of smoking. （It can be seen from the chart that there are 200 billion dollars’ loss and 3 million deaths resulting from smoking.）

原文：A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise ll existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and indivial interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.试题：51. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world,.[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors[D] most Americans are ready to offer help52. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that. [A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship[B] courteous convention and indivial interest are interrelated[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions53. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers.[A] to improve their hard life[B] in view of their long-distance travel[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life[D] out of a charitable impulse54. The tradition of hospitality to strangers.[A] tends to be superficial and artificial[B] is generally well kept up in the United States[C] is always understood properly[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trails全文翻译去过美国的人回来总是说大多数美国人对他们是多么友善、好客、乐于助人。公正地说，人们对加拿人也经常作出有这样的评论，因而，这应当被认为是北美的普遍现象。当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭隘的官员，举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。尽管有不如人意的地方，但因为热情好客是人们常常作出的评论，所以值得讨论一番。过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来总是颇受观迎，因为他们打破了当地居民沉闷单调的生活。无聊、孤独是一般相互之间距离很远的家庭普遍存在的问题。陌生人和旅行者不仅转折了人们的注意力，他们还带来了外面世界的消息。拓荒地区的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统的形成。单独旅行时，如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说也，这也并非是行善的一时冲动。它反映了日常生活的严酷现实：如果你不收留陌生人，那他便无处求助了。请记住，有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇。如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者。不过，热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。“我只是路过，和这个美国人聊了聊。很快，他就请我到他家吃饭——这真令人惊奇。”去过美国的旅客的这种谈论很普遍，但并非都能被正确理解。很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看作是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看成是文化传统的历史发展结果。同任何发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化符号、设想和习俗构成了美国所有社会关系的基础。当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解其社会和其文化模式。不能正确“诠释”文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论。例如，美国人所说的“朋友”一词，其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的“朋友”大相径庭。要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的邂逅是远远不够的。不过，友好是很多美国人推崇的美德，也是希望从邻居和陌生人那得到的。答案： D A C B你做对了吗？

Do animals have rights?动物有权利吗？This is how the question is usually put.人们通常这样提问。It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start.这像是一个实用且具创新的提问方式。71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreedaccount of human rights, which is something the world does not have.事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的，而这种共识并不存在。On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.诚然，根据对权利的一种看法，必然认为动物没有权利。72) Somephilosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange ofties and entitlements.有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权益交换的一部分。Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights.因此动物不可能有权利。惩罚吃人的老虎的想法是荒谬的。同样，认为老虎有权利也是荒谬的。However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one.然而，这只是一种认识，而且是一种有争议的认识。It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people -- for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations.这种认识不仅剥夺了动物的权利，而且也剥夺了某些人的权利，例如婴儿，这些还不会用大脑来思考问题的下一代。In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “I don’t like this contract”?此外，谁也不清楚，对于从来就不同意契约的人来说，这项契约又具有多大约束力，如果有人说“我不喜欢这项契约”，那你又如何回答呢？The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.问题的症结在于，如果对人的权利没有一致的看法，争论动物的权利是徒劳无益的。73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites youto think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to otherhumans, or with no consideration at all.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅动物，要么完全冷漠无情。This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?这是一种不真实的选择。这是一种错误的选择。最好以另一种更为根本性的提问开始：我们对待动物的方法是一个道德问题吗？Many deny it.许多人否认这种提法。74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in everyrelevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake -- a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.任何关心动物疾苦的想法都是错误的，因为它把应该用来关心其他人的同情心错误地用到动物身上。This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical.”这种观点认为，折磨猴子从道义上讲无异于劈柴，这种看法似乎是大胆的“逻辑推理”。In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it.实际上，这种看法非常肤浅，因为其中心混乱到应该被摒弃的程度。The most elementary form of moral reasoning -- the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl-- is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own.道德推理的最初级形式，和学习爬行的理论一样，是把自身利益和他人利益加以权衡考虑。This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought.那么，这就需要同情心和想象力。没有这两点，就无法用道德观念来进行思考。To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.看到动物受苦足以使大多数人产生同情感。75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it ismankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged ratherthan laughed at.这种反应并不是错误，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应该遭到嘲笑。

这一篇小文，小编就给大家解析一下1994~1999年考研英语的六篇作文，帮助大家更好地把握考研英语的写作思路和选题走向。#考研英语#1994年真题作文部分1994年这一年考察的是提纲作文。不仅给出了文章的题目、时间要求（40分钟）、字数要求（120~150词），还给出了首段（As a human being,one can hardly do without a friend.）和内容提纲，所以从这个角度来看，难度不是特别大。文章的话题是：“友情”；标题是“On Making Friends”；主题词是“friendship”。文章结构大体可以分为三段：其一是“朋友的重要性”，其二是“真正的友谊”，其三是“我交朋友的原则”。作文分值15分。Ture friendship lies in sincerity of both parts,and only sincere friends will give us a hand when we need help.真正的友谊是建立在相互真诚的基础上，也只有真诚的朋友才会在我们需要帮助的时候伸出援助之手。 1995年真题作文部分1995年这一年考察的也是提纲作文。同样给出了文章的题目、时间要求（40分钟）、字数要求（120~150词），也给出了文章的第一句话（ecational plays a very important role in the modernization of our country.）和内容提纲。文章的话题是“希望工程”；标题和主题词都是“Project Hope”。文章的结构可以分为三段：其一是“教育的现状”，其二是“希望工程的必要性”，其三是“我的看法和建议”。作文分值15分。The government should take effective measures and people should give more support to ensure that every child can receive elementary ecation.政府应该采取有效的措施，人们也应该给予更多的支持，从未让每一个孩子都能接受到基础教育。 1996年真题作文部分1996年这一年考察的是提纲作文。给出了作文的标题、时间要求（40分钟）、字数要求（120~150词），文章的首句（The desire for good health is universal.）和内容提纲。文章的话题是“保持健康”；标题是“Good Health”，主题词是“keep healthy”。文章的结构可以分为三段：其一是“保持健康的重要性”，其二是“保持健康的方法”，其三是“我的保持健康的建议”。作文分值15分。In a way,keeping healthy is not very hard.从某种程度上说，保持健康并不是非常困难的事情。 1997年真题作文部分1997年这一年考察的是图表作文。题目除了图表和漫画外，还给出了写作的思路。不过没有了时间的要求，字数要求是不得少于120词。文章的话题是“吸烟”；标题自拟，主题词是“smoking、cigarette”。图表作文的结构一般也是固定的，以这篇文章为例，一般分为三段：第一段是图表的内容进行简单描述，第二段是对图表反映的现象或情况进行说明，阐明重要性或者危害性，第三段是给出看法和建议。作文分值15分。Smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such as lung cancer，heart disease and so on.吸烟会导致诸如肺癌、心脏病等很多致命性的疾病。1998年真题作文部分1998年这一年考察的是漫画作文。值得一提的是要求中字数由之前的不少于120词变成了不少于150词。除了漫画，照样给出了写作的思路。这篇文章的话题是“虚假广告”；标题自拟，主题词是“misleading and cheating advertisements”。文章的结构可以分为三段：第一段对漫画的内容进行描述，第二段指出这一问题的现状，即当今存在很多这样“虚假广告”的问题，一直在欺骗和误导消费者，第三段指出自己的建议，可以从政府、社会、个人三个角度简单地说一说。作文分值15分。Doing more is better than promising more.做比承诺更为重要。1999年真题作文部分1999年这一年考察的是图表作文。写作的相关要求和去年是一致的，即不少于150词的字数要求。文章的话题是“人口数量和物种灭绝数量的关系”；标题自拟，主题词图表中已经给出，分别是“the ups and downs of population growth”和“species extinction over time”。文章的结构可以分为三段：第一段通过表格指出人口数量和物种灭绝数量的关系，即如图所示，美国人口数量的增长导致了物种数量的急剧下降，一些物种已经灭绝；第二段说一说造成这种现象的可能原因，比如全球变暖、人类的猎杀等等；第三段提出自己的一些建议，也可以从国家、社会、个人三个角度来谈。作文分值15分。what is worse,with the development of instrialization,the natural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed,which will make some of the wildlife become homeless and extinct.更严重的是，伴随着工业化的发展，自然的平衡和生态环境被破坏，从而导致许多的野生动物无家可归，甚至走向灭亡。考研英语是很难的早期的真题其实没必要太抠细节，但是出题者的思路和技法还是可以了解了解的，这毕竟是真题，肯定比市面上任何一位老师的模拟题要好，所以建议同学们可以在复习的初期做一做，或者在最后无题可做的时候做一做。（推荐陈正康老师的《真题超精读》，讲得很细致，不过买的时候一定要看清楚自己考的是英语一还是英语二，2004年是不分一二的。）“满大街都是本科生！”你凭什么这么说？考研政治，“反对外国侵略的斗争”专项选择题易错考点汇总

作为一名曾经用《考研真相》逆袭英语一79分的考研学姐，已经成功给很多小学妹小学弟安利了这本书。但最近和大家交流发现，很多小伙伴都不太会用“一句一句图解语法、一句一句注释词汇”的“逐词逐句精解册”，或者是按照传统方法“先用空白试卷册做题—再用逐句精讲册研究文章—再用试题解析册分析答案”来复习。所以专门开贴和大家分享一下我之前的复习方法。当然，我的方法比较特殊，可能不适用于每个人，仅供大家参考。大部分同学一拿到《考研真相》，往往就翻开试题册，着急着开始做题。做了之后发现自己单词一把不认识，句子一堆看不懂，文章在说什么完全不明白，然后就被深深地打击到了，自信心受挫，觉得考研太难了，觉得自己考不上了。还没怎么复习过，真题的套路都没搞明白，当然会出现这种情况。所以，这个时候做题费劲，并不是因为考研英语难，而是我们破解套路的能力还没有修炼到位要想修炼自己破解套路的能力，解题技巧是一方面，但更重要的是，我们要有扎实的基础知识——常考的大纲词汇得认识吧？常见的语法结构得能识破吧？这两点做不到，就很难读懂文章的大部分内容，文章都读不懂个大概，再多的解题技巧都没用啊！那么怎样才能有效地让我们的基础知识水平升级呢？把单词书反复背？大量分析长难句？这些方法确实可行，但是效率不够高。这就是我们的细节控“逐词逐句精讲册”出马的时候了！一、利用“逐词逐句精讲册”研读文章首先大家要明白，我们用《考研真相》的复习顺序，并不是试题册做题——解析册对答案——逐词逐句精讲册分析文章，或试题册做题——逐词逐句精讲册分析文章——解析册对答案，而是应该把“逐词逐句精讲册”放在第一步，先利用它来研读真题文章，通过研读这些文章从词汇和语法两方面恶补基础，之后再去做真题锻炼解题技巧。利用“逐词逐句精讲册”研读真题文章这项工作，建议大家在整体复习完一遍词汇之后开始。当然，如果有足够的精力，可以在词汇复习过半的时候就开始。这个阶段的重点在“研读”这两个字，也就是说，在这一阶段，先不要急着做题！我们先从最新一年的真题，也就是2020年的真题开始，逐篇去精读真题的文章，没错！就是像英语老师讲课文那样精读。我们研读的目的，就是能够完全理解文章，而妨碍我们理解文章的原因，无非就是两个：单词不认识和句子读不懂。所以研读的过程中，遇到不认识的单词就赶紧查一下书上的【词汇注释】或者词典；遇到读不懂的句子就看一下书上的结构图解，搞清楚这个句子怎么构成的，各个成分都是什么意思，合到一起组合成一整句又应该怎么理解。这样地毯式地复习，就能扫清阅读障碍。这样一来，借助【词汇注释】复习单词，借助句子结构图解加强语法分析能力，既能让自己的基础知识上一个level，又能熟悉真题文章的题材，一举两得，复习效率大大提高。二、做好笔记，方便定期巩固在利用“逐词逐句精讲册”研读真题的过程中，做好笔记是至关重要的一环。可以直接在书上做笔记，也可以准备一个笔记本。无论哪种方式，做笔记的时候一定要注意，用不同颜色的笔区分主次，标记出复习重点。既然妨碍我们读懂文章的，就是词汇和语法，那我们就把笔记的重点放在这两方面上。“逐词逐句精讲册”的【词汇注释】中，对于句中出现的大纲词汇，已经用星标标记了出来。这些词既然是大纲词汇，那么在2021年的考研中出现的频率就会比较高，所以是我们的重点关注对象，尤其是那些在研读中发现自己还没记住的星标词，一定要在笔记中用最显眼的符号标记出来。另外，这些大纲词汇，如果【词汇注释】中列出了它的同根词，我们也要一起记下来，尤其是动词和名词。利用它们词根相同来批量记忆，可以有效提高我们记单词的效率。最重要的是，这些笔记标记出来的单词，一定要在后面的复习中定期巩固复习，这样才能避免记了又忘的悲剧发生。所以最好用不同的标记或颜色标出对一个单词的记忆程度，这样定期巩固的时候我们就知道，哪些词可能巩固一遍就能搞定，哪些可能需要反复巩固才能记牢。而在语法方面，也就是长难句，考研中影响我们理解文章的往往是句中各种形式的定语和状语。比如介词短语作定状语、非谓语动词作定状语、定语从句、状语从句。所以研读过程中，遇到这些语法结构，一定要结合书中的解析，重点研究，把它吃透！和词汇一样，对于自己研读起来比较吃力的句子，用最显眼的符号标记，同样在后面定期巩固的时候重点关注它们！另外，一部分同学或许有这样的苦恼：我英语太差了，连非谓语动词、从句这些基础的语法知识都搞不清，《考研真相》里的逐句解析更看不懂啊！在此建议大家听《考研真相》主编张国静老师带领教师团队研发的专门恶补英语基础语法的视频课程，从最基本的句子成分等，到考研出镜率较高的非谓语动词和从句，再到难度较大的一些特殊句式，逐一给大家详细讲解。如果大家能够先跟着这个课程打好基础的语法知识，就完全不用担心《考研真相》的逐句解析看不懂了。三、灵活安排研读进度有了具体的研读方法，那怎么规划这一部分的复习呢？大家要明白，并不是《考研真相》中所有年份的真题，我们都要这样逐一研读过去，这会占用我们大量的复习时间，并不是一个高效复习的方法。我们可以从2020年的真题开始，依次研读前面年份的真题，首先完成2011-2020年十年真题的研读。这是因为2021年的真题在命题思路上一定最接近近几年的真题，如果我们从2020年的真题开始向前研读，就能较快地熟悉常考词汇和常见的语法结构，复习效率就会直线飙升。具体来说，可以每天花费1-2个小时，研读一篇文章。像完形、翻译这种比较短的文章，可能1个小时左右就能搞定，但是像新题型，可能要2个多小时。这时一定不要急于求成，不要赶进度，研读阶段我们应该求质量，而不是求数量，一定要像前面说的那样做好笔记。如果每天一篇，研读近十年的真题大概要两个半月。不要觉得这两个半月太长，这是我们利用“逐词逐句精讲册”打基础的关键时期，在这一阶段把基础打好了，后面的复习会事半功倍！搞定了近十年真题之后，大家就可以开始进入做题阶段了。同样是从最新的2020年开始往前做，因为文章已经研读过一遍，所以一旦出现不认识的单词或看不懂的句子，就说明这对自己是一个知识难点，赶紧翻开逐句册的笔记复习！2010年之前的真题，大家可以从2010年开始往前，先做题，巩固解题技巧，再利用“逐词逐句精讲册”学习生词和长难句。当然，如果大家有足够的时间，最好能在做题之后，把阅读的文章再研读一遍，毕竟“得阅读者得天下”；如果时间紧张，重点研读文章中和答案相关的句子。文章提到的复习顺序和我们的常规顺序有很大不同，并不一定适用于每一个人，大家可以根据自己的喜好和习惯灵活调整。总之，“逐词逐句精讲册”能帮助我们利用真题去破解真题，提高考研英语的复习效率，大家可千万不要忽视了它，要让它成为我们英语复习的得力助手！

考研英语经验写在前面：我考英语一，英语基础比较差，所以选资料的时候会比较慎重，复习也会提前。辅导书：单词《考研词汇闪过》语法《长难句闪过》真题《考研真相》作文《写作160篇》刷题《真题真练》背单词 扇贝单词经验总结：「背单词＋语法＋做真题」答题顺序：小作文→大作文→阅读A→阅读B→翻译→完型单词篇：1、从三月开始每天背《考研词汇闪过》100个/天我是书和APP穿插使用的，有时候带书不是很方便，碎片时间就用APP来记单词。备考的9个月几乎所有碎片时间都在刷单词：吃饭、坐车、睡前……最开始一天100个，逐渐增加到一天600，反复的刷。单词这个东西背了很容易忘，我是深有体会，不过反复背就会有效果，哪怕写不出来，但要知道意思；2、近8年真题里生僻单词死抠不留死角，要注意一词多义，放在句子中理解单词，记下来你不认识的单词，直到搞明白为止；3、单词要刷到考前最后一天，哪怕只刷50个也要继续；4、我语法不好，每天会留一个小时用《长难句闪过》学习语法，对后期做真题有很大帮助。真题篇：1、真题是考研复习最宝贵的复习资料，任何模拟题都没办法比，还有“得阅读者得英语”这句话是真的；2、我复习真题阅读只用了《考研真相》逐词逐句讲解的真题。从98年开始，二十几年的真题完全够刷，弄明白所有题工程量巨大，所以考英语一不建议再刷英语二的题，我当时也买了英语二，做了几套发现思路也是不一样的，而且其实没有多大的精力去刷；3、从三月开始每天做1-2篇真题阅读，前5年的真题可以按照题型去做；4、留下近3年的题考前模拟用；5、先答题，然后翻译全文，生词查出来，再看刚才的选项要不要改，最后对答案，看懂正确选项的原因，也要看懂错误选项的问题和陷阱；6、真题要刷两次及以上；二刷可以不用逐句翻译，但是不要记答案，要重新做，如果原来错的题还错，那你就要重点关注这些题，可以买个《真题真练》二刷三刷，比复印还便宜；7、完型第一遍通读文章，第二遍再选，结合全文和上下文，答案一定是abcd选项各五个，很平均，每一到五个题都是abcd+一个任意选项。如果实在最后没有时间了，只能瞎蒙，那不如都选一样的，还能得2分。作文+翻译篇：1、方法：背诵→默写→仿写；2、每天都背，我从九月开始每天背一个小作文和半个大作文+昨天的背诵默写，然后仿写；3、9月开始听张国静的视频课，我报的是翻译和作文，张国静老师的三步作文法还是很有名气的。翻译的话每天一个英一的翻译句子大概30分钟，每周一总结。