考研样题

现在对于参加考研的学生来说，最关注的就是今年的考研究竟难不难呢？因此你便会看到很多学生自从考场回到学校讨论的问题都是以今年的考研难度为主线，有的学生表示今年的考研试题是真的难，但也有一部分考生表示今年的试题还是相对来说比较容易一些，那么到底是难还是不难呢？或许我们那些二战考研的学生更加有发言权吧！据了解很多二战考研的学生表示，今年的考研试题相对于去年的考研试题来说还是要容易很多的。我想凡是关注考研的学生来说，都清楚18考研的试题难度，拿数学来说，18考研的数学试题所考察的知识点都有超纲的知识点，这难倒了诸多的考生，所以18考研数学考试结束后，是真的有很多学生便放弃了后续的考试了，选择放弃了，因为数学这一单科成绩已经是没戏了。更为重要的是在2月公布的研究生招生考试的最低分数线中，数学的最低分数线下降了非常的多，所以这足以说明18考研数学试题非常的难。但对于今年的数学试题来说，二战考研的学生表示难度不是没有但是相对于去年的考研数学已经是简单了很多了，所以他们认为今年的数学相对容易一些。此外，今年的英语试题上，虽然有几个单词考研学生表示不认识，阅读理解不会做，新题型不会做等诸多情况，但是从目前的情况来看今年的英语试题相对于去年的英语试题还是有一定的下降。二战考研的学生也表示，今年的英语试题有难度，但是绝对没有18考研的难，因为去年他们在做英语的时候不管是作文还是阅读，或者还是新题型都是非常的难，最后在所公布的英语单科国家线上也明显的体现了出来，18英语单科线相对于17年英语单科线整整下降了两分。所以，从那些二战考研的学生得出的结论是相对于去年的考研来说，今年的考研还是比较容易的，但是依然非常的有一定的难度。或许这些二战考研的学生，对于今年的考研试题会更加的有清晰的认识，毕竟参加了去年的硕士研究生招生考试，有了一定的对比，因此大致可以确定今年 的考研试题相对于去年的考研试题还是比较简单一些的。

考研英语作为考研过程中最重要的部分，已经被很多人视为“头号大敌”。大部分考生在考研英语的备考前期就已经做了很多真题了。到了最后的冲刺阶段，大家都会花大量时间和精力去做模拟试卷。小编要说的是，模拟试题和一些预测题看起来也是不错的选择，但是如果把过多的时间用在模拟题上面，难免会事倍功半。而且考生也会因为模拟试题的仿真程度不高，最终导致自己的做题思路发生偏差。因此，小编建议，即使在最后的复习阶段，也不要大量的做题，尤其是模拟题。否则，很容易陷入题海中不能自拔。事实上，模拟试题仅适合考生积累知识点，扩大阅读量以及练习对时间的把握，如果要作为研习对象就显得有些单薄了。当然，如果你已经做过大量的真题，并且每套真题都做过很多遍，也进行过深入的研究，那么，适当地利用模拟题也是可以的。效率和成效模拟题可以做，但要有目的的做，而不是大量的做。做题的时候应当保证效率，做完之后也要力争有成效。一般水平的考生一周做一套模拟题就足够了。在做题的时候，谨记做题数量要和自己实际的英语水平相当。自我感觉水平较高的考生可以适当加大题量。但是如果到目前为止，你对最基本的大纲词汇和真题还没有吃透，那就完全可以少做甚至不做真题。整理和分析很多考生虽然拿着模拟题在练，但是在实际练习中却没有重视起来。在做模拟题地时候，有些考生对待题目只是停留在一个简单地对答案的程度上。这当然是不够的。既然花了时间，也用了精力做模拟题，就应该最大限度的利用它提升自己，把它彻底的吃透。小编建议，考生至少要把所有做错的题目挑选出来进行分类整理，找出错因，并加以改正。完成错误分析之后，确定该题目主要是哪种类型的，对所有的错题进行归纳总结，寻找最适合自己的做题方式。只有这样才能真正做到有的放矢。总之，在最后的冲刺阶段，考生一定要戒骄戒躁，对自己的英语水平要有一个正确判断，仔细查找薄弱环节，并进行有针对性的复习。

2020年考研初试才刚刚落下帷幕，然而2021考研党却都已经开始了图书馆抢座之战。似乎前些年考研还没有频频上热搜，成为众多大学生的选择。但是近几年却可以明显感受到考研已经成为了大三大四同学的一个不可忽略的去向。无论你是想考还是不想考，考研都在那里成为了你必须考虑的一个选项。随着考研热度上升，报名人数节节攀高，试题难度也开始逐渐让一众考研人欲哭无泪。今天，我们就从刚刚结束的2020考研试题难度入手，给2021年的考研党分析一下考情，做到心中有数。一、政治难度比去年大今年的政治选择题难度整体是有略微提升的，分析题虽是在情理之中，但是答案内容专业度还是比较高的，想靠抄材料或者蒙着写，那在今年一定是比较危险的。当然单选题也有个别题目极为简单，基本就属于完全送分题。但是多选题今年却出现了很多送命题，很多题你觉得是全选，但是偏偏就会有一个选项是错误的，关键是你还很难看出来。最后只能在多选题中左一个二分，右一个二分地栽跟头，导致选择也没能拿到一个好分数。这时，倘若五道大题还都是你没背过的，那么今年政治这一科失误就重大了。在此给2021考研党提个醒，不要小瞧政治，该背一定要早点背，多背，不要仅靠着市面上的一些最后几套押题卷，就觉得自己妥了，其实最后很可能光政治一科就与你的对手差十几分，得不偿失。而且就2020考研政治考情分析可见，2021年也绝不会太过简单。二、英语一与去年难度持平，英语二难度明显提升英语是属于考完后，一直挂在热搜很难下去的一科，这主要就在于其难度真的吓退很多人。以前很多同学觉得英语二比英语一简单，所以选择考英语二的专业。然而今年不幸的消息就是英语二也明显提高了难度，英语一依旧保持其高标准的水平。所以对于大部分同学来说，只要你考研，英语这一大难题是很难躲掉的。建议2021考研的同学寒假就开始着手背单词，分析句子，英语早些准备，其最后结果一定不会太差。但是如果你想把英语当成一门临阵磨枪式的科目来学习的话，那考研成功的概率可就大大减小了。三、数学难度可与18年最难试题相较数学考试对于大部分同学来说是从小就最忌怕的一门考试。然而对于很多专业来讲，数学是必考科目，真是想躲也躲不开的。在考研数学史上，2018年的试题就难出了新高度，而今年竟然是直逼18年难度的。很多同学考完数学就已经心灰意冷，觉得考上的希望更渺茫了。所以对于2021考研的同学来说，如果你也要考数学，那么请你从现在就开始准备吧。这绝不是危言耸听，依照这样的形势来看，2021数学只会更难。四、专业课从未简单说到专业课的学习和考试，那绝对都是一个头两个大。很少有人会觉得自己专业课简单，基本都是一边背一边哭，熬过来的。专业课因为大家考的都不同，所以也没有办法做共性分析。但是值得一提就是随着考研人数越来越多，但是院校名额却并未增加，所以各院校提高试题难度，优中选优是很有可能的。如果此刻你已经确定了院校，那么寒假就开始看看书吧，因为也许你的竞争对手都已经看过一遍，准备着手背了。考研不易，众所周知。但是大家依旧坚持选择这条路，可见其蕴含的巨大价值还是很吸引人的。所以，不要因为它难而放弃，而是应该迎难而上，最终一定有你意想不到的收获。希望2021考研的同学们可以拿出勇气，坚持一年，克服困难，有心人终成硕士。

【考试科目】马克思主义基本原理概论【理论学习】人民性【学长讲解】最近辅导工作很忙，所以断更了两天！今天我们继续来学习2018版教育部统编教材《马克思主义基本原理概论》第一章的内容。今天，我们要聊得是马克思主义的“人民性”这一特征。在近年来的考研题目中，对人民性的考察非常多！下面我们就来看看对这一特征的考察多以哪种形式出现？【历年真题汇编】①谈谈你对马克思主义政治鲜明立场的理解？（论述题）（辽宁大学2016年研）②马克思主义政党的一切理论和奋斗都应致力于实现以劳动人民为主体的最广大人民根本利益，这一鲜明的政治立场是由马克思主义理论的本性决定的？（判断题）（华南理工大学2016年研）③为什么说“马克思主义政党的一切理论和奋斗都致力于实现以劳动人民为主体的最广大人民的根本利益，是马克思主义最鲜明的政治立场”？（论述题）（西南大学2011年研）所以大家不要忽视这短短的“三个字”，很多高校命题都是在细节上见真章！所以，学长再次苦口婆心地强调，专业课和公共课是不一样的！尤其是对于跨考生，如果自己复习效率不高，千万不要一条道走到黑！不妨报个辅导班，多和学长学姐沟通，谦虚求学！我相信，唯有如此，你才能从百万考研大军中脱颖而出，成功上岸！【笔记归纳】下面学长就在2018版教材的基础上为大家归纳该知识点的笔记!!!所谓“人民性”教材从以下四个方面来阐述!!!①人民至上是马克思主义的政治立场。马克思主义政党把人民放在心中最高位置，一切奋斗都致力于实现最广大人民的根本利益，这是马克思主义最鲜明的政治立场；②人民群众是历史的创造者，是社会主义事业的依靠力量，马克思主义的人民性是以阶级为深刻基础的，是无产阶级先进性的体现；③马克思主义是关于无产阶级解放的学说。无产阶级解放和全人类解放是完全一致的；④反对私有制社会特别是资本主义社会的经济剥削和政治压迫，建立社会主义社会，最终实现共产主义，这既是无产阶级解放的事业，也是广大人民群众和全人类解放的事业。【理论拓展】下面我们结合热点对“人民性”进行深入学习！大家不妨拿出笔记本记一记，正所谓“好记性不如烂笔头”！2015年11月23日习近平总书记在中央政治局第二十八次集体学习时提出新的治国理政方针理论，即“以人民为中心的发展思想”！2015年10月党的十八届五中全会在北京召开。全会通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议》强调，必须坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，把增进人民福祉、促进人的全面发展作为发展的出发点和落脚点，发展人民民主，维护社会公平正义，保障人民平等参与、平等发展权利，充分调动人民积极性、主动性、创造性。以上是人民中心思想提出的历史背景！下面学长结合学术前沿为大家整合人民中心思想的范畴与内容！（1）目标宗旨观。人民和人民群众是社会物质和精神财富的创造者，是物质资料和生活资料的生产者，也是社会物质和精神生活的享用者、社会物质资料和生活资料的消费者。从历史唯物主义的基本原理出发，习近平总书记强调，中国共产党所做的一切，就是为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴、为人类谋和平与发展。唯有明确目标宗旨，我们的奋斗、我们的事业才会有明确的方向。（2）历史动力观。历史唯物主义认为，人民是社会历史发展的鲜活实践主体，是社会历史发展的最高价值主体；人民群众是社会历史的创造者，是社会历史发展的真正推动者。习近平总书记强调，“人民是历史的创造者，是真正的英雄”，“人民是创造历史的动力，我们共产党人任何时候都不要忘记这个历史唯物主义最基本的道理”。只有依靠人民，才能创造历史伟业。历史是人民书写的，一切成就归功于人民。只要我们深深扎根人民、紧紧依靠人民，就可以获得无穷的力量。（3）人民至上观。人民群众对切身利益的追求、对美好生活的向往，推动着社会历史的发展和进步。实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，就是要实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福，要维护好、发展好、实现好人民的切身利益，不断提高人民生活水平，满足人民群众对美好生活的向往。习近平总书记指出，我们“必须始终把人民利益摆在至高无上的地位，让改革发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民，朝着实现全体人民共同富裕不断迈进”。（4）文化使命观。人民对美好生活的向往，不仅表现在物质方面，也表现在精神方面。满足人民群众的精神文化需要，就要推动社会主义文化的繁荣兴盛。习近平总书记指出，“中国共产党从成立之日起，既是中国先进文化的积极引领者和践行者，又是中华优秀传统文化的忠实传承者和弘扬者”，强调“当代中国共产党人和中国人民应该而且一定能够担负起新的文化使命，在实践创造中进行文化创造，在历史进步中实现文化进步”。除此之外，教材中还可以归纳出以下和“人民性”有关的知识点！分别是“群众路线观”、“人民当家作主思想”、“保障改善民生”、“造福世界人民学说”等。还有针对新冠肺炎疫情，结合人民性习近平总书记还做了许多重要论述，也提醒童鞋们关注！好啦！今天的分享就到这里！欢迎大家留言转发！

对于不少考研同学来讲，现在是个比较非常重要的时间节点。很多同学已经完成了一轮复习，开始进入到二轮复习阶段；而对于另外一部分同学来说，找工作到了一定阶段没有什么好结果的时候，会选择开始复习。对于每个考研的同学来说，真题一定是绕不开的话题。因为真题的出题形式新颖，出题内容专业，题目的信度和效度比较高，能够充分考察同学们的学习水平。还没复习完就做真题好不好这个做法是不推荐的。因为真题的考查内容是非常全面的，对于还没复习完的小伙伴来说，做了真题发现很多题目都做错了，自信心备受打击，会影响复习效果。尤其是心理学考研真题，比较难得，做一套少一套，同学们至少要在一轮复习之后，刷1-2套真题，找找做真题的题感，检验一下自己一轮复习的结果。在二轮复习之后，可以认真地把真题刷起来。真题怎么刷才有效一般来讲，自主命题院校的真题形式多样，有的院校的真题甚至连单项选择题都没有。而心理学学术硕士统考的真题考查形式比较全面，包含单项选择题、多项选择题、简答题、综合题等。一张试卷总分300分，考试时间3小时。给同学们刷题的建议是：找一个上午，关上手机和网络，静下心来把一张卷子做完，看看自己用时多少，核对答案看看自己能得多少分。这样的训练可以一周进行1-2次。其他时间呢，同学们可以分模块来练习真题，比如今天只做单项选择题，明天只做简答题等。真题为什么是提分神器对于考生来讲，单项选择题考查的是一个学生的再认能力，即看到四个选项并结合题意，能否选出正确答案；简答题考察的是一个学生的记忆力和理解力，即看到一个简答题之后，能否不看书就把这一题的答案写到试卷上去；综合题不仅考察同学们的记忆力和理解力，还会考查同学们的分析能力。那么，同学们在练真题的过程中，有意识地去提高自己相应的这方面的能力和知识的掌握技巧，就可以了。比如说，一些比较细节的知识点，只会出现在选择题中，那么同学们就不需要去背下来这个知识点所在段落的全部内容，只需要理解它就可以啦。而且，通过练习真题，可以帮助你发现自己的知识盲区。因此，一定要在积极使用真题的基础上，学会使用真题，才能帮助你在备战考研中获得成功！

21年考研结束了，此次管综逻辑试题总体上看，难易程度适中，较之去年而言，今年的试题难度稍有提升。考生在3个小时的考试时间内答完试卷还是需要一些策略的，譬如如果你先写选择题再写作文，嗯，多数是时间不够的，好多小伙伴大作文都是空的！不怕不会做就怕明明我文思泉涌，可是老师来收试卷了……所以为那些先写作文的机智boy and girl点个赞！不管怎么说考完了我们总是要期待下成绩的，好轻松er给大家整理了2021考研管综的试题及参考答案（网友回忆版），大家来估个分呗！今年管综逻辑试题内容方面着重点有所变化，对形式逻辑部分基础知识的考察比例上升。今年形式逻辑部分基础知识的考察比例接近50%，上年形式逻辑部分的出题形式没有那么灵活，思路、方法比较固定、模式化，具体题目考察的比较简单，都是平时为大家反复强调的知识点，但是今年的逻辑题总是要多留心思考一下的因此也消耗了大家很多时间，作文题的考察点有点多，如果审题不够仔细，平时训练不严格的小伙伴可能要吃亏了，不过老师对多数同学这部分考题的作答情况还是相当自信的。只要在答题过程中细致一些，这部分的分数应该是稳拿的。言归正传，咱们不废话了，上真题吧！题目太多18张图片呢，还有作文题的分析+范文，刚刚上传后被度娘拍死了，所以现在抛砖引玉，先放3张图片，21考研er赶快来对对答案吧，嗯，有需要全文真题和答案解析的小伙伴记得给我留言呦，我发给你们！

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

考试是一件非常严肃、紧张、正经的事情，但是毕竟人都会犯错，有时候考官或监考老师也会出现错误，刚刚过去的考研就出现把答案当试卷发的情况，下面一起来看看考场上还出现哪些失误呢？惊呆1. 山东高校试题错装，答案当试卷发刚刚过去的考研发生了“不可思议”的错误，山东师范大学自命题科目《外语教学理论基础》考试把答案当试卷发了。后来发现是印刷封装错误，相关人员表示抱歉，然后学生要补考。网友表示“电视剧都不敢这么演”，也有网友表示同情，“太扎心了，心态崩了”。答案当试题答案当试题答案当试题2. 四六级放错4遍听力前不久，郑州某高校四六级考试上放错了听力，放的听力竟然是去年的，而且放错了4遍，让考试时间延长了13分钟，实在是影响了很多考生的心态。那些听出来错了的考生真的是厉害了，但也有网友说，听力如听天书，其实我的内心毫无波澜。还有网友说“放了一半才告诉我放错了，啥？那我前面那么有信心选的是什么鬼”。这就非常尴尬了，很扎“学渣”的心啊！放错听力3. 高考考场钟停了约20分钟高考是举国瞩目的考试，不管是考生、家长还是老师都非常看重，但是在这么重要的场合上也出现过失误--考场钟停了约20分钟（有说17分钟）。这事可大可小，很多学生都是看着时间做题的，以为时间充裕，突然就要交卷，心里不慌是假的。后续该不该延长时间也是个问题，对于考场内的学生来说，钟停走不是他们的错，理应延时，而对于考场外的学生来说，大家时间其实是一样的，延长时间不够公平。时钟停走最近流行一句话，“你只管努力，其他的交给天意”，虽然有道理，但是也要有应对突发情况的心理素质，在出现这些情况时，尽量先让自己平静下来，保持好心态，然后看监考老师的安排，一般学校是会负责的。每一场考试对努力准备的考生来说都是至关重要的，所以考场相关人员应该要做全面的检查和准备，对考生负责，出现问题也应及时补救，让考生尽量得到公平的对待。对于考场出现的失误，你有什么看法呢？你自己有没有遇到这些情况呢？惊呆了（图片来源网络，如有侵权，请联系作者删除！）

又一年的考研初试结束，那同学们现在的状态怎么样呢？最近好多同学在网上聊今年的考试题目，那21年考研的你有什么想对正在准备22年考研的学弟学妹们分享的呢？考研真题是考研备考中非常重要的资料，通过考研真题，同学们可以了解到报考院校及报考专业相关的命题方向、命题特点、题型以及解题思路等等。还有一些院校可能会有原题出现。所以考研专业课真的是非常关键！考研辅导老师还有丸子个人都建议同学们找近三年的真题为标准，学校是否公布真题，往往是院校对于筛选优质考生和吸引考生报考的一个方式。一些知名高校尤其是其热门专业往往会更在乎学生的专业综合能力而不指定书目，不提供真题，这也算是对考生的一种筛选。院校提供历年真题则更希望考生能够积极地准备，积极报考这些院校的相关专业。获取真题的途径除了院校官方公布之外，还有几种方法：1. 参考各个院校官方论坛和相关的备考群。2. 找报考院校相关专业的学姐学长，了解一下他们当初是如何准备的。3. 报考院校附近的书店或者复印店，这些地方一般会有一些内部渠道可以获取相关的真题类的资料。4. 积极主动联系你所报考的院校相关专业的导师，如果你能跟导师聊得还是不错的话，导师愿意接受你报考他的专业，那有些导师会直接或者间接的给你提供一些相关的考试资料或者是帮助。5. 如果你是像丸子一样在锦泽上考研辅导，也会给你提供这方面的帮助。考研备考的路子很多，只要你能找到适合自己的，并且为之努力，你会成功上岸的！欢迎同学们评论补充。