1990考研数学真题

考研专业选择考研专业选择时，如何避开数学成了很多本科生考研跨专业的一个重要原因。有这个必要吗？考研数学过线有多难呢？考研数学与普通本科数学教学有什么不同之处呢？考研数学90分、130分、140分、 满分都是怎么做到的带着这些问题我们展开今天的讨论。展开讨论一、考研数学并不比其它学科更难过线相对于150分的满分来讲，近几年考研数学的国家线一般集中在50分至70分之间，即便是作为中国顶级学府的北京大学和清华大学的录取复试基本线才90分。而考研数学基础知识的分数就有80分左右。根据小编的从教经验来讲，考研数学考到90分左右的水平需要就是一个熟练程度，并不需要掌握太多的技巧，和具备多么完美的数学思想。考研数学过线并不难因此，如果仅是从数学过线角度来讲，考研专业选择完全没有必要避开数学。另外考生还需要考虑的问题就是有意识地避开数学而选择其它专业时，你的专业课知识储备是没有竞争力的。考研数学过线就具备录取资格二、考研数学90分怎么做到从根本目的上讲，考研数学分数是为研究生高端人才选拔提供数据依据的，而普通本科数学教学是满足本专业本科阶段教学实际需求的。因此作用不同，考试难度自然就不同。本科教学与考研教学目的设置不同大学数学课程的开设要考虑的两个方面的因素：一是适用性，我们大学数学课程开设的难度只要适用于本专业本科教学即可，能够为专业课的开设提供数学的基本知识以及工具性应用就完成教学目标了。本科数学教学议题讨论二是照顾性，本科数学开课之时，学生完全没有数学基础，因此大家会发现大学的数学课程讲的非常基础，并且都是单知识点教学，这就是在完成适用性目标的前提下大学数学课程开设的照顾性目标，要能够让绝大多数的学生都能跟上课，而不是仅顾及个别接受能力强的学生。那么，在以上两个因素的限制之下，大学数学的教学难度不会太大。本科数学教学考研数学出题要考虑的两个方面的因素：首当其冲的就是选拔性，考研数学要通过对考题的梯度设计来完成选拔性的考核任务。考研数学体现竞争性选拔其次适用性，只不过这个适用性的要求比本科阶段数学教学的要求更高，这就主要体现在了要求考生不仅能够掌握基本的、零散的数学知识点，还要能够将数学思想以及数学思维融入到日常的学习及生活当中去，因此我们在考研数学试题当中经常遇见跨章节考试的试题，这种试题的出现并不仅是故意设置跨章节考试，而是这些问题是可能在研究生就读阶段的专业课学习中完全有可能遇到的。那么，在以上两个因素的限制之下，考研数学的考试难度必然是要超过大学本科数学教学的。考研数学复习在前面我们提到了，大学数学的单知识点讲解与考研数学的跨章节考试，又提到了考研数学基础知识占分80分左右，这些问题是怎么来关联起来呢？如果用一个词来回答那就是：熟练。不断练习数学试题在本科大一及大二期间的数学学习中，在单知识点讲解的之时，将基本的知识点掌握到烂熟于心和灵活运用。这个过程就要求学生不能在本科学习期间投机取巧，照葫芦画瓢般的学习而要将知识点涉及到的经典题型进行反复演练直到真正理解这个知识点的用法以及在数学中存在的意义。其实总结起来就是一个词：熟练。考研数学试题这个时候我们再回到开头时谈论到的考研数学过线问题。在将大学数学的基本知识点做到熟练运用后，一些简单的跨章节考试试题其实就没有难度了，那么这种情况下实现考研数学的过线，甚至考过清北的线也是很现实的事情。换句话说，做到基础知识熟练，考研数学考到90分没有障碍。90分-北大的复试线都过啦三、考研数学130分怎么做到在上一小节我们分析了，将大学数学基础知识掌握熟练并能够处理一些简单的跨章节问题那么就能做到90分左右。下面我们继续深入一下，探索130分是怎么做到的。在这一阶段的学习是需要基本的数学思想和数学思维的。做到拥有基本的数学思想和数学思维有两个途径。两个途径考到130分一是大师点拨加典型题练习，这是最事半功倍的学习方法。考研数学要想考到130分这个水平绝对是能够用得着大师点拨的了。我们不去讨论“网红老师”的效果，他们很棒。但是点拨是需要根据你的实际情况的，小编向来不赞同没有沟通的培训能够在考研的过程中起到什么作用，所以在这里你不要误会我的意思就行，我不会向你推荐任何“名师”，我们只谈学习方法和你能够达到的目标怎么吻合。名师点拨式学习大师点拨是要在你彻底发挥主观能动性的前提之下，老师不断的为你指明方向，而你则通过极其勤奋的不断练习，不断思考和总结，在这样一个反复的过程中逐渐建立起自己的数学思维和数学思想。但是就目前学校教育现状而言，其实一般考生是很难找到这样的大师的。并不是你身边没有，只是能够为你做这件事的大师很少。考研数学学习的题海战术二是题海战术。这是一个很悲催但又无奈的方法，也基本上是现在考研考生都在采用的方法，这种方法的作用在于通过不间断的练习将基础知识点掌握的非常熟练，并且能够找我到很多答题技巧。在这样一个反反复复的过程中，你必然也就能够形成一定的数学思维和数学思想，甚至有时你所掌握的答题技巧还能让你在考研时蒙上几道熟悉的题。130分足以支撑你考清华四、考研数学140分及满分是怎么做到的要考到这个分数段是要我们说的“天资”。这是一个不得不承认是事情。我们可以这样说，即便是考研出题组的老师，让他一个月后再来做这套题他还真不一定就能做满分。但是，每年考研满分的学生也是大有人在。天资聪明小编看来，从130分以上，每5分就能从天资上拉开一个小台阶；从140分以上甚至每一分都能拉开一个小台阶；149分的考生和150分的考生也不在一个水平上。天资问题就不讨论了。总结一下总之，对于大部分考生而言，90分努力就行，130分勤奋努力加用心总结就行，再往上考才是天资问题。因此我们完全没有必要因为考研数学而放弃我们心仪的专业。

2019年全国研究生入学考试在今天大部分专业考试已经结束，在紧张的两天考试中，受外界广泛关注的莫非是数学科目，因为数学历来是被考生称为难度最大的一门考试，尤其是去年，很多考生由于数学成绩无法过国家线而与研究生擦肩而过。因此，今年的数学考试难度怎么样呢？在考试前，很多研究生的教育机构预测今年的数学难度可能会比去年有所下降，理由是去年的数学难度偏大，出题组老师们考试完成后，看到这么样的结果压力也有些大，因此，为了不让这样的局面再次出现，今年数学可能会有所放松。但是，研究生考试作为国家人才的选拔性考试，其目的就是要选拔出具备相应潜力的考生来继续深造，因此相应的标准是不可能会放松的，如何处理这样的难题，这样体现了命题老师的水平。现在考试结束了，我们就来看看2019年研究生数学的考试情况吧。从网上公布的网友情况来看，大家对今年数学题目还是比较满意的，尽管题型都见过，就是不会做。最起码出题老师没有给考生难堪，基本上出题都是中规中矩，只不过灵活性还是有的。就总体难度而言，2019年考研数学一试题与2018年相比，难度相差无几。这与近年来的考研趋势是非常契合的，随着考研人数的增加，试题的难度也在增加，这也体现了考研是选拔性考试的特点，不过从2013年开始试题的难度整体是比较平稳的。另外，2019年的考研数学一高数部分试题体现了考研数学的一贯特点：重基础，综合性强，计算量大。首先，考题重在考查学生对基本概念的理解和运用数学的基本方法来解决基本问题的能力。其实从1990年到2019年以来，重基础这个出题的侧重点从未改变过。与此同时，近几年试题中不断凸显的综合性和灵活性增加了考试的难度，要求考生注重对方法的总结和能力的培养，从而做到活学活用。最后，计算量大的特点要求考生要多做题，只有量的积累才能把计算能力提升上来，在考场上不仅做到会，而且要快，这样才能考取理想的分数。不管考得怎么样，反正都已经过去了，再去纠结也没有多大的意义。现在对很多考生来说，要做的可能是要好好休息一段时间，毕竟在这么漫长的研究生备考中，已经疲惫不堪了。根据往年惯例，成绩将于2月份公布，希望大家都能考上自己心中的大学。

就总体难度而言，2019年考研数学一试题与2018年相比，难度相差无几。这与近年来的考研趋势是非常契合的，随着考研人数的增加，试题的难度也在增加，这也体现了考研是选拔性考试的特点，不过从2013年开始试题的难度整体是比较平稳的。另外，2019年的考研数学一高数部分试题体现了考研数学的一贯特点：重基础，综合性强，计算量大。首先，考题重在考查学生对基本概念的理解和运用数学的基本方法来解决基本问题的能力。其实从1990年到2019年以来，重基础这个出题的侧重点从未改变过。与此同时，近几年试题中不断凸显的综合性和灵活性增加了考试的难度，要求考生注重对方法的总结和能力的培养，从而做到活学活用。最后，计算量大的特点要求考生要多做题，只有量的积累才能把计算能力提升上来，在考场上不仅做到会，而且要快，这样才能考取理想的分数。考研是一场持久战，要把握好复习的节奏，尤其是对考研数学的复习，制定好复习计划，进而保证高数复习的效率。因此，中公考研制定了比较科学的梯度学习法，把考研数学全年的复习计划划分为四个阶段，即基础阶段(6月份之前)、强化阶段(7-9月份)、提高阶段(10-11月份)以及冲刺模考阶段(12月份)。以上四个阶段循序渐进，每个阶段都有对应的学习任务和目标，一步一个脚印，稳扎稳打。考生在复习中，最重要也是最容易忽视的就是基础阶段，只有打好基础，具备扎实的基本功，这是最关键的一个环节，这与考查目标—重基础是非常契合的。在此基础上，通过适量的练习做到灵活运用，最后才能够转化为考场上的得分能力。最后，中公考研祝各位考生取得优异的成绩，考取理想的学校!

考研初试结束，很多考生也都对照答案估了分数，上一篇文章中我们分析了近五年考研英语的国家线变化情况。今天，学习考研帮要和大家聊聊考研数学。考研数学平均成绩分析我们都知道考研数学总分是150分，但是通过很多考生的反馈来看，他们认为考研数学很难，尤其是想考到120+更不容易。这一点，我们可以从往年调研的考研数学平均成绩看出来，如下图所示。2013年到2018年之间，考研数学1的最高平均分出现在2017年，是79.5分，最低分仅为65.1分，出现在2018年。数学2的最高平均为是81.1分，最低分是60.1分，数学3的最高平均分是81.8，最低分是61.1。由上表数据可以看出，考研数学的难度是随着时间变化的，巧合的是偶数年平均成绩均高于奇数年，这也就是大家所说的大小年。今年正好赶上2021年考研，很多考生认为今年的考研数学难度并不高。即便是在奇数年，平均分最高也只有不到82分，可见对于大部分考生来说，还是有难度的。近五年考研数学国家线并不是所有的学科都会考数学，学习考研帮列举了比较热门的3个学科，分别是经济学、工学和管理学。2016-2020年的考研数学国家线如下表。三个学科的数学国家线均在2019年达到了最高，分别是74分、59分和74分。对照前面分析的考研数学平均成绩，其中会有很大比例的考生过不了国家线。2020年数学国家线有所回落，经济学降了2分，工学降了3分，管理学没有变化。根据大小年和考生反馈的考题难度来看，2021年的考研数学国家线可能会出现小幅度提升。综上来看，对于相当一部分考生来讲，150分的考研数学，想要考到90分是有难度的，也给2022年即将准备考研的学生提了一个醒，认真对待数学，超过国家线是底线！

在考研的科目里，让人最头疼应该是数学。特别是文科生，本身数学基础就不太好，考研还要复习高数，实在是一件很痛苦的事情。今天给大家分享一下高数复习的方法，希望给考研的同学一点帮助。高数的复习分4方面，具体如下：一、 做笔记相信很多同学都会有做笔记的习惯，但是高数的笔记一般分为两部分。第一部分是上课的笔记，这个部分包括大学课堂的笔记和辅导班的笔记，你都需要梳理好，因为这些笔记共同构成你的基本知识框架，也是听课效率的体现。第二部分，我称之为随手笔记，这个笔记本无论去到哪里都需要随身携带。这个笔记本记录三个内容：一、记录你还没有掌握的知识点；二、记录自己总结的解题套路；三、记录一些比较典型的、还没有理解的题目。笔记一定要条理清晰，因为这本笔记基本上是你的复习精华所在，当自己不知道怎么复习的时候，通过查看笔记就可以知道自己弱项，从而进行查缺补漏。图片来源于网络二、 重视课本高等数学一共有400多个知识点，而且知识点繁杂、分布的面也广。所以同学们很有必要花大量的时间在高数的课本上。争取在10月份前把课本看3遍左右，在冲刺阶段就不要老是看课本，影响复习的效率。课本看第一遍的时候，是每看完一章就马上做课后的习题，巩固知识点，把没有把握的圈起来。看第二遍的时候，再重点地把曾经没有把握的题目做出来，如果还是不懂的话，那么必须请教别人，因为仅靠自己的理解能力，已经吃不消这些题目，必须借助外力。看第三遍的时候，必须仔细，这是在进入冲刺阶段前最后的一次看课本，所以必须理解透彻，最好是自己推导出公式，这时候不用看课后题。三、 刷真题刷真题最好的时间段是8月份-10月份。每天要抽出5个小时的时间做题和总结，个人建议每天上午1.5小时，下午2小时，晚上1.5小时，这个时间安排是很多过来人的经验，具有一定合理性。题量的话最好是每两天一套真题，从1990年到2015年的25套真题刷两遍以上，时间是刚刚够的。至于真题的做法，推荐的做法是：8月份把一套真题拆开来做，比如选择题、填空题等都可以在规定的时间内完成，在做完后再分析正确率和方法的总结。9月份再开始做全套的试卷。这样子基本能跟课本的复习相适应。四、重点突破线性代数和概率论这两本书对于考研数学的成绩非常大，能把这两本书学好，拿满分是挺容易的事情。如果学不好，你会感觉你学了一团浆糊，一做题就乱。特别是进入冲刺阶段后，如果不能把这两部分的大题拿到好高分，那么会给自己信心给大的打击，压力会更大，当你再次拿到课本时，面临概率论庞大的概念和计算量，时间又紧，可能会引起心情的焦躁，让人慌张。所以暑假要重点突破破线性代数和概率论，这两部分加起来占整张试卷的78分，而且还是比较容易拿高分的题目，那么每天多花点时间在这两部分上也是值得的。对于想考高分的同学，这两门是基本要拿到满分的，对于学习高数有困难的同学，也可以试着曲线救国。先把容易的分拿下来。靠勤奋和学习技巧，普通的同学数学基本能拿到120分左右。要想再拿到135分以上，那么只有两种人，一种是天生的，智商比较高的人才。另一种是极端努力型人才，这种学生付出的汗水，很多人都无法达到。

考研er的世界——啪啪打脸！多少人声称“学数学不易，我努力就够了。”然而学长学姐用过来人的身份告诉你事实是“恋人会离开你，生活会欺骗你，数学不会，因为数学不会就是不会。”数学基础差总是学不好，是许许多多考研er苦恼的一门学科。现在距离2021考研余额还剩200多天，小编告诉你，学数学不是光靠努力就足够的，掌握好学习方法，才是你和别人来开距离的硬道理。1、记笔记想学好一门科目，做笔记是很重要的，而高数的笔记一般分为两部分。第一部分是上课的笔记，这个部分包括大学课堂的笔记和辅导班的笔记，你都需要梳理好，因为这些笔记共同构成你的基本知识框架，也是听课效率的体现。第二部分，随手笔记，这个笔记本无论去到哪里都需要随身携带。这个笔记本记录三个内容：记录你还没有掌握的知识点；记录自己总结的解题套路；记录一些比较典型的、还没有理解的题目。敲黑板：笔记一定要条理清晰，因为笔记本上记载的基本上是你的复习精华所在，当自己不知道怎么复习的时候，通过查看笔记就可以知道自己弱项，从而进行查缺补漏。2、重视课本高等数学一共有400多个知识点，而且知识点繁杂、分布的面也广。所以同学们很有必要花大量的时间在高数的课本上。争取在10月份前把课本看3遍左右，在冲刺阶段就不要老是看课本，影响复习的效率。课本看第一遍的时候，是每看完一章就马上做课后的习题，巩固知识点，把没有把握地圈起来。看第二遍的时候，再重点地把曾经没有把握的题目做出来，如果还是不懂的话，那么必须请教别人。因为仅靠自己的理解能力，已经吃不消这些题目，必须借助外力。看第三遍的时候，必须仔细，这是在进入冲刺阶段前最后的一次看课本，所以必须理解透彻，最好是自己推导出公式，这时候不用看课后题。3、刷真题！刷真题！刷真题！重要的事情说三遍。刷真题最好的时间段是8月份-10月份。每天要抽出5个小时的时间做题和总结，小编建议每天上午1.5小时，下午2小时，晚上1.5小时，这个时间安排是很多过来人的经验，具有一定合理性。题量的话最好是每两天一套真题，从1990年到2015年的25套真题刷两遍以上，时间是刚刚够的。至于真题，推荐的做法是：8月份把一套真题拆开来做。比如选择题、填空题等都可以在规定的时间内完成，在做完后再分析正确率和方法的总结。9月份再开始做全套的试卷。这样子基本能跟课本的复习相适应。2016-2019年的真题到临考前一周再做。4、重点突破线性代数和概率论这两本书对于考研数学的成绩非常大，能把这两本书学好，拿满分是挺容易的事情。如果学不好，你会感觉你学了一团浆糊，一做题就乱，特别是进入冲刺阶段后。如果不能把这两部分的大题拿到好高分，那么会给自己信心很大的打击，压力会更大，当你再次拿到课本时，面临概率论庞大的概念和计算量，时间又紧，可能会引起心情的焦躁，让人慌张。所以暑假要重点突破破线性代数和概率论，这两部分加起来占整张试卷的78分，而且还是比较容易拿高分的题目，那么每天多花点时间在这两部分上也是值得的。对于想考高分的同学，这两门是基本要拿到满分的，对于学习高数有困难的同学，也可以试着曲线救国，先把容易的分拿下来。靠勤奋和学习技巧，普通的同学考研数学基本能拿到120分左右。要想再拿到135分以上，那么只有两种人，一种是天生的，智商比较高的人才。另一种是极端努力型人才，这种学生付出的汗水，很多人都无法达到的。所以，对自己有正确的认知是很重要的前提，但无论你属于前者，还是后者，努力都是必不可少的因素。如果想在备考中与其他人拉开距离，找准方法，多倍投入，胜利的小手正向你挥动呢！

数学历来都是考研成败的关键，今年就更是如此，原因大致如下：1. 历年的难度趋势：2014难-2015简单-2016史无前例的难-2017史无前例的简单-2018难，所以2019年大概率是要简单的；2. 近几年，好学校的专业课的难度逐年递增。过去很多前辈靠着往年的真题就可以轻松130+，现在的考生已经不太可能复制他们的辉煌了。所以，专业课对总分的贡献明显不如以前，重任自然落到同为150分的数学上；高数不比高考数学，高数分数可以在短期内显著提高。好的方法和一定的努力，高数完全可以拿110-130（110分不算少，18届清华复试很多考生数学不到110分，不过也是因为去年的数学比较难的缘故）。高数有100左右的基础题，这些题基本都是“送分题目”，但是前提是要把辅导资料按部就班的学好。关于辅导资料，我认为贵在精而不在多，大家完全可以认准一个老师的全程资料一直用到考研结束。像“宇哥”的18讲系列，或者李永乐、王世安的复习全书（李王）或者双李的复习全书（我认识一个用这本资料考149的），考生凭感觉选择自己顺眼的就行。不过，我个人还是推荐微积分（张宇）、线性代数（李永乐，李老师的辅导视频很好）、概率论（汤家凤或王世安，其实张宇的视频也不错）。以我用的李王的复习全书（微积分是张宇的18讲，但是为了方便描述，下面都叫做复习全书）和660题为例，给大家说一下我当时学习高数的一个规划：1. 第一遍复习全书，知识点不留死角；2. 第二遍复习全书，学完每一章节之后练习660相应的题目；（开始时间大概就是现在8月份上旬）3. 第三遍复习全书和660（只做错题），每星期做一套或两套历年真题（用的是张宇的，我的做题顺序是1989，2015，1990，2014…，这样依次错开。用老题目巩固知识，用新题目模拟实战，只留近两年的真题），全书和660做完之后差不多就到了11月。4. 接下来一直到12月上旬只做真题（配合全书，查漏补缺），在保证质量的前提下，把真题多做几遍。5. 之后直到考试：合工大五套、张宇四套（找虐），复习错题（全书，660，真题）。现阶段的主要任务是巩固提高阶段，大家做一些好的题目（660题、1000题任选一本）是很有必要的。时间是足够的，所以不要贪快贪多。

小编专注高考、大学及考研的研究欢迎关注：考研大家全国1卷，数学估分90，属于怎样的水平？直观地说，高考数学总分150分，90分就是及格水平，属于典型的中等水平。但在具体的考试中，需要考虑试卷难度，不同的试卷，难度不同，代表的水平自然是不同的。2019年高考全国1卷，试题难度较大，这已经是考生在考完后的普遍反馈。相对于2018年，试题难度有一定提升，特别是理科数学卷。有不少人认为，2019年的全国1卷数学试卷的难度不亚于2017年的试卷，而2017年的试卷，公认是难度较高的。今年的全国1卷数学试卷难，不但体现在大题中，而且体现在试卷前面部分里相对容易的小题里。比如，那道维纳斯身高的试题，虽然只是一个选择题，但题目出得很新颖，很活，难倒了很多考生。虽然事后来看，这道选择题其实很简单，但放在高考的紧张氛围中，时间又那么有限的情况下，很多考生都一时反应不过来，都没拿到分。这其实也说明，试卷的难度，不但取决于试题本身的难度，还会受到环境的影响。平时，很多人做题都能很好地完成，因为不限时间，心态放松。但高考则在这两个关键的因素中给予了限定，无形中提高了难度。所以，对于高考试卷，不但要考虑试题本身的难度，还得考虑这个特定的考试环境。今年高考，全国1卷的数学，考生普遍反映考得不太好。小编一个同学的弟弟，就是今年的高考全国1卷的考生，据说就考得很差，平时数学一般在120左右，高考下来估分，感觉最多只有100分。根据他的了解，他们班上那些中等水平的同学基本都考砸了，估分都要比平时低得多。试卷难，确实对中等水平的考生不利，容易考不出水平。实际上，在今年的高考中，能获得90分，也就是中等水平的考生，比较而言，是比较吃亏的。可能平时能考100分以上，甚至110分以上，但遇到了较难的试卷，分数就下来了，就只能拿到一个刚刚及格的分数。所以，今年全国1卷，数学考了90分，虽然看起来分数不高，但由于试卷较难，也需要不错的水平，才能考到。虽然90分只是典型的中游水平，但如果放在今年试卷的特殊环境来看，应属于中等偏上。所以有网友对那些数学估分只有90分的同学表示，“这分数已经不错了”，这就属于比较客观而暖心的评价。另外，数学没太考好，也不要气馁，毕竟高考总分是750分（除了江苏），文理科综合才是大头，只要其他科目考得不错，总分不错，还是可以考上不错的大学的。祝今年的高考学子们，都能金榜题名！

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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