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2017年考研数学真题讲解:高级导数、级数与全微分真题讲解归根

2017年考研数学真题讲解:高级导数、级数与全微分真题讲解

2010-2019年 考研数学一二三真题 逐题精讲视频已出!!!考研数学真题讲解:每日一练227天一、题目二、解析考研路上,你我同行。加油!关注“泰笛牛考研数学”,一次性获得完整历年考研数学真题资料!还可以免费享受在线答疑!关注能考140+分哦~

马与人

2021年考研数学二真题、解析

2021年考研数学二真题、解析2021 年全国硕士研究生入学招生考试数二试题一、选择题 :1-10小题,每小题5分,共50分,下列每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号里.

岂不惑哉

2020考研数学一贼难,数二考生炸了,附完整真题!

2020考研数学一二三的真题(完整版)已经整理,答案在后面,仅供大家做估分参考,不论好与坏已成定数,请大家保持良好心态!数一完整版真题数二真题完整版数三真题(完整版)都说偶数年的数学难,没想到今年心态爆照,我们考场有好几个上午考完数学,下午直接就没来的。通常每年到第二天,大家都非常担心,因为有数学这个大老虎,只是今年的格外的难。对于山村这种数学学渣而言,难于上青天。因为不仅难考,还看不到希望,下面我们来看看大家考完后的留言吧。数二考生的回忆数学一:数一一直是考研数学中的老大哥,我今天上去就在选择题的最后一道上卡了很久,可惜啊!就是不忍心放手,越纠结就越完蛋,但是就是纠结啊!数学二:今天题目还行,考卷的手感不错,就是这桌子有点不好,自己小趴着睡难受啊!数二第一题斜渐近线我感觉自己的基础不够扎实,多半是错了,空了三个大题,其它能编的都编了,明年我得在上考场!数学三:我出来了,感觉难度可以再高一点,反正我也不会,又来摸了摸面值180元的试卷纸!可是我是只听了基础课自己也没做几个题去的,高数大题看着都貌似做过类似的题,我没写几个题,因为我都忘完了。真是大家都发现好难,其实现在已经结束了,大家应该好好休息了,毕竟奋斗了这么长时间了,我要回去补觉觉去,不过大家也不要担心,毕竟宇哥已经发话了今天上午,2020考研数学一已经结束了,经过一段时间的整理,小编已整理并公布出2020考研数学一真题及答案+解析,感谢各位同学的耐心等待,并希望此内容有助于大家。

不可以已

考研百科:数一、数二 and 数三

考研百科说明 考研百科是全新栏目,每天为大家用精炼的语言科普考研基础常识,以及基本常识性问题,帮助广大考研小小白快速上车~考试内容不同(一)线性代数数学一、二、三均考察线性代数,所占比例均为22%,而且是数一数二数三考试内容中差别最小的科目,很多年份,考研真题线代部分都是完全一样的,唯一不同的是数一的大纲中多了向量空间部分的知识。(二)概率论与数理统计数学二不考察,数学一与数学三均占22%,从历年的考试大纲来看,数一比数三多了区间估计与假设检验部分的知识,但是对于数一与数三的大纲中均出现的知识在考试要求上也还是有区别的,比如数一要求了解泊松定理的结论和应用条件,但是数三就要求掌握泊松定理的结论和应用条件(三)高数数学一、二、三均考察,而且所占比重最大。数一、三的试卷中所占比例为56%,数二所占比例78%。,数一考察的范围是最广的;数二不考察向量代数与空间解析几何、三重积分、曲线积分、曲面积分以及无穷级数;数三不考察向量空间与解析几何、三重积分、曲线积分、曲面积分以及所有与物理相关的应用。而且侧重有所不同理工类(数一数二)要考微积分的物理应用,而经济类(数三)相应的内容则换成了经济学应用。数三强调级数,数一强调曲面积分温馨提示一般来说数一是考的全面而且相比数二数三来说要难很多。数二虽然考查范围少,但是高数的内容考的很细。数三考的也相对全面主要针对经济类考生。还未确定专业考数学几的考生可以从高等数学的极限、一元函数微分学、一元函数积分学、不定积分、定积分、不定积分的应用、多元函数微分学、微分方程和二重积分等必考公共内容入手,确定好后就要着手开始其他科目的复习啦

兔罝

2020湖南师范大学新传考研真题深度分析

湖师大MJC334一、简答1.新闻报道策划原则(基础题:新闻编辑学基础内容,以新闻编辑学课后题为主,除了课后题外要掌握新编辑,需掌握最基础的内容)2.以我国报纸为例,你怎么看待新闻事业的立场性和阶级性(基础题:党性是阶级性的集中表现、回答党性原则和党性与人民性的关系)3.发展新闻学概念及功能(基础题)4.互联网和新媒体环境下,我国传媒业的新变化案例分析(20天20题 中国互联网25周年新技术与新闻传播业)二、论述1.从4P到4C理论的转变,结合我国传媒业的发展变化,谈谈以受众为中心对我国传媒品牌价值和重要性(基础知识延伸题,新闻学概论知识点,从4C各个环节思考媒体如何实现自身定位、受众调查和追随受众变化,综合运用各种传播手段达到整体传播效果)2.有人说,如果有人每天收集社会阴面,可以整整排满四个版面,虽然每个事情都是真实的,但是反应出来的整个世界却不是真实的,这样的真实性是有缺陷的,谈你的看法(基础题,新闻真实性部分,核心高频考点)三、案例分析题结合新闻价值,谈谈新闻奖作品《乖孩子培养法扼杀创新精神》体现了什么价值(实务题,首先是要熟悉实务理论,并结合新闻价值要素,用作品文本分析具体如何体现了其中的价值要素)解析:整体基础知识偏多,但是设问和问法上比较新颖,题目聚焦高频考点,不规避非高频考点。基础题为主的前提上,越发重视基础知识的延伸和解读,所以要在夯实基础上多进行思考和延伸,补充相关热点让基础知识能够更好的呈现,也体现对学科热点的关注。湖师大MJC440一、名词解释1.粉丝经济(微博预测100题,20天20题)2.去中心化(基础题)3.时务报(基础题)4.反客里空(基础题)5.能指/意符(基础题)二、简答1.民国初期,《申报》和《新闻报》等资产阶级报纸进行企业化改革的背景、举措、意义(基础课内容)2.新文化与五四运动后的新闻改革(基础课内容)3.你认为媒介技术发展趋势是什么(20天20题)4.简述企业CIS宣传(传播学中组织的信息输出活动部分“企业标识系统宣传”,也是复试书目上的知识点,传播学准备要关注细节知识)三、论述1.《新青年》宣传贡献(基础课内容)2.佳姆森认为新闻框架是在一定的新闻文本中建构意义,谈谈你对新闻框架和现实建构的关系(传播学基础知识大众传播与现实“建构”部分,和简答题一样,再次重申传播学要关注细节知识)解析:对于传播学知识的考场更加细致,在复习中不可忽视对于细节知识的理解和把握,新闻史占比较高,要以历史的观点关注新闻史的内容,了解主要事件内容和其处在的时代背景、环境条件和对新闻史的意义和发展)学硕717新闻传播理论一、名词解释(每小题5分,共30分)1、微博 (网络传播概论、20天20题第七题,网传部分的名词解释这两年都来自第三章)2、解释性报道(公众号推送)3、《星法院法令》(基础题,传播学极权主义出版管制制度代表)4、创新与扩散(公众号推送)5、媒介即延伸(公众号推送)二、简答题(每小题10分,共40分)1、简述民主参与理论(基础课内容)2、简述媒介系统在社会系统中的作用 (基础题)3、请简述中国特色社会主义新闻事业的特征。(基础课内容)4、可以从哪几个方面来理解全球传播?(考察相对友好,可以根据传播学教程作答、也可根据公众号推送中国际传播与全球传播比较思路来作答)三、论述题(每小题20分,共40分)1、结合香港风波,请论述西方媒体的新闻理念与双重标准(暑期课,冲刺课 2010年真题变体)2、试论述沉默的螺旋理论中的社会心理,大众传播与社会舆论之间的关系,以及它在互联网环境下的新变化。(模拟考,冲刺课 尽管从问法上更加细致,但是本质还是考察网络传播概论中“网络中‘沉默的螺旋’的形成机制”。论述题考察的两道题知识点相对常规,问法上有些绕弯子。)四、材料分析题(每小题20分,共40分)1、一则两会运用AI等技术进行新闻报道的材料,分析主流媒体在智能媒体时代如何创新新闻报道。(模拟考,冲刺课,20天20题、公众号推送:彭兰老师论文)2、一则关于 Facebook的 News Tap算法把关的材料,论述把关人现象。(模拟考,冲刺课、网络传播概论部分)解析:整体来看基础题目较多,但是考察的基础知识部分更加细致和灵活。要求我们要对基础知识的理解和了解更加深刻,不断对基础知识溯源,尤其是在网络传播的基础上也要多关注彭兰老师的相关论文)学硕831新闻传播实务一、名词解释(每小题5分,共20分)1、数据新闻(20天20题)2、情景记者(基础题,考察相对较偏。新闻采访与写作中阎吾的军事报道)3、物联网(20天20题)4、新闻敏感(新闻采访与写作基础题)二、简答题(每小题10分,共40分)1、请简述信息图表制作与传播中的常见误区 (网络传播概论基础题目)2、简述网络新闻传播中的把关机制 (网络传播概论基础题目)3、新闻采访前准备有哪些主要内容?(新闻采访与写作基础题)4、简述现场观察时的注意事项(新闻采访与写作基础题)三、论述题(每小题20分,共20分)结合具体案例,试论述网络时代下的议程设置(微博预测100题、小班课,真题讲解新媒体环境下议程设置理论的流变)四、实务操作题(每小题35分,共70分)1、一篇关于中国射箭获得四枚金牌的体育消息请分析:(1)如果将该消息改写成倒金字塔结构,你认为它的导语有什么不妥之处;(2)如果该消息是现场报道,你认为有什么不足之处(评析实务班,体育新闻报道)(3)记者在比赛前、比赛中和比赛后,应该做好哪些准备工 (新闻采访与写作基础延伸知识)2、请以“删繁就简三秋树”为题,写一篇时评,1000字左右(本题目在理解诗句含义的基础上作答会更容易,选自郑板桥题书斋联,画面要想秋天的树那样没有细枝密叶,一最简练的笔墨表现最丰富的内容,以少胜多的效果。学硕曾在18年考过评论赏析,较少直接考评论写作,专硕在2017年前多年考察“命题目”的评论,学硕的实务一要注意:消息、评论、策划等的文本格式要求;二要提升写作能力,才能应对多样的实务题目)解析:新闻采访与写作上考察的基础题目较多,需要详细梳理,以求知识掌握的广度,避免盲区。在实务上,除了掌握应试的技巧,更需要提升写作能力和语言逻辑,这才是应对灵活多样的实务题目的关键。作者: 萌贤编辑: 米太阳主编:羽生我是爱酱,专注新传考研辅导六年,想得到更多新传前沿热点及干货分享,可以关注我,或请关注公众号:爱传播。

狂狷

广东工业大学考研专业课真题试卷「2017—2020」

其他院校考研真题广东财经大学考研专业课真题试卷【2013—2020】赣南师范大学考研专业课真题试卷【2011—2020】成都大学考研专业课真题试卷【2015—2020】常州大学考研专业课真题试卷【2009—2020】北京城市学院考研专业课真题试卷【2013—2020】安徽师范大学考研专业课真题试卷【2014—2020】

惠子

2021年考研数学真题

2021年考研数学(一)题库【历年真题+章节题库+模拟试题】第一部分历年真题2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一真题及详解 2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一真题及详解 2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一真题及详解 2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一真题及详解 2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一真题及详解 2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解 2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解 2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解 2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解 2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解 2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解 第二部分 章节题库 高等数学 第一章 函数、极限、连续 第二章 一元函数微分学 第三章 一元函数积分学 第四章 向量代数和空间解析几何 第五章 多元函数微分学 第六章 多元函数积分学 第七章 无穷级数 第八章 常微分方程 线性代数 第一章 行列式 第二章 矩 阵 第三章 向 量 第四章 线性方程组 第五章 矩阵的特征值和特征向量 第六章 二次型 概率论与数理统计 第一章 随机事件和概率 第二章 随机变量及其分布 第三章 多维随机变量及其分布 第四章 随机变量的数字特征 第五章 大数定律和中心极限定理 第六章 数理统计的基本概念 第七章 参数估计 第八章 假设检验 第三部分 模拟试题 全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一模拟试题及详解(一) 全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一模拟试题及详解(二) 全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一模拟试题及详解(三) 更多资料2021年考研数学(一)考试大纲解析2021年考研数学(一)全套资料2021年考研数学(一)考前冲刺班找学习资料就上畅学苑学习网,助您乘风破浪一次通关!

怏怏不乐

2021 年北 京 大 学行政管理考研专题总结

2021 年北 京 大 学行政管理考研专题总结目录一、2021 年北 京 大 学行政管理考研参考书二、2021 年中国人民大学行政管理考研时政热点预测三、北 京 大 学行政管理考研答题技巧四、北 京 大 学行政管理考研真题集锦(育名一对一 学员回忆版)一、2021 年北 京 大 学行政管理考研参考书651公共管理学《公共行政学》(第4版),张国庆,北京大学出版社,2017年版;《公共管理学》,李国正,首都师范大学出版社,2018年版;《社会研究方法教程》,袁方,北京大学出版社,2013年版;《公共事物的治理之道》,埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆,上海译文出版社,2012年版;《规则、博弈与公共池塘资源》,埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆,陕西人民出版社,2011年版;《复合共和制的政治理论》,文森特·奥斯特罗姆,上海三联出版社,1999年版;940行政管理专业(一)《公共政策分析》,李国正,首都师范大学出版社,2019年版;《行政法学》,罗豪才,北京大学出版社,2006年版;《行政法与社会科学》,包万超,商务印书馆,2011年版;《政治学十五讲》,燕继荣,北京大学出版社,2006年版;866公共政策专业(一)《公共政策分析》,李国正,首都师范大学出版社,2019年版;《公共经济学》,韩康,经济科学出版社,2010年版;《公共政策分析》,陈庆云,北京大学出版社,2006年版;《概率论与数理统计教程》(第2版),茆诗松,高等教育出版社,2011年版;辅助资料《全国行政管理考研真题解析》,首都师范大学出版社,2020年版 ;《公共管理学:考点热点与真题解析》,首都师范大学出版社,2020年版;《公共政策分析:考点热点与真题解析》,首都师范大学出版社,2020年版;《中国行政管理》期刊(最新一年1-12期);文森特·奥斯特罗姆的论文一定要看。《育明考研:2011 年复试状元经验谈》根据往年绝大多数学生复试的情况,可以大概了解到参加复试的 学生普遍存在准备不充分的问题。究其原因在于两点,一是为了应战初试学生已经耗尽了全部的精力,一旦初试完毕,很难再一鼓作气进 行有效的复试准备;二是春节期间走亲访友的很多,考生很难抽出有效的时间进行全面的复试辅导。另外多数学生没有复试经验,即便有 心准备也感觉无从下手或者很难有针对性的有效复习。针对这些情况,育明教育咨询师结合历年考研复试辅导经验为大 家提供一些指导:经验之一:切勿完全放松多数同学往往只注重初试,轻视复试,认为只要初试成绩过线了就万 事大吉了,这是一种目光短浅的见识,因为目前我们国家的考研人数与日俱增,而教育资源确实有限的,这势必导致考研的报录比逐年降 低,也就是说考研的整体难度将增大,而考研培训行业对考研初试的辅导更加有力,这就导致每年过初试分数线的学生可能有所增加,如 此以来,复试的难度势必增加,否则就无法将录取人数控制在目标范围内。轻视复试的陈旧观念已经不在适合当前的考研形式,因此请同 学们务必重视复试(建议报一个育明教育的考研复试辅导班),切记不可以逸待劳,初试成绩过关也切勿感觉可以一劳永逸了, 从初试成绩出来到复试开始一般有一个月左右的时间,如果这段时间 荒废的话,那么很可能所有的已获成就都会顷刻间灰飞烟灭,那将是 万分可惜的!即使专业课第一名也不能够掉以轻心。经验二:复习必须有针对性切勿乱看参考书!这段时期的复试复习必须有针对性,否则无法 达到预期的目的,也就是说必须完全以复试要求为导向,切勿随意乱看书更不能是自以为是的不看指定参考教课书只看专著和其他难度 较大的论文。人大的复试一般分为两天。第一天是专业课的笔试。复试的笔试难度不算大,都是非常基础的知识,但是你需要在考前好好 看一看复试指定书目。答题的时候不必推陈出新或者是标新立异,只要能将教科书上的那些内容表述出来,然后随便写点自己的见解就可以了。因此在复试复习的过程中,只要将这些指定的参考书看熟就可以了,如果有时间再了解行政管理专业各科的教材,以便对各科的学 科重点和热点有所了解。经验三:面试和英语口语考试必须要提前准备,面对老师要保持 虚心的状态复试第二天面试内容是专业口试和英语口语考试。拿到复试通知 书的每个学生进教室后,都要自己去抽专业课考试题。由于一个人只抽一道题,因此参加考试的学生很少能记全所有的题目,只是前一个 学生会将自己抽到的题目透露给后面的考生。例如,让学生论述全球化对中国公共管理的影响?如何看待今天农村的社保问题?举例说明 政府体制转型取得的成就和存在的问题等等。育明教育咨询师经过几年的统计发现,复试的内容都是本门学科的重点内容或是学科前沿的 热点问题。所以,育明教育咨询师希望即将参加复试的学生在掌握指定资料的基础上,也有必要关注当下时政热点。不过这些热点问题的 回答依然要用到教科书上的那些理论基础,所以千万不能“忘本”。另外,导师在学术期刊上发表的观点也很重要,建议大家也顺便看一 看,不过千万别对这些内容有什么 “异议”,毕竟咱们还都很“嫩”啊,更不要在面试过程中表露出那些个无谓的锋芒,记住这些细节问 题将会对面试有很大的益处。经验四:英语口语面试的细节问题英语口语和听力的测试也是比较简单的,其实一般说来不管是笔 试还是面试,复试的难度都是相对较小的,这是因为目标院校握有复试的绝对权利,而复试的具体内容都是具体到每个院系的,而院系的 老师们一般都是比较体谅学生的,他们也希望自己能多带几个学生,这样于人于己都有好处。题目的难易程度并不是复试淘汰考生的关键 因素,名次的前后才是最直接的因素。因此复试中英语口语的测试也是相对简单的,关键是如何将自己的实力良好的展示给主考官。因此, 育明教育咨询师希望复试的考生能事先把自我介绍精心准备,最好达到倒背如流的程度,以此给导师一个好的印象,也可以增加自己的信 心。自我介绍之后,导师们会让你朗读一段英文短文给他们听。这篇短文难度比六级阅读理解的难度稍低,因此对于久经沙场的考生来说, 这个阅读应该是小菜一碟,不过也不能掉以轻心,须知英语朗读的过程实际上可以反映考生对英语语言的理解,例如长句的停顿可以反映 出考生对英语语法的理解以及考生的英语思维特点等等。如果遇到生词,不必停顿也不要跳跃不读,考生只要按照阅读经验和习惯并依靠 对这个单词的构词方式将它读出来就行了。读完这篇文章后,导师会根据这篇文章问你 1—3 个简单问题,也许他也会问考生一些他比较 感兴趣的日常的热门话题,考生当然要用英语来回答,这时千万不要担心,用最简单的日常英语来做回答就行,三五句话就行,多说无益, 还有可能暴露出更多的错误!以上四点经验是复试过程中我认为比较重要的地方,除此之外,下面几个问题也需要引起同学的注意。首先,还是态度问题。我们再牛也是那些主考官的学生,我们懂 得的知识在这些学识渊博的老师面前仅仅是皮毛,因此谦恭的态度是必须的。“吾爱吾师,吾更爱真理”这句话千万不要用在复试中,相 反我们必须将尊重的心态表露出来,例如你的脸上要始终表现出认真和谨慎。谈吐中要有礼貌,对问题有异议尽量回避不谈,总之表现的 越谦虚越好,当然也不能唯唯诺诺的不敢说话了。其次是对待试题的态度问题。回答问题时切记本着“知之为知之, 不知为不知”的诚实态度。对问题有想法一定要说出来,没有思考过这个问题的话也要如实的说自己并未思考过这个问题。人大的老师们 都很平易近人、友善,他们不会刻意为难某个学生,也不会认为学生没有思考过某个问题就一无是处了。所以,在不会的问题面前一定要 表现出诚实的态度,这正是做学问的第一步,即诚实(实事求是)。最后,一般而言老师都比较喜欢刻苦认真的学生,别忘记了这些 老师自己也曾经是挑灯夜读的勤奋学子啊。因此如果老师问你硕士毕业后打算干什么的时候,最好是说决心继续深造。虽然这也许不是你 的真心话,但这在老师的耳朵里听着就是舒服啊,所以如此回答是最为得体的! 这些经验对即将参加人大行政管理考研复试的学生来说希望能 够有所帮助,对其他学校其他专业的学生来说也可以从中获得点滴的启示。最后祝愿所有即将步入研究生阶段的考生坚持走好最后一个考研 环节,顺利完成自己的求学理想!二、2021 年北 京 大 学行政管理考研时政热点预测【考点 1】公共管理及其相关概念1.公共管理与公共行政 “行政”本质上包含着从指示和服务的含义;而“管理”首先意味着获得结果以及管理者为获得结果负个人责任。(1)公共管理,是公共组织提供公共物品和服务的活动,它主要 关注的不是过程,程序和遵照别人的知识办事以内部取向,而更多的是关注结果和对结果的获得负个人责任。(2)公共行政,是政府特别是执行机关为公众提供服务的活动, 行政官员或行政人员在这种活动中主要是执行由别人(政治家)所制订的政策和法律。关注的焦点是过程,程序以及办公室的管理。(传 统的公共行政学以及公共行政学院,主要是培养政府的职业文官的学科或机构)。公共管理 公共行政 主体 公共组织政府(特别是执行机关) 行为提供公共物品和服务的 活动 以最低成本取得目标等 内涵 为公众提供服务的活动 执行由政治家制定的政策法律 关注焦点 结果 过程、程序及办公室管理2.公共部门与公共物品(1)公共部门,是公共事务的管理者和公共物品的提供者。广 义的公共部门包括政府机构,公用事业,公共事业,非政府公共机构等部门以及各种不同组织的公共层面;狭义的公共部门仅包括政府机构以及依据政府决策产生的机构和部门,是最纯粹的公共部门。(2)为什么“准公共部门”(第三部门、非盈利组织、非政府组 织)也归入公共部门中?因其“公共”特性:①与纯粹的公共部门目标一致,第三部门生产或活动的基本目标 是公益性;②与政府存在密切关系,其生产,活动的内容和方式往往由政府 实行控制或必要的行政管制;③与政府为社会所提供的物品一致—公共物品或“准公共物品”;④投资主体或提供资源的主体也主要是政府。(3)公共物品:指具有消费的非竞争性和非排他性,自然垄断 性以及收费困难等特征的物品,具有规模效益大的特点,政府是提供此类物品的最佳方式。(4)公共物品的划分:①纯公共物品:能严格满足消费上的非排他性等特征的物品。如 国防,公共安全,外交,法规政策,环境保护,基础研究,空间技术。准公共物品:不能严格满足消费上的非排他性等特征的物品。 如道路,能源,交通,通讯,城市公共服务,教育,广播电视,社保。②有形的公共物品(硬公共物品):看得见、摸得着的公共物品, 如公共设施。无形的公共物品(软公共物品):政府所提供的法律、政策、 制度一类的服务。③全国性的公共物品:国家或中央政府提供的服务,如国防,外交,全国性法规政策。 地方性的公共物品:由地方政府所提供的物品或服务,如城市 基社,地方性法规,政策。(5)私人物品:是指具有消费上的竞争性和排他性等特征的物 品。3.公共管理与私人管理公共管理是以政府为核心的公共部门整合社会的各种力量,广泛 运用政治的、经济的、管理的、法律的方法,强化政府的治理能力,提升政府绩效和公共服务品质,从而实现公共的福祉与公共利益。公 共管理作为公共行政和公共事务广大领域的一个组成部分,其重点在于将公共行政视为一门职业,而将公共管理者视为这一职业的实践者。 私人管理主要是针对私人组织内部进行管理,以及取得更好的经济效益。(1)联系:①所有组织的管理都包含了合作团体的活动。②都必须履行一般的管理职能,如计划、组织、人事预算等。(2)差别:①公共管理与私人管理的使命不同。公共管理是为公众服务,追 求公共利益;私人管理以营利为目的。②与私人管理相比,公共管理的效率意识不强。③与私人管理相比,公共部门尤其是政府管理更强调责任。④就人事管理方面而言, 公共组织尤其是政府中的人事管理系 统比私人组织中的人事管理系统要复杂和严格得多。⑤公共管理有明显的政治性和公共性。4.治理与善治治理泛指任何一种活动的协调方式,有最小国家的治理,公司治 理,新公共管理,善治,社会—控制系统及自组织网络六种用法。善治是 90 年代后,世界银行提出的口号,合法,法治,负责, 透明,有效的政府成为善治的基本要素,成为规范政治权利的主要标准。【考点 2】公共管理学范式的兴起1.公共管理学的形成与发展(1)公共管理学形成于19 世纪末 20 世纪初,其研究方向由 1887 年威尔逊的《行政之研究》一文所确定,其相对独立的学术框架建立于 20 世纪 20-30 年代,以 1926 年怀特的《公共行政学研究导论》和 1927 年威洛比的《公共行政原理》的出版为标志。(2)三次重大范式变换:传统的公共行政学——公共政策分析 ——公共管理学。(3)20 世纪 60 年代中期以后,出现了两种取代传统公共行政学的尝试:①以弗雷德里克森等人为代表的“新公共行政学”,强调一种民 主取向的公共行政学②政策分析或政策科学,这一流派在 20 世纪 60 年代末、70 年代初迅速成长,在 70-80 年代成为与传统公共行政学相抗衡的学派。2.公共管理范式的产生比较两种途径: “政策途径”(P-途径); “商业途径”(B-途 径)(1)定义:①“P-途径”来自于公共政策学院,以政策研究方向,重视定量 分析方法,尤其是经济学分析手段。把政策执行 研究的焦点集中在政府的项目,公共组织和私在所有不重要的方面是相同的。②“B-途径”强调将工商管理和经济学的概念,理论和方法应用 于公共部门管理的研究中,并仍关注组织结构与过程。(2)共同点:以组织外部定向(关心行政机构以外的东西),强 调政治因素在管理中的作用;重视规范研究并关心改善管理绩效,主张从经验中学习尤其是偏爱案例分析法。(3)区别:①P-途径 重新认识政策分析对于公共管理的重要性,学习实践 者的经验,重视吸取经验教训并加以传播,促进政治执行官与资深管理者的对话。②B-途径 强调的研究和理论取向,应用和融合不同学科的理论, 方法和技术,发展一种以公共管理与私人管理相比较为基础的综合框架,重视战略管理,关心过程问题,把焦点集中在职业化的公共管理 者而非政治执行官身上。【考点 3】公共管理途径的特征/公共管理范式“新”在何处 学者们的几种观点:1.重要考点:凯特尔认为,公共管理运动所发展起来的公共管理 途径是一种全新的途径,它既不同于它既不同于传统的公共行政学途径,也不同于政策分析中的执行研究途径,它认为公共管理途径具有 以下的几个特征:①拒斥公共行政学和执行研究②一种乐观的规范研究领域③以顶层管理者的战略决策为焦点④通过案例研究来发展知识⑤为管理研究取得与决策研究相同的立足点而奋斗2.波兹曼认为公共管理途径应具有以下的特征:①既关心战略,又关心过程②在强调硬的知识的同时,关注软的知识③问题焦点甚于过程焦点④强雷主张脉络背景和经验知识⑤关注战略和多元组织的问题3.佩里力图阐明公共管理的理论性质,他认为公共管理提供关于 公共管理者在不同场合应如何作为的有用的和实际的概括或知识。4.雷尼认为公共管理学应着重研究如下三个重要的问题:①公共组织和管理者类型之间的存在什么样的区别?②公共管理所要研究的政治环境指的是什么?③说公共部门的管理目标是模糊不清是什么意思?5.林恩主要讨论公共管理所使用的新的概念框架或理论,包括代 理关系,市场、等级和小集团,有限理性和认知风格,集体行动的逻辑和博弈论,组织重构,网络模式,垃圾桶模式,管理工具等等。【考点 4】公共管理学的学科范围1.对公共管理学的三种不同理解(了解)(1)将公共管理学等同于公共行政学(2)把公共管理学当作公共行政学的一个分支学科(3)将公共管理学看作一种不同于传统的公共行政学和政策分析 的一种新途径、新范式或新的学科框架2.公共管理学的研究对象公共管理学是一个研究公共管理活动或公共管理实践的学科,可 以将它界定为一门综合地运用各种科学知识和方法来研究公共管理组织和公共管理过程及其规律性的学科。它的目标是促使公共组织尤 其是政府组织更有效地提供公共物品。或者说,公共管理学是一门研究公共组织(主要是政府)如何有效地提供公共物品的学问。3.公共管理学的学科特征(与传统公共行政学的区别)(1)研究对象与范围。传—局限于政府行政机关特别是官僚机 构的研究;公—扩大到其他政府机关(立。司)和非营利组织或第三部门甚至私人部门的公共的方面。(2)公-更具跨学科,综合性的特点。传—建立在政治学基础上; 公—不同学科。(3)公-将研究焦点由传的“内部取向”转为“外部取向”,由重视机构过程和程序研究转到重视项目、结果与绩效研究。(4)涉及大量公共行政学没涉及的主题。例:公共物品,公共 选择,政府失败等。(5)公-既是实证的有规范的,传—局限规范研究。【考点 5】公共管理学的研究途径和方法较有影响的学科途径有以下四种:1.管理学途径它把公共行政视作一种管理行为,与民营部门的运作相类似。2.政治学途径强调公共行政的公共性,从而关注其政治的层面。3.法学途径强调主权、宪法和管制实践在公共行政中的重要性,从而将公共行政视为一种法律事务。4.经济学途径(重要考点)采用经济学的理论假定,概念框架,分析方法及技术来看待公共 管理问题。(1)公共选择理论:将“经济人”假说,交换范式和方法论个 人主义应用到政治和公共政策领域。作为一种公共政策的研究途径,它假定:政治行动者个人(不管是决策者或投票者)都被自利的动机 所引导而选择一项对其最有利的行动方案。(2)新制度主义(新制度学派):强调制度在政治生活中的决定性作用;制度的存在是因为它可以克服社会组织中的信 息障碍和减少交易成本;在社会中,两种能最小化交易成本的组织是市场和等级 制;制度形成偏好,规定行为角色、约束行为和形成期望。 研究方法则包括如下内容: 方法上的突出特征是强调跨学笠研究途径,提倡以问题为中心的知识产生方法。包括系统分析、比较分析、实验分析、案例分析。【考点 6】行政国家行政国家是指 19 世纪末 20 世纪初,与垄断的进程相一致,尤其 是第二次世界大战以后,在资本主义国家立法、司法、行政三权分立的国家权力主体关系中,行政权力和活动扩张,具有制定同议会立法 效力相当的行政命令和制定同法院判决效力相近的行政裁决权,大量直接管理和介入国家和社会事务,从而起到最活跃和最强有力国家作 用的一种国家现象。【考点 7】市场经济国家的政府管理实践1.纵向分析:在市场经济发展的不同时期,政府干预的范围、内 容、和方式是不同的。(1)20 世纪 30 年代前,主张限制国家或政府作用,让商品经 济在一种自由放任的状态下运行,国家尽少干预或不干预市场运行。奉行三个原则:私有财产神圣不可侵犯原则、契约原则、自我负责原 则。(2)1929-1933 年,西方资本主义爆发经济危机,宣告“自由 放任”、“自动均衡”的理论与政策的破产,客观上促使凯恩斯主义兴起。凯恩斯以“有效需求”为基础论证国家全国干预的合理性,他主张放弃自由放任主义,实行对经济生活的全面干预,特别是通过财政和货币政策调控市场经济的运行。(3)20 世纪 70 年代西方市场经济国出现“滞胀”现象,西方 新自由主义经济学思潮兴起主张限制甚至取消政府干预,充分发挥市场经济的作用。2.横向分析:由于经济发展水平,政治文化及历史传统等方面的 差别,各市场经济国的政府公共管理模式亦不同。主要有以下几种基本模式:(1)英美的市场主导模式。它主要靠市场调节,政府的干预或调控有限,具有较浓厚的自由 经济色彩。(2)欧洲或莱茵模式。这种模式的特点是政府宏观调控力度较大,国有经济的成分也比 较大,有明显的混合经济色彩。(3)东亚的政府主导型模式。日本、韩国等新型工业国家或地区所采取的是政府引导市场模式, 即采取“亲”市场战略——政府的干预遵循“充分的市场、必要的政府”原则。三、北京大学行政管理考研答题技巧1.名词解释(1)名词解释一般答 100 字左右,在 A4 纸上约 3 行,每行 30-40 字。(2)名词解释三段论答题法:定义→背景、特征、概念类比→总结/评价第一,回答出名词本身的含义,一般都可以在书本找到。第二,从名词提出的背景、特征及相似概念比较等方面进行简述。第三,总结,可以做一下简短的个人评价。(3)育明考研温馨提示第一,名词解释一般位于试卷的第一部分,很多考生刚上考场非常兴 奋,一兴奋就容易下笔如流水,一不小心就把名词解释当成了简答题。结果后面的题目答题时间非常紧张。第二,在回答名词解释的时候,以 150-200 字为最佳。按照每个人写 字的速度,一般需要 5 分钟左右。2.简答题(1)简答题一般每题 600 字左右,可以看情况划分成 3-4 条,每条 150-200 字。(2)简答题定义框架答题法:定义→框架→总结第一,先把简答题干中涉及的最重要的 1-2 个名词进行阐述,类似于“名词解释”。很多人省略了这一点,无意中丢失了很多的分数。第二,按照要求,搭建框架进行回答。回答要点一般 3-5 条,每条 150-200 字。第三,进行简单的总结。3.育明考研温馨提示第一,简答题一般来说位于试题的第二部分,基本考查对某些重要问 题的掌握程度。难度中等偏低,这就要求考生在复习的时候要把课本重要问题梳理清楚,要比较扎实的记忆。一般来说书本看到 5 遍以上 可以达到记忆的效果。当然,记忆也要讲究方法。第二,在回答的时候字数一般在 800 字左右,答题时间控制在 15-20分钟。3.论述题(1)论述题是拉分的关键,也是专业课里分值最高、题量最大的提 醒,同时往往是概括性最强、最难回答的题型。(2)论述题“三步走”答题法:是什么→为什么→怎么做第一,论述题中重要的核心概念要阐释清楚,即重要的理论要点要罗 列到位,而这些是可以在书本上直接找到的,是得分点,也是进一步分析的理论基点。第二,要分析目前所存在问题出现的原因。这个部分基本可以通过对 课本中所涉及的问题进行总结而成。第三,提出自己合理化的建议。(3)育明考研温馨提示第一,论述题属于中等偏上难度的题目,考察对学科整体的把握和对 知识点的灵活运用,进而运用理论知识来解决现实问题,进一步强调对课本的整体框架和参考书作者书本写作的内部逻辑。第二,答题视角要发散,不要拘泥于一两个点。第三,答题字数控制在 1500 字左右,用时为 25-30 分钟。但也要根 据具体题目数量进行适度调整。第四,建议采用“总分总”结构。即前后是起始和总结的套话,中间是要点,要点部分采用 4×300(2×150)模式,即分 4 大条,每条300 字,每条又分两小点,每点 150 字。四、北京大学行政管理考研真题集锦(域名一对一学员回忆 版)西方经济学一、名词解释1.简述财政政策的挤出效应2.简述短期菲利普斯曲线和长期菲利普斯曲线的含义及其政策意义3.简述量化宽松政策或者定量量化宽松政策的含义及其是如何发挥作用的二、论述题1.利用经济增长理论说明如何是我国经济平稳较快增长2.说明凯恩斯和货币理论的宏观经济政策的区别三、计算题1.关于 IS-LM 的计算(具体略)2.关于货币创造乘数的计算(具体略)宏经计算题第二题是“西方经济学同步辅导及习题全解(第四版)” (即课本配套练习)的第十六章,P79,第 8 题,只不过将条件“若增加基础货币 100 亿美元”改成了“1000 亿美元”。社会学一、名词解释1.群体规范2.功利性角色与表现性角色3.数字编码二、论述题1.社会越轨行为以及社会越轨的控制;1.说明我国社会转型期初级群体的变化2.论述抽样调查中的误差来源及其类型行政管理公共管理与公共政策一、名词解释1.矩阵式组织2.全面质量管理管理3.政策的目标群体4.公共利益5.思想库二、简答题1.什么是顾客导向?它对公共管理变革有什么启发?2.明茨伯格的管理者的十大角色3 提升行政绩效的预算原则4 公共政策渐进模型的特征5.政策分析的局限三、论述题1.公共管理的责任及其通知机制2.结合实际论述政策议程的类型社会学简答1、正式群体与非正式群体2、政治社会化3、分层抽样论述1、社会分化的类型与后果2、测量的信度与效度3、怎样促进城乡协调发展经济学简答1、什么是边际消费倾向和平均消费倾向2、简述古典、凯恩斯和常规总供给曲线的区别和含义。3、运用 IS-LM 模型分析下列政策效果(1)减税并采取适应性的货币政策使利率不变(2)单纯减税论述1、结合实际试分析我国当前货币政策的特点2、结合国内外实际分析通胀的成因公共管理与公共政策名词解释1、标杆管理;2、行政赔偿;3、有限理性模型;4、政策执行;5、政策终结简答1、组织学习、学习型组织是什么,它的特点是什么?2、政府失灵与市场失灵的解决措施3、转换型领导与其构成要素4、试从科学、专业、政治的角度解释公共政策5、结合实际,说明政策评价中前后对比法的应用论述1、从多学科角度,谈谈公共政策中的公平与正义。材料题给出了新乡市警务改革的案例,试用政府改造的理论分析。(一)公共管理与公共政策一、 名词解释(4’X 5)1、公共管理者2、组织学习3、行政复议4、象征性政策5、群体狂想症二、简答题(15’X 6)1、简述公共组织的特性2、简述政府治理工具的内涵及其主要类型3、简述公共预算的性质和功能4、简述政策目标群体政策认同(接受和服从政策)的缘由5、简述公共政策过程模型6、简述政策议程的基本类型三、论述题(20’ X 2)1、联系实际,论述非营利性组织在公共服务中的作用及其自身发展所存在的问题2、联系实际论述政策执行的相关条件-(二)管理学、社会学、经济学管理学一、简答题(10’ X 3)1、目标管理的优缺点2、组织设计的原则3、平衡计分卡的特点二、分析题(15’ X 3)1、矩阵式组织结构的优缺点2、群体决策技术的优缺点和群体决策常采用的技术3、公平理论的内容以及对管理的启示每年录取的考生中有近一半是育明学员,如此好的成绩的原因在于三 点:一是权威的内部信息,二是考前精准押题,三是给学生的全称规划和重点难点指导及答题技巧指导;初试辅导课程包括一对一辅导和 视频课程,由在校教授授课(包括参考书重点讲解、真题讲解、答题技巧讲解、考试范围讲解、面试技巧讲解、申请材料讲解),具体登 陆育明官网咨询或者登录“腾讯课堂”搜索“育明考研考博中心”自主购买课程进行学习。

兰花指

全国考研人数再创历史新高 “抗疫”精神进考题

考研人数又涨了“抗疫”精神进考题华声在线12月27日讯 “还好我平时比较关注新闻,抗疫方面的知识了解了不少,不然这次政治科目的考试有点悬……”12月26日,为期三天的2021年全国硕士研究生考试进入第二天,长沙理工大学云塘校区考点,有考生为抓住了考题热点而高兴。记者了解到,全国报考人数达377万,较上一年度的341万人增加了36万人,再次创下历史新高。湖南报考2021年硕士研究生的考生为13.43万人,较2020年增加1.15万人。考研人数再创新高来自我省教育部门统计的数据显示,湖南“考研大军”人数近几年也是逐年攀升,今年再创历史新高,达到了13.43万人,比去年的12.28万人增加了1.15万人,增幅为9.3%,这一数据也再创历史新高。全省共81个考点, 4477个考场, 长沙考区最多, 有31个考点。记者了解到,近五年全国考研报名人数迅速增长。2017年研究生报考人数首破200万人大关,达到201万。2021年研究生报考人数达到377万,5年间,考研报名人数翻了近一番。同时,我国研究生招生规模也在不断扩张,2020年研究生扩招18.9万人,招生人数超过110万人,2021年预计将延续这一扩张趋势。“高校往届生报考比例呈明显上升趋势,部分高校超过六成。往届生迅速增长加剧了考研热和考试竞争难度。”相关专家表示,目前考研热度较高与我国经济处于转型期相关。特别是在今年新冠疫情的影响下,就业压力变大,迫使更多的应届毕业生及往届生考研,缓解就业压力的同时,以提升竞争力。政治考题紧扣时事热点“今天的试题很多我都在昨晚复习到了,真幸运。”在长沙理工大学云塘校区考点,考生李明正在和同学讨论着政治考题,他告诉记者,昨晚特地背诵的时事内容都考到了。记者了解到,今年的政治试题紧跟时政,多个时事热点成为考题,比如全面建成小康社会、抗美援朝战争胜利70周年、抗疫精神……“政治考题整体上贴近大学本科教材和大纲解析,主要考查的是考生基础性知识和观点。”据相关人士介绍,考研政治科目中最常见的就是结合时政热点进行考查,因此考生在复习中要注重当年重大会议、重要文件、重要讲话的内容。“学习过程中不仅要紧扣大纲解析和本科教材,抓住基础性知识点,还要灵活运用和理解知识点,切不可死记硬背。”来源:华声在线

各复其根

2020考研英语一真题及答案「完整版」!

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】!【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案(1-20)1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案(21-25)21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案(26-30)26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案(31-35)31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案(36-40)36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案(41-45)41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案(46-50)46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色,中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合,从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前,当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式,仍旧沿用以前的思维模式,其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者,但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多,并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时,文艺复兴时代已经结束,并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为:“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文:通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文:习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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