2016考研数二真题解析

2010-2019年 考研数学一二三真题 逐题精讲视频已出!!!考研数学真题讲解：每日一练220-221天一、每日一练220天：2015年考研数学一二三公共考点题目讲解2015年考研数学真题讲解2015年考研数学真题讲解二、每日一练221天：2016年考研数学一二三公共考点题目讲解2016年考研数学真题讲解2016年考研数学真题讲解2016年考研数学真题讲解考研路上，你我同行。加油！

2021年考研数学二真题、解析2021 年全国硕士研究生入学招生考试数二试题一、选择题 ：1-10小题，每小题5分，共50分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号里.

The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.超市的设计目的是吸引顾客在超市内尽可能长时间的停留。The reason for this is simple:原因很简单The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy.你在店里待的时间越长，你看到的东西就越多，你看到的东西越多，你买的东西就越多。And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.超市里有很多东西。The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more.根据食品营销协会的数据，平均每家超市有大约44，000种不同的商品，而且有很多超市有比这多数万件。The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload.可供选择的数量之多足以使购物者陷入信息过载的状态。According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.根据脑部扫描实验，如此多的决策要求使我们很快承受不了。After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective,在大约40分钟的购物之后，大多数人不再挣扎于理性的选择，and instead began shopping emotionally-which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.而是开始冲动性购物，在这时候，我们把50%从来不打算买的东西放进购物车里。

2020考研数学一二三的真题（完整版）已经整理，答案在后面，仅供大家做估分参考，不论好与坏已成定数，请大家保持良好心态！数一完整版真题数二真题完整版数三真题（完整版）都说偶数年的数学难，没想到今年心态爆照，我们考场有好几个上午考完数学，下午直接就没来的。通常每年到第二天，大家都非常担心，因为有数学这个大老虎，只是今年的格外的难。对于山村这种数学学渣而言，难于上青天。因为不仅难考，还看不到希望，下面我们来看看大家考完后的留言吧。数二考生的回忆数学一：数一一直是考研数学中的老大哥，我今天上去就在选择题的最后一道上卡了很久，可惜啊！就是不忍心放手，越纠结就越完蛋，但是就是纠结啊！数学二：今天题目还行，考卷的手感不错，就是这桌子有点不好，自己小趴着睡难受啊！数二第一题斜渐近线我感觉自己的基础不够扎实，多半是错了，空了三个大题，其它能编的都编了，明年我得在上考场！数学三：我出来了，感觉难度可以再高一点，反正我也不会，又来摸了摸面值180元的试卷纸！可是我是只听了基础课自己也没做几个题去的，高数大题看着都貌似做过类似的题，我没写几个题，因为我都忘完了。真是大家都发现好难，其实现在已经结束了，大家应该好好休息了，毕竟奋斗了这么长时间了，我要回去补觉觉去，不过大家也不要担心，毕竟宇哥已经发话了今天上午，2020考研数学一已经结束了，经过一段时间的整理，小编已整理并公布出2020考研数学一真题及答案+解析，感谢各位同学的耐心等待，并希望此内容有助于大家。

2021年考研数学（一）题库【历年真题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】第一部分历年真题2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一真题及详解 2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一真题及详解 2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一真题及详解 2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一真题及详解 2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一真题及详解 2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解 2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解 2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解 2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解 2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解 2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研数学一真题及详解 第二部分　章节题库 高等数学 第一章　函数、极限、连续 第二章　一元函数微分学 第三章　一元函数积分学 第四章　向量代数和空间解析几何 第五章　多元函数微分学 第六章　多元函数积分学 第七章　无穷级数 第八章　常微分方程 线性代数 第一章　行列式 第二章　矩　阵 第三章　向　量 第四章　线性方程组 第五章　矩阵的特征值和特征向量 第六章　二次型 概率论与数理统计 第一章　随机事件和概率 第二章　随机变量及其分布 第三章　多维随机变量及其分布 第四章　随机变量的数字特征 第五章　大数定律和中心极限定理 第六章　数理统计的基本概念 第七章　参数估计 第八章　假设检验 第三部分　模拟试题 全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一模拟试题及详解（一） 全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一模拟试题及详解（二） 全国硕士研究生招生考试考研数学一模拟试题及详解（三） 更多资料2021年考研数学（一）考试大纲解析2021年考研数学（一）全套资料2021年考研数学（一）考前冲刺班找学习资料就上畅学苑学习网，助您乘风破浪一次通关！

考研百科说明　考研百科是全新栏目，每天为大家用精炼的语言科普考研基础常识，以及基本常识性问题，帮助广大考研小小白快速上车~考试内容不同(一）线性代数数学一、二、三均考察线性代数，所占比例均为22%，而且是数一数二数三考试内容中差别最小的科目，很多年份，考研真题线代部分都是完全一样的，唯一不同的是数一的大纲中多了向量空间部分的知识。(二）概率论与数理统计数学二不考察，数学一与数学三均占22%，从历年的考试大纲来看，数一比数三多了区间估计与假设检验部分的知识，但是对于数一与数三的大纲中均出现的知识在考试要求上也还是有区别的，比如数一要求了解泊松定理的结论和应用条件，但是数三就要求掌握泊松定理的结论和应用条件(三）高数数学一、二、三均考察，而且所占比重最大。数一、三的试卷中所占比例为56%，数二所占比例78%。，数一考察的范围是最广的；数二不考察向量代数与空间解析几何、三重积分、曲线积分、曲面积分以及无穷级数；数三不考察向量空间与解析几何、三重积分、曲线积分、曲面积分以及所有与物理相关的应用。而且侧重有所不同理工类(数一数二)要考微积分的物理应用，而经济类(数三)相应的内容则换成了经济学应用。数三强调级数，数一强调曲面积分温馨提示一般来说数一是考的全面而且相比数二数三来说要难很多。数二虽然考查范围少，但是高数的内容考的很细。数三考的也相对全面主要针对经济类考生。还未确定专业考数学几的考生可以从高等数学的极限、一元函数微分学、一元函数积分学、不定积分、定积分、不定积分的应用、多元函数微分学、微分方程和二重积分等必考公共内容入手，确定好后就要着手开始其他科目的复习啦

今天考研已经结束，各位小伙伴的战况如何？反正小编是一把鼻涕一把泪啊！因为小编没有认真复习。相信每个考研人都不容易付出努力总会得到回报。今年的考研人数238万相比于去年又在增加！看看这人山人海的场景是否也有你的影子。2018年考研已经结束，"今年的数学"恐怕是每个考生的心声了。(后面有数二真题解析，大家可以看看)不过不要怕，你不是孤独的，不是你一个人觉得难，而是大家都觉得难。没考好的，不要气馁，再接再厉，我们来年再战。考研就是高考的升级，寒门子弟渴望借此鱼跃龙门，因此牵系着无数家庭，今日考研数学一结束，就迅速登上了热搜榜，因为太难了，数一数二数三这次居然对外一致发难，弄得许多考生纷纷表示，要去天台冷静冷静。今天是2018年全国硕士研究生考试的第二天，针对上午刚刚考完的数学一二三，小编看了一下今年的难度，真的把这一届的考生虐哭了，难度一年比一年上升。朋友圈的女同胞都说回家生孩子去了，哈哈2018年的考研数学试题又一次刷新了考研人的心跳！下考场的时候大家纷纷叹气，难道是因为今年报考人数剧增，又换成备用卷了么？这难度又刷新了2016年的效果。考研数学方面的专家张宇谈考研：开卷的难度较大，这会影响很多同学的答题心情。今年的数学真是不负众望啊，偶数年真的难啊！各位考生，你们考研数学有啥想说的。而第二天，上午的数学考完后，很多考生不淡定了。相比昨天的英语，至少还可以蒙（选择题多），数学就惨了！考研数学考试难度逐年加大，题型变化大，趋向于“竞赛题”，过于讲究技巧。不少教育人士也表示，考研数学难度逐年加大，对考生的要求也逐年增高。很多题目都已经偏离了正常的逻辑层面，开始讲究“技巧化”。网友笑称，这个题目有点像是奥林匹克竞赛，一些知识点明明自己知道，但是放在题目里面就是不会做。前天是2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试的第一天。考完英语和政治两门科目之后，不少考生感慨颇多。网上出现了各种版本的吐槽：有的说“今年的英语试卷，做完就崩溃了”；有的说“英语新题型简直看不懂啊”；有的说“政治的难度超乎了自己的想象”。

为方便22届湖大新传专硕童鞋的复习，云潇考研特意为大家准备最强的专硕真题与参考书知识点的对应关系，以此提供科学的复习方向！私戳，还有22考情，湖大新传近6年真题及解析等冕费给你哦！等你来撩！440科目真题与参考书的对应//《传播学教程》2016年湖大440名词解释双重偶然性——第一章第二节2016年湖大440名词解释元传播——第十二章第四节2016年湖大440简答内容分析法——第十五章2016年湖大440简答媒介素养研究——第十二章第五节2016年湖大440简答流言——第六章第二节2017年湖大440名词解释符号解读——第三章第一节2017年湖大440名词解释群体暗示——第六章第二节2017年湖大440名词解释休眠效果——第十一章第三节2017年湖大440简答外部公众——第八章第三节2017年湖大440论述受众的权利理论——第十章第二节2017年湖大440论述把关人——第八章第二节2018年湖大440名词解释大众传播——第一章第二节2018年湖大440名词解释情境意义——第三章第二节2018年湖大440 简答题舆论领袖——第十一章第二节2018年湖大440简答题社会传播总过程理论——第四章第二节2019年湖大440名词解释传播权——第十章第二节2019年湖大440简答题信号和象征符——第三章第一节2019年湖大440论述题受众对媒介活动进行社会监督——第九章第一节2020年湖大440名词解释名词解释霍夫兰——第十四章第一节2020年湖大440简答受众的权利理论——第十章第二节2020年湖大440简答施拉姆的大众传播社会功能——第七章第一节2020年湖大440简答媒介——第二章第二节2021年湖大440简答大众——第十章第一节2021年湖大440论述技术与社会关系——第八章第一节//《新闻学概论》2016年湖大440名词解释宣传价值——第十八章第四节2016年湖大440名词解释发行量稽核——第九章第三节2017年湖大440名词解释舆论——第四章第三节2017年湖大440简答题大众传播媒介的正负效应——第十章第二节2018年湖大440名词解释UGC——第七章2018年湖大440简答题大众传媒对经济发展的促进作用——第十三章第三节2019年湖大440名词解释4C理论——第十六章第一节2019年湖大440简答新闻真实——第三章第一节2019年湖大440论述新闻事业发展规律——第八章2020年湖大440名词解释通讯社——第八章第三节2020年湖大440论述新闻媒介与舆论导向——第四章第三节2020年湖大440论述信息主权——第十三章第三节2021年湖大440简答题宣传价值——第十八章第三节2021年湖大440新闻客观性——第三章第一节//《新闻事业经营管理》2016年湖大440名词解释媒介人力资源——第九章第一节2016年湖大440简答媒介特有资源——第二章第二节 第八章 第九章2016年湖大440论述新媒介集团品牌发展——第八章第四节2017年湖大440名词解释媒介产品的延伸——第三章第四节2018年湖大440简答题无形资产转化与IP经营——第八章第四节2018年湖大440论述题受众对媒介产品需求类型——第三章第二节2019年湖大440名词解释三网融合——第三章第六节2019年湖大440名词解释U型结构——第十二章第三节2019年湖大440名词解释媒体资产——第十章第二节2019年湖大440简答题英国广播公司公众化的特点——第十三章第一节2019年湖大440简答题媒介市场细分——第三章第三节2020年湖大440名词解释理念识别——第八章第二节2020年湖大440名词解释后期制作——第五章第三节2020年湖大440简答美国广播电视融合模式——第十三章第一节2020年湖大440简答媒介产业——第一章第一节2021年湖大440名词解释公共关系——第八章第三节2021年湖大440名词解释社会效益——第二章第二节2021年湖大440名词解释媒体资产——第十章第二节2021年湖大440简答题——第九章第四节//《新闻采访与写作》2016年湖大440名词解释新闻敏感——第二章第二节2016年湖大440简答导语——第十章第二节2017年湖大440名词解释特写——第十三章第一节2017年湖大440名词解释闭合式提问——第四章第一节2017年湖大440简答如何在新闻报道中使用民意调查 第五章第三节2017年湖大440 简答题 网络新闻标题 第八章第四节2018年湖大440名词解释 （消息）完整结构 第十章第一节2018年湖大440名词解释新闻小故事 第十三章第一节2018年湖大440名词解释特写 第十三章第一节2018年湖大440名词解释编者按 第十五章第一节2019年湖大440简答题新闻线索 第二章第一节2019年湖大440简答题消息背景 第十章第四节2021年湖大440名词解释隐性采访 第五章第一节图片440科目真题特征分析及复习方向总体来说，考察知识点以课本为主，大部分考点均可在课本中锁定其位置，基本没有超出课本以外的偏题或难题，即使是新知识点，也与课本偏离不大，并且也是传统知识点，可通过平时对相关热点的的复习与积累来应对。在知识点分布上，在课本可考察的知识点中，《传播学教程》有24个，《新闻事业经营管理》有19个，《新闻学概论》有14个，《新闻采访与写作》有13个，传播学与媒管所占的知识点较多，在复习上需要侧重对传播学与媒管的知识点。需要注意的是，湖大每年都会有一些老题重现，如2017年考察受众的权利理论的论述便重新出现在了2020年的简答题中，2019年考过媒体资产的名词解释又原题呈现在了2021年的名词解释之中，也会有一些学硕考过的题出现在后几年专硕的题中，因此，对学硕及专硕的真题把握也是相当有必要研究的，一般来说，近五年真题的研究价值较大。在论述题上，不同于其它非常追热点的院校，湖大论述题的备考要以课本为重点，专题的整理也要优先整理传统的知识点，总结相关案例，然后再整理近几年的热点，对于论述题的备考，仍然要多翻看学硕近几年的考题，因为专硕和学硕的考点有相通之处，以做到对老师爱考、常考的知识点心中有数，以合理安排复习重点。此外，冷门知识点或小知识点也会被考察到。一些在考生中认为不是必背或者属于次重点或弱重点的知识也会被提上试卷，如2017年的简答外部公众，2018年的名词解释情境意义，2020年的简答美国广播电视的融合模式等等，这些属于较为偏僻知识，或者从属于大知识点的小点，因此在复习的时候不可囫囵吞枣，需要全面、细致地掌握知识。图片334科目真题特征分析及复习方向湖大专硕334的题可分为这样几个板块，消息、评论、媒管、法规、策划，这其中消息或采访提纲约占25-35分，评论约占25-35分，策划约占30分，媒管约占30分，法规约占30分，从分值来看，分布较为均匀，因此每个部分的复习都需要下力气，不能偏废。关于消息或采访类型，在所考过的所有题目（9个）中，会议新闻为6个。因此大家在平常的联系中要有意识地多练习会议新闻，但也不应对其它类型完全忽视，剩余三个分别是贵州仁义哥、北京大兴火灾（2018）以及岳阳扶贫干部（2021）。此外，我们还可以分析材料的发生时间，如世界社会保障峰会发生于2016年11月，大兴火灾发生于2017年11月，第五届世界互联网大会发生于2018年11月等等，可以看出材料集中在11月或12月，我们也可以适当关注在这个时间段举办的会议或发生的大事。在备考时，则可以关注一些主流媒体的报道，如人民日报、光明日报等媒体官网，对其报纸数字版的消息内容加以阅读参考。不同于消息，评论所选取材料较为多元，有涉及教育学术（2016教授公开信+2014“学霸”头衔）、会议（2017世界保障峰会+2019世界互联网大会）、社会（2011奶粉质量+2012生鲜乳指标+2015年雷楚年犯罪）、灾难（2018大兴区火灾），因此大家在平常的练习中对各个类型都要涉及到，做到游刃有余。在材料的时间点上，可以看出也集中在11月或12月，而且从2017、2018、2019年的考察情况来看，近几年有把消息、评论、报道策划集中到一个材料的趋势。另外，新闻评论要特别注意的一个是，连续2年（2020年和2021年）在334科目没有考察了，虽然不代表未来不考，但需要在消息和策划方面投入更多备考精力。媒管的出题套路通常是给出一段材料，这段材料一般是关于传统媒体数字化转型、新媒体发展以及媒体融合的材料，以前的考题材料都较长，2019年之后材料较短，问题也是比较常规的是什么、为什么、怎么做三种问题，在材料中也出现过重复考的现象，如2011和2013年的羊城晚报数字化战略，虽然材料略有不同，但是答题思路都一样的，因此，在备考时，传统媒体数字化转型、新媒体发展以及媒体融合的论文需要多关注。法规方面的出题套路有两种，第一种是给出一段材料问2-3个小问如违反了哪些法规，什么原因以及给出建议等。第二种则是给出一段材料，问这其中反映的有关法律规制问题。在以往考过的真题中，肖像权出现2次、新闻敲诈出现2次、隐私权出现1次、名誉权出现1次、媒介审判出现1次、虚假新闻出现1次、广告规制出现1次，著作权考察过1次，因此，可按照专题进行整理，对已经重复考过的题目务必熟练掌握。私戳，还有22考情，湖大新传近6年真题及解析等冕费给你哦！等你来撩！

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. 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