考研试题统一

本文全网版权保护，违规转载洗稿必究！文｜冷丝栏目｜丝说考研2019年考研初试已经过去一周了，但是，各种“丑闻”一直不断被媒体证实是真实的。各种各样的低级错误接连二三被曝光。山东师范大学硕士研究生考试在考《外语教学理论基础》时出现错误，将答案当成试卷发给考生。山东师范大学研究生招生信息网发布补考通知称，由于工作严重失误，试题印刷封装错误。电子科技大学的公告电子科技大学自命题科目《固体物理》试卷出错，本该考的《固体物理》卷子印的却是电路分析的题，几百名考生面对题目枯坐3小时，无奈交白卷。西南大学认定，12月23日举行的《自然地理学》因命题教师将试题内容泄密，考试无效，2019年1月13日对该科目组织重考，学校将承担考生参加重考的交通费用，并统一安排食宿。国内研究生入学考试采用的是什么形式？目前，我国研究生入学考试制度实行集中统一和分散处理相结合的原则。电子科技大学所谓集中统一，是指教育部统一规定报名时间、考试时间；统一划定复试分数线，部分985高校除外；统一分配招生指标；统一颁布公共课，即英语、政治、数学科目，还有部分门类学科，比如如历史学、教育学、农学、医学等专业课考试大纲；统一组织上述科目专业课考试的命题，统一制定上述科目考试参考答案。所谓分散处理，是指考生网上报名后到生源所在地市教育局现场确认，部分统考科目之外的所有专业课命题和专业课答案的制定由各招研单位自行处理，所有科目考试 由各地级市教育局组织、安排地点和监考，所有试卷的评阅由各省招办组织教师集中批阅报考本省招研单位的各科试卷，所有试卷的评阅手段、尺度由各地自行决，等等。频频出错，为什么是硕士研究生入学考试？教育部和地方省市教育主管部门长期分工合作，共同担负研究生入学考试的方方面面的责任和风险，共同处理研究生入学考试，即从报名、命题、试题印刷、运输、保管、监考、评阅、统计等等考试有关林林总总的环节链条。研究生入学考试的压力之大、工作之繁、过程之长、关注度之高，绝不亚于全国高考。山东师范大学由于环节太多，参与人太杂，出现问题也是难免的。根据以往的考试情况，比较容易出现问题的环节主要在自行命题、考试和评卷上。自行命题最容易出现的问题是题目的难易度把控、题目内容泄密等环节。而对于统考科目而言，易出现问题的是后两个环节——考试和评卷，这两个关键环节恰恰是教育部不能直接掌控的。所有科目统一考试、统一阅卷和统一管理，可行吗？鉴于国情，像古代社会科举考试省试和殿试那样，将考生都集 中于北京去考试 ，恐怕不现实，但统考目由各省集中后统一送往教育部指定的单位，然后组织专家统一尺度评阅完全是可能的。西南大学阅卷也可以采用更加细致、更加公平的方式。比如，无论是统考科目还是自行命题科目试卷，同一份试题同一样内容派发给2人评阅，打分误差在该题满分1／6之内，考生实际得分是二者的平均值。若超过该题满分1／6阙值的，试题组长会马上发现，及时通知评卷人三评或四评。目前，各省高考试卷已经实行微机评卷多年，快捷高效，客观公正，省时省力。不少省份，如河南省2012年研究生入学统考科目也借鉴高考的成功经验，全面采用微机评卷方式，效果非常理想。主客观条件已经具备，研究生入学统考科目英语、政治采用机评，集中统一评阅已是大势所趋，指日可待。考研复习的同学们研究生入学统考制度已经实行多年，而且已有扩大科目范围之势，国内各个高校有成功经验可数，也有难如人意之痛。面对社会的巨大压力，加上国家高度重视，研究生入学统考科目英语、政治命题改革，已是当务之急，自行命题也应该大力改革。总之，冷丝认为，作为国家最高教育管理部门的教育部应主动出击，率先操控抵制腐败和防范作弊的闸门，根据实际情况分类分级命题，减少客观性试题，采用现代化手段集中统一评卷。这或许是大家期待的研究生入学统考改革突破口。本文全网版权保护，违规转载洗稿必究！敬告｜冷丝所有文章首发『百家号』，如有错漏和最新信息，作者将在评论版块及时更正和补充，也请网友批评指正，谢谢您！同时严正声明『非法转载必究』。

硕士研究生招生初试一般设置四个单元考试科目，思想政治理论、外国语、业务课一和业务课二。教育学、历史学、医学门类初试设置三个单元考试科目：思想政治理论、外国语、专业基础综合。体育、应用心理、文物与博物馆、药学、中药学、临床医学、口腔医学、中医、公共卫生、护理等专业学位硕士初试设置三个单元考试科目：思想政治理论、外国语、专业基础综合。会计、图书情报、工商管理、公共管理、旅游管理、工程管理和审计等专业学位硕士初试设置两个单元考试科目：外国语、管理类联考综合能力。金融、应用统计、税务、国际商务、保险、资产评估等专业学位硕士初试第三单元业务课一设置经济类综合能力考试科目，供试点学校选考。硕士研究生招生考试的全国统考科目为：思想政治理论、英语一、英语二、俄语、日语、数学一、数学二、数学三、教育学专业基础综合、心理学专业基础综合、历史学基础、临床医学综合能力(中医)、临床医学综合能力(西医)。全国联考科目为：数学(农)、化学(农)、植物生理学与生物化学、动物生理学与生物化学、计算机学科专业基础综合、管理类联考综合能力、法硕联考专业基础(非法学)、法硕联考综合(非法学)、法硕联考专业基础(法学)、法硕联考综合(法学)。其中，教育学专业基础综合、心理学专业基础综合、历史学基础、数学(农)、化学(农)、植物生理学与生物化学、动物生理学与生物化学、计算机学科专业基础综合试题由招生单位自主选择使用;口腔医学专业学位既可选用统一命题的临床医学综合能力，也可由招生单位自主命题。医学学术学位硕士研究生初试业务课科目由招生单位按一级学科自主命题。初试每科考试时间一般为3小时;建筑设计等特殊科目考试时间最长不超过6小时。详细考试时间、考试科目及有关要求等由考点和招生单位予以公布。初试方式均为笔试。全国统考和全国联考科目的命题工作由教育部考试中心统一组织;统考科目考试大纲由教育部考试中心统一编制，联考科目考试大纲由教育部考试中心或教育部指定相关机构组织编制;自命题科目的命题工作由招生单位自行组织。其实看过就会知道，考研初试是由教育部考试中心统一组织命题，大纲也是由考试中心统一编制，这些都是固定配置，千万不要想着有投机的可能。考研是个选拔性考试，不存在一丝丝的侥幸，用心备考，才是王道！

电子科技大学研究生招生办公室发出的补考通知四川新闻网成都12月4日讯（记者 陈淋）“电子科大考研试卷印错了，考生干坐3小时最后交白卷……”12月23日，2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试刚结束，这则消息就在网上传播开来。据悉，当天，在2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试由学校自主命题的专业考试中，有考生反映，电子科技大学自命题科目《固体物理》试卷出错，本该考的《固体物理》卷子印的却是电路分析的题，几百名考生面对题目傻眼，枯坐3小时，无奈交白卷。12月23日晚上，电子科技大学研究生院向各相关教育考试院、报考点发布通知，试题内容与考试大纲出现偏差，无法考核考生相应学科的真实水平。根据教育部《2019年全国硕士研究生招生工作管理规定》，经学校研究生招生工作领导小组研究并报上级主管部门审核，决定对该科目组织统一补考。四川新闻网记者从电子科技大学研究生招生网获悉，补考由学校统一组织，将于2019年1月6日上午在电子科技大学清水河校区进行，相关考生均需参加本次补考，考试成绩以本次补考为准。具体安排将通过电话、短信等方式与考生逐一联系，请考生保持通讯畅通。此外，电子科技大学在补考通知中真诚的向考生致歉，称将认真调查、严肃追究相关人员的责任，而考生参加补考产生的交通费及住宿费按相关标准由学校统一报销。（截图来自电子科技大学研究生招生网）

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

上个周末，一年一度的考研终于结束，这是290万考研学子辛苦准备了很长时间的一场检验。在考试前，今年就被广大网友称为今年是史上考研最难的一年，报考总人数已经超过历年，考研压力可想而知。随着现在就业压力的增大，越来越多的人在本科毕业后选择了读研这条路，据不完全统计，目前很多学校的读研率高达50%以上。除了保送之外，大部分学生不得不通过考研这条路。所以事关290万人的考研公平就非常受到大家的期待和关注。而今年，注定是考研史上最不凡的一年，网友称之为“史上考研最乱的一年”。正常来说，考研跟高考一样，由于涉及面广，所以考试相对还是比较公平公正，这种级别的考试不是普通的期末考试，需要经过层层把关和审核，一般很难出现各种低级错误。然而今年却不一样。相信很多人都知道，根据最新的山东省教育厅公告，山东师范大学、青岛理工大学等2所大学，由于在考研时出现试题错将，将答案直接发给了考生，出现了这种低级错误，而且造成了大面积考生的考试受影响，这属于严重的责任事故。虽然目前，山东省教育厅已经对相关责任人进行了停职处理，下一步的调查还有进行当中。真是让人大跌眼镜，考研这么重要的考试，能够将试题装错，这恐怕是史上第一次闹这么大笑话。可见相关学校在对待考试这件事情上的态度是很有问题。无独有偶，除了山东的2所大学出现这种低级错误，网络上还曝光出电子科技大学这所985高校的考研试题《固体物理》试题出现偏差，将统一组织补考。考研试题出现错误，这将会严重影响考生的情绪，就算是重新补考，多多少少也会受到影响，这种损失谁来弥补？除了上述3所大学将试题弄错，网络上又曝出一则消息，西南大学疑似考研试题泄露。相信，我们每年都能听到这种新闻，不管是高考还是考研，总有不法分子喜欢铤而走险，将本来一场公平的考试硬生生在利益面前被打破。目前，西南大学针对这起事件，正在调查，不管真实与否，调查结果将及时向社会公布。2019年的考研，是将近300万学子实现梦想的一场考试，希望有关部门高度重视，还这场考试一个公平，还考试一个蓝天。对于2019年考研，你们有什么想说的？欢迎交流

陈国义绘/光明图片2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试虽已结束，但一些高校却接连爆出自命题科目试题出现泄题、雷同、超纲等问题：西南大学自命题科目《自然地理》疑似泄题，电子科技大学自命题科目《固体物理》的试题内容与考试大纲出现偏差，山东师范大学自命题科目《外语教学理论基础》在考场上直接发答案……目前，电子科技大学、山东师范大学、山西师范大学、青岛理工大学等高校已确定将对相关科目进行补考。1月11日，教育部公布了对西南大学、电子科技大学2019年研考自命题事件有关校级领导干部问责的通报，对相关责任人进行了处分。此前，西南大学、电子科技大学已对有关命题教师、涉事人员、学院负责人、研究生院负责人作出严肃处理，有关地方主管部门也已对相关地方高校启动了调查问责程序。研究生教育处于高等教育的“顶端”，招生考试作为“入口关”，直接关乎教育公平。在中国教育学会名誉会长顾明远看来：“招生考试关乎学校发展的基础，更直接影响到每个学生及背后家庭的命运。”多所高校接连爆出低级错误2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试于2018年12月22日拉开帷幕，仅过一天，就有网友爆料山东师范大学研究生考试出现失误：在一门自命题科目考试时，学校直接发放答案。据现场考生介绍，考场所有人都发到了答案，没有试卷。半小时后，监考老师宣布“考试失误将进行补考”。山东师范大学研究生招生办公室当日在官网发布公告称：12月23日下午，我校2019年硕士研究生招生考试自命题科目《外语教学理论基础》，由于工作严重失误，试题印刷封装错误，致使考试无法正常进行。12月23日晚，山东省教育厅在其官方微博公布了本省另一所高校的类似问题——青岛理工大学自命题科目《城乡规划理论综合》发生了试题错装，“这是严重的责任事故，影响了考生正常考试，造成了恶劣影响”。同时，山东省教育厅已敦促两校妥善安排补考各项工作。无独有偶，西南大学自然地理考研试题疑似泄题，在一个考研群内，有人于12月22日上传了一份文档，其中包含的考题与23日当天考试的部分内容一样，包括论述题和名词解释。西南大学通过官网回复称，已成立“以校长为组长，相关领导、职能部门及学院主要负责人组成的调查工作组”。电子科技大学12月23日晚也在其官网上发出通知，称此次考研中自命题科目《固体物理》试题内容与考试大纲出现偏差，无法考核考生相应学科的真实水平，考试未能正常进行。学校决定2019年1月6日上午对该科目进行补考，考试成绩以补考为准，参加补考产生的交通费及住宿费按相关标准由学校统一报销。12月24日晚，网上又爆出山西师范大学中国史试卷和去年雷同，校方通知考生12月26日重考。“除了前面的选择题不知道之外，名词解释、简答题、分析题、论述题都一样，我感觉就是去年的卷子。”据一名参加此次考试的考生介绍，他复习过去年的试题，拿到卷子后很惊讶，但也把卷子答完了。12月25日，山西师范大学官网发布通告称，2019年硕士研究生考试中，该校《中国历史基础》考题与2018年考题大面积雷同，情况属实。通告称该事件是一次严重的责任事故，学校已启动事故调查问责程序，对相关责任人作出停职处理，下一步将根据调查结果依规依纪严肃处理。监督缺位，命题工作被视为“教学负担”2018年8月，教育部发布《2019年全国硕士研究生招生工作管理规定》，对研究生考试过程中的命题、审题、制卷以及试题答案保密保管、运送交接等各工作环节进行了规范，但实际操作中为何还是漏洞百出？“错发试卷、题目雷同……这些问题并非从技术层面无法避免，只要在出题、封装、分发试卷的环节中仔细一点、多审查几遍就能发现。”长期参与考研试题命制的南京航空航天大学教授赵玲告诉记者，命题是第一步也是最为关键的一步。“目前自主命题分为题库抽取和实时命题。有的高校建了比较庞大的题库，由研究生院或考试院从题库中抽取。也有不少是集体命题和教师独立命题。”赵玲指出，集体命题和独立命题都存在命题人员专业程度不同导致的试题科学性不足状况。“考研命题时间紧，存在把往年题目拿来‘改头换面’的情况。”对于试题超纲问题，“学校对研究生招生自主命题有明确规定，一般要求近3年试卷雷同率低于5%，更不能出现超纲试题。”赵玲表示，考试大纲是学校向全社会公开发布的文件，出题教师应秉持契约精神，本着对考生负责的态度来认真完成这项工作。“超纲是对考生权益的一种侵犯，说明高校对自由裁量权的管理使用粗放随意，对研究生考试缺少严肃性。”“实际上这也不是研究生考试中自主命题第一次出问题了。事故频出反映的是高校对招生自主权缺少足够的责任意识。”南京大学教育研究院副院长、教授操太圣指出，试卷审核是命题工作中很重要的环节，但并非所有高校都成立了专门的试题审核工作组。“为了试题的保密性，统筹试卷付印工作的基本都是学校研究生院，仅凭研究生院的有限人员很难做到专业审核。”操太圣说，之所以允许高校对专业课进行自主命题，是为了确保高校选拔出真正适合的人才，但一些高校的态度和做法显然与选拔目标背道而驰。目前很多高校仍然存在重学术成果、轻教学工作的弊病，而考研命题属于教学事务。在现有考核评价体系下，命题可能被一些高校教师视为吃力不讨好的“教学负担”。国家教育咨询委员会委员杨东平表示，如果高校只有自主命题权，而没有相应制衡、监督的机制，完全靠个人自觉，难免会出问题。命题非小事 点滴细节应慎之又慎“此次曝光的研究生考试乱象，对所有高校都是个提醒。保证研究生考试公平，是对考生负责，也是对学校的名誉负责。”操太圣说，近期连续出现的问题，全都是自主命题科目，是招考过程中弹性较大的地方，如果连考试环节都把关不严，那么伤害的不只是考生利益，还有学校自身的公信力。“从此次问题看，平衡试题保密性和科学性成了目前亟须解决的问题。”赵玲表示，学校应该扩充出题库，逐步以命题小组取代单独命题，命题小组成员既要具备权威性，更要保证数量，实现命题工作合理的交替传递，同时设立专门的审核工作组，对试卷的科学性进行把关。“专业的事要交给专业的人做。”中国教育学会理事、华南师范大学教育科学学院教授张敏强指出，现在学校有了自主命题权，但是自主命题是个技术活，当前考试命题管理模式并没有匹配上。“要形成一套方法，培养一支队伍，重视命题，把考试命题工作当作做科学、学问来做，而不是临时任务。”张敏强介绍，美国的全国性考试，往往会由权威的第三方的专业机构来负责考题考卷。“最关键的还是命题教师，他们必须有一颗认真负责的心。研究生考试应该进行全流程把关，确保考试的科学公正。”操太圣表示，对于试卷印刷、分发引发的泄题、试卷错印等技术性问题，必须强化相关工作人员的责任意识，树立不容半点失误的红线标准。研究生招生考试过程中出现的种种问题，归根结底损害的还是考生权益。中国教育科学研究院研究员储朝晖告诉记者，对问题要查清原委、严肃追责，但更重要的是，要进一步推动完善招生考试制度。“出题、监考、判卷等各个环节，都需要建立专业的标准，组织专业的队伍，需要学校、监管部门共同努力。”“教育无小事，教书育人在细微处，学校对招生考试的点滴细节都应该非常慎重。”顾明远表示，学校应秉承对每一个学生负责的态度，严肃认真地对待选拔考试的每一个环节。（本报记者 崔兴毅）

中国研究生统一招生考试的考试试题有很大一部分是报考院校自行出题和阅卷判分的。但是其中的真题主要有三类：（1）学校官方公布；全国有几十所学校是公布真题的，切勿花费冤枉钱去购买。（2）学校官方售卖；需要去学校的研招办，书店，图书馆等相关地方进行购买。（3）学校不提供，需要联系学长学姐进行咨询。

近几日对于考研学生来说，事情是一件接着一件的发生，从华南理工大学某学院篡改复试成绩到考研初试成绩公布再到被爆高校专业课压分，今年的考研学生可谓是做山车，一浪接着一浪的来。而关于今日的高校压分现象，现如今有了官方的正式回应。前几天首都师范大学被报考的学生质疑在考研专业课阅卷中存在着刻意压低考研学生分数的现象，对此高校高度重视在认真审核了所有考研初试阅卷工作后，发布公告首都师范大学的研究生招生考试自命题试卷的阅卷过程，程序规范，标准统一。至此高校压分怀疑或许应该告一段落，而那些发出这样疑问的考研学生可能不是很相信这样的官方恢复，毕竟自己的专业课分数实在是低的让人难以置信，但评分标准和阅卷规则完全符合教育部的相关规定！同时，首都师范大学回应到关于网络上对于我校的专业课成绩存在压分现象，学校高度重视，认真核查，经调查核实后，我校的自命题科目的相关阅卷工作完全符合教育部和北京教育考试院的相关规定，同时按照2018年硕士研究生的国家线分析我校今年的上线人数要多于去年，上线率高于去年。那么为什么很多考研学生会有这样的质疑呢？其实最为根本的原因就是北京地区高校在很多考研学生心中，一定存在着压分的现象。而之所以会有这样的结论，完全是因为历年考研报考这些高校的学生初试成绩普遍较低，同时还赋予这些高校歧视本科出身不好的名头，于是压分势必引起考生的关注。但是研究生招生考试的专业课试卷都是由你所报考的高校审阅的，于是便必然会产生一个问题：各高校的阅卷尺度和阅卷松紧必然会产生一个不同的差距，因为试题不是统一的，各高校有各高校的命题体系，所以没有统一的标准，更没有统一的参考答案。于是便会产生某些地区高校的初试成绩偏高，某种地区高校的初试成绩偏低。总之，当你认为自己专业课分数较低时，想到压分是正常的，但是如果一味地给自己这样的理由来安慰自己或许是不可取的。因为毕竟有很多考生已经顺利的达到了高校的复试线，也有考生的专业课成绩非常的客观。

又一起考研乌龙！据中新网12月25日报道，12月24日，电子科技大学硕士研究生招考自主命题科目《固体物理》试卷出错；当晚，校方回应称，相关考生该科目将统一组织补考，补考时间地点另行通知。2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试于12月22日开考，全国约290万考生奔赴考场。然而除了电子科技大学外，12月23、24日两天，相继传出各地高校考研乌龙事件：山西师范大学中国史试卷和去年大面积雷同，西南大学《自然地理》科目疑似泄题，山东师范大学《外语教学理论基础》直接发答案，青岛理工大学《城乡规划理论综合》装错试卷。12月23日下午，多位网友在微博爆料称，自己参加电子科技大学专业课考试的试题出现偏差，《固体物理》试卷错发为《电子分析》，几百名考生在考场枯坐3小时，无奈交上白卷。不少考生称，看到试卷时“一脸懵”、“很绝望”。图片来自微博考试结束后，相关考生收到名为《电子科技大学关于2019年全国研究生招生考试自命题科目818<固体物理>补考的函》（下称《补考函》）的文件。《补考函》称，因2019全国研究生招生考试自命题科目818《固体物理》试题内容出现偏差，相关考生该科目将统一组织补考。补考时间和地点由我校另行通知。12月23日下午，电子科技大学官方网站也对此回应，承认2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试自命题科目《固体物理》，试题内容与考试大纲出现偏差，无法考核考生相应学科的真实水平，考试未能正常进行。根据教育部《2019年全国硕士研究生招生工作管理规定》，经学校研究生招生工作领导小组研究并报上级主管部门审核，决定对该科目组织统一补考。相关考生均需参加本次补考，考试成绩以本次补考为准。补考时间定于2019年1月6日上午。考生参加补考产生的交通费及住宿费按相关标准由电子科大统一报销。同时，电子科技大学向考生致歉，表示将认真调查、严肃追究相关人员的责任。图片来源：电子科技大学官方网站另据中新网25日称， 24日晚，电子科技大学宣传部表示，针对《固体物理》试题内容出错一事，电子科大已成立调查组，将尽快出调查结果。至于稍早前传出的几起乌龙事件，目前各校也已作出相应回复。12月24日，山西师范大学针对中国史卷子和去年雷同一事表示，试卷有误，今年中国史考题确实与去年考题出现大面积相似情况；目前正通知考生于12月26日下午2:30-5:30分重新考，对于外地参加考试的考生学校将统一报销住宿费及交通费。12月24日早晨，西南大学官方微博发布《网传学校考研试题疑似泄露的情况通报》。通报称，校方注意到网上传出《自然地理》考研试题疑似泄露的帖文，对此高度重视，立即成立了以校长为组长、相关领导、职能部门及学院主要负责人组成的调查工作组。调查工作组当晚召开紧急会议，部署开展调查工作，调查情况将及时向社会通报。对网上反映的情况，一经查实有违纪违法行为，将依法依规进行严肃处理。12月23日晚，山东省教育厅发布通报称，2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试期间，山东师范大学自命题科目《外语教学理论基础》、青岛理工大学自命题科目《城乡规划理论综合》发生了试题错装，这是严重的责任事故，影响了考生正常考试，造成了恶劣影响。教育厅高度重视，已敦促两校依据国家有关规定，妥善安排补考各项工作，坚决维护考生合法权益，确保招生考试公平公正。同时，山东省教育厅迅速成立调查组开展调查，已对相关责任人作停职处理；下一步将根据调查结果，依法依规严肃处理。针对此类现象，教育学者熊丙奇认为一些学校为吸引学生报考，对自主命题的质量要求并不高，自命题要求没有统一命题严格，这使自命题的价值打折扣。采取统一命题+自命题的方式，是为了落实高校招生的自主权，也体现不同学科、专业的不同招生要求。学校应该命好自命题，来招收达到本校要求的学生，但有的学校却随意对待自命题，没有用好自主权。高校用好自主权，对进一步落实和扩大自主权的改革极为重要。如果有限的自主权都没有用好，人们就会担心进一步把自主权落实给大学，会出现更多的乱象。他还表示，从研究生入学考试来看，进一步的改革，就是要减少统一考试，增加学校测试，以防止考研的应试化倾向，以及促进招生单位科学选拔人才，招收适合本学科、专业的学生。招生是专业性很强的教育事务，大学必须高度重视，必须健全制度机制，提高大学自主测试的质量，包括面试，应该培育专业的面试官，让面试官有识才的专业能力，而不是任何学科教授都可以担任面试官。